65.040.20 - Buildings and installations for processing and storage of agricultural produce
ICS 65.040.20 Details
Buildings and installations for processing and storage of agricultural produce
Gebaude und Anlagen fur die Verarbeitung und Lagerung landwirtschaftlicher Produkte
Batiments et installations pour le traitement et l'entreposage des productions agricoles
Poslopja in naprave za predelavo in skladiščenje kmetijskih pridelkov
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 65.040.20 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Buildings and installations for processing and storage of agricultural produce". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 72 standards classified under ICS 65.040.20 (Buildings and installations for processing and storage of agricultural produce). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1993 4 1
(1) prEN 1993 4 1 provides rules for the structural design of steel silos of circular or rectangular plan-form, being free-standing (on ground) or supported on a structural framework (elevated).
(2) prEN 1993 4 1 is applicable to silos constructed from isotropic rolled plates that are stiffened or unstiffened, from corrugated sheeting that is stiffened or unstiffened and from flat or corrugated plates assembled into box structures of different geometries. It applies to vertical walls, hoppers, roof structures, transition junctions and support structures.
(3) prEN 1993 4 1 does not apply to storage vessels for silage and haylage, or to the storage of materials that are not free-flowing (see EN 1991 4). This Part 4-1 also does not cover:
- resistance to fire;
- cylindrical silos with internal subdivisions;
- internal structures within a single silo (except for internal ties, as defined in 12.5);
- silos with capacity less than 100 kN (10 tonnes);
- hoppers that are supported on a structural framework;
- cases where special measures are necessary to limit the consequences of accidents.
(4) This document is applicable to silos within the following dimensional limits (see EN 1991-4):
- Silo aspect ratio hb/dc < 10
- Silo total height hb < 70 m
- Silo equivalent diameter dc < 60 m
NOTE These dimensional limitations are more limited than those of EN 1991-4 which also applies to silos constructed from other materials.
(5) Where this standard applies to circular planform silos, the geometric form is restricted to axisymmetric structures, but unsymmetrical actions on them and supports that induce forces in the silo structure that are not axisymmetric are included.
(6) This part is concerned only with the requirements for resistance and stability of steel silos. For other requirements (such as operational safety, functional performance, fabrication and erection, quality control, details like man-holes, flanges, filling devices, outlet gates and feeders, etc.), see other relevant standards and information.
(7) This part is concerned with both isolated silo structures and silos that are connected to others to form a battery of silos, but throughout this document the term silo refers to a single cell within a battery.
(8) Provisions relating to special requirements of seismic design are provided in EN 1998 4, which complements or adapts the provisions of Eurocode 3 specifically for this purpose.
(9) The structural design of supporting structures for the silo are dealt with in EN 1993 1 1. The supporting structure is deemed to consist of all structural elements beneath the bottom flange of the lowest ring of the silo (see Figure 1.1), though information on some forms of support structure is given in Clause 8 of this document.
(10) Foundations in reinforced concrete for steel silos are dealt with in EN 1992 (all parts) and EN 1997 (all parts).
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, the provisions of EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993 4 1 are applicable if:
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090 2, and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
Figure 1.1 - Terminology used in silo structures
...
- Draft153 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the safety and cleaning requirements applicable to slaughtering traps intended for bovine animals and equines such as defined in Clause 3.
These requirements take into account hazards that may arise from the transport, mounting, adjustment, maintenance and use of these slaughtering traps.
NOTE This document takes into account the protection of animals at the time of killing.
This document is applicable to machinery or installations intended to facilitate the slaughter of bovine animals or equidae that weigh between 100 kg and 1 200 kg. They are either rotating slaughtering traps or fixed slaughtering traps.
This document does not apply to the following machinery and zones:
— “restrainers”: systems for holding and conveying via conveyor belts;
— slaughtering traps with a side door that opens under the weight of the animal alone;
— slaughtering traps where the only source of energy is manual effort.
This document does not cover the following essential requirements of Machinery Directive:
— safety and reliability of control systems;
— selection of control or operating modes;
— failure of the power supply;
— isolation of energy source.
The list of significant hazards is given in the informative Annex D.
Specific requirements relating to animal protection at the time of killing are also given in the normative Annex C.
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This document specifies the safety and hygiene requirements applicable to slaughtering traps intended for bovine animals and equidae such as defined in Clause 3.
These requirements take into account hazards that may arise from the transport, mounting, adjustment, maintenance and use of these slaughtering traps.
NOTE This document takes into account the protection of animals at the time of killing.
The machinery or installations covered by this document are intended to facilitate the slaughter of bovine animals or equidae that weigh between 100 kg and 1 200 kg. They are either rotating slaughtering traps or fixed slaughtering traps.
This document does not cover the following machinery and zones:
- "restrainers": systems for holding and conveying via conveyor belts;
- slaughtering traps with a side door that opens under the weight of the animal alone;
- slaughtering traps where the only source of energy is manual effort.
This document does not cover the following essential requirements of Machinery Directive:
- safety and reliability of control systems;
- control devices;
- failure of the power supply;
- isolation of energy source.
