D22.12 - Sampling and Analysis of Lead for Exposure and Risk Assessment

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Environmental (including workplace) samples obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures are analyzed to determine lead content in media of concern. This test method is intended for use with other ASTM standards (see 2.1) that address the collection and preparation of samples (airborne particulate, dusts by wipe and micro-vacuuming, dried paint chips, and soils) that are obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards. This test method may be used to analyze samples collected from various environments, such as workplaces, buildings, indoor or outdoor settings, construction sites, housing, and so on.  
5.2 This test method may also be used to analyze similar samples from other environments such as toxic characteristic extracts of waste sampled using Guide E1908, and soil and sludge as prepared for analysis using U.S. EPA SW-846 Test Method 1311 (5).  
5.3 This test method can be relied upon by laboratories seeking accreditation for lead analysis by means of GFAAS.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of lead (Pb) in airborne particulate, dust by wipe and micro-vacuuming, paint, and soil collected in and around buildings and related structures using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).  
1.2 This test method contains directions for sample analysis, as well as quality assurance (QA) and quality control (QC), and may be used for purposes of laboratory accreditation and certification.  
1.3 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable GFAAS instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—The SI and inch-pound units shown for wipe and micro-vacuuming sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe and micro-vacuuming sampling data.  
1.5 This test method contains notes which are explanatory and not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although this practice is intended for the collection of dried paint samples in and around buildings and related structures for the subsequent determination of lead content, this practice may also be used to collect paint samples from other structures for lead analysis.3  
5.2 The variability associated with the sampling of dried paint is generally considered to be far higher than the variability associated with the analyses of the paint specimens. Therefore, it is essential that sample collection be properly controlled to produce representative and meaningful samples.  
5.3 These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent digestion using sample preparation techniques such as Practices E1645 or E1979 and determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniques such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) (see Test Method E3203) or flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) (see Test Method E3193).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection of samples of dried paint and other coatings from buildings and related structures.  
1.2 This practice is used to collect samples for subsequent determination of lead on an area basis (milligrams of lead per area sampled) or concentration basis (milligrams of lead per gram of dried paint collected or mass percent of lead in the paint sample collected).  
1.3 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, a sampling plan that includes the number and location of samples) that are used for risk assessment and other lead hazard activities. See Guide E2115 or Practices E2271/E2271M or E3074/E3074M.  
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in 7.4.1.1.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers requirements for wipe sampling materials that are used to collect settled dusts on surfaces for the subsequent determination of lead. The wipes shall be tested for conformance to background lead, lead recoverability, collection efficiency, ruggedness which shall be determined using butted vinyl-composite floor tiles as a test surface, moisture content, coefficient of variation in mass, linear dimensions such as mean area and mean length, and mean thickness requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for wipes that are used to collect settled dusts on surfaces for the subsequent determination of lead.  
1.2 For wipe materials used for the determination of beryllium in surface dust refer to Specification D7707. This is mentioned to insure that users of wipes recognize that there is some relationship between the analytical backgrounds found in wipes and the analyte of interest.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides procedures to generate and document QC data for ensuring that an XRF is operating within acceptable tolerances throughout the testing period when being used to collect lead results during a lead-based paint (LBP) inspection for the purposes of generating lead classification results.  
5.2 This practice is intended to supplement XRF instrument manufacturer protocols and PCSs4 through the use of QA and QC procedures to provide uniform lead testing practices among the wide variety of available field-portable XRF instruments.
Note 1: The United States requires that an XRF used to perform a lead-based paint inspection in housing is to be utilized according to the PCS for the particular instrument model in use.  
5.3 While the QC results collected using this practice can provide assurances that an XRF instrument is operating within acceptable tolerances, this practice does not determine an actual level of confidence for a classification result obtained from an XRF measurement.  
5.4 This practice does not address selection of test locations or representative sampling for leaded paint. Additional information on conducting measurements of lead in leaded paint or other coatings may be found in Guide E2115 and the HUD Guidelines, Chapter 7.  
5.5 This practice involves the use of field-portable XRF instruments that may contain radioactive materials or X-ray tubes that emit X-rays or gamma rays, or both. These instruments are intended for use only by qualified, trained personnel.  
5.6 The use of field-portable XRF instruments for measurement of lead may not accurately reveal low but still potentially hazardous levels of lead.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection and documentation of quality control (QC) measurements for determining acceptable levels of instrumental performance when using field-portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry devices (XRFs) for the purposes of generating lead classification results from measurements on paint and other coating films within buildings and related structures.  
1.1.1 This practice is not designed to determine the presence of a hazard as defined by authorities having jurisdiction in the United States or other jurisdictions. See Guide E2115 and the HUD Guidelines for more information.  
1.2 QC procedures covered in this provisional practice include the performance of calibration checks, substrate bias checks, and specific instructions for documenting the collected data for later use in reporting the results.  
1.3 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among the various makes and models of suitable instruments. Instead, the analyst is to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular XRF device or other relevant sources of information on XRF operation.  
1.4 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this provisional practice.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A clearance examination of abatement areas and other areas associated with other lead-hazard control activities, or building maintenance or modification activities in single-family detached dwellings, individual units in multifamily dwellings, common areas or exterior sites, and child-occupied facilities is performed to determine that the clearance area is adequately safe for reoccupancy.  
4.2 It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to assure that all regulatory, contractual and personnel requirements are met prior to conduct of a clearance examination. At a minimum, users of this standard shall be trained in its use and in safe practices for its conduct.
Note 2: Authorities having jurisdiction may have certification or specific training requirements, or both.  
4.3 This practice is one of a set of standards developed for lead hazard management activities. The visual assessment procedures required in this practice are found in Practice E2255/E2255M and the record keeping requirements are found in Practice E2239.  
4.4 Although this practice was primarily developed for dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this practice may be also applied to nonresidential buildings and related structures by agreement between the client and the individual conducting the clearance examination.  
4.5 This practice may be used by owners and property managers, including owner-occupants, and others responsible for maintaining facilities. It may also be used by lead hazard management consultants, construction contractors, labor groups, real estate and financial professionals, insurance organizations, legislators, regulators, and legal professionals.  
4.6 This practice does not address whether lead-hazard reduction activities or other building modification or maintenance work were performed properly.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers visual assessment for the presence of deteriorated paint, surface dust, painted debris, and paint chips with environmental sampling of surface dust to determine whether a lead hazard exists at the time of sample collection, following lead-hazard reduction activities, or other building maintenance and modification activities.  
1.2 This practice addresses clearance examination of single-family detached dwellings (including exterior structures, such as fences), individual units in multifamily dwellings, common areas or exterior sites, and child-occupied facilities.  
1.3 This practice also addresses clearance examinations that may include soil sampling, for example when soil abatement has been performed.  
1.4 This practice includes a procedure for determining whether regulatory requirements for lead clearance levels for dust and, where warranted, soil have been met, and consequently, whether a clearance area passes or fails a clearance examination.
Note 1: This practice is based on that portion of “clearance” described for the United States in 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR Part 35 for lead-hazard reduction activities other than abatement.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Tr...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard primarily addresses encapsulant products for residential and child-care facilities. It may also be appropriate for some commercial buildings.  
4.2 Encapsulation provides a means of protecting occupants from exposure to lead in paint in buildings that are likely to remain standing for a long period of time. This nondestructive abatement strategy is useful in situations in which the primary structure needs to remain intact for either historical or economic reasons. Encapsulation offers an abatement strategy that may be more cost effective than abatement by removal of the paint.  
4.3 There are many environmental and use conditions that affect leaded paint liquid coating encapsulation products, and different types of liquid coating encapsulation products have been developed specifically to meet the requirements of the various conditions. Product types include non-reinforced liquid coatings, as well as products for interior or exterior use. These products may be applied over many different surfaces coated with one or more layers of leaded paint and possibly other coatings. Encapsulation products in service are subjected to many kinds of wear. Various colors and finishes are also available. This guide is intended to assist the purchaser in determining which product is most appropriate for the specific conditions under which the product will be used.  
4.4 As described in this guide, an encapsulation product must be compatible with the surface to which it is applied. An encapsulation product must bond to the surface coating, and not cause the subsurface layers to separate or deteriorate.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide building users such as private building owners, contractors, architects, homeowners, and regulatory authorities with assistance in selecting an appropriate liquid coating encapsulation product for architectural residence and child-care facility use situations for abating leaded paint. This guide also provides information that can be used to assist in the following: (1) determining whether a painted surface is suitable for encapsulation, (2) applying a liquid coating encapsulation product, (3) evaluating installed liquid coating encapsulation products, and (4) maintaining the encapsulated surface.  
1.2 This guide applies to any liquid-applied product that relies primarily on adhesion for attachment to the surface and is designed to reduce human exposure to lead in paint.  
1.3 This guide is not intended for use as a training manual. The information contained herein is not all-inclusive and does not provide comprehensive instructions for the selection, application, or maintenance of specific liquid coating encapsulation products. This guide is intended to supplement information supplied by encapsulation product manufacturers and safety requirements established by law. The user of this guide shall refer to the encapsulation product manufacturer’s instructions for encapsulation product application and maintenance.  
1.4 This guide does not cover minimum material performance requirements for liquid coating encapsulation products. Performance specifications for non-reinforced liquid coating encapsulation products are provided in Specification E1795.  
