91 - CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND BUILDING
ICS 91 Details
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND BUILDING
BAUWESEN UND BAUSTOFFE
BATIMENT ET MATERIAUX DE CONSTRUCTION
GRADBENI MATERIALI IN GRADNJA
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 91 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND BUILDING". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 23947 standards classified under ICS 91 (CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND BUILDING). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document describes the test and assessment procedure for determining the contribution of reactive fire protection systems to the fire resistance of solid steel bars used as tension members, when exposed to the standard temperature/time curve specified in EN 1363-1. In special circumstances, where specified in National Building Regulations, there can be a need to subject reactive fire protection systems to a slow heating curve (smouldering fire) as defined in EN 1363-2. The corresponding test and assessment procedure are described in Annex E. The fire protection performance is determined by testing mechanically loaded steel bars in horizontal orientation. Information regarding the testing of additional unloaded specimens is given to assess the influence of the bar orientation and smouldering fire behaviour.
The principles of the testing and assessment procedure can also be applied for other section shapes such as angles, channels and flats. This document does not include steel bars used as reinforcement in concrete construction.
The document is applicable to steel bars up to a maximum diameter of 130 mm. In the case of rectangular bars, the maximum edge length shall be limited to 130 mm with a maximum aspect ratio of 2:1 against the shorter edge length.
The test programme and the assessment are designed to cover:
- a range of valid fire protection classification periods;
- a range of thickness of the applied reactive fire protection system;
- a range of steel bar dimensions and profiles;
- a range of specified design temperatures;
- a range of load utilisation factors in case of fire;
- a range of bar orientation.
This document also provides the assessment procedure, which prescribes how the analysis of the test data shall be made and gives guidance on the procedures by which interpolation shall be undertaken. The assessment procedure is used to establish:
a) on the basis of data derived from mechanically loaded testing steel bar, any practical constraints on the use of the reactive fire protection system under fire test conditions (the physical performance);
b) on the basis of the temperature data derived from testing steel bar the thermal properties of the reactive fire protection system (the thermal performance).
The limits of applicability of the results of the assessment arising from the fire test are defined together with permitted direct application of the results to different steel types and sizes over the range of thicknesses of the applied reactive fire protection system tested.
- Standard71 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard provides a comprehensive set of procedures for verifying the correct implementation of each capability claimed on a BACnet PICS including:
support of each claimed BACnet service, either as an initiator, executor, or both,
support of each claimed BACnet object-type, including both required properties and each claimed optional property,
(support of the BACnet network layer protocol,
support of each claimed data link option, and
support of all claimed special functionality.
- Standard1052 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for evaluating direct tensile resistance of strain hardening fibre-reinforced cementitious composites (FRCCs) using tensile parameters. This test method provides tensile stress versus strain curve, first cracking strength, post cracking strength, strain capacity (strain at post cracking point), and the number of cracks within gauge length. This test method is primarily intended for use with FRCCs that exhibit strain hardening behaviour. This test method is not intended for materials that exhibit strain-softening behaviour.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies general construction, performance and material requirements for PN 10 thermostatic mixing valves (TMV) and includes test methods for the verification of mixed water temperature performance at the point of use below 45 °C. This does not exclude the selection of higher temperatures where available. When these devices are used to provide anti-scald protection for children, elderly and disabled persons the mixed water temperature shall be set at a suitable temperature (body temperature - 38 °C). In particular children are at risk to scalding at lower temperatures than adults. This does not obviate the need for supervision of young children.
It applies to valves intended for use on sanitary appliances in kitchens, washrooms (incl. all rooms with sanitary tapware, e.g. toilet and cloakrooms) and bathrooms operating under the conditions specified in Table 1.
This document allows TMVs to supply a single outlet or a small number of outlets in a “domestic” application (e.g. one valve, controlling a shower, bath, basin and/or, bidet), excluding valves specifically designed for supplying a large number of outlets (i.e. for institutional use).
The tests described are type tests (laboratory tests) and not quality control tests carried out during manufacture.
- Standard57 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and test methods for durability, strength, security and functionality of sliding closing devices (SCDs) for windows and door height windows.
This document does not specifically cover the handles used in handle-operated SCDs or the sash fasteners used in cam-operated SCDs, requirements and test methods for which are given in EN 13126 2, EN 13126 3 and EN 13126 14, respectively.
The performance tests incorporated in this document are considered to be reproducible and as such will provide a consistent and objective assessment of the performance of these products throughout CEN Member States.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to flushing valves for WCs and valves for urinals, with automatic hydraulic closure, intended for:
— WC pans EN 997;
— single flush urinals EN 13407;
— siphon acting urinals EN 13407.
It does not apply to no-contact detection valves.
It is intended to specify:
— marking and identification, physico-chemical, dimensional, leaktightness, pressure behaviour, hydraulic, mechanical endurance and acoustic characteristics of flushing valves for WCs and urinals with automatic closure;
— test methods used to verify these characteristics;
— and to determine requirements for the atmospheric interrupter which shall be an integral part of the WC flushing valve.
It is applicable in the following pressure and temperature conditions (see Table 1):
[Table 1 — Conditions of use for tapware]
NOTE Although this document limits the pressure for WC DN25 and WC DN32 valves till 0,25 MPa (2,5 bar), some European countries have legislation and recommendations for higher pressures.
Health and quality requirements in accordance to European and national legislation for final materials in contact with water intended for human consumption are not covered by this document.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides general product category rules (PCR) for Type III environmental declarations for wood and wood-based products, including wood-based panels, for use in construction and related construction and in-service processes.
This document complements the core rules for the product category of construction products as defined in EN 15804 and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 15804.
This document does not cover the assessment of social and economic performances at product level.
The core PCR:
— define the parameters to be declared and the way in which they are collated and reported;
— describe which stages of a product’s life cycle are considered in the EPD and which processes are to be included in the life cycle stages;
— define rules for the development of scenarios;
— include the rules for calculating the life cycle inventory and the life cycle impact assessment underlying the EPD, including the specification of the data quality to be applied;
— include the rules for reporting predetermined, environmental and health information, that is not covered by LCA for a product, construction process and construction service where necessary;
— define the conditions under which construction products can be compared based on the information provided by EPD.
For the EPD of construction services, the same rules and requirements apply as for the EPD of construction products.