The list of significant hazards is given in the informative Annex C.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the requirements related to dimensional, mechanical, and optical characteristics of thermoplastic films and tubes used during the manufacture of silage and designed to last at least one year for protecting fodder.
It specifies a classification for the durability of silage films and the test methods referred to in this document.
This document is applicable to transparent, black, white or coloured (e.g. black/white) thermoplastic silage films based on polyethylene, ethylene copolymer, EVOH and polyamide.
These films are intended for covering bunker silos, silage tubes or silage clamps for preserving forage. They protect the forage and preserve it from rain and air. These films are not intended to cover bales piles (e.g. straw bales and hay bales).
This document does not apply to silage films obtained by sealing two or more films in machine direction.
This document also provides guideline for installation, use and removal conditions of silage films. It also provides guideline for the conventional useful lifetime, as well as rules that allow evaluating the remaining use potential in the event of a failure before the normal end-of-use date.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Ethanol extractives are any materials found in biomass that are soluble in ethanol. They are not considered to be part of the structural components of biomass and should be removed prior to any chemical analysis of the sample. The prolonged extraction removes nonstructural materials that can include waxes, fats, resins, tannins, gums, sugars, starches, and pigments. Removing hydrophobic materials from the biomass makes it easier to wet the material for the analysis of structural components in the biomass.
4.2 This test method yields results comparable to Test Method D1107.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ethanol soluble extractives, expressed as a percentage of the oven-dried biomass, of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), and wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint). All results are reported relative to the oven-dried weight of the sample.
Note 1: This test method may not be suitable for hard and soft wood samples that include bark or those with more than 10% extractable materials.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Moisture is a ubiquitous and variable component of any biomass sample. Moisture is not considered a structural component of biomass and can change with storage and handling of biomass samples. The determination of the total solids content allows for the correction of biomass samples to an oven-dried solids mass that is constant for a particular sample.
4.2 This procedure is not suitable for biomass samples that visibly change on heating to 105 °C, for example, unwashed acid-pretreated biomass still containing free acid.
4.3 Some materials that contain large amount of free sugars or proteins will caramelize or brown under direct infrared heating elements used in Test Method B. Total solids in these materials should be done by Test Method A.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of total solids remaining after drying a sample. Materials suitable for this procedure include samples prepared in accordance with Practice E1757 and extractive-free material prepared in accordance with Test Method E1690. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E871 should be used.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The percentage, by mass, of sugar content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbohydrates present in a biomass sample, expressed as the percent, by mass, of each sugar on a 105 °C dried mass basis.
Note 1: The percent sugar must be corrected for the water of hydrolysis before calculating the actual mass percent of the polysaccharide in the original biomass sample.
1.2 Sample materials suitable for this procedure include hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid or alkaline-pretreated biomass (washed free of any residual acid or alkali), and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105 °C oven-dried mass of the sample.
1.3 The options for the types of samples to be analyzed in this test method are as follows:
1.3.1 Prepared Biomass Samples:
1.3.1.1 Air Dried (%Tad)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the air-dried sample.
1.3.1.2 45 °C Dried (%T45)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the 45 °C dried sample.
1.3.1.3 Freeze Dried (%Tfd)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the freeze dried sample.
1.3.2 Extractives-Free Sample (%T ext)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the extracted sample determined at 105°C.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 3 and Note 4.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The acid-insoluble residue content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the acid-insoluble residue of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid and alkaline pretreated biomass, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105 °C oven-dried weight of the sample.
1.2 The residue collected contains the acid-insoluble lignin and any condensed proteins from the original sample. An independent nitrogen analysis would be required to determine the acid-insoluble lignin content separate from the condensed protein fraction and is outside the scope of this test method.
1.3 A portion of the lignin in some biomass samples will remain soluble during this procedure. The total lignin in a biomass sample includes both acid-soluble lignin and lignin in the acid insoluble residue.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 and Note 2 and Note 4.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The structural carbohydrate content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of structural carbohydrates present in a biomass sample, expressed as the percent mass of an oven-dried sample basis of each anhydrosugar.
1.2 Sample materials suitable for this procedure include hard and softwoods, herbaceous materials, such as sericea and switchgrass, agricultural residues, such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse, wastepaper, such as boxboard, office waste, and newsprint, acid or alkaline-pretreated biomass, washed free of any residual acid or alkali, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues.
1.3 The options for the types of samples to be analyzed in this procedure are:
1.3.1 Prepared Biomass Samples:
1.3.1.1 Air Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the air-dried sample.
1.3.1.2 45 °C Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the 45 °C dried sample.
1.3.1.3 Freeze Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the freeze dried sample.
1.3.2 Extractives-Free Sample—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the extracted sample.
1.4 This standard method is generally not suitable for samples that contain soluble, nonstructural carbohydrates unless they are removed prior to analysis.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 8 for specific hazards statements.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The ash content is an approximate measure of the mineral content and other inorganic matter in biomass.