1.5 Encapsulation products for use on industrial steel structures are not covered in this guide. Industrial steel structures include, but are not limited to, bridges, water towers, and tanks.  
1.6 Limited documentation is available on evaluating the field performance of liquid coating encapsulation products. A conservative approach to assessing the selection and use of liquid coating encapsulation products is thus adopted in this guide. As appropriate, the guidance provided within will be revised as additional knowledge regarding how these products perform over time is gained.  
1.7 The user of this guide should follow all regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction regarding the use o...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although this practice is intended for the collection of soil samples from bare areas in and around buildings, this practice may also be used to collect soil samples from other areas and environments.  
5.2 This practice limits soil collection to approximately the top 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) of soil surface.  
5.3 These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent digestion using sample preparation techniques such as Practices E1726 or E1979 and determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniques such as Test Methods E3193 or E3203.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection of bare soil samples from areas around buildings and related structures using coring and scooping methods.  
1.2 This practice may not be suitable for collection of soil samples from areas that are paved or otherwise covered with grass, mulch, or the like. See Guide E2115 or Practices E2271/E2271M or E3074/E3074M.  
1.3 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, a sampling plan that includes the number and location of samples) that are used for risk assessment and other lead hazard activities.  
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Waste samples collected using this practice provide representative samples for analysis in a laboratory using the TCLP.  
5.2 The TCLP is used to simulate the transfer of lead from buried lead-containing waste into the ground water system upon codisposal of the lead-containing waste and municipal solid waste in unlined solid-waste landfills. The TCLP attempts to simulate rain or ground water leaching, or both. For the procedure to yield a predictor of the subsurface (in-ground) leaching process, a representative sample of the volume of the waste must be selected and submitted for leaching and analysis. The result of the sampling, leaching, and analysis process is used to determine the waste handling and disposal protocols to be followed and to document compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and requirements. This practice addresses the sampling process by defining a component-volume-based method to collect and assemble a representative sample of a solid waste stream that may contain heterogeneous components.  
5.3 The collection of a volume-based sample of the waste stream is based on the fact that the TCLP leachate lead concentration limit, like other such TCLP limits, was developed based on the spatial dimensions of landfills.  
5.4 Individuals who use this practice are expected to be trained in the proper and safe conduct of sampling of lead-containing wastes, qualified/certified/licensed as required by those authorities having jurisdiction over such activities, and properly utilize tools and safety equipment when conducting these procedures.  
5.5 This practice may involve use of various hand and power tools for sampling the components of the waste. It is intended that such tools should be properly and safely used by persons trained and familiar with their performance and use.  
5.6 In general terms, building components are drilled, sawed, snipped, etc., to collect samples of the various components in proportion to the volume of those components ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a method for selecting samples of building components coated with paints suspected of containing lead. The samples are collected from the debris waste stream created during demolition, renovation, lead hazard control, abatement, or other projects. The samples are subsequently analyzed by a laboratory for lead.  
1.1.1 The debris waste stream is assumed to have more than one painted component, for example, metal doors, wood doors, and wood window trim.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use when sampling to test for lead only and does not include sampling considerations for other metals or for organic compounds. This practice also does not include consideration of sampling for determination of other possible hazardous characteristics of the waste.  
1.3 This practice assumes that the individual component types comprising the debris waste stream are at least partially segregated and that the volume of each type of component in the debris waste stream may be estimated.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of settled dust samples in and around buildings and related structures for the subsequent determination of lead content in a manner consistent with that described in the HUD Guidelines and 40 CFR 745.63. The practice is meant for use in the collection of settled dust samples that are of interest in clearance, hazard assessment, risk assessment, and other purposes.  
5.2 Use of different pressures applied to the sampled surface along with the use of different wiping patterns contribute to collection variability. Thus, the sampling result can vary between operators performing collection from identical surfaces as a result of collection variables. Collection for any group of sampling locations at a given sampling site is best when limited to a single operator.  
5.3 This practice is recommended for the collection of settled dust samples from hard, relatively smooth, nonporous surfaces. This practice is less effective for collecting settled dust samples from surfaces with substantial texture such as rough concrete, brickwork, textured ceilings, and soft fibrous surfaces such as upholstery and carpeting.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection of settled lead-containing dust on surfaces using the wipe sampling method. These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent extraction (see Practices E1644 and E1979) and determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniques such as atomic spectrometry (see Test Methods E3193/E3193M and E3203). For collection of settled dust samples for determination of lead and other metals, use Practice D6966.  
1.2 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, sampling plan which includes the number and location of samples) that are used for clearance (see Practices E2271/E2271M and E3074/E3074M), lead hazard evaluation, or risk assessment (see Guide E2115), and other purposes. To provide for valid conclusions, sufficient numbers of samples should be obtained as directed by a sampling plan.  
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to help reduce risks associated with lead hazards in buildings by providing standardized requirements for preserving records, findings, and recommendations associated with lead hazard activities.  
4.2 This practice is intended for use by individuals and organizations that develop and have need to preserve objective evidence when contracting for or when conducting lead hazard activities themselves.  
4.2.1 This practice is intended to assist in complying with management system requirements for record keeping promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction regarding conduct of lead hazard activities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes requirements for preservation of records generated during lead hazard activities.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use with other standards that address the collection and preparation of samples (airborne particulate, dusts by wipe and micro-vacuuming, dried paint chips, and soils) that are obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures.  
5.2 Laboratories analyzing samples obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures shall conform to Practice E1583, or shall be recognized for lead analysis as promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction, or both.  
Note 2: In the United States of America, laboratories performing analysis of samples collected during lead-based paint activities are required to be accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 and to other requirements promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  
5.3 This test method may also be used to analyze similar samples from other environments such as toxic characteristic extracts of waste sampled using Guide E1908, and soil and sludge as prepared for analysis using U.S. EPA SW-846 Test Method 1311.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of lead (Pb) in airborne particulate, dust by wipe and micro-vacuuming, paint, and soil collected in and around buildings and related structures by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) and is derived from Test Methods D4185 and E1613.  
1.2 The sensitivity, detection limit, and optimum working concentration for lead (Pb) are given in Table 1.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other values of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The SI and inch-pound units shown for wipe and micro-vacuuming sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe and micro-vacuuming sampling data (14.4.2 and 14.4.3).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to help prevent lead poisoning of children by providing standardized procedures for conducting a lead hazard assessment and providing information needed to develop and recommend lead hazard control options as described in Practice E2252.  
5.2 This guide is applicable for use in either occupied or unoccupied dwellings and in other child-occupied facilities.  
5.3 The procedures in this guide, when supplemented by recommendations for controlling lead hazards, provide for the conduct of a lead risk assessment of a dwelling or of other child-occupied facilities.  
5.4 This guide may be used to supplement assessment procedures used to determine the causes of elevated blood lead (EBL) levels in young children.
Note 2: In cases of EBL levels, investigation of the total living environment of the child and a pediatric medical evaluation may also be needed. Reference should be made to documents such as Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children,6 Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children (1991),7 the HUD Guidelines, and Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (1997).7  
5.5 Although this guide was developed for dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this guide may be suitable for lead hazard assessments in non-residential buildings and other properties following agreement between assessor and client on appropriate lead action levels.  
5.6 This guide is not intended for use in identifying building materials that when abraded or otherwise degraded, such as that which may occur in remodeling or renovation activities, may result in lead hazards.  
5.7 Lead hazard assessment reports describe lead hazards identified at the time the assessment was performed. The locations, types, or severities of lead hazards can change over time as a result of property improvement or deterioration, significant changes in property use, or other factors.
Note 3: The term “lead-free” should never be used to describe the absence of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document, and report findings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings and of other child-occupied facilities.  
1.2 Procedures for assessment of personal items, such as toys, dishes, and hobby materials that may contribute to elevated lead levels in blood are not included in this guide.  
1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwellings having multiple units are not included.  
1.4 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.  
1.6 Methods described in this guide may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This technique is applicable to dry paint films and varnishes in a variety of forms including the intact dry paint film surface, a notched or other angular cut surface that exposes a cross section of all paint layers, a paint chip, and ground paint film.  
5.2 The response of the spot test method varies depending on the extractability of lead from a coating matrix, which may differ depending on the test kit used, the coating type tested, and the type of lead pigment (3).  
5.3 In some situations, metals and other chemical species interfere with the spot tests causing false negative or false positive results (see Section 8).  
5.4 A spot test result may be used as a negative screen for the presence of lead in paints and varnishes provided the response of the test kit is sensitive to detecting lead reliably at a given predetermined level, for example, a regulatory action level (4).  
5.5 This practice may be used in conjunction with quantitative and semi-quantitative analytical methods for lead such as anodic stripping voltammetry or spectroscopic laboratory analysis of paint chip samples, or portable X-ray fluorescence testing of in situ paint films.  
5.6 Colorblind individuals (protanomalous viewers) who are deficient in viewing red colors may have difficulty in discerning the pink or red color of a positive rhodizonate test.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of commercial spot test kits based on either sulfide or rhodizonate for the qualitative determination of the presence of lead in dry paint films.  