Additionally, to the common parts of EN 15804, this document for wood and wood-based products:
— defines the system boundaries;
— defines the rules for modelling and assessment of material-specific characteristics such as carbon content and net calorific value of wood;
— defines allocation procedures for multi-output processes along the wood chain;
— defines allocation procedures for reuse, recycling and energy recovery;
— includes the rules for calculating the life cycle inventory and the life cycle impact assessment underlying the EPD, including the assessment of carbon and net calorific value of wood;
— provides guidance/specific rules for the determination of the reference service life (RSL).
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies definitions, principles of construction (but not dimensions) and design, requirements on performance and operation as well as methods for testing the performance of adjustable chemical dosing systems for conditioning water intended for human consumption inside buildings (see [1]) which are permanently connected to the mains supply.
- Draft17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines Product Category Rules (PCR) providing guidelines and rules for developing a type III environmental declaration (as in EN 15804:2012+A2:2019) for ceramic tiles produced by extrusion and dry-pressing techniques, mainly used for internal and/or external floorings and walls coverings, facade cladding.
The c-PCR:
- define the indicators to be declared, information to be provided and the way in which they are collated and reported;
- describe which stages of ceramic tiles’ life cycle are considered in the EPD and which processes are to be included in the life cycle stages;
- define rules for the development of scenarios;
- include the rules for calculating the Life Cycle Inventory and the Life Cycle Impact Assessment underlying the EPD, including the specification of the data quality to be applied;
- include the rules for reporting predetermined, environmental and health information, that is not covered by LCA for a ceramic tile, construction process and construction service where necessary;
- define the conditions under which ceramic tiles can be compared based on the information provided by EPD;
- include Annex A to Annex E in alignment to EN 15804:2012+A2:2019.
This PCR is intended to be used for cradle to grave and module D assessment.
- Draft19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document describes the test and assessment procedure for determining the contribution of reactive fire protection systems to the fire resistance of solid steel bars used as tension members, when exposed to the standard temperature/time curve specified in EN 1363-1. In special circumstances, where specified in National Building Regulations, there can be a need to subject reactive fire protection systems to a slow heating curve (smouldering fire) as defined in EN 1363-2. The corresponding test and assessment procedure are described in Annex E. The fire protection performance is determined by testing mechanically loaded steel bars in horizontal orientation. Information regarding the testing of additional unloaded specimens is given to assess the influence of the bar orientation and smouldering fire behaviour.
The principles of the testing and assessment procedure can also be applied for other section shapes such as angles, channels and flats. This document does not include steel bars used as reinforcement in concrete construction.
The document is applicable to steel bars up to a maximum diameter of 130 mm. In the case of rectangular bars, the maximum edge length shall be limited to 130 mm with a maximum aspect ratio of 2:1 against the shorter edge length.
The test programme and the assessment are designed to cover:
- a range of valid fire protection classification periods;
- a range of thickness of the applied reactive fire protection system;
- a range of steel bar dimensions and profiles;
- a range of specified design temperatures;
- a range of load utilisation factors in case of fire;
- a range of bar orientation.
This document also provides the assessment procedure, which prescribes how the analysis of the test data shall be made and gives guidance on the procedures by which interpolation shall be undertaken. The assessment procedure is used to establish:
a) on the basis of data derived from mechanically loaded testing steel bar, any practical constraints on the use of the reactive fire protection system under fire test conditions (the physical performance);
b) on the basis of the temperature data derived from testing steel bar the thermal properties of the reactive fire protection system (the thermal performance).
The limits of applicability of the results of the assessment arising from the fire test are defined together with permitted direct application of the results to different steel types and sizes over the range of thicknesses of the applied reactive fire protection system tested.
- Standard71 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
IEC 60364-8-82:2022 provides requirements and recommendations that apply to low-voltage electrical installations connected or not to a distribution network able to operate:
- with local power supplies, and/or
- with local storage units,
and that monitors and controls the energy from the locally connected sources delivering it to:
- current-using equipment, and/or
- local storage units, and/or
- distribution networks.
Such electrical installations are designated as prosumer's electrical installations (PEIs). These requirements and recommendations apply to new installations and modifications of existing installations. This document also provides requirements and recommendations for the safe, efficient and correct behaviour of these installations when integrated into a smart grid. Information related to grid interaction to ensure the stability of the electrical system for grid connected PEIs is given in Annex B. This document covers the requirements related to stability of islanded and stand-alone PEIs. This first edition cancels and replaces IEC 60364-8-2 published in 2018. This edition constitutes a technical revision.
This edition includes the following significant technical changes with respect to IEC 60364-8-2:2018:
a) the vocabulary and concepts have been aligned as much as possible with those used by TC 8 and SC 8B, taking notably into account the IEC 62898 and IEC 62786 series, still respecting the installers mindset (installers being the first users of the IEC 60364 series and being used to only refer to the IEC 60364 series);
b) the type of system earthing and the change of type of system earthing (sequencing) when there is a change of mode of the prosuming installation, have been clarified;
c) the conditions of connection and disconnection from the DSO network have also been described, both from the safety point of view and the proper functioning point of view;
d) additional requirements have been introduced;
e) the figures have been updated;
f) a new normative Annex D on single dwelling or similar application islandable PEIs has been added;
g) the numbering has also been reviewed to follow the updated numbering system of the IEC 60364 series, in line with the IEC Directives and compatible with Parts 7.
- Standard376 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard146 pagesEnglish and French languagesale 15% off
This standard provides a comprehensive set of procedures for verifying the correct implementation of each capability claimed on a BACnet PICS including:
support of each claimed BACnet service, either as an initiator, executor, or both,
support of each claimed BACnet object-type, including both required properties and each claimed optional property,
(support of the BACnet network layer protocol,
support of each claimed data link option, and
support of all claimed special functionality.
- Standard1052 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
IEC TS 63222‑4:2026 specifies the requirements of the models, methods and procedures for harmonic analysis on the public electric power network. This document is applicable to harmonic analysis up to 40th harmonic at high, medium and low voltage of the public electric power network with nominal frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz.
- Technical specification50 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies functional requirements for the design, construction, testing, commissioning/decommissioning, operation, maintenance and, where appropriate, calibration, together with suitable documented provisions for all new gas measuring systems and any major changes of existing systems.
This document also specifies accuracy classes of measuring systems and thresholds applicable to these classes. Demonstration of compliance is achieved through the selection, installation and operation of appropriate measurement instruments, together with suitable documented provisions for calculations. Examples of demonstration of compliance are provided for each accuracy class; however, they are not prescriptive solutions.