4.2 The ash content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash, expressed as the mass percent of residue remaining after dry oxidation (oxidation at 575 ± 25 °C), of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid and alkaline pretreated biomass, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105 °C oven-dried mass of the sample. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E1534 should be used.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Preparation Method A—Method suitable for the preparation of large quantities (>20 g) of field collected samples into a form appropriate for compositional analysis. Woody samples must first be available as chips of a nominal 5 by 5 by 0.6 cm (2 by 2 by 1/4 in.) or less and twigs not exceeding 0.6 cm (1/4 in.) diameter. Herbaceous materials may be processed as whole straw. It is recommended that wastepaper should be shredded into pieces less then 1 cm (1/2 in.) wide. Furthermore, it is recommended that twigs, straw, and wastepaper should not exceed 61 cm (24 in.) in length to facilitate handling.
4.2 Preparation Methods B and C—Methods are suitable for very moist feedstocks, samples that would not be stable during prolonged exposure to ambient conditions, or for drying materials when room conditions deviate from the ambient conditions described in 3.1.1. These test methods are also suitable for handling small samples of biomass (
4.3 Preparation Methods A, B, and C are not intended for materials that will already pass through a 20 mesh sieve or that cannot be dried by the described methods to a total solids content of greater than 85 %, based on an oven dried weight.
4.4 Preparation Method A will separate the milled material into two fractions, a −20/+80 mesh fraction and a −80 mesh fraction.
4.4.1 Extraneous inorganic materials will accumulate in the −80 mesh fraction and it should be analyzed independently from the −20/+80 mesh fraction. Weighted results from the two fractions can then be combined to obtain results for materials on an "as received" basis.
Note 1: During analysis, the very fine consistency of the −80 mesh fraction may cause problems in filtering operations and should be handled appropriately.
4.5 Preparation Method D—Method suitable for cereal grains, cereal grain fermentation mash, cereal grain fermentation beer, and cereal grain fermentation residues that are generally stable.
4.6 Preparation Method E—Method suitable for ce...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a reproducible way to convert hardwoods, softwoods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), cellulosic feedstocks pretreated to improve suitability for fermentation, cereal grains, cereal grain fermentation mash, cereal grain fermentation beer, and fermentation residues into a uniform material suitable for compositional analysis. This practice is intended for samples that need to be dried prior to analysis.
1.2 Milling and sieving actions both produce large amounts of dust. This dust can be a nuisance hazard and irritant. Use appropriate respiratory protection as needed. If excessive amounts of dust are allowed to become airborne a potential explosion hazard is possible. Provide appropriate dust control measures as needed.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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DOP of 12 months!
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ISO 7700-1:2008 specifies a method of checking the performance of moisture meters in service for measuring the moisture content of cereal grains.
ISO 7700-1:2008 is not applicable for pattern approval, nor for the initial calibration of moisture meters.
The results of the checking described in ISO 7700-1:2008 are used to decide whether to perform a revision or a repair of the moisture meter.
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This European Standard specifies safety requirements for the design and construction of unloaders mounted in stationary round silos for the removal of the silage and similar materials. It applies to electrically powered, slowly rotating unloaders which operate on top surface of the stored silage surface.
It describes methods for the elimination or reduction of hazards for which specific requirements on unloaders, as defined in 3 and shown in Annex B, are necessary. In addition, it specifies the type of information to be provided by the manufacturer on safe working practices.
The document only deals with the hazards generated by the silo unloader and not with those of the silo system itself (e.g. hazards arising from generated gases).
This document is not applicable to noise and fire hazards and hazards related to the foreseeable misuse.
The document does not deal with technical requirements for installation or removal of the unloader from one silo to another.
The list of significant hazards dealt with in this document is given in annex A. Annex A also indicates the hazards which have not been dealt with.
The environmental aspects have not been considered in this document.
This document applies primarily to machines which are manufactured after the date of issue of this document.
NOTE Directive 94/9/EC concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres can be applicable to the type of machine or equipment covered by this European Standard. The present document is not intended to provide means of complying with the essential health and safety requirements of Directive 94/9/EC.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies safety requirements for the design and construction of unloaders mounted in stationary round silos for the removal of the silage and similar materials. It applies to electrically powered, slowly rotating unloaders which operate on top surface of the stored silage surface.
It describes methods for the elimination or reduction of hazards for which specific requirements on unloaders, as defined in 3 and shown in Annex B, are necessary. In addition, it specifies the type of information to be provided by the manufacturer on safe working practices.
The document only deals with the hazards generated by the silo unloader and not with those of the silo system itself (e.g. hazards arising from generated gases).
This document is not applicable to noise and fire hazards and hazards related to the foreseeable misuse.
The document does not deal with technical requirements for installation or removal of the unloader from one silo to another.
The list of significant hazards dealt with in this document is given in annex A. Annex A also indicates the hazards which have not been dealt with.
The environmental aspects have not been considered in this document.
This document applies primarily to machines which are manufactured after the date of issue of this document.
NOTE Directive 94/9/EC concerning equipment and protective systems intended for use in potentially explosive atmospheres can be applicable to the type of machine or equipment covered by this European Standard. The present document is not intended to provide means of complying with the essential health and safety requirements of Directive 94/9/EC.