1.2 This practice may also be used as a qualitative procedure for other dry coating films such as varnishes.  
1.3 This practice provides a list of the advantages and limitations of chemical spot test kits based on sulfide and rhodizonate to allow the user to choose the appropriate spot test for a given circumstance.  
1.4 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements.  
1.5 Methods described in this practice may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The purpose of this terminology standard is to help users understand and apply the large number of specialized terms used in connection with the management of lead hazards by providing a single, comprehensive, and consistent terminology.  
3.1.1 This terminology standard includes some terms that may be encountered, but whose use is discouraged. They are included for clarification and in order to provide the user with preferred existing alternate terms.  
3.1.2 Architectural terms for individual building components are included to promote consistency of usage and to help ensure that sampling locations are recorded with sufficient accuracy to allow independent confirmation of lead measurements, if necessary.  
3.2 A discussion is attached to certain definitions to help make the definition clear or to show how the term and its definition are related to other terms.  
3.3 Terms and definitions in this terminology standard are based upon laws, regulations, and practices in the United States of America.  
3.3.1 Some of the definitions in this terminology standard are adopted verbatim or are adapted from definitions that are formally stated or implied in laws and regulations. They are not intended to replace the latter definitions. The user is responsible for understanding legal definitions and for ensuring that the legal obligations that are encompassed by them are fully satisfied.  
3.3.2 Users in other countries should refer to applicable national, regional, and local laws, regulations, and practices.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers definitions for the following:  
1.1.1 Terms that are commonly used in the field of management of lead hazards in facilities;  
1.1.2 Architectural terms, particularly those associated with older wood-frame buildings; and,  
1.1.3 Specialized terms that may be encountered by users in reports and notices that are generated during lead hazard management activities.  
1.2 This terminology standard is supplementary to Terminology E631.  
1.3 Definitions adopted or derived from other documents include the following:  
1.3.1 Some of the definitions in this terminology standard are adopted as exact copies from other sources. The source is briefly identified at the right margin following the definition and fully identified in Section 2.  
1.3.2 Some of the definitions in this terminology standard are adapted from other sources. Changes in these definitions were made only to clarify the meaning, to incorporate related terms that also are defined in this terminology standard, or to ensure that the revised definition is consistent with those for related terms. The source is briefly identified with the words “adapted” at the right margin following the definition, and is fully identified in Section 2.  
1.4 Terms within the definitions that are shown in boldface are defined in this terminology standard.  
1.5 This terminology standard excludes the following:  
1.5.1 Terms with a common dictionary meaning, except in cases where there is a specialized definition within the field of lead hazard management.  
1.5.2 Terms that are used only in individual ASTM standards in which they are defined adequately, whether formally or by the context in which they appear.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice outlines lead hazard reduction methods that have been shown to be effective in preventing lead poisoning in children.  
4.2 This practice tabulates advantages, disadvantages, and relative costs of the reduction methods to assist professionals such as certified lead-based paint risk assessors, supervisors, or project designers in selecting appropriate cost-effective options for controlling lead hazards identified during a lead risk assessment. Different control methods may be equally effective in controlling a given lead hazard and, consequently, the selection of a specific control method may depend on the needs and economic constraints of the client or building owner.  
4.3 This practice is intended to complement other lead hazard activities that are performed in accordance with regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. For example, in some jurisdictions, a lead hazard risk assessment, by regulation, consists of a visual assessment, a hazard assessment including environmental monitoring for lead, and selection of lead hazard reduction methods.  
4.4 This practice is intended to assist homeowners, owners and occupants of rental property, lenders, insurers, and others who have interest in selecting options for controlling lead hazards associated with leaded paint, dust, or soil.  
4.5 This practice complements Guide E2115. Information and data gathered in accordance with Guide E2115 and this practice are used in preparing a risk assessment report. Subsequent lead hazards are mitigated through implementation of controls selected in accordance with this present practice.  
4.6 This practice addresses the most commonly used lead hazard reduction methods. It is left to users of this practice to identify the advantages, disadvantages, and relative costs associated with emerging control technologies for comparison with these characteristics of established lead hazard control methods.  
4.7 This practice does not address specific his...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the selection of lead hazard reduction methods for controlling lead hazard risks identified during risk assessments of residential dwellings and child occupied facilities.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.  
1.4 Methods described in this practice may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A clearance examination of abatement areas and other areas associated with other lead-hazard control activities, or building maintenance or modification activities in multifamily dwellings having similar units, common areas or exterior sites is performed to determine that the clearance area is adequately safe for reoccupancy.  
4.2 It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to assure that all regulatory, contractual, and personnel requirements are met prior to conduct of a clearance examination. At a minimum, users of this standard shall be trained in its use and in safe practices for its conduct.  
4.3 This practice is one of a set of standards developed for lead hazard management activities. The visual assessment procedures required in this standard are found in Practice E2255/E2255M and the record keeping requirements are found in Practice E2239.  
4.4 Although this practice was primarily developed for multifamily dwellings, this practice may be also applied to nonresidential buildings and related structures by agreement between the client and the individual conducting the clearance examination.  
4.5 This practice may be used by owners and property managers, including owner-occupants, and others responsible for maintaining facilities. It may also be used by lead hazard management consultants, construction contractors, labor groups, real estate and financial professionals, insurance organizations, legislators, regulators, and legal professionals.  
4.6 This standard does not address whether lead-hazard reduction activities or other building modification or maintenance work were done properly.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers visual assessment for the presence of deteriorated paint, surface dust, painted debris, and paint chips with environmental sampling of surface dust to determine whether a lead hazard exists at the time of sample collection, following lead-hazard reduction activities, or other building maintenance and modification activities.  
1.2 This practice addresses clearance examination of multifamily dwellings having similar units, common areas or exterior sites.  
1.3 This practice also addresses clearance examinations that may include soil sampling, for example when soil abatement has been performed.  
1.4 This practice includes a procedure for determining whether regulatory requirements for lead clearance levels for dust and, where warranted, soil have been met, and, consequently whether a clearance area, passes or fails a clearance examination.
Note 1: This practice is based on that portion of “clearance” described in 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR 35 for lead-hazard reduction activities other than abatement, except that composite dust sampling as described therein is not used.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 Methods described in this practice may not meet or be allowed by requirements or regulations established by local authorities having jurisdiction. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to comply with all such requirements and regulations.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organiz...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice supports lead poisoning prevention activities by providing standardized procedures for conducting visual assessments.  
4.2 This practice is intended to be used with other ASTM standards, as appropriate, for conducting lead-hazard assessments.  
4.3 This practice is intended for use by individuals trained to conduct visual assessments associated with lead-hazard activities and in reporting their results. This practice is also applicable for use by others interested in visual assessment of properties for lead hazards, such as building code officials, building operators, homeowners, and insurers.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting visual assessments in buildings to visually identify the type and location of potential lead hazards. These potential hazards are associated with deteriorated leaded paint, lead in dust, or lead in soil.  
1.2 This practice addresses visual assessment procedures for lead-hazard activities such as: lead risk (hazard) assessment (Guide E2115), clearance examination (Practices E2271/E2271M and E3074/E3074M), assessment of paint condition, and re-evaluation inspection. It also can be applied to visual assessments following paint maintenance or renovation or repainting activities, or combinations thereof.  
1.3 Because there is considerable overlap among the requirements for lead-hazard activities, this standard first describes a generic visual assessment procedure, and then defines a specific procedure for each assessment type in terms of additions to, or deletions from, the generic procedure.  
1.4 This practice does not address testing needed to confirm the presence of lead hazards.  
1.5 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.  
1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides the basic criteria to be used by accreditation bodies and others in evaluating the qualifications of laboratories engaged in the testing of lead in paint, or settled dust, or airborne particulates, or soil, or combination thereof, taken from and around buildings and related structures. The criteria in this practice shall be supplemented by additional specific criteria and requirements, when appropriate; for example, when necessary to be in accordance with federal, state, or local government regulations.  
4.2 The accreditation is for organizations and not individuals.  
4.3 The practice is intended to provide objective information on the capabilities needed by laboratories to determine lead in paint, dust, airborne particulates, and soil taken from and around buildings and related structures. It is not intended to be used to compare one laboratory with another.  
4.4 This practice is also intended for use by laboratories in the development and implementation of their management systems and for use to request or perform an evaluation of in-house facilities in accordance with this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the qualifications, including minimum requirements for personnel and equipment, duties, responsibilities, and services of laboratories engaged in the determination of lead in paint, or settled dust, or airborne particulates, or soil, or any combination thereof, taken from and around buildings and related structures.  
1.2 This practice has been developed consistent with Guides E548 and E994, to supplement ISO/IEC 17025.  
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Ultrasonic extraction using dilute nitric acid is a simpler and easier method for extracting lead from environmental samples than are traditional digestion methods that employ hot plate or microwave digestion with concentrated acids (3), (5), (7), (8). Hence, ultrasonic extraction may be used in lieu of the more rigorous strong acid/high temperature digestion methods (for example, see Ref (3) and Test Method E1613), provided that the performance is demonstrated using accepted criteria as delineated in Guide E1775.  
5.2 In contrast with hot plate or microwave digestion techniques, ultrasonic extraction is field-portable, which allows for on-site sample analysis.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an ultrasonic extraction procedure for the extraction of lead from environmental samples of interest in lead abatement and renovation (or related) work, for analytical purposes.  