This document is applicable for gases of the 2nd family as classified in EN 437. It is also applicable for treated non-conventional combustible gases complying with EN 437 and for which a detailed technical evaluation of the functional requirements (such as injected biomethane) is performed ensuring there are no other constituents or properties of the gases that can affect the metrological and physical integrity of the measuring systems. This version mentions technical topics to consider when hydrogen and natural gas / hydrogen blends flow through the measuring systems. Blends with a hydrogen content between 20mol% and 98 mol% are not considered by this standard. This document applies to hydrogen with a purity as specified in CEN/TS 17977 for rededicated natural gas systems.
This document can also be used as a guideline for measuring systems for other gases e.g. gaseous CO2 for CCUS.
This document does not apply to for raw or sour gases.
This document does not apply to for gas measurement in CNG filling stations.
This document gives guidelines when designing, installing and operating gas meters with additional functionalities (smart gas meters).
Communication protocols and interfaces for gas meters and remote reading of gas meters are outside the scope of this document and are covered by the appropriate parts of the EN 13757 series. which provide a number of protocols for meter communications. Supervisory control and data acquisition protocols (SCADA) are also not covered by this document.
Unless otherwise specified all pressures used in this document are gauge pressures.
For associated pressure regulating systems the requirements of EN 12186 and/or EN 12279 apply.
For requirements on design, housing, lay-out, materials for components, construction, ventilation, venting and overall safety of gas measuring systems within the scope of this document, the EN 15001 series, EN 12186, EN 12279 and/or EN 1775 apply additionally, where relevant.
- Standard109 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
(1) This document specifies the scheme for the conformity assessment and assessment criteria for concrete.
(2) The document provides technical rules for assessment of the performance of the concrete and actions to be followed in the event of non-conformity of the product or negative assessment.
(3) This document gives provisions and guidance for certification of factory production control and of the concrete.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
(1) This document applies to concrete for structures cast in situ, precast structures, and structural precast products for buildings and civil engineering structures.
(2) The concrete described by this document can be:
— normal-weight, heavy-weight and lightweight;
— mixed on site, ready-mixed or produced in a plant for precast concrete products;
— compacted or self-compacting to retain no appreciable amount of entrapped air other than entrained air.
(3) This document specifies requirements for:
— the constituents of concrete;
— the properties of fresh and hardened concrete;
— the limitations for concrete composition;
— the specification of concrete;
— the delivery of fresh concrete;
— the production control procedures;
— the assessment criteria for individual values.
(4) This document does not apply to:
— aerated concrete;
— foamed concrete;
— concrete with density less than 800 kg/m3;
— refractory concrete.
(5) This document does not cover health and safety requirements for the protection of workers during production and delivery of concrete.
- Standard86 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general construction, performance and material requirements for PN 10 thermostatic mixing valves (TMV) and includes test methods for the verification of mixed water temperature performance at the point of use below 45 °C. This does not exclude the selection of higher temperatures where available. When these devices are used to provide anti-scald protection for children, elderly and disabled persons, the mixed water temperature needs to be set at a suitable temperature (body temperature approximately 38 °C). In particular children are at risk to scalding at lower temperatures than adults. This does not obviate the need for supervision of young children.
It applies to valves intended for use on sanitary appliances in kitchens, washrooms (incl. all rooms with sanitary tapware, e.g. toilets and cloakrooms) and bath rooms operating under the conditions specified in Table 1.
This document allows TMVs to supply a single outlet or a small number of outlets in a “domestic” application (e.g. one valve controlling a shower, bath, basin and/or bidet), excluding valves specifically designed for supplying a large number of outlets (i.e. for institutional use).
The tests described are type tests (laboratory tests) and not quality control tests carried out during manufacture.
Table 1 - Conditions of use
[...table not reproduced...]
- Standard59 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines the concepts and definitions and is the first part of a set of standards to define the framework for digital twins in the built environment. It includes the terms and definitions, the relation with building information modelling and addresses the lack of standards for the qualitative specification of a digital twin, which can include geometric, attributive, structural and infrastructural quality, as applicable.
This document is based on the experiences obtained in use cases [1] and documents from other technical committees, including ISO/IEC 30173.
This document can be used in the development of other standards and in support of communications among diverse, interested parties or stakeholders. This initiative aims to define an ecosystem of digital twins opening the opportunity to release even greater value, using data for the public good.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies requirements and test methods for durability, strength, security and functionality of sliding closing devices (SCDs) for windows and door height windows.
This document does not specifically cover the handles used in handle-operated SCDs or the sash fasteners used in cam-operated SCDs, requirements and test methods for which are given in EN 13126 2, EN 13126 3 and EN 13126 14, respectively.
The performance tests incorporated in this document are considered to be reproducible and as such will provide a consistent and objective assessment of the performance of these products throughout CEN Member States.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document provides general product category rules (PCR) for Type III environmental declarations for wood and wood-based products, including wood-based panels, for use in construction and related construction and in-service processes.
This document complements the core rules for the product category of construction products as defined in EN 15804 and is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 15804.
This document does not cover the assessment of social and economic performances at product level.
The core PCR:
— define the parameters to be declared and the way in which they are collated and reported;
— describe which stages of a product’s life cycle are considered in the EPD and which processes are to be included in the life cycle stages;
— define rules for the development of scenarios;
— include the rules for calculating the life cycle inventory and the life cycle impact assessment underlying the EPD, including the specification of the data quality to be applied;
— include the rules for reporting predetermined, environmental and health information, that is not covered by LCA for a product, construction process and construction service where necessary;
— define the conditions under which construction products can be compared based on the information provided by EPD.
For the EPD of construction services, the same rules and requirements apply as for the EPD of construction products.
Additionally, to the common parts of EN 15804, this document for wood and wood-based products:
— defines the system boundaries;
— defines the rules for modelling and assessment of material-specific characteristics such as carbon content and net calorific value of wood;
— defines allocation procedures for multi-output processes along the wood chain;
— defines allocation procedures for reuse, recycling and energy recovery;
— includes the rules for calculating the life cycle inventory and the life cycle impact assessment underlying the EPD, including the assessment of carbon and net calorific value of wood;
— provides guidance/specific rules for the determination of the reference service life (RSL).
- Standard45 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document is applicable to flushing valves for WCs and valves for urinals, with automatic hydraulic closure, intended for:
— WC pans EN 997;
— single flush urinals EN 13407;
— siphon acting urinals EN 13407.
It does not apply to no-contact detection valves.
It is intended to specify:
— marking and identification, physico-chemical, dimensional, leaktightness, pressure behaviour, hydraulic, mechanical endurance and acoustic characteristics of flushing valves for WCs and urinals with automatic closure;
— test methods used to verify these characteristics;
— and to determine requirements for the atmospheric interrupter which shall be an integral part of the WC flushing valve.