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TC - Modifications in Foreword, Clauses 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 9 and Annex A in the E mother reference version.
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This European standard applies to automatic back splitting machines and specifies safety and health requirements for machines used in slaughterhouses in order to fully automatically split meat animal (beef and pork) along the back-bone axis, splitting the carcass into two parts (see Figure 1).
This document deals with all significant hazards, hazardous situations and events relevant to automatic back splitting machines, when they are used as intended and under conditions of misuse which are reasonably foreseeable by the manufacturer (see Clause 4).
This document deals with the significant hazards, hazardous situations and events during transport, assembly and installation, commissioning and use as defined in EN ISO 12100-1, Clause 5.3.
This document is not applicable to automatic back splitting machines, which are manufactured before the date of its publication as EN.
The machines concerned by this standard are those used in slaughterhouses. They are fitted with a cutting device and are driven by electric, hydraulic and/or pneumatic energy.
The utilized cutting tools are:
- circular saws,
- splitting tools.
Three types of machines are considered (see Figures 1 to 5):
- Splitting machines for pork carcasses, type A (splitter),
- Splitting machines for pork carcasses, type B (circular saw),
- Splitting machines for beef carcasses, type C (circular saw).
There are two different operation cycles:
- carcasses can be splitted when they are at standstill.(In general they are hanging on a sequence conveyed transport system.);
- carcasses can also be splitted during their continuous movement by conveyor. In this case the movement of the tool is synchronized with that of the carcass.
When the split is finished, the cutting tool returns automatically to its initial position.
The machines run automatically. Under normal operating conditions there is no manual intervention.
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Complementary to Part 1. Varied general rules and additional detailed rules for the structural design of free standing or supported steel silos of circular or rectangular plan for storing bulk granular solids.
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This part of ISO 11520 specifies additional procedures and gives guidance for testing and evaluating the drying performance of continuous-flow and batch grain driers for specific grain crops including wheat, barley, oats, maize, rice, sorghum and rape. It supplements the general procedures given in ISO 11520-1 based on drying only wheat over the limited range of moisture content of 20 % to 15 % wet basis. Methods and data are given for a) determining the evaporation rate of driers when drying grain crops under steady state conditions, and b) correcting the main drier performance characteristics, including evaporation rate, grain flow rate, drying time and specific energy and fuel consumption, to reference and other ambient conditions. Procedures are specified for sampling input and output grain to assess changes in grain quality.
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Gives the definitions of terms used in olive oil production and olive cultivation.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1993 4 1
(1) prEN 1993 4 1 provides rules for the structural design of steel silos of circular or rectangular plan-form, being free-standing (on ground) or supported on a structural framework (elevated).
(2) prEN 1993 4 1 is applicable to silos constructed from isotropic rolled plates that are stiffened or unstiffened, from corrugated sheeting that is stiffened or unstiffened and from flat or corrugated plates assembled into box structures of different geometries. It applies to vertical walls, hoppers, roof structures, transition junctions and support structures.
(3) prEN 1993 4 1 does not apply to storage vessels for silage and haylage, or to the storage of materials that are not free-flowing (see EN 1991 4). This Part 4-1 also does not cover:
- resistance to fire;
- cylindrical silos with internal subdivisions;
- internal structures within a single silo (except for internal ties, as defined in 12.5);
- silos with capacity less than 100 kN (10 tonnes);
- hoppers that are supported on a structural framework;
- cases where special measures are necessary to limit the consequences of accidents.
(4) This document is applicable to silos within the following dimensional limits (see EN 1991-4):
- Silo aspect ratio hb/dc < 10
- Silo total height hb < 70 m
- Silo equivalent diameter dc < 60 m
NOTE These dimensional limitations are more limited than those of EN 1991-4 which also applies to silos constructed from other materials.
(5) Where this standard applies to circular planform silos, the geometric form is restricted to axisymmetric structures, but unsymmetrical actions on them and supports that induce forces in the silo structure that are not axisymmetric are included.
(6) This part is concerned only with the requirements for resistance and stability of steel silos. For other requirements (such as operational safety, functional performance, fabrication and erection, quality control, details like man-holes, flanges, filling devices, outlet gates and feeders, etc.), see other relevant standards and information.
(7) This part is concerned with both isolated silo structures and silos that are connected to others to form a battery of silos, but throughout this document the term silo refers to a single cell within a battery.
(8) Provisions relating to special requirements of seismic design are provided in EN 1998 4, which complements or adapts the provisions of Eurocode 3 specifically for this purpose.
(9) The structural design of supporting structures for the silo are dealt with in EN 1993 1 1. The supporting structure is deemed to consist of all structural elements beneath the bottom flange of the lowest ring of the silo (see Figure 1.1), though information on some forms of support structure is given in Clause 8 of this document.
(10) Foundations in reinforced concrete for steel silos are dealt with in EN 1992 (all parts) and EN 1997 (all parts).
