F20.16 - Surveillance and Tracking

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A standard procedure is necessary to establish property changes for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.  
5.2 This procedure employs standardized equipment, and test procedures.  
5.3 This procedure should be performed at the stages of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide summarizes methods to fractionate oil by evaporative weathering and then measure the properties and behavior of the weathered oil. The results of this guide can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models and response method selection.  
1.2 This guide covers general procedures for oil weathering and behavior and does not cover all possible procedures which may be applicable to this topic.  
1.3 The results obtained using this guide are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products when spilled and input to oil spill models.  
1.4 The results obtained using this guide can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.  
1.5 The accuracy of the guide depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can have different properties depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A standard procedure is necessary to prepare samples of oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages with compositional distribution that is representative of weathered spilled oil.  
4.2 This procedure uses standardized equipment and test procedures.  
4.3 This procedure should be performed at the stages of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide summarizes methods to produce representative residual oil following evaporative weathering using a rotary evaporator.  
1.1.1 The results of this guide can provide weathered oil samples for further study and characterization.  
1.2 This guide covers general procedures for artificial weathering of oil by using rotary evaporation devices and does not cover all possible procedures that may be applicable to this topic.  
1.3 The accuracy of this guide depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can have different properties depending on their chemical contents at the time a sample is taken.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 A standard procedure is necessary to measure the adhesive properties of oil to enable comparison between oils.  
3.2 This procedure uses standardized equipment and test procedures.  
3.3 This procedure should be performed at the stages of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide summarizes a method to measure the adhesion to a stainless-steel needle as means to compare the relative adhesion of the target oil.  
1.2 This guide covers general procedures for measuring the adhesion of oils to stainless steel and does not cover all possible procedures that may be applicable to this topic.  
1.3 The accuracy of this guide depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can have different properties depending on their chemical contents at the time a sample is taken.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Trajectory models are used to predict the future movement and fate of oil (forecast mode) in contingency planning, in exercises and during real spill events. This information is used for planning purposes to position equipment and response personnel in order to optimize a spill response. Oil-spill trajectory models are used in the development of scenarios for training and exercises. The use of models allows the scenario designer to develop incidents and situations in a realistic manner.  
3.2 Oil-spill trajectory models can be used in a statistical manner (stochastic mode) to identify the areas that may be impacted by oil spills.  
3.3 In those cases where the degree of risk at various locations from an unknown source is needed, trajectory models can be used in an inverse mode to identify the sources of the pollution (hindcast mode).  
3.4 Models can also be used to examine habitats, shorelines, or areas to predict if they would be hit with oil from a given source (receptor mode).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the features and processes that should be included in an oil-spill trajectory and fate model.  
1.2 This practice applies only to oil-spill models and does not consider the broader need for models in other fields. This practice considers only computer-based models, and not physical modeling of oil-spill processes.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to all types of oil in oceans, lakes, and rivers under a variety of environmental and geographical conditions.  
1.4 This practice applies primarily to two-dimensional models. Consideration is given to three-dimensional models for complex flow regimes.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The contributions of an effective vessel-mounted camera system:  
3.1.1 Provide a tactical image of the portion of spill in the vicinity of the vessel upon which the system is mounted,  
3.1.2 Assist in detection of slicks when they are not observable by persons operating at, or near, the water’s surface or at night,  
3.1.3 Provide assistance identifying the area of heaviest oil concentration,  
3.1.4 Provide input for the operational deployment of equipment,  
3.1.5 Extend the hours of clean-up operations to include darkness and poor visibility,  
3.1.6 Locate reported oil-on-water, and  
3.1.7 Guidance for operational crews to the slick(s).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for the selection of camera remote sensing systems that are vessel-mounted for the detection of oil on water.  
1.2 This guide applies to the detection of oil-on-water involving cameras of IR, visible, ultra-violet, or night vision types.  
1.3 The context of camera use is addressed to the extent it has a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missions or objectives.  
1.4 This guide is generally applicable to all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water situations.  
1.5 Many camera technologies exhibit limitations with respect to discriminating between the target substances under certain states of weathering, lighting, wind and sea, or various camera settings.  
1.6 In general remote sensing systems are used to detect and delineate the overall slick. Vessel-mounted systems are used only to provide a tactical image in the vicinity of the recovery vessel.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Estimations of oil slick thickness are useful for:  
3.1.1 Estimating amount (volume) of oil in an area,  
3.1.2 Positioning oil spill countermeasures in optimal locations,  
3.1.3 Evaluating a spill situation,  
3.1.4 Estimating volume for legal or prosecution purposes, such as for an illegal discharge, and  
3.1.5 Developing spill control strategies.  
3.2 This guide is only applicable to thin sheens (sheen and rainbow sheen up to about 3 μm). Thick oil and water-in-oil emulsions do not show visual differences with respect to thickness (1, 2).3
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for estimating the thickness of oil on water using only visual clues.  
1.2 This guide applies to oil-on-water and does not pertain to oil on land or other surfaces.  
1.3 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water conditions.  