It is applicable in the following pressure and temperature conditions (see Table 1):
[Table 1 — Conditions of use for tapware]
NOTE Although this document limits the pressure for WC DN25 and WC DN32 valves till 0,25 MPa (2,5 bar), some European countries have legislation and recommendations for higher pressures.
Health and quality requirements in accordance to European and national legislation for final materials in contact with water intended for human consumption are not covered by this document.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document defines the properties of load test dusts used for heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) air filters as well as air cleaning equipment in laboratories. Test dusts used for evaluation of efficiency performance are not included.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies general construction, performance and material requirements for PN 10 thermostatic mixing valves (TMV) and includes test methods for the verification of mixed water temperature performance at the point of use below 45 °C. This does not exclude the selection of higher temperatures where available. When these devices are used to provide anti-scald protection for children, elderly and disabled persons the mixed water temperature shall be set at a suitable temperature (body temperature - 38 °C). In particular children are at risk to scalding at lower temperatures than adults. This does not obviate the need for supervision of young children.
It applies to valves intended for use on sanitary appliances in kitchens, washrooms (incl. all rooms with sanitary tapware, e.g. toilet and cloakrooms) and bathrooms operating under the conditions specified in Table 1.
This document allows TMVs to supply a single outlet or a small number of outlets in a “domestic” application (e.g. one valve, controlling a shower, bath, basin and/or, bidet), excluding valves specifically designed for supplying a large number of outlets (i.e. for institutional use).
The tests described are type tests (laboratory tests) and not quality control tests carried out during manufacture.
Table 1 - Conditions of use
- Standard57 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the properties and characteristics of typical vertical joints between two prefabricated concrete external wall components irrespective of whether these joints coincide with joints between the external wall and an internal wall or column. However, the characteristics of joints which are involved in the structural behaviour of buildings are not specified in this document. This document is applicable to all public or private buildings, used as dwellings, offices, educational or hospital premises.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
The standard specifies requirements for appliances for household and similar purposes to prevent the backflow of non-potable water into the water mains. It also specifies requirements for hose sets used for connecting such appliances to the water mains that supply water at a pressure not exceeding 1 MPa.
- Amendment4 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the safety rules for lifts permanently serving buildings and constructions and intended for the transport of persons or persons and goods. It applies to traction lifts, positive drive lifts and hydraulic lifts that: serve specific levels; and have a rated speed exceeding 0,15 m/s; and have an enclosed car; and move along guide rails inclined not more than 15° to the vertical; and are indoor or weather-protected. This document also applies to the electrical equipment of these lifts including the lighting and socket outlets in the well. This document specifies safety rules related to: persons to be safeguarded: users, including passengers, maintenance and inspection personnel; persons at the landings and outside of the well, or any machinery space and pulley room, who can be affected by the lift. property to be safeguarded: loads in the car; components of the lift installation; building in which the lift is installed. This document does not specify additional requirements for: lifts serving buildings with requirements for seismic conditions; lifts serving buildings with requirements for accessibility; lifts exposed to vandalism; lifts which can be used for firefighting and evacuation purposes under firefighters control; lifts which can be used to support faster evacuation of persons with disabilities; the behaviour of the lift when the control system of the lift receives a recall signal(s) in the event of fire in a building. This document is not applicable to passenger and goods passenger lifts, which are installed before the date of its publication.
- Standard191 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies for passenger lifts and goods passenger lifts: the verification of door locking devices; the verification of safety gears; the verification of overspeed governors; the verification of buffers; the verification of safety circuits and SIL-rated circuits; the verification of ascending car overspeed protection means; the verification of unintended car movement protection means; the verification of rupture valves and one-way restrictors; the verification of suspension and compensation means; the discard criteria for suspension means and sheaves; the calculation of guide rails; the calculation of rams, cylinders, rigid pipes and fittings; the evaluation of the traction; the evaluation of the safety factor on suspension means; the pendulum shock tests; the fault exclusion for electric and electronic components; the design rules for SIL-rated circuits. This document is not applicable to passenger lifts, goods passenger lifts or lift components, which are installed or manufactured before the date of its publication.
- Standard110 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the equipment and procedures for determining the hygrothermal behaviour of external thermal insulation composite kits with a rendering system (ETICS kits).
- Draft14 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for the determination of per cent recovery and non-recoverable creep compliance of bitumens and bituminous binders by means of a Multiple Stress Creep and Recovery (MSCR) test. The MSCR test is conducted using the Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR) in creep mode at a specified temperature.
The per cent recovery at multiple shear stress levels is intended to determine the presence of elastic response and the stress dependence of bituminous binders. The non-recoverable creep compliance at multiple shear stress levels is intended as an indicator for the sensitivity to permanent deformation and stress dependence of bituminous binders.
This document is applicable to un-aged, aged, stabilized and recovered bituminous binders. The test procedure in accordance with this document is not applicable for bituminous binders with particles larger than 250 μm (e.g. filler material, granulated rubber).
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This document does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this document to establish appropriate safety and health practices, workers protection, and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. The use of this document involves handling of apparatus and binders at very high temperatures.
- Draft13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the calculation method, based on Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and other quantified environmental information, to assess the environmental performance of a building and its site, during whole life cycle, based on a building life cycle model. It also establishes a system for the reporting and communication of the outcome of the assessment.
The document gives:
- the description of the object of assessment based on the functional equivalent;
- the system boundary that applies at the building level;
- calculation rules and procedure to be used to compile and assess the life cycle inventory and life cycle environmental impacts of buildings;
- the list of indicators and procedures for the calculation of these indicators;
- demand for information concerning building generated energy reporting;
- the requirements for the data necessary for the calculation;
- provides recommendations on how to assess aspects at the local environment level; and
- the requirements for presentation of the results in reporting and communication.
The approach to the assessment covers all stages of the building life cycle and is based on data obtained from Environmental Product Declarations (EPD) and their "information modules" (EN 15804:2012+A2:2019), generic data according to EN 15941 and other data and information necessary and relevant for carrying out the assessment. The assessment includes all building related construction products, processes and services, used over the life cycle of the building.
The document is applicable to new, existing buildings and buildings undergoing refurbishment or any other kind of activity to extend its service life. Environmental impacts and aspects that are not related to the building are outside the scope of this standard. Methodologies for and approaches to the interpretation and the making of value judgments of the results of the assessment are outside the scope of this document.
The document also provides the methodological basis and assessment rules to support the achievement of environment related macro-objectives in Europe and instruments such as the European reporting framework Level(s).
NOTE More information on the European reporting framework Level(s)can be found at Level(s) (europa.eu).