1.2 Environmental matrices of concern include dry paint films, settled dusts, soils, and air particulates.  
1.3 Samples subjected to ultrasonic extraction are prepared for subsequent determination of lead by laboratory analytical methods.  
1.4 This practice includes, where applicable, descriptions of procedures for sample homogenization and weighing prior to ultrasonic extraction.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use with other standards that address the collection and preparation of samples (dusts by wipe, dried paint chips, and soils) that are obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures.  
5.2 Laboratories analyzing samples obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures shall conform to Practice E1583, or shall be recognized for lead analysis as promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction, or both.
Note 1: In the United States of America, laboratories performing analysis of samples collected during lead-based paint activities are required to be accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 and to other requirements promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  
5.3 This test method may also be used to analyze similar samples from other environments such as toxic characteristic extracts of waste sampled using Guide E1908 as prepared for analysis using EPA SW-846 Test Method 1311.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for analysis of dried paint, soil, and dust wipe samples collected in and around buildings and related structures for lead content using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).  
1.2 This test method should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-OES, the interpretation of spectral and matrix interferences, and procedures for their correction. For determination of lead (Pb) and other metals in air by ICP-OES, see Test Method D7035.  
1.3 This test method cites specific methods for preparing test solutions of dried paint, soil, and wipe samples for analysis.  
1.4 It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for sampling materials of untested matrices.  
1.5 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable ICP-OES instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.  
1.6 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this test method.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Paint in buildings and related structures needs to be monitored for lead content in order to determine the potential lead hazard. Hence, effective and efficient methods are required for the preparation of paint samples that may contain lead.  
5.2 This practice may be used for the digestion of paint samples that are collected during various lead-hazard control and risk assessment activities associated with lead abatement in and around buildings and related structures. This practice is also suitable for the digestion of paint samples collected from locations such as commercial buildings.  
5.3 This practice may be used to prepare samples that have been obtained in order to ensure compliance with laws that govern lead content in paints.  
5.4 This practice may be used to prepare samples that have been collected for risk assessment purposes.  
5.5 This practice is intended for use with paint samples that are prepared for subsequent analysis by quantitative analytical methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sample preparation procedures for paint samples that are collected during the assessment, management or control of lead hazards.  
1.2 This practice describes the digestion procedures using a hot plate or microwave oven or apparatus for paint samples that are to be analyzed for lead content.  
1.3 This practice covers the general considerations for quantitative sample extraction for total recoverable lead in dried paint samples (either bulk paint or paint powder) using hot plate or microwave heating techniques, or both.  
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and not part of the mandatory requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This practice is based on NIOSH Methods 7082 and 7105, and on an EPA standard operating procedure for lead in paint.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.2, 6.1.2.1, 6.1.2.2, 6.3.2.4, 8.2.1, and 8.2.2.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 There is a need to monitor the lead content in and around buildings and related structures in order to determine the potential lead hazard. Hence, effective and efficient methods are required for the preparation of soil samples for determination of their lead content.  
5.2 This practice may be used for the digestion of soil samples that are collected during various construction and renovation activities associated with lead abatement in and around buildings and related structures. The practice is also suitable for the digestion of soil samples for lead analyses collected from other locations, such as near roads and steel structures.  
5.3 This practice is intended to be used to prepare samples that have been collected for hazard assessment purposes.  
5.4 This practice is not capable of determining lead bound within matrices, such as silica, that are not soluble in nitric acid.  
5.5 This practice includes drying and homogenization steps in order to help assure that reported lead results are representative of the sample and are independent of potential differences in soil moisture levels among different sampling locations or changing weather conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers drying, homogenization, and acid digestion of soil samples and associated quality control (QC) samples using a hot plate type method for the determination of lead using laboratory atomic spectrometry analysis techniques such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).  
1.2 This practice is based on U.S. EPA SW 846, Test Method 3050.  
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is for use in the preparation of no more than four wipe samples combined to form a composited sample for subsequent determination of lead content.  
5.2 This practice assumes use of wipes that meet Specification E1792 and should not be used unless the wipes meet Specification E1792.  
5.3 This practice is capable of preparing samples for determination of lead bound within paint dust.  
5.4 This practice may not be capable of preparing samples for determination of lead bound within silica or silicate matrices, or within matrices not soluble in nitric acid.  
5.5 Adjustment of the nitric acid concentration or acid strength, or both, of the final extract solution may be necessary for compatibility with the instrumental analysis method to be used for lead quantification.  
5.6 This sample preparation practice has not been validated for use and must be validated by the user prior to using the practice for client samples.
Note 1: Each combination of wipes (two wipes, three wipes, and four wipes) constitutes a different matrix and must be separately validated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is similar to Practice E1644 and covers the hot, nitric acid digestion of lead (Pb) from a composited sample of up to four individual wipe samples of settled dust collected from equally-sized areas in the same space.  
1.2 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements of the practice.  
1.3 This practice should be used by analysts experienced in digestion techniques such as hot blocks. Like all procedures used in an analytical laboratory, this practice needs to be validated for use and shown to produce acceptable results before being applied to client samples.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for the digestion of lead in dust wipe samples collected during various lead hazard activities performed in and around buildings and related structures.  
5.2 This practice is also intended for the digestion of lead in dust wipe samples collected during and after building renovations.  
5.3 This practice is applicable to the digestion of dust wipe samples that have or have not been collected in accordance with Practice E1728/E1728M using wipes that may or may not conform to Specification E1792.  
5.4 This practice is applicable to the digestion of dust wipe samples that were placed in either hard-walled, rigid containers such as 50-mL centrifuge tubes or flexible plastic bags.
Note 2: Due to the difficulty in performing quantitative transfers of some samples from plastic bags, hard-walled rigid containers such as 50-mL plastic centrifuge tubes are recommended in Practice E1728/E1728M for sample collection.  
5.5 Digestates prepared according to this practice are intended to be analyzed for lead concentration using spectrometric techniques such as Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (FAAS) (see Test Methods E1613, E3193, and E3203), or using electrochemical techniques such as anodic stripping voltammetry (see Practice E2051).  
5.6 This practice is not capable of determining lead bound within matrices, such as silica, that are not soluble in nitric acid.  
5.7 This practice is capable of determining lead bound within paint.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the acid digestion of surface dust samples (collected using wipe sampling practices) and associated quality control (QC) samples for the determination of lead.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Informational inch-pound units are provided in Note 3.  
1.3 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is for use in the preparation of no more than four wipe samples collected from equally-sized areas in the same space combined to form a composited sample for subsequent determination of lead content.  
5.2 This practice assumes use of wipes that meet Specification E1792 and should not be used unless the wipes meet Specification E1792.  
5.3 This practice is capable of preparing samples for determination of lead bound within paint dust.  
5.4 This practice may not be capable of preparing samples for determination of lead bound within silica or silicate matrices, or within matrices not soluble in nitric acid.  
5.5 Adjustment of the nitric acid concentration or acid strength, or both, of the final extract solution may be necessary for compatibility with the instrumental analysis method to be used for lead quantification.  
5.6 This sample preparation practice has not been validated for use and must be validated by the user prior to using the practice for client samples.
Note 1: Each combination of wipes (two wipes, three wipes, and four wipes) constitutes a different matrix and must be separately validated.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the extraction of lead (Pb) using ultrasonication, heat and nitric acid from a composited sample of up to four individual wipe samples of settled dust collected from equally-sized areas in the same space.  
1.2 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and not part of mandatory requirements of the practice.  
1.3 This practice should be used by analysts experienced in digestion techniques such as hot blocks. Like all procedures used in an analytical laboratory, this practice needs to be validated for use and shown to produce acceptable results before being applied to client samples.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers minimum material performance requirements and laboratory test procedures for nonreinforced liquid coating encapsulation products (single or multiple-coat systems) for leaded paint in buildings. Three types of nonreinforced liquid coating encapsulation products are presented: type I - encapsulation products intended for interior use, type II - encapsulation products intended for exterior use, and type III - encapsulation products intended for either interior or exterior use. The impact resistance, adhesion, dry abrasion resistance, water vapour transmission, water and chemical resistance, surface burning characteristics, and volatile organic compound content shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. Weathering, aging, scrub resistance, mildew resistance, paintability/repairability, flexibility, and tensile properties shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum material performance requirements and laboratory test procedures for non-reinforced liquid coating encapsulation products (single or multiple-coat systems) for leaded paint in buildings. Performance properties addressed in this specification are:  
1.1.1 Impact resistance,  
1.1.2 Adhesion,  
1.1.3 Dry abrasion resistance,  
1.1.4 Water vapor transmission,  
1.1.5 Water and chemical resistance,  
1.1.6 Surface burning characteristics,  
1.1.7 Volatile organic compound (VOC) content,  
1.1.8 Weathering,  
1.1.9 Aging,  
1.1.10 Scrub resistance,  
1.1.11 Mildew resistance,  
1.1.12 Paintability/repairability,  
1.1.13 Flexibility, and  
1.1.14 Tensile properties.  
1.2 This specification does not address the selection of an encapsulation product for specific use conditions. Specific use conditions may require performance values other than those stated in this specification. See Guide E1796.  