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, the provisions of EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993 4 1 are applicable if:
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090 2, and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
Figure 1.1 - Terminology used in silo structures
...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Ethanol extractives are any materials found in biomass that are soluble in ethanol. They are not considered to be part of the structural components of biomass and should be removed prior to any chemical analysis of the sample. The prolonged extraction removes nonstructural materials that can include waxes, fats, resins, tannins, gums, sugars, starches, and pigments. Removing hydrophobic materials from the biomass makes it easier to wet the material for the analysis of structural components in the biomass.
4.2 This test method yields results comparable to Test Method D1107.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ethanol soluble extractives, expressed as a percentage of the oven-dried biomass, of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), and wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint). All results are reported relative to the oven-dried weight of the sample.
Note 1: This test method may not be suitable for hard and soft wood samples that include bark or those with more than 10% extractable materials.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Corrugated silos with vertical stiffeners
- Axially stiffened silos with isotropic walls
- Hopper buckling and transition junctions
- Anchorage and wind pressure combinations
- Internal ties in rectangular silos
- Elephant’s foot buckling and restrictions on all silos
- Draft24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The percentage, by mass, of sugar content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbohydrates present in a biomass sample, expressed as the percent, by mass, of each sugar on a 105°C dried mass basis.
Note 1: The percent sugar must be corrected for the water of hydrolysis before calculating the actual mass percent of the polysaccharide in the original biomass sample.
1.2 Sample materials suitable for this procedure include hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid or alkaline-pretreated biomass (washed free of any residual acid or alkali), and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105°C oven-dried mass of the sample.
1.3 The options for the types of samples to be analyzed in this test method are as follows:
1.3.1 Prepared Biomass Samples:
1.3.1.1 Air Dried (%Tad)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the air-dried sample.
1.3.1.2 45°C Dried (%T45)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the 45°C dried sample.
1.3.1.3 Freeze Dried (%Tfd)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the freeze dried sample.
1.3.2 Extractives-Free Sample (%T ext)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the extracted sample determined at 105°C.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 3 and Note 4.
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- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The ash content is an approximate measure of the mineral content and other inorganic matter in biomass.
4.2 The ash content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash, expressed as the mass percent of residue remaining after dry oxidation (oxidation at 575 ± 25°C), of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid and alkaline pretreated biomass, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105°C oven-dried mass of the sample. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E1534 should be used.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Moisture is a ubiquitous and variable component of any biomass sample. Moisture is not considered a structural component of biomass and can change with storage and handling of biomass samples. The determination of the total solids content allows for the correction of biomass samples to an oven-dried solids mass that is constant for a particular sample.
4.2 This procedure is not suitable for biomass samples that visibly change on heating to 105°C, for example, unwashed acid-pretreated biomass still containing free acid.
4.3 Some materials that contain large amount of free sugars or proteins will caramelize or brown under direct infrared heating elements used in Test Method B. Total solids in these materials should be done by Test Method A.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of total solids remaining after drying a sample. Materials suitable for this procedure include samples prepared in accordance with Practice E1757 and extractive-free material prepared in accordance with Test Method E1690. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E871 should be used.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Preparation Method A—Method suitable for the preparation of large quantities (>20 g) of field collected samples into a form appropriate for compositional analysis. Woody samples must first be available as chips of a nominal 5 by 5 by 0.6 cm (2 by 2 by 1/4 in.) or less and twigs not exceeding 0.6 cm (1/4 in.) diameter. Herbaceous materials may be processed as whole straw. It is recommended that wastepaper should be shredded into pieces less then 1 cm (1/2 in.) wide. Furthermore, it is recommended that twigs, straw and wastepaper should not exceed 61 cm (24 in.) in length to facilitate handling.
4.2 Preparation Methods B and C—Test methods are suitable for very moist feedstocks, samples that would not be stable during prolonged exposure to ambient conditions, or for drying materials when room conditions deviate from the ambient conditions described in 3.1.1. These test methods are also suitable for handling small samples of biomass (
4.3 This practice is not intended for materials that will already pass through a 20 mesh sieve or cannot be dried by the described methods to a total solids content of greater then 85 %, based on an oven dried weight.
4.4 This practice will separate the milled material into two fractions, a −20/+80 mesh fraction and a −80 mesh fraction.
4.4.1 Extraneous inorganic materials will accumulate in the -80 mesh fraction and it should be analyzed independently from the -20/+80 mesh fraction. Weighted results from the two fractions can then be combined to obtain results for materials on an "as received" basis.
Note 1: During analysis, the very fine consistency of the -80 mesh fraction may cause problems in filtering operations and should be handled appropriately.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a reproducible way to convert hardwoods, softwoods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), feedstocks pretreated to improve suitability for fermentation and fermentation residues into a uniform material suitable for compositional analysis.
1.2 Milling and sieving actions both produce large amounts of dust. This dust can be a nuisance hazard and irritant. Use appropriate respiratory protection as needed. If excessive amounts of dust are allowed to become airborne a potential explosion hazard is possible. Provide appropriate dust control measures as needed.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The structural carbohydrate content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of structural carbohydrates present in a biomass sample, expressed as the percent mass of an oven-dried sample basis of each anhydrosugar.