Informative Annexes B and C provide non-LCA information covering environmental aspects at the local environment level and additional information on end-of-life scenarios.
- Draft112 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
1.1 This document specifies the safety rules for the construction and installation of permanently installed service lifts, with traction, positive, or hydraulic drive, serving defined landing levels, having a carrier the interior of which is regarded as inaccessible to persons on account of its dimensions and means of construction, suspended by ropes or chains or jack and moving between rigid guide rails inclined not more than 15° to the vertical.
This document covers service lifts with rated load not exceeding 300 kg and not intended to transport persons.
1.2 This document does not cover:
a) service lifts with drives other than those stated in 1.1;
b) services lifts having carrier with dimensions that exceed:
1) for floor area, 1,0 m2;
2) for depth, 1,0 m;
3) for height, 1,20 m. The height is not limited if the carrier comprises several permanent compartments, each of which satisfies the above dimensions.
c) lifting appliances, such as paternosters, mines lifts, theatrical lifts, appliances with automatic caging, skips and hoists for building and public works sites, ships hoists, platforms for exploration or drilling at sea, construction and maintenance appliances;
d) safety during operations of transport, erection, repairs and dismantling of service lifts;
e) use of glass for the walls of the well, for the carrier and for the landing doors including their vision panels;
f) hydraulic service lifts where the setting of the pressure relief valve exceeds 50 MPa;
g) any form of radiation except EMC (see 4.10.1.1.3);
h) installation in potentially explosive atmosphere, extreme climate conditions, seismic conditions, transporting dangerous goods, etc.;
i) ambient temperature in the well and machinery space(s) lower than +5 °C and higher than +40 °C;
j) health and safety of animals.
However, this document can usefully be taken as a basis.
Noise and vibrations are not dealt with in this document as they are not considered a significant nor relevant hazard for the actual type of the service lift.
Fire propagation is not dealt with in this document.
1.3 The well is regarded as accessible if the opening giving access have clear dimensions of at least 0,40 m x 0,50 m, and:
a) the horizontal depth of the well is greater than 1 m, or
b) the area of the well is greater than 1 m2, or
c) the maintenance is intended to be carried out from the carrier roof or pit regardless the well dimensions.
1.4 The machinery space is regarded as accessible if:
a) the door(s)/trapdoor(s) giving access have clear dimensions of at least 0,60 m x 0,60 m, and
b) the height of the passageway is at least 1,80 m.
NOTE A door about horizontal when closed is referred to as a trapdoor.
1.5 This document covers the safety requirements for service lifts with rated speeds up to 1 m/s.
1.6 This document is not applicable to service lifts which are installed before the date of its publication as EN.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-11
(1) EN 1993-1-11 provides rules for structural design of tension components made of steel, in addition to other parts of EN 1993, for use in structures made of steel or other materials such as concrete, steel-concrete composite and timber.
(2) EN 1993-1-11 covers the resistance, serviceability and durability of steel tension elements.
(3) The following items/aspects are outside the scope of EN 1993-1-11:
— pre- or post-tensioned systems in accordance with EN 1992-1-1;
— reinforcing steel as part of a concrete structure in accordance with EN 1992-1-1;
— tension components in piling;
— detailed design of terminations.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990-1, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-11 are applicable if:
— execution quality is according to EN 1090-2; and
— the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series, or in the relevant material and product specifications.
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(1) EN 1994-1-2 gives rules for the design of steel-concrete composite structures for the accidental design situation of fire exposure. It only identifies differences from, or supplements to, rules for normal temperature design.
(2) EN 1994-1-2 only applies to structures, or parts of structures, that are within the scope of EN1994-1-1 and are designed accordingly.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1993-3
(1) This document provides rules for structural design of towers, masts and chimney structures, that fall into any of the following classifications, with the exceptions given in (3), (4) and (5).
(2) This document is applicable to:
a) self-supporting towers and guyed masts with or without attachments. The shafts of towers and masts can be of lattice type or of circular or polygonal cross-section;
b) chimney structures of circular cross-section that are cantilevered, supported at intermediate levels or guyed.
NOTE 1 The structures are mainly exposed to wind loading.
NOTE 2 For overhead transmission line towers, see also the EN 50341 series.
(3) This document does not apply to:
a) polygonal and circular lighting columns covered by the EN 40 series;
NOTE The EN 40 series specifies the requirements and dimensions for lighting columns and it applies to post top columns not exceeding 20 m height and to post top lanterns and columns with brackets not exceeding 18 m height for side entry lanterns.
b) wind turbine towers (see the EN IEC 61400 series);
c) overhead line towers covered by the EN 50341 series.
(4) This document does not cover special provisions for seismic design, which are given in the EN 1998 series.
(5) Special measures that might be necessary to limit the consequences of accidents are not covered in this document. For resistance to fire, see EN 1993-1-2.
(6) Provisions for the guys of guyed structures are given in EN 1993-1-11 and supplemented in this document.
(7) For provisions concerning aspects such as chemical attack, thermo-dynamical performance or thermal insulation of chimneys, see EN 13084-1. For the design of liners, see EN 13084-6.
NOTE 1 Foundations are covered in the EN 1997 series. See also EN 13084-1.
NOTE 2 Wind loads and procedures for the wind response of structures are specified in EN 1991-1-4.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990-1, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in this document are applicable if
- the execution quality is as specified in Annex E and EN 1090-2 and for the execution of chimneys, also in EN 13084-6,
and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series or, for materials other than steel, in the relevant material and product specifications.
NOTE Execution is covered in this document to the extent that is necessary to indicate the quality of the construction materials and products and the standard of workmanship on site needed to comply with the assumptions of the design rules.
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1.1 Scope of prEN 1991-1-6
(1) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules on the determination of actions relevant for the design of buildings and civil engineering works, including geotechnical structures, for their execution stage.
NOTE Actions for design during execution include those that only arise from execution activities and act during execution, termed construction actions (for example personnel and hand tools, auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution), and others that are present during the service life of the completed structure (for example self-weight, wind, etc.) but which can act differently and/or have different values during execution.
(2) prEN 1991-1-6 provides guidance and general rules for the determination of actions for the design of auxiliary structures, elements and equipment used during execution in case they are designed to the Eurocodes and not to other European Standards.
NOTE Other European Standards (e.g. EN 12810, EN 12811, EN 12812) provide specific rules for certain types of auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution.
(3) prEN 1991-1-6 gives rules for buildings and bridges during execution to supplement the provisions in EN 1990.
NOTE For combination rules for execution, see EN 1990.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions given in EN 1990 apply.