1.3 This specification does not cover the use of corrosion-inhibiting primers prior to encapsulation products on either industrial steel structures or on residential coated metal surfaces. Types of Direct-To-Metal (DTM) primers in conjunction with lead paint encapsulants has not been investigated. Use of primers to yield substrates acceptable to receive an encapsulant, and to inhibit future corrosion of encapsulated substrates, should be evaluated by trial applications at each specific project.  
1.4 This specification applies to any non-reinforced liquid applied product that relies primarily on adhesion for attachment to the surface. These products are used to encapsulate a leaded paint surface with the intent of reducing human exposure to lead.  
1.5 The results of the test methods included in this specification will not necessarily predict field performance.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended for use in evaluating the performance of field-portable electroanalytical or spectrophotometric devices for lead determination, or both.  
4.2 Desired performance criteria for field-based extraction procedures are provided.  
4.3 Performance parameters of concern may be determined using protocols that are referenced in this guide.  
4.4 Example reference materials to be used in assessing the performance of field-portable lead analyzers are listed.  
4.5 Exhaustive details regarding quality assurance issues are outside the scope of this guide. Applicable quality assurance aspects are dealt with extensively in references that are cited in this guide.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides guidelines for determining the performance of field-portable quantitative lead analysis instruments.  
1.2 This guide applies to field-portable electroanalytical and spectrophotometric (including reflectance and colorimetric) analyzers.  
1.3 Sample matrices of concern herein include paint, dust, soil, and airborne particles.  
1.4 This guide addresses the desired performance characteristics of field-based sample extraction procedures for lead, as well as on-site extraction followed by field-portable analysis.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 The health of workers in many industries, for example, mining, metal refining, battery manufacture, construction, etc., is at risk through exposure by inhalation of particulate lead and lead compounds. Industrial hygienists and other public health professionals need to determine the effectiveness of measures taken to control workers' exposure, and this is generally achieved by making workplace air measurements. This standard has been published in order to make available a method for making valid exposure measurements for lead. It will be of benefit to: agencies concerned with health and safety at work; industrial hygienists and other public health professionals; analytical laboratories; industrial users of metals and metalloids and their workers, etc. It has been assumed in the drafting of this standard that the execution of its provisions, and the interpretation of the results obtained, is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced people.  
6.2 The measuring procedure shall comply with any relevant International, European or National Standard that specifies performance requirements for procedures for measuring chemical agents in workplace air (for example, ISO 20581).
SCOPE
1.1 This standard specifies flame and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometric methods for the determination of the time-weighted average mass concentration of particulate lead and lead compounds in workplace air.  
1.2 The method is applicable to personal sampling of the inhalable fraction of airborne particles, as defined in ISO 7708, and to static (area) sampling.  
1.3 The sample dissolution procedure specifies hot plate or microwave digestion, or ultrasonic extraction (10.2). The sample dissolution procedure is not effective for all lead compounds (see Section 5). The use of an alternative, more vigorous dissolution procedure is necessary when it is desired to extract lead from compounds present in the test atmosphere that are insoluble using the dissolution procedures described herein. For example if it is desired to determine silicate lead, a hydrofluoric acid dissolution procedure is required.  
1.4 The flame atomic absorption method is applicable to the determination of masses of approximately 1 to 200 μg of lead per sample, without dilution (1).2 The graphite furnace atomic absorption method is applicable to the determination of masses of approximately 0.01 to 0.5 μg of lead per sample, without dilution (1).  
1.5 The ultrasonic extraction procedure has been validated for the determination of masses of approximately 20 to 100 μg of lead per sample, for laboratory-generated lead fume air filter samples  (2).  
1.6 The concentration range for lead in air for which this procedure is applicable is determined in part by the sampling procedure selected by the user (see Section 9).  
1.7 Anions that form precipitates with lead may interfere, but this potential interference is overcome by the addition of the disodium salt of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) when necessary.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers minimum material performance requirements and laboratory test procedures for reinforced liquid coating encapsulation products (single- or multiple-coat systems) for leaded paint in buildings. It applies to any liquid-applied product incorporating reinforcement materials as part of the system. Reinforcement materials are continuous fabric or mesh and are applied in the field. These materials are typically applied between a base and top coat. These products are used to encapsulate a leaded paint surface with the intent of reducing human exposure to lead in paint. These are classified into three types which are Type I which are encapsulation products are intended for interior use, Type II which are encapsulation products intended for exterior use, and Type III which defines encapsulation products intended for either interior or exterior use. Different tests shall be conducted in order to determine the following performance properties for reinforced liquid coating encapsulation products such as impact resistance, adhesion, dry abrasion resistance, water vapor transmission, water resistance, chemical resistance, surface burning characteristics, volatile organic compound content, weathering, aging, scrub resistance, mildew resistance, paint ability and repairability. Testing conducted shall be performed on the entire encapsulation product system, whether single or multiple coat, as applied in the field, except for scrub resistance, volatile organic compound (VOC) content, and permeability, which are performed on the top coat only.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum material performance requirements and laboratory test procedures for reinforced liquid coating encapsulation products (single- or multiple-coat systems) for leaded paint in buildings. Performance properties addressed in this specification are:  
1.1.1 Impact Resistance,  
1.1.2 Adhesion,  
1.1.3 Dry Abrasion Resistance,  
1.1.4 Water Vapor Transmission,  
1.1.5 Water and Chemical Resistance,  
1.1.6 Surface Burning Characteristics,  
1.1.7 Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) Content,  
1.1.8 Weathering,  
1.1.9 Aging,  
1.1.10 Scrub Resistance,  
1.1.11 Mildew Resistance,  
1.1.12 Paintability/Repairability,  
1.2 This specification does not address the selection of an encapsulation product for specific use conditions. Specific use conditions may require performance values other than those stated in this specification. See Guide E1796 for guidance.  
1.3 This specification complements Specification E1795 for non-reinforced liquid coating encapsulation products.  
1.4 This specification does not cover the use of encapsulation products on industrial steel structures nor residential exterior coated metal surfaces because no corrosion control requirements are included.  
1.5 This specification applies to any liquid-applied product incorporating reinforcement materials as part of the system. Reinforcement materials are continuous fabric or mesh and are applied in the field. These materials are typically applied between a base and top coat. These products are used to encapsulate a leaded paint surface with the intent of reducing human exposure to lead in paint.  
1.6 The results of the test methods included in this specification will not necessarily predict field performance.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Sta...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The XRF instrument is used to measure the lead content in paint films in buildings and related structures in order to determine the potential lead hazard and the possible need for in-place control or abatement, or both.  
5.2 This practice also is to be used for the laboratory evaluation of the performance of portable X-ray fluorescence instrumentation.  
5.3 This practice is to be used as a guide for determining that the manufacturer of portable X-ray instrumentation has met certain requirements, most of which deal with instrument construction.  
5.4 The evaluation may be performed by the manufacturer, or an independent party. The results may be presented to various government agencies and, upon request, potential purchasers and users of the instrumentation. All or parts of this practice also may be performed by an X-ray instrument owner/user to determine the acceptability of an instrument or whether the performance of an instrument continues to be acceptable, or both.  
5.5 This practice may be used by field testers for quality control by performing selected activities described in the document on a regular and recurring basis in a manner similar to those protocols followed by users of laboratory instruments.  
5.6 Limitation—Bias and precision, as determined in the laboratory by this practice, together provide only an estimate of the accuracy that may be achieved in the field. Accuracy in the field will depend upon the instrument calibration, the form and composition of the substrate, the structure of the paint film being analyzed, as well as other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) instruments intended for the measurement of lead in paint. It is intended that manufacturers apply this practice to one unit of a particular model of an instrument when that model is initially available. Replicate tests on additional units of the same model of an instrument are to be performed at the discretion of the manufacturer. This practice also is intended for use by third parties performing independent evaluation of portable X-ray fluorescence instruments.  
1.2 All performance evaluation data are to be in SI units.  
1.3 Tests of performance are based on replicate measurements of certified reference paint films on a variety of substrate materials. Tests are performed to determine: bias, precision, linearity, limit of detection, interferences, substrate affects, and stability.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides the basic criteria to be used by accreditation bodies and others in evaluating the qualifications of laboratories engaged in the testing of lead in paint, or settled dust, or airborne particulates, or soil, or combination thereof, taken from and around buildings and related structures. The criteria in this practice shall be supplemented by additional specific criteria and requirements, when appropriate; for example, when necessary to be in accordance with federal, state, or local government regulations.  
4.2 The accreditation is for organizations and not individuals.  
4.3 The practice is intended to provide objective information on the capabilities needed by laboratories to determine lead in paint, dust, airborne particulates, and soil taken from and around buildings and related structures. It is not intended to be used to compare one laboratory with another.  
4.4 This practice is also intended for use by laboratories in the development and implementation of their management systems and for use to request or perform an evaluation of in-house facilities in accordance with this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the qualifications, including minimum requirements for personnel and equipment, duties, responsibilities, and services of laboratories engaged in the determination of lead in paint, or settled dust, or airborne particulates, or soil, or any combination thereof, taken from and around buildings and related structures.  
1.2 This practice has been developed consistent with Guides E548 and E994, to supplement ISO/IEC 17025.  
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of the practice.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use with other standards that address the collection and preparation of samples (dusts by wipe, dried paint chips, and soils) that are obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures.  