1.2 Sample materials suitable for this procedure include hard and softwoods, herbaceous materials, such as sericea and switchgrass, agricultural residues, such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse, wastepaper, such as boxboard, office waste, and newsprint, acid or alkaline-pretreated biomass, washed free of any residual acid or alkali, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues.
1.3 The options for the types of samples to be analyzed in this procedure are:
1.3.1 Prepared Biomass Samples:
1.3.1.1 Air Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the air-dried sample.
1.3.1.2 45°C Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the 45°C dried sample.
1.3.1.3 Freeze Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the freeze dried sample.
1.3.2 Extractives-Free Sample—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the extracted sample.
1.4 This standard method is generally not suitable for samples that contain soluble, nonstructural carbohydrates unless they are removed prior to analysis.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 8 for specific hazards statements.
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- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The acid-insoluble residue content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the acid-insoluble residue of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid and alkaline pretreated biomass, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105°C oven-dried weight of the sample.
1.2 The residue collected contains the acid-insoluble lignin and any condensed proteins from the original sample. An independent nitrogen analysis would be required to determine the acid-insoluble lignin content separate from the condensed protein fraction and is outside the scope of this test method.
1.3 A portion of the lignin in some biomass samples will remain soluble during this procedure. The total lignin in a biomass sample includes both acid-soluble lignin and lignin in the acid insoluble residue.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 and Note 2 and Note 4.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Corrugated silos with vertical stiffeners
- Axially stiffened silos with isotropic walls
- Hopper buckling and transition junctions
- Anchorage and wind pressure combinations
- Internal ties in rectangular silos
- Elephant’s foot buckling and restrictions on all silos
- Draft24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The acid-insoluble residue content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the acid-insoluble residue of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid and alkaline pretreated biomass, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105°C oven-dried weight of the sample.
1.2 The residue collected contains the acid-insoluble lignin and any condensed proteins from the original sample. An independent nitrogen analysis would be required to determine the acid-insoluble lignin content separate from the condensed protein fraction and is outside the scope of this test method.
1.3 A portion of the lignin in some biomass samples will remain soluble during this procedure. The total lignin in a biomass sample includes both acid-soluble lignin and lignin in the acid insoluble residue.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 and Note 2 and Note 4.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Moisture is a ubiquitous and variable component of any biomass sample. Moisture is not considered a structural component of biomass and can change with storage and handling of biomass samples. The determination of the total solids content allows for the correction of biomass samples to an oven-dried solids mass that is constant for a particular sample.
This procedure is not suitable for biomass samples that visibly change on heating to 105°C, for example, unwashed acid-pretreated biomass still containing free acid.
Some materials that contain large amount of free sugars or proteins will caramelize or brown under direct infrared heating elements used in Test Method B. Total solids in these materials should be done by Test Method A.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of total solids remaining after drying a sample. Materials suitable for this procedure include samples prepared in accordance with Practice E 1757 and extractive-free material prepared in accordance with Test Method E 1690. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E 871 should be used.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Ethanol extractives are any materials found in biomass that are soluble in ethanol. They are not considered to be part of the structural components of biomass and should be removed prior to any chemical analysis of the sample. The prolonged extraction removes nonstructural materials that can include waxes, fats, resins, tannins, gums, sugars, starches, and pigments. Removing hydrophobic materials from the biomass makes it easier to wet the material for the analysis of structural components in the biomass.
This test method yields results comparable to Test Method D 1107.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ethanol soluble extractives, expressed as a percentage of the oven-dried biomass, of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), and wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint). All results are reported relative to the oven-dried weight of the sample.
Note 1—This test method may not be suitable for hard and soft wood samples that include bark or those with more than 10% extractable materials.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The structural carbohydrate content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of structural carbohydrates present in a biomass sample, expressed as the percent mass of an oven-dried sample basis of each anhydrosugar.
1.2 Sample materials suitable for this procedure include hard and softwoods, herbaceous materials, such as sericea and switchgrass, agricultural residues, such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse, wastepaper, such as boxboard, office waste, and newsprint, acid or alkaline-pretreated biomass, washed free of any residual acid or alkali, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues.
1.3 The options for the types of samples to be analyzed in this procedure are:
1.3.1 Prepared Biomass Samples:
1.3.1.1 Air Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the air-dried sample.
1.3.1.2 45°C Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the 45°C dried sample.
1.3.1.3 Freeze Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the freeze dried sample.
1.3.2 Extractives-Free Sample—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the extracted sample.
1.4 This standard method is generally not suitable for samples that contain soluble, nonstructural carbohydrates unless they are removed prior to analysis.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 8 for specific hazards statements.
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The percentage, by mass, of sugar content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbohydrates present in a biomass sample, expressed as the percent, by mass, of each sugar on a 105°C dried mass basis.
Note 1—The percent sugar must be corrected for the water of hydrolysis before calculating the actual mass percent of the polysaccharide in the original biomass sample.