(2) The application of this document follows the limit state principle and is based on the partial factor method, unless explicitly prescribed differently.
(3) The verification of buildings and civil engineering structures in transient design situations is undertaken in accordance with the Eurocodes, accounting for the interaction with any auxiliary structures, elements and/or equipment.
(4) When using European product standards covering auxiliary structures, equipment and elements used during execution, it is assumed that the design basis, design requirements and, if provided, the safety and operational design limits specified in these product standards are taken into account.
(5) Adequate planning, documentation, communication, control and supervision are provided during execution, involving all relevant parties.
NOTE Execution of a structure can involve interaction between several parties from diverse engineering fields, responsible for the design, fabrication, transportation and execution of different subsystems used during the execution of a structure.
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EN 1998-1-2 is applicable to the design and verification of new buildings and temporary structures in seismic regions.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1995-2
(1) This document gives general design rules for the structural parts of bridges, i.e. structural members of importance for the reliability of the whole bridge or major parts of it, made of timber or other wood-based materials, either singly or compositely with concrete, steel or other materials.
(2) Prestressed timber-concrete composite (TCC) members are not covered by this document. The design of stress-laminated timber decks used as part of a TCC system is covered.
(3) Systems which rely on friction between wood and concrete are not covered by this document.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990 apply to this document.
(2) It is assumed that the requirements for execution given in EN 1995 3 are complied with.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1991-3
(1) EN 1991-3 defines actions imposed by cranes and other machines including dynamic effects, if relevant, for the structural design of crane or machine supporting structures.
(2) EN 1991-3 provides guidance on crane classification in terms of dynamic factors and fatigue actions.
(3) EN 1991-3 applies to supporting structures of
— bridge cranes, gantry cranes and wall cranes travelling on fixed runways;
— fixed machines that cause a harmonic dynamic loading on fixed supporting structures.
(4) The principles provided in EN 1991-3 can be applied also to determine actions on supporting structures of cranes other than those referred to in (3).
(5) EN 1991-3 does not provide partial factors for actions.
NOTE For partial factors for actions, see EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, Clause A.5.
(6) EN 1991-3 does not provide actions or provisions for the design of cranes and machines.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply.
(2) The design of structures supporting cranes or machines is undertaken using information on actions provided by the manufacturer of the crane or machine.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-4
(1) This document gives rules for the determination of natural wind actions for the structural design of building and civil engineering works for each of the loaded areas under consideration. This includes actions applied to the whole structure or parts of it, as well as wind-exposed elements attached to the structure.
(2) This document is applicable to:
- buildings and other civil engineering works with heights up to 200 m;
- guyed masts, other open lattice structures and chimneys with heights up to 300 m;
- bridges having no span greater than 200 m.
(3) The rules contained in this document allow the evaluation of characteristic wind actions on land-based structures.
(4) This document is applicable to offshore coastal structures.
NOTE Additional or amended provisions can be necessary.
(5) This document does not give guidance on non-synoptic winds (e.g. thunderstorms, downbursts, microbursts, tornadoes, etc.), mixed wind climates, nor does it give guidance on how to account for local effects (e.g. thermal effects, funnelling, strong arctic thermal surface inversion, etc.).
(6) This document addresses simplified procedures for dynamic effects, mostly based on the assumption of a dominant single-mode response (see Annex E, Annex F and Annex G). General criteria for performing a full dynamic analysis under aerodynamic excitation are not treated in this document.
(7) Wind pressure effects of passing vehicles are outside the scope of this document.
NOTE See EN 1991 2 for wind effects from passing trains.
8) This document also provides guidance on wind tunnel testing and numerical modelling which can be needed or desirable when the shape or structural behaviour are unusual or do not strictly fall within the rules of the document, or in cases of unusual orography or other surroundings.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions given in EN 1990-1:2023+A1:2026, 1.2 apply.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1993 4 1
(1) prEN 1993 4 1 provides rules for the structural design of steel silos of circular or rectangular plan-form, being free-standing (on ground) or supported on a structural framework (elevated).
(2) prEN 1993 4 1 is applicable to silos constructed from isotropic rolled plates that are stiffened or unstiffened, from corrugated sheeting that is stiffened or unstiffened and from flat or corrugated plates assembled into box structures of different geometries. It applies to vertical walls, hoppers, roof structures, transition junctions and support structures.
(3) prEN 1993 4 1 does not apply to storage vessels for silage and haylage, or to the storage of materials that are not free-flowing (see EN 1991 4). This Part 4-1 also does not cover:
- resistance to fire;
- cylindrical silos with internal subdivisions;
- internal structures within a single silo (except for internal ties, as defined in 12.5);
- silos with capacity less than 100 kN (10 tonnes);
- hoppers that are supported on a structural framework;
- cases where special measures are necessary to limit the consequences of accidents.
(4) This document is applicable to silos within the following dimensional limits (see EN 1991-4):
- Silo aspect ratio hb/dc < 10
- Silo total height hb < 70 m
- Silo equivalent diameter dc < 60 m
NOTE These dimensional limitations are more limited than those of EN 1991-4 which also applies to silos constructed from other materials.
(5) Where this standard applies to circular planform silos, the geometric form is restricted to axisymmetric structures, but unsymmetrical actions on them and supports that induce forces in the silo structure that are not axisymmetric are included.
(6) This part is concerned only with the requirements for resistance and stability of steel silos. For other requirements (such as operational safety, functional performance, fabrication and erection, quality control, details like man-holes, flanges, filling devices, outlet gates and feeders, etc.), see other relevant standards and information.
(7) This part is concerned with both isolated silo structures and silos that are connected to others to form a battery of silos, but throughout this document the term silo refers to a single cell within a battery.
(8) Provisions relating to special requirements of seismic design are provided in EN 1998 4, which complements or adapts the provisions of Eurocode 3 specifically for this purpose.
(9) The structural design of supporting structures for the silo are dealt with in EN 1993 1 1. The supporting structure is deemed to consist of all structural elements beneath the bottom flange of the lowest ring of the silo (see Figure 1.1), though information on some forms of support structure is given in Clause 8 of this document.
(10) Foundations in reinforced concrete for steel silos are dealt with in EN 1992 (all parts) and EN 1997 (all parts).
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, the provisions of EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993 4 1 are applicable if:
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090 2, and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
Figure 1.1 - Terminology used in silo structures
...
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1.1 Scope of EN 1991 1 8
(1) EN 1991 1 8 gives principles and rules to determine the values of wave and current actions on structures and civil engineering works in the coastal zone, i.e. works connected to, or in close vicinity to the shore.