5.2 Laboratories analyzing samples obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures shall conform to Practice E1583, or shall be recognized for lead analysis as promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction, or both.
Note 2: In the United States of America, laboratories performing analysis of samples collected during lead-based paint activities are required to be accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 and to other requirements promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  
5.3 This test method may also be used to analyze similar samples from other environments such as toxic characteristic extracts of waste sampled using Guide E1908, and soil and sludge as prepared for analysis using U.S. EPA SW-846 Test Method 1311.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of lead (Pb) in dust by wipe, paint, and soil collected in and around buildings and related structures by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) and is derived from Test Methods D4185 and E1613. For determination of lead (Pb) and other metals in air by FAAS, see Test Method D4185.  
1.2 The sensitivity, detection limit, and optimum working concentration for lead (Pb) are given in Table 1.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other values of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The SI and inch-pound units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data (14.4.1).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Paint in buildings and related structures needs to be monitored for lead content in order to determine the potential lead hazard. Hence, effective and efficient methods are required for the preparation of paint samples that may contain lead.  
5.2 This practice may be used for the digestion of paint samples that are collected during various lead-hazard control and risk assessment activities associated with lead abatement in and around buildings and related structures. This practice is also suitable for the digestion of paint samples collected from locations such as commercial buildings.  
5.3 This practice may be used to prepare samples that have been obtained in order to ensure compliance with laws that govern lead content in paints.  
5.4 This practice may be used to prepare samples that have been collected for risk assessment purposes.  
5.5 This practice is intended for use with paint samples that are prepared for subsequent analysis by quantitative analytical methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sample preparation procedures for paint samples that are collected during the assessment, management or control of lead hazards.  
1.2 This practice describes the digestion procedures using a hot plate or microwave oven or apparatus for paint samples that are to be analyzed for lead content.  
1.3 This practice covers the general considerations for quantitative sample extraction for total recoverable lead in dried paint samples (either bulk paint or paint powder) using hot plate or microwave heating techniques, or both.  
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and not part of the mandatory requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This practice is based on NIOSH Methods 7082 and 7105, and on an EPA standard operating procedure for lead in paint.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.2, 6.1.2.1, 6.1.2.2, 6.3.2.4, 7.2.1, and 7.2.2.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides procedures to generate and document QC data for ensuring that an XRF is operating within acceptable tolerances throughout the testing period when being used to collect lead results during a lead-based paint (LBP) inspection for the purposes of generating lead classification results.  
5.2 This practice is intended to supplement XRF instrument manufacturer protocols and PCSs4 through the use of QA and QC procedures to provide uniform lead testing practices among the wide variety of available field-portable XRF instruments.
Note 1: In the United States, an XRF used to perform a lead-based paint inspection shall be utilized according to the PCS for the particular instrument model in use.  
5.3 While the QC results collected using this practice can provide assurances that an XRF instrument is operating within acceptable tolerances, this practice does not determine an actual level of confidence for a classification result obtained from an XRF measurement.  
5.4 This practice does not address selection of test locations or representative sampling for leaded paint. Additional information on conducting measurements of lead in leaded paint or other coatings may be found in Guide E2115 and the HUD Guidelines, Chapter 7.  
5.5 This practice involves the use of field-portable XRF instruments that may contain radioactive materials that emit X-rays and gamma rays. These instruments are intended for use only by qualified, trained personnel.  
5.6 The use of field-portable XRF instruments for measurement of lead may not accurately reveal low but still potentially hazardous levels of lead.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection and documentation of quality control (QC) measurements for determining acceptable levels of instrumental performance when using field-portable energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometry devices (XRFs) for the purposes of generating lead classification results from measurements on paint and other coating films within buildings and related structures.  
1.1.1 This practice is not designed to determine the presence of a hazard as defined by authorities having jurisdiction in the United States or other jurisdictions. See Guide E2115 and the HUD Guidelines for more information.  
1.2 QC procedures covered in this provisional practice include the performance of calibration checks, substrate bias checks, and specific instructions for documenting the collected data for later use in reporting the results.  
1.3 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among the various makes and models of suitable instruments. Instead, the analyst is to follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular XRF device or other relevant sources of information on XRF operation.  
1.4 This practice contains notes which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this provisional practice.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A clearance examination of abatement areas and other areas associated with other lead-hazard control activities, or building maintenance or modification activities in single-family detached dwellings, individual units in multifamily dwellings, common areas or exterior sites, and child-occupied facilities is performed to determine that the clearance area is adequately safe for reoccupancy.  
4.2 It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to assure that all regulatory, contractual and personnel requirements are met prior to conduct of a clearance examination. At a minimum, users of this standard shall be trained in its use and in safe practices for its conduct.
Note 2: Authorities having jurisdiction may have certification or specific training requirements, or both.  
4.3 This practice is one of a set of standards developed for lead hazard management activities. The visual assessment procedures required in this practice are found in Practice E2255/E2255M and the record keeping requirements are found in Practice E2239.  
4.4 Although this practice was primarily developed for dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this practice may be also applied to nonresidential buildings and related structures by agreement between the client and the individual conducting the clearance examination.  
4.5 This practice may be used by owners and property managers, including owner-occupants, and others responsible for maintaining facilities. It may also be used by lead hazard management consultants, construction contractors, labor groups, real estate and financial professionals, insurance organizations, legislators, regulators, and legal professionals.  
4.6 This practice does not address whether lead-hazard reduction activities or other building modification or maintenance work were performed properly.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers visual assessment for the presence of deteriorated paint, surface dust, painted debris, and paint chips with environmental sampling of surface dust to determine whether a lead hazard exists at the time of sample collection, following lead-hazard reduction activities, or other building maintenance and modification activities.  
1.2 This practice addresses clearance examination of single-family detached dwellings (including exterior structures, such as fences), individual units in multifamily dwellings, common areas or exterior sites, and child-occupied facilities.  
1.3 This practice also addresses clearance examinations that may include soil sampling, for example when soil abatement has been performed.  
1.4 This practice includes a procedure for determining whether regulatory requirements for lead clearance levels for dust and, where warranted, soil have been met, and consequently, whether a clearance area passes or fails a clearance examination.
Note 1: This practice is based on that portion of “clearance” described for the United States in 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR Part 35 for lead-hazard reduction activities other than abatement.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Tr...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Waste samples collected using this practice provide representative samples for analysis in a laboratory using the TCLP.  
5.2 The TCLP is used to simulate the transfer of lead from buried lead-containing waste into the ground water system upon codisposal of the lead-containing waste and municipal solid waste in unlined solid-waste landfills. The TCLP attempts to simulate rain or ground water leaching, or both. For the procedure to yield a predictor of the subsurface (in-ground) leaching process, a representative sample of the volume of the waste must be selected and submitted for leaching and analysis. The result of the sampling, leaching, and analysis process is used to determine the waste handling and disposal protocols to be followed and to document compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and requirements. This practice addresses the sampling process by defining a component-volume-based method to collect and assemble a representative sample of a solid waste stream that may contain heterogeneous components.  
5.3 The collection of a volume-based sample of the waste stream is based on the fact that the TCLP leachate lead concentration limit, like other such TCLP limits, was developed based on the spatial dimensions of landfills.  
5.4 Individuals who use this practice are expected to be trained in the proper and safe conduct of sampling of lead-containing wastes, qualified/certified/licensed as required by those authorities having jurisdiction over such activities, and properly utilize tools and safety equipment when conducting these procedures.  
5.5 This practice may involve use of various hand and power tools for sampling the components of the waste. It is intended that such tools should be properly and safely used by persons trained and familiar with their performance and use.  
5.6 In general terms, building components are drilled, sawed, snipped, etc., to collect samples of the various components in proportion to the volume of those components ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a method for selecting samples of building components coated with paints suspected of containing lead. The samples are collected from the debris waste stream created during demolition, renovation, lead hazard control, or abatement projects. The samples are subsequently analyzed in the laboratory for lead.  
1.1.1 The debris waste stream is assumed to have more than one painted component, for example, metal doors, wood doors, and wood window trim.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use when sampling to test for lead only and does not include sampling considerations for other metals or for organic compounds. This practice also does not include consideration of sampling for determination of other possible hazardous characteristics of the waste.  
1.3 This practice assumes that the individual component types comprising the debris waste stream are at least partially segregated and that the volume of each type of component in the debris waste stream may be estimated.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This standard primarily addresses encapsulant products for residential and child-care facilities. It may also be appropriate for some commercial buildings.  
4.2 Encapsulation provides a means of protecting occupants from exposure to lead in paint in buildings that are likely to remain standing for a long period of time. This nondestructive abatement strategy is useful in situations in which the primary structure needs to remain intact for either historical or economic reasons. Encapsulation offers an abatement strategy that may be more cost effective than abatement by removal of the paint.  
4.3 There are many environmental and use conditions that affect leaded paint liquid coating encapsulation products, and different types of liquid coating encapsulation products have been developed specifically to meet the requirements of the various conditions. Product types include non-reinforced liquid coatings, as well as products for interior or exterior use. These products may be applied over many different surfaces coated with one or more layers of leaded paint and possibly other coatings. Encapsulation products in service are subjected to many kinds of wear. Various colors and finishes are also available. This guide is intended to assist the purchaser in determining which product is most appropriate for the specific conditions under which the product will be used.  