1.2 Sample materials suitable for this procedure include hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid or alkaline-pretreated biomass (washed free of any residual acid or alkali), and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105°C oven-dried mass of the sample.
1.3 The options for the types of samples to be analyzed in this test method are as follows:
1.3.1 Prepared Biomass Samples:
1.3.1.1 Air Dried (%Tad)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the air-dried sample.
1.3.1.2 45°C Dried (%T45)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the 45°C dried sample.
1.3.1.3 Freeze Dried (%Tfd)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the freeze dried sample.
1.3.2 Extractives-Free Sample (%Text)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the extracted sample determined at 105°C.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 3 and Note 4.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of structural carbohydrates present in a biomass sample, expressed as the percent mass of an oven-dried sample basis of each anhydrosugar.
1.2 Sample materials suitable for this procedure include hard and softwoods, herbaceous materials, such as sericea and switchgrass, agricultural residues, such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse, wastepaper, such as boxboard, office waste, and newsprint, acid or alkaline-pretreated biomass, washed free of any residual acid or alkali, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues.
1.3 The options for the types of samples to be analyzed in this procedure are:
1.3.1 Prepared Biomass SamplesAir Dried MaterialResults are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the air-dried sample.45C Dried Material
Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the 45C dried sample.Freeze Dried Material
Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the freeze dried sample.
1.3.2 Extractives-Free SampleResults are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the extracted sample.
1.4 This standard method is generally not suitable for samples that contain soluble, nonstructural carbohydrates unless they are removed prior to analysis.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Preparation Method A—Method suitable for the preparation of large quantities (>20 g) of field collected samples into a form appropriate for compositional analysis. Woody samples must first be available as chips of a nominal 5 by 5 by 0.6 cm (2 by 2 by ¼ in.) or less and twigs not exceeding 0.6 cm (¼ in.) diameter. Herbaceous materials may be processed as whole straw. It is recommended that wastepaper should be shredded into pieces less then 1 cm (½ in.) wide. Furthermore, it is recommended that twigs, straw and wastepaper should not exceed 61 cm (24 in.) in length to facilitate handling.
Preparation Methods B and C—Test methods are suitable for very moist feedstocks, samples that would not be stable during prolonged exposure to ambient conditions, or for drying materials when room conditions deviate from the ambient conditions described in 3.1.1. These test methods are also suitable for handling small samples of biomass (20 g). The drying step is done in a convection oven at 45°C (Test Method B) or by lyophilization (Test Method C).
This practice is not intended for materials that will already pass through a 20 mesh sieve or cannot be dried by the described methods to a total solids content of greater then 85 %, based on an oven dried weight.
This practice will separate the milled material into two fractions, a −20/+80 mesh fraction and a −80 mesh fraction.
Extraneous inorganic materials will accumulate in the -80 mesh fraction and it should be analyzed independently from the -20/+80 mesh fraction. Weighted results from the two fractions can then be combined to obtain results for materials on an "as received" basis.
Note 1—During analysis, the very fine consistency of the -80 mesh fraction may cause problems in filtering operations and should be handled appropriately.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a reproducible way to convert hardwoods, softwoods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), feedstocks pretreated to improve suitability for fermentation and fermentation residues into a uniform material suitable for compositional analysis.
1.2 Milling and sieving actions both produce large amounts of dust. This dust can be a nuisance hazard and irritant. Use appropriate respiratory protection as needed. If excessive amounts of dust are allowed to become airborne a potential explosion hazard is possible. Provide appropriate dust control measures as needed.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The ash content is an approximate measure of the mineral content and other inorganic matter in biomass.
The ash content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash, expressed as the mass percent of residue remaining after dry oxidation (oxidation at 575 ± 25°C), of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid and alkaline pretreated biomass, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105°C oven-dried mass of the sample. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E 1534 should be used.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Moisture is a ubiquitous and variable component of any biomass sample. Moisture is not considered a structural component of biomass and can change with storage and handling of biomass samples. The determination of the total solids content allows for the correction of biomass samples to an oven-dried solids mass that is constant for a particular sample.
This procedure is not suitable for biomass samples that visibly change on heating to 105°C, for example, unwashed acid-pretreated biomass still containing free acid.
Some materials that contain large amount of free sugars or proteins will caramelize or brown under direct infrared heating elements used in Test Method B. Total solids in these materials should be done by Test Method A.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of total solids remaining after drying a sample. Materials suitable for this procedure include samples prepared in accordance with Practice E 1757 and extractive-free material prepared in accordance with Test Method E 1690. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E 871 should be used.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash, expressed as the mass percent of residue remaining after dry oxidation (oxidation at 575 ± 25°C), of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid and alkaline pretreated biomass, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105°C oven-dried mass of the sample. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E 1534 should be used.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The percentage, by mass, of sugar content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbohydrates present in a biomass sample, expressed as the percent, by mass, of each sugar on a 105°C dried mass basis.
Note 1—The percent sugar must be corrected for the water of hydrolysis before calculating the actual mass percent of the polysaccharide in the original biomass sample.