NOTE 1 Provisions in EN 1991 1 8 are limited to hydrodynamic actions that can be directly quantified in terms of wave and/or current induced pressures and associated forces and moments on structures or structural parts.
NOTE 2 As opposed to offshore conditions, waves or currents in the coastal zone are generally affected by the presence of the seabed or shore.
NOTE 3 The coastal zone is typically defined as the area between the shoreline and the deep-water limit.
(2) EN 1991 1 8 describes the principles for defining the hydrodynamic conditions to be used for design, including sea water levels.
(3) EN 1991 1 8 addresses specifically actions from currents and waves on the following structure types:
— cylindrical structures;
— subsea pipelines;
— suspended decks;
— vertical face structures;
— permanently moored floating structures.
NOTE 1 Additional guidance can be needed for:
— moored structures in the coastal zone for renewable energy production or related to oil and gas production or processing;
— moored structures spanning areas with variable wave and current states (e.g. floating aquaculture farms or floating bridges).
NOTE 2 For hydraulic pressures caused by quasi-static water levels, and ground water, see EN 1997 (all parts).
(4) Actions addressed in EN 1991 1 8 do not cover:
— hydraulic resonance in sheltered areas or basins (phenomena also known as harbour resonance);
— translation waves, e.g. tsunamis;
— waves and currents induced by maritime operations, i.e. vessel wake, berthing and mooring;
— hydrodynamic actions induced by earthquakes;
— ice-induced pressures and forces;
— coastal structures where flood risk and/or erosion or sediment management is the dominant function.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions given in EN 1990 apply to this document.
(2) In addition, it is assumed that actions from waves and currents on coastal structures are determined by personnel appropriately qualified and experienced in the following fields:
a) physical coastal environment including physics of waves and currents, statistical properties and propagation of such;
b) marine hydrodynamics, wave and current interaction with structures in general and wave and current actions on structures in the coastal zone including i) fixed structures, and ii) floating structures;
c) advanced methods including probabilistic methodology and physical model testing.
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This document specifies general construction, performance and material requirements for PN 10 thermostatic mixing valves (TMV) and includes test methods for the verification of mixed water temperature performance at the point of use below 45 °C. This does not exclude the selection of higher temperatures where available. When these devices are used to provide anti-scald protection for children, elderly and disabled persons, the mixed water temperature needs to be set at a suitable temperature (body temperature approximately 38 °C). In particular children are at risk to scalding at lower temperatures than adults. This does not obviate the need for supervision of young children.
It applies to valves intended for use on sanitary appliances in kitchens, washrooms (incl. all rooms with sanitary tapware, e.g. toilets and cloakrooms) and bath rooms operating under the conditions specified in Table 1.
This document allows TMVs to supply a single outlet or a small number of outlets in a “domestic” application (e.g. one valve controlling a shower, bath, basin and/or bidet), excluding valves specifically designed for supplying a large number of outlets (i.e. for institutional use).
The tests described are type tests (laboratory tests) and not quality control tests carried out during manufacture.
Table 1 - Conditions of use
[...table not reproduced...]
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1.1 Scope of EN 1993-6
(1) EN 1993-6 provides rules for structural design of crane supporting structures.
(2) EN 1993-6 is applicable to crane supporting structures, especially to indoor and outdoor overhead crane runway beams, of:
a) overhead travelling cranes, either:
— top-mounted cranes;
— underslung cranes;
b) monorail hoist blocks.
NOTE The principles of the design rules can be applied to supporting structures of other types of cranes making due allowance for differences in the crane-induced actions, if exist. For example, the design rules for supporting structures of the cranes listed in (2) assume that the horizontal crane loads occur randomly scattered along the runways in general. This assumption does not apply to other cranes such as travelling wall jib cranes.
(3) EN 1993-6 does not apply to the tracks and suspensions of light crane systems conforming to EN 16851, see Figure 1.1.
NOTE The standardized tracks and suspensions of light crane systems are considered as parts of the crane.
[Figure 1.1 — Light crane system]
(4) Additional rules are given for ancillary runway items including crane rails, structural end stops, surge connectors and surge girders and for runway supporting structures.
(5) EN 1993-6 does not apply to cranes and all other moving parts.
NOTE Provisions for cranes are given in EN 13001 (all parts) in general and for bridge and gantry cranes in EN 15011 in particular.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990-1, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993-6 are applicable if
— the execution quality and tolerances are as specified in EN 1090-2, and;
— the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993, or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(3) Following interfaces between hoisting device and its supporting structure are assumed:
a) the top of crane rail for top-mounted cranes;
b) the top of flange on which the crane or hoist block operates for underslung cranes and monorail hoist blocks;
c) the support points as shown in Figure 1.1 for light crane systems.
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This document specifies terms and definitions of engineered stone intended for use in finished products such as countertops and vanities, floor and wall coverings and accessories including its raw materials, manufacturing, fabrication and installation.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1994-1-1
(1) EN 1994-1-1 gives general rules for the design of steel and concrete composite structures and supplementary provisions specific for buildings.
NOTE Specific rules for bridges are given in EN 1994-2.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply to EN 1994-1-1.
(2) In addition to the general assumptions of EN 1990-1, the assumptions given in EN 1992-1-1, EN 1992-1-2, and EN 1993-1-1 apply to this document.
(3) EN 1994-1-1 is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990-1, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1992-1-1, EN 1993 (all parts), EN 1997 (all parts), EN 1998 (all parts when steel and concrete composite structures are built in seismic regions), EN 1090-1, EN 1090-2, EN 1090-4, EN 13670 and ENs for construction products relevant to steel and concrete composite structures.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1993-4-2
(1) EN 1993 4 2 provides rules for structural design of vertical cylindrical, conical and pedestal above-ground steel tanks for the storage of liquids and refrigerated liquefied gas products.
(2) This document is applicable to the design for resistance of cylindrical walls and flat bottoms constructed using unstiffened plates. The design of conical and dome roofs as shell structures (unsupported) or as supported on a structural framework (supported) are also covered.
(3) This document is only applicable to the requirements for resistance and structural stability of steel tanks.
(4) Further guidance on design aspects other than the structural design can be obtained from EN 14015 or the EN 14620 series, as applicable.
(5) This document only covers steel tank structures in Tank Groups 1, 2 and 3, as defined in this document.
NOTE Tank Group 4 is not defined in this document (see 3.1.40).