4.4 As described in this guide, an encapsulation product must be compatible with the surface to which it is applied. An encapsulation product must bond to the surface coating, and not cause the subsurface layers to separate or deteriorate.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to provide building users such as private building owners, contractors, architects, homeowners, and regulatory authorities with assistance in selecting an appropriate liquid coating encapsulation product for architectural residence and child-care facility use situations for abating leaded paint. This guide also provides information that can be used to assist in the following: (1) determining whether a painted surface is suitable for encapsulation, (2) applying a liquid coating encapsulation product, (3) evaluating installed liquid coating encapsulation products, and (4) maintaining the encapsulated surface.  
1.2 This guide applies to any liquid-applied product that relies primarily on adhesion for attachment to the surface and is designed to reduce human exposure to lead in paint.  
1.3 This guide is not intended for use as a training manual. The information contained herein is not all-inclusive and does not provide comprehensive instructions for the selection, application, or maintenance of specific liquid coating encapsulation products. This guide is intended to supplement information supplied by encapsulation product manufacturers and safety requirements established by law. The user of this guide shall refer to the encapsulation product manufacturer’s instructions for encapsulation product application and maintenance.  
1.4 This guide does not cover minimum material performance requirements for liquid coating encapsulation products. Performance specifications for non-reinforced liquid coating encapsulation products are provided in Specification E1795.  
1.5 Encapsulation products for use on industrial steel structures are not covered in this guide. Industrial steel structures include, but are not limited to, bridges, water towers, and tanks.  
1.6 Limited documentation is available on evaluating the field performance of liquid coating encapsulation products. A conservative approach to assessing the selection and use of liquid coating encapsulation products is thus adopted in this guide. As appropriate, the guidance provided within will be revised as additional knowledge regarding how these products perform over time is gained.  
1.7 The user of this guide should follow all regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction regarding the use o...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although this practice is intended for the collection of dried paint samples in and around buildings for the subsequent determination of lead content, this practice may also be used to collect paint samples from other structures for lead analysis.3  
5.2 The variability associated with the sampling of dried paint is generally considered to be far higher than the variability associated with the analyses of the paint specimens. Therefore, it is essential that sample collection be properly controlled to produce representative and meaningful samples.  
5.3 These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent digestion using sample preparation techniques such as Practices E1645 or E1979 and determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniques such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) (see Test Method E3203) or flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) (see Test Method E3193).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection of samples of dried paint and other coatings from buildings.  
1.2 This practice is used to collect samples for subsequent determination of lead on an area basis (milligrams of lead per area sampled) or concentration basis (milligrams of lead per gram of dried paint collected or mass percent of lead in the paint sample collected).  
1.3 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, sampling plan that includes the number and location of samples) that are used for risk assessment and other lead hazard activities. See Guide E2115 or Practices E2271/E2271M or E3074/E3074M.  
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific warning statement is given in 7.4.1.1.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers minimum material performance requirements and laboratory test procedures for nonreinforced liquid coating encapsulation products (single or multiple-coat systems) for leaded paint in buildings. Three types of nonreinforced liquid coating encapsulation products are presented: type I - encapsulation products intended for interior use, type II - encapsulation products intended for exterior use, and type III - encapsulation products intended for either interior or exterior use. The impact resistance, adhesion, dry abrasion resistance, water vapour transmission, water and chemical resistance, surface burning characteristics, and volatile organic compound content shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. Weathering, aging, scrub resistance, mildew resistance, paintability/repairability, flexibility, and tensile properties shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers minimum material performance requirements and laboratory test procedures for non-reinforced liquid coating encapsulation products (single or multiple-coat systems) for leaded paint in buildings. Performance properties addressed in this specification are:  
1.1.1 Impact resistance,  
1.1.2 Adhesion,  
1.1.3 Dry abrasion resistance,  
1.1.4 Water vapor transmission,  
1.1.5 Water and chemical resistance,  
1.1.6 Surface burning characteristics,  
1.1.7 Volatile organic compound (VOC) content,  
1.1.8 Weathering,  
1.1.9 Aging,  
1.1.10 Scrub resistance,  
1.1.11 Mildew resistance,  
1.1.12 Paintability/repairability,  
1.1.13 Flexibility, and  
1.1.14 Tensile properties.  
1.2 This specification does not address the selection of an encapsulation product for specific use conditions. Specific use conditions may require performance values other than those stated in this specification. See Guide E1796.  
1.3 This specification does not cover the use of corrosion-inhibiting primers prior to encapsulation products on either industrial steel structures or on residential coated metal surfaces. Types of Direct-To-Metal (DTM) primers in conjunction with lead paint encapsulants has not been investigated. Use of primers to yield substrates acceptable to receive an encapsulant, and to inhibit future corrosion of encapsulated substrates, should be evaluated by trial applications at each specific project.  
1.4 This specification applies to any non-reinforced liquid applied product that relies primarily on adhesion for attachment to the surface. These products are used to encapsulate a leaded paint surface with the intent of reducing human exposure to lead.  
1.5 The results of the test methods included in this specification will not necessarily predict field performance.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers requirements for wipe sampling materials that are used to collect settled dusts on surfaces for the subsequent determination of lead. The wipes shall be tested for conformance to background lead, lead recoverability, collection efficiency, ruggedness which shall be determined using butted vinyl-composite floor tiles as a test surface, moisture content, coefficient of variation in mass, linear dimensions such as mean area and mean length, and mean thickness requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for wipes that are used to collect settled dusts on surfaces for the subsequent determination of lead.  
1.2 For wipe materials used for the determination of beryllium in surface dust refer to Specification D7707. This is mentioned to insure that users of wipes recognize that there is some relationship between the analytical backgrounds found in wipes and the analyte of interest.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although this practice is intended for the collection of soil samples from bare areas in and around buildings, this practice may also be used to collect soil samples from other areas and environments.  
5.2 This practice limits soil collection to approximately the top 1.5 cm (0.6 in.) of soil surface.  
5.3 These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent digestion using sample preparation techniques such as Practices E1726 or E1979 and determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniques such as Test Methods E3193 or E3203.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection of bare soil samples from areas around buildings and related structures using coring and scooping methods.  
1.2 This practice may not be suitable for collection of soil samples from areas that are paved or otherwise covered with grass, mulch, or the like. See Guide E2115 or Practices E2271/E2271M or E3074/E3074M.  
1.3 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, sampling plan that includes the number and location of samples) that are used for risk assessment and other lead hazard activities.  
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended to help reduce risks associated with lead hazards in buildings by providing standardized requirements for preserving records, findings, and recommendations associated with lead hazard activities.  
4.2 This practice is intended for use by individuals and organizations that develop and have need to preserve objective evidence when contracting for or when conducting lead hazard activities themselves.  
4.2.1 This practice is intended to assist in complying with management system requirements for record keeping promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction regarding conduct of lead hazard activities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes requirements for preservation of records generated during lead hazard activities.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 There is a need to monitor the lead content in and around buildings and related structures in order to determine the potential lead hazard. Hence, effective and efficient methods are required for the preparation of soil samples for determination of their lead content.  
5.2 This practice may be used for the digestion of soil samples that are collected during various construction and renovation activities associated with lead abatement in and around buildings and related structures. The practice is also suitable for the digestion of soil samples for lead analyses collected from other locations, such as near roads and steel structures.  
5.3 This practice is intended to be used to prepare samples that have been collected for hazard assessment purposes.  
5.4 This practice is not capable of determining lead bound within matrices, such as silica, that are not soluble in nitric acid.  
5.5 This practice includes drying and homogenization steps in order to help assure that reported lead results are representative of the sample and are independent of potential differences in soil moisture levels among different sampling locations or changing weather conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers drying, homogenization, and acid digestion of soil samples and associated quality control (QC) samples using a hot plate type method for the determination of lead using laboratory atomic spectrometry analysis techniques such as inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS).  
1.2 This practice is based on U.S. EPA SW 846, Test Method 3050.  
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Paint in buildings and related structures needs to be monitored for lead content in order to determine the potential lead hazard. Hence, effective and efficient methods are required for the preparation of paint samples that may contain lead.  
5.2 This practice may be used for the digestion of paint samples that are collected during various lead-hazard control and risk assessment activities associated with lead abatement in and around buildings and related structures. This practice is also suitable for the digestion of paint samples collected from locations such as commercial buildings.  
5.3 This practice may be used to prepare samples that have been obtained in order to ensure compliance with laws that govern lead content in paints.  
5.4 This practice may be used to prepare samples that have been collected for risk assessment purposes.  
5.5 This practice is intended for use with paint samples that are prepared for subsequent analysis by quantitative analytical methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sample preparation procedures for paint samples that are collected during the assessment, management or control of lead hazards.  
1.2 This practice describes the digestion procedures using a hot plate or microwave oven or apparatus for paint samples that are to be analyzed for lead content.  
1.3 This practice covers the general considerations for quantitative sample extraction for total recoverable lead in dried paint samples (either bulk paint or paint powder) using hot plate or microwave heating techniques, or both.  
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and not part of the mandatory requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This practice is based on NIOSH Methods 7082 and 7105, and on an EPA standard operating procedure for lead in paint.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1.2, 6.1.2.1, 6.1.2.2, 6.3.2.4, 7.2.1, and 7.2.2.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use with other standards that address the collection and preparation of samples (dusts by wipe, dried paint chips, and soils) that are obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures.  