1.2 Sample materials suitable for this procedure include hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid or alkaline-pretreated biomass (washed free of any residual acid or alkali), and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105°C oven-dried mass of the sample.
1.3 The options for the types of samples to be analyzed in this test method are as follows:
1.3.1 Prepared Biomass Samples:
1.3.1.1 Air Dried (%Tad)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the air-dried sample.
1.3.1.2 45°C Dried (%T45—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the 45°C dried sample.
1.3.1.3 Freeze Dried (%Tfd )—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the freeze dried sample.
1.3.2 Extractives-Free Sample (%Text)—The percent, by mass, of total solids of the extracted sample determined at 105°C.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 3 and Note 4.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a reproducible way to convert hardwoods, softwoods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), feedstocks pretreated to improve suitability for fermentation and fermentation residues into a uniform material suitable for compositional analysis.
1.2 Milling and sieving actions both produce large amounts of dust. This dust can be a nuisance hazard and irritant. Use appropriate respiratory protection as needed. If excessive amounts of dust are allowed to become airborne a potential explosion hazard is possible. Provide appropriate dust control measures as needed.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Ethanol extractives are any materials found in biomass that are soluble in ethanol. They are not considered to be part of the structural components of biomass and should be removed prior to any chemical analysis of the sample. The prolonged extraction removes nonstructural materials that can include waxes, fats, resins, tannins, gums, sugars, starches, and pigments. Removing hydrophobic materials from the biomass makes it easier to wet the material for the analysis of structural components in the biomass.
This test method yields results comparable to Test Method D 1107.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ethanol soluble extractives, expressed as a percentage of the oven-dried biomass, of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), and wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint). All results are reported relative to the oven-dried weight of the sample.Note 1—This method may not be suitable for hard and soft wood samples that include bark or those with more than 10% extractable materials.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of structural carbohydrates present in a biomass sample, expressed as the percent mass of an oven-dried sample basis of each anhydrosugar.
1.2 Sample materials suitable for this procedure include hard and softwoods, herbaceous materials, such as sericea and switchgrass, agricultural residues, such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse, wastepaper, such as boxboard, office waste, and newsprint, acid or alkaline-pretreated biomass, washed free of any residual acid or alkali, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues.
1.3 The options for the types of samples to be analyzed in this procedure are:
1.3.1 Prepared Biomass Samples:
1.3.1.1 Air Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the air-dried sample.
1.3.1.2 45°C Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the 45°C dried sample.
1.3.1.3 Freeze Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the freeze dried sample.
1.3.2 Extractives-Free Sample—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the extracted sample.
1.4 This standard method is generally not suitable for samples that contain soluble, nonstructural carbohydrates unless they are removed prior to analysis.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 8 for specific hazards statements.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The acid-insoluble residue content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the acid-insoluble residue of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid and alkaline pretreated biomass, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105C oven-dried weight of the sample.
1.2 The residue collected contains the acid-insoluble lignin and any condensed proteins from the original sample. An independent nitrogen analysis would be required to determine the acid-insoluble lignin content separate from the condensed protein fraction and is outside the scope of this test method.
1.3 A portion of the lignin in some biomass samples will remain soluble during this procedure. The total lignin in a biomass sample includes both acid-soluble lignin and lignin in the acid insoluble residue.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 and Note 2 and Note 4.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ethanol soluble extractives, expressed as a percentage of the oven-dried biomass, of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), and wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint). All results are reported relative to the oven-dried weight of the sample.Note 1—This method may not be suitable for hard and soft wood samples that include bark or those with more than 10% extractable materials.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the acid-insoluble residue of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid and alkaline pretreated biomass, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105C oven-dried weight of the sample.
1.2 The residue collected contains the acid-insoluble lignin and any condensed proteins from the original sample. An independent nitrogen analysis would be required to determine the acid-insoluble lignin content separate from the condensed protein fraction and is outside the scope of this test method.
1.3 A portion of the lignin in some biomass samples will remain soluble during this procedure. The total lignin in a biomass sample includes both acid-soluble lignin and lignin in the acid insoluble residue.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in Section 8 and Note 2 and Note 4.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The structural carbohydrate content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the determination of structural carbohydrates present in a biomass sample, expressed as the percent mass of an oven-dried sample basis of each anhydrosugar.
1.2 Sample materials suitable for this procedure include hard and softwoods, herbaceous materials, such as sericea and switchgrass, agricultural residues, such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse, wastepaper, such as boxboard, office waste, and newsprint, acid or alkaline-pretreated biomass, washed free of any residual acid or alkali, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues.
1.3 The options for the types of samples to be analyzed in this procedure are:
1.3.1 Prepared Biomass Samples:
1.3.1.1 Air Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the air-dried sample.
1.3.1.2 45°C Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the 45°C dried sample.
1.3.1.3 Freeze Dried Material—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the freeze dried sample.
1.3.2 Extractives-Free Sample—Results are reported as the percent by mass, based on the oven-dried mass of the extracted sample.
1.4 This standard method is generally not suitable for samples that contain soluble, nonstructural carbohydrates unless they are removed prior to analysis.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 8 for specific hazards statements.
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