(6) This document is applicable to tanks within the following dimensional limits (see EN 1991-4):
- tank aspect ratio hS/d < 10
- tank total height hS < 70 m
- tank diameter d < 100 m
(7) This document includes suitable rules for the design of tanks intended to store solids suspended in a liquid, where the appropriate global density of the mixture is used.
NOTE Tanks used for the separation of mineral particles of different density fall into this category.
(8) This document does not apply to the following:
a) tanks with gross capacity less than 5 m3 (5 000 l);
b) dished-end tanks that have a diameter less than 5 m;
c) tanks with characteristic internal pressures above the liquid surface greater than 50 kPa (500 mbar) (see pressure equipment directive);
d) design metal temperatures outside the ranges defined in Clause 5;
e) tanks of rectangular and other non-circular planforms;
f) tanks exposed to fire;
g) floating roofs and floating covers;
h) ancillary structures such as stairways, platforms, nozzles, piping and access doors.
(9) This document does not cover:
a) the special requirements for seismic design of tanks;
b) the design of a supporting structure;
c) the design of ancillary structures such as stairways, platforms, pipe racks and ladders;
d) the design of an aluminium roof structure on a steel tank;
e) reinforced concrete foundations for steel tanks;
f) the design of a conical hopper;
g) the design of a transition junction between the base of a cylindrical shell wall and a conical hopper;
h) the design of a supporting ring girder in an elevated tank.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990-1, the EN 1991 series and the EN 1993-1 series apply.
(2) The design methods given in this document apply if:
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of the EN 1993 series, or in the relevant material standards, see Clause 5.
NOTE Further guidance on execution and material choice can be obtained from the documents EN 14015 or EN 14620 2, as applicable.
(3) This document applies to axisymmetric structures, but includes the effects of unsymmetrical actions (e.g. wind), and unsymmetrically supported tanks (e.g. on discrete supports).
(4) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990-1, with EN 1991-4, with the other Parts of EN 1991, with EN 1993-1-6 and EN 1993-4-1, with the other Parts of EN 1993, with EN 1992 and with the other Parts of EN 1994 to EN 1999 relevant to the design of tanks. Matters that are already covered in those documents are not repeated.
(5) Numerical values for partial factors and other reliability parameters are recommended as basic values that provide an acceptable level of reliability. They have been selected assuming that an appropriate level of workmanship and quality management applies.
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EN 1994-2 gives design rules for steel-concrete composite bridges or members of bridges, supplementary to the general rules given in EN 1994-1-1.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1991-4
(1) This document provides rules for calculating actions for the structural design of silos and tanks.
NOTE 1 Silos are used for the storage of particulate solids. Tanks are used for the storage of liquids.
NOTE 2 For limitations on rules for silos given in this document, see 1.3.
NOTE 3 For limitations on rules for tanks given in this document, see 1.4.
(2) This document includes some provisions for actions on silo and tank structures that are not only associated with the stored particulate solids or liquids (e.g. the effects of thermal differentials) but substantially affected by them.
NOTE Liquid loads on tanks are very precisely defined. Many loads on silos are not known with great precision. This document provides guidance for many practical situations for which very limited certain knowledge is available, and the information is derived from the limited experimental and analytical information available, coupled with conclusions drawn from failure investigations. The information is not based on a sound statistical treatment of experimental data.
(3) This document is intended for use with concrete, steel, aluminium, timber and FRP storage structures.
NOTE FRP is the standard acronym for fibre reinforced polymer materials.
(4) This document is also applicable for the structural assessment of existing silos and tanks, unless otherwise specified by the relevant authority or, if not specified, agreed between the relevant parties for the specific project.
NOTE 1 Changes in filling or discharge arrangements, changes in the wall friction of inner surfaces, or in the use of the silo, including storage of different particulate solids, can be reasons for assessing existing silos.
NOTE 2 Differentiation of the liquid stored can be a reason for assessing existing tanks.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions of EN 1990-1 apply.
(2) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with EN 1990 1, with the other parts of EN 1991, EN 1992, EN 1993, EN 1995, EN 1997, EN 1998 and EN 1999 where relevant to the design of silos and tanks.
1.3 Limitations on silos
1.3.1 Geometrical limitations
(1) The following geometrical limitations apply to the design rules for silos and silo batteries (see 3.2.59 and 3.2.60) covered by this document:
- the silo planform cross-section shapes are limited to those shown in Figure 1.1c.
NOTE 1 Further information concerning planform cross-section geometries is given in Clause 7.
NOTE 2 For the determination of the effective diameter dc of the silo see Figure 1.1c;
- the following dimensional limitations on the aspect ratio for free-standing single cell silos hc/dc, the overall height hb and the effective diameter dc apply (see Figure 1.1):
hc/dc < 10 (1.1)
hb < 100 m (1.2)
dc < 60 m (1.3)
NOTE 3 See Figure 1.1 for hc, dc and hb.
- the structural transition lies in a single horizontal plane (see Figure 1.1a).
[Figure 1.1 - Silo forms showing dimensions and pressure notation]
(2) Only hoppers that are conical (i.e. axisymmetric), rectangular pyramidal with a/b ≤ 1,5, wedge-shaped (i.e. with two vertical end walls on opposite sides) or oblique are covered by this document. Other hopper shapes and hoppers with internal structures require special considerations.
(3) Silos with an oblique conical hopper used to achieve an eccentric outlet are covered by this document.
(4) Silos with an oblique hopper are covered, but generally silos with a systematically non-symmetric geometry are not specifically covered by this document. These situations include a chisel hopper (i.e. a wedge hopper beneath a circular cylinder) and hoppers with an elongated outlet other than wedge shaped.
1.3.2 Limitations on the stored particulate solids
(1) The following limitations on the stored particulate solids apply to the design rules for silos contained in this document:
...
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(1) This document provides provisions for the assessment of existing structures, including geotechnical structures, and the general principles for interventions, to be used in conjunction with prEN 1990-1.
NOTE This document is based on the general requirements and principles of structural reliability provided in prEN 1990-1.
(2) Unless otherwise specified, prEN 1990-1 applies.
(3) This document covers general principles regarding actions for assessment, complementing EN 1991 (all parts).
NOTE Provisions for seismic actions due to earthquake are provided in EN 1998-3.
(4) This document does not cover the design of new structural parts that will be integrated into an existing structure.
NOTE For the design of new structural parts, see prEN 1990-1.
(5) This document does not provide:
— specific rules for initiation of assessment;
— specific rules on how to undertake interventions that may be carried out as a result of an assessment;
— material-specific technical provisions for existing structures;
— provisions for seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures.
NOTE For provisions for seismic assessment and retrofitting of existing structures, see EN 1998-3.
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