5.2 Laboratories analyzing samples obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures shall conform to Practice E1583, or shall be recognized for lead analysis as promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction, or both.
Note 2: In the United States of America, laboratories performing analysis of samples collected during lead-based paint activities are required to be accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 and to other requirements promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  
5.3 This test method may also be used to analyze similar samples from other environments such as toxic characteristic extracts of waste sampled using Guide E1908, and soil and sludge as prepared for analysis using U.S. EPA SW-846 Test Method 1311.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of lead (Pb) in dust by wipe, paint, and soil collected in and around buildings and related structures by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometry (FAAS) and is derived from Test Methods D4185 and E1613. For determination of lead (Pb) and other metals in air by FAAS, see Test Method D4185.  
1.2 The sensitivity, detection limit, and optimum working concentration for lead (Pb) are given in Table 1.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other values of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The SI and inch-pound units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data (13.4.1).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of settled dust samples in and around buildings and related structures for the subsequent determination of lead content in a manner consistent with that described in the HUD Guidelines and 40 CFR 745.63. The practice is meant for use in the collection of settled dust samples that are of interest in clearance, hazard assessment, risk assessment, and other purposes.  
5.2 Use of different pressures applied to the sampled surface along with the use of different wiping patterns contribute to collection variability. Thus, the sampling result can vary between operators performing collection from identical surfaces as a result of collection variables. Collection for any group of sampling locations at a given sampling site is best when limited to a single operator.  
5.3 This practice is recommended for the collection of settled dust samples from hard, relatively smooth, nonporous surfaces. This practice is less effective for collecting settled dust samples from surfaces with substantial texture such as rough concrete, brickwork, textured ceilings, and soft fibrous surfaces such as upholstery and carpeting.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection of settled lead-containing dust on surfaces using the wipe sampling method. These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent extraction (see Practices E1644 and E1979) and determination of lead using laboratory analysis techniques such as atomic spectrometry (see Test Methods E3193/E3193M and E3203) or electroanalysis (see Practice E2051). For collection of settled dust samples for determination of lead and other metals, use Practice D6966.  
1.2 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, sampling plan which includes the number and location of samples) that are used for clearance (see Practices E2271/E2271M and E3074/E3074M), lead hazard evaluation, or risk assessment (see Guide E2115), and other purposes. To provide for valid conclusions, sufficient numbers of samples should be obtained as directed by a sampling plan.  
1.3 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use with other standards that address the collection and preparation of samples (dusts by wipe, dried paint chips, and soils) that are obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures.  
5.2 Laboratories analyzing samples obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures shall conform to Practice E1583, or shall be recognized for lead analysis as promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction, or both.
Note 1: In the United States of America, laboratories performing analysis of samples collected during lead-based paint activities are required to be accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 and to other requirements promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  
5.3 This test method may also be used to analyze similar samples from other environments such as toxic characteristic extracts of waste sampled using Guide E1908 as prepared for analysis using EPA SW-846 Test Method 1311.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for analysis of dried paint, soil, and dust wipe samples collected in and around buildings and related structures for lead content using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).  
1.2 This test method should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-OES, the interpretation of spectral and matrix interferences, and procedures for their correction. For determination of lead (Pb) and other metals in air by ICP-OES, see Test Method D7035.  
1.3 This test method cites specific methods for preparing test solutions of dried paint, soil, and wipe samples for analysis.  
1.4 It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for sampling materials of untested matrices.  
1.5 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable ICP-OES instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.  
1.6 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this test method.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to help prevent lead poisoning of children by providing standardized procedures for conducting a lead hazard assessment and providing information needed to develop and recommend lead hazard control options as described in Practice E2252.  
5.2 This guide is applicable for use in either occupied or unoccupied dwellings and in other child-occupied facilities.  
5.3 The procedures in this guide, when supplemented by recommendations for controlling lead hazards, provide for the conduct of a lead risk assessment of a dwelling or of other child-occupied facilities.  
5.4 This guide may be used to supplement assessment procedures used to determine the causes of elevated blood lead (EBL) levels in young children.
Note 2: In cases of EBL levels, investigation of the total living environment of the child and a pediatric medical evaluation may also be needed. Reference should be made to documents such as Managing Elevated Blood Lead Levels Among Young Children,6 Preventing Lead Poisoning in Young Children (1991),7 the HUD Guidelines, and Screening Young Children for Lead Poisoning (1997).7  
5.5 Although this guide was developed for dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this guide may be suitable for lead hazard assessments in non-residential buildings and other properties following agreement between assessor and client on appropriate lead action levels.  
5.6 This guide is not intended for use in identifying building materials that when abraded or otherwise degraded, such as that which may occur in remodeling or renovation activities, may result in lead hazards.  
5.7 Lead hazard assessment reports describe lead hazards identified at the time the assessment was performed. The locations, types, or severities of lead hazards can change over time as a result of property improvement or deterioration, significant changes in property use, or other factors.
Note 3: The term “lead-free” should never be used to describe the absence of ...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document, and report findings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings and of other child-occupied facilities.  
1.2 Procedures for assessment of personal items, such as toys, dishes, and hobby materials that may contribute to elevated lead levels in blood are not included in this guide.  
1.3 Procedures for random sampling of units within dwellings having multiple units are not included.  
1.4 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The purpose of this terminology standard is to help users understand and apply the large number of specialized terms used in connection with the management of lead hazards by providing a single, comprehensive, and consistent terminology.  
3.1.1 This terminology standard includes some terms that may be encountered, but whose use is discouraged. They are included for clarification and in order to provide the user with preferred existing alternate terms.  
3.1.2 Architectural terms for individual building components are included to promote consistency of usage and to help ensure that sampling locations are recorded with sufficient accuracy to allow independent confirmation of lead measurements, if necessary.  
3.2 A discussion is attached to certain definitions to help make the definition clear or to show how the term and its definition are related to other terms.  
3.3 Terms and definitions in this terminology standard are based upon laws, regulations, and practices in the United States of America.  
3.3.1 Some of the definitions in this terminology standard are adopted verbatim or are adapted from definitions that are formally stated or implied in laws and regulations. They are not intended to replace the latter definitions. The user is responsible for understanding legal definitions and for ensuring that the legal obligations that are encompassed by them are fully satisfied.  
3.3.2 Users in other countries should refer to applicable national, regional, and local laws, regulations, and practices.
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers definitions for the following:  
1.1.1 Terms that are commonly used in the field of management of lead hazards in facilities;  
1.1.2 Architectural terms, particularly those associated with older wood-frame buildings; and,  
1.1.3 Specialized terms that may be encountered by users in reports and notices that are generated during lead hazard management activities.  
1.2 This terminology standard is supplementary to Terminology E631.  
1.3 Definitions adopted or derived from other documents include the following:  
1.3.1 Some of the definitions in this terminology standard are adopted as exact copies from other sources. The source is briefly identified at the right margin following the definition and fully identified in Section 2.  
1.3.2 Some of the definitions in this terminology standard are adapted from other sources. Changes in these definitions were made only to clarify the meaning, to incorporate related terms that also are defined in this terminology standard, or to ensure that the revised definition is consistent with those for related terms. The source is briefly identified with the words “adapted” at the right margin following the definition, and is fully identified in Section 2.  
1.4 Terms within the definitions that are shown in boldface are defined in this terminology standard.  
1.5 This terminology standard excludes the following:  
1.5.1 Terms with a common dictionary meaning, except in cases where there is a specialized definition within the field of lead hazard management.  
1.5.2 Terms that are used only in individual ASTM standards in which they are defined adequately, whether formally or by the context in which they appear.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use with other standards that address the collection and preparation of samples (dusts by wipe, dried paint chips, and soils) that are obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures.  
5.2 Laboratories analyzing samples obtained during the assessment or mitigation of lead hazards from buildings and related structures shall conform to Practice E1583, or shall be recognized for lead analysis as promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction, or both.
Note 1: In the United States of America, laboratories performing analysis of samples collected during lead-based paint activities are required to be accredited to ISO/IEC 17025 and to other requirements promulgated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).  
5.3 This test method may also be used to analyze similar samples from other environments such as toxic characteristic extracts of waste sampled using Guide E1908 as prepared for analysis using EPA SW-846 Test Method 1311.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method specifies a procedure for analysis of dried paint, soil, and dust wipe samples collected in and around buildings and related structures for lead content using inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES).  
1.2 This test method should be used by analysts experienced in the use of ICP-OES, the interpretation of spectral and matrix interferences, and procedures for their correction. For determination of lead (Pb) and other metals in air by ICP-OES, see Test Method D7035.  
1.3 This test method cites specific methods for preparing test solutions of dried paint, soil, and wipe samples for analysis.  
1.4 It is the user’s responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for sampling materials of untested matrices.  
1.5 No detailed operating instructions are provided because of differences among various makes and models of suitable ICP-OES instruments. Instead, the analyst shall follow the instructions provided by the manufacturer of the particular instrument. This test method does not address comparative accuracy of different devices or the precision between instruments of the same make and model.  
1.6 This test method contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this test method.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.