1.4 The thickness values obtained using this guide are at best estimates because the appearance of oil on water may be affected by a number of factors including oil type, sea state, visibility conditions, view angle, and weather.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The contributions that an effective remote sensing system can make are:  
2.1.1 Provide a strategic picture of the overall spill,  
2.1.2 Assist in detection of slicks when they are not visible by persons operating at, or near, the water's surface or at night,  
2.1.3 Provide location of slicks containing the most oil,  
2.1.4 Provide input for the operational deployment of equipment,  
2.1.5 Extend the hours of clean-up operations to include darkness and poor visibility,  
2.1.6 Identify oceanographic and geographic features toward which the oil may migrate,  
2.1.7 Locate unreported oil-on-water,  
2.1.8 Collect evidence linking oil-on-water to its source,  
2.1.9 Help reduce the time and effort for long range planning,  
2.1.10 A log, or time history, of the spill can be compiled from successive data runs, and  
2.1.11 A source of initial input for predictive models and for “truthing” or updating them over time.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for selection of remote sensing systems for the detection and monitoring of oil on water.  
1.2 This guide applies to the remote sensing of oil-on-water involving a variety of sensing devices used alone or in combination. The sensors may be mounted on vessels, in helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), drones, or aerostats. Excluded are situations where the aircraft are used solely as a telemetry or visual observation platform and exo-atmosphere or satellite systems.  
1.3 The context of sensor use is addressed to the extent it has a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missions or objectives.  
1.4 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water situations.  
1.5 Many sensors exhibit limitations with respect to discriminating the target substances under certain states of weathering, lighting, wind and sea, or in certain settings.  
1.6 This guide gives information for evaluating the capability of a remote surveillance technology to locate, determine the areal extent, as well as measure or approximate characteristics of oil spilled upon water.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Remote sensing of oil-on-water involves a number of safety issues associated with the modification of aircraft and their operation, particularly at low altitudes. Also, in some instances, hazardous materials or conditions (for example, certain gases, high voltages, etc.) can be involved. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A standard test is necessary to establish a behavior pattern for spilled crude oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.  
4.2 Water-in-oil mixtures vary with oil type and oil conditions such as weathering. Results from this test method form a baseline, and usually are a measure of behavior at sea.  
4.3 This test has been developed over many years using standardized equipment, test procedures, and to overcome difficulties noted in other test procedures.  
4.4 This test should be performed at the temperatures and degrees of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities of crude oils and petroleum products in the laboratory. The results of this test method can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models.  
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determining emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures that may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.  
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models.  
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.  
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils are relatively stable with respect to the type formed  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice can be used by surveillance and tracking staff to report visual observations. The data produced from such observations will provide the basis for preparing maps of the oil-slick location.  
3.2 This practice provides a procedure for reporting the visual observation of oil on water in a systematic manner and in a common format.  
3.3 This practice deals with the possibility that materials other than oil might be confused with oil when using visual observation methods.  
3.4 Local weather, including sea conditions, should be included in the reports.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods of reporting and recording visual observations of oil on water and related response activities from an airplane or helicopter. While a similar set of codes could be used for classifying oil on beaches, this subject is not discussed in this practice. It does not cover the use of remote-sensing equipment from aircraft, which is discussed in a separate standard. This does not include observations of dispersed oil.  
1.2 This practice is applicable for all types of oil under a variety of environmental and geographical situations.  
1.3 Visual observations of oil on water from the air involve a number of safety issues associated with the operation of airplanes or helicopters at low altitudes. These are not dealt with in this practice, but the observer should be aware of the hazards of such operations.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A standard test is necessary to establish a behavior pattern for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.  
4.2 Water-in-oil mixtures vary with oil type and oil conditions such as weathering. Results from this test method form a baseline, and usually are a measure of behavior at sea.  
4.3 This test has been developed over many years using standardized equipment, test procedures, and to overcome difficulties noted in other test procedures.  
4.4 This test should be performed at the temperatures and degrees of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities in the laboratory. The results of this test method can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models.  
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determining emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures that may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.  
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models.  
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.  
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils are relatively stable with respect to the type formed  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Trajectory models are used to predict the future movement and fate of oil (forecast mode) in contingency planning, in exercises and during real spill events. This information is used for planning purposes to position equipment and response personnel in order to optimize a spill response. Oil-spill trajectory models are used in the development of scenarios for training and exercises. The use of models allows the scenario designer to develop incidents and situations in a realistic manner.  
3.2 Oil-spill trajectory models can be used in a statistical manner (stochastic mode) to identify the areas that may be impacted by oil spills.  
3.3 In those cases where the degree of risk at various locations from an unknown source is needed, trajectory models can be used in an inverse mode to identify the sources of the pollution (hindcast mode).  
3.4 Models can also be used to examine habitats, shorelines, or areas to predict if they would be hit with oil from a given source (receptor mode).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the features and processes that should be included in an oil-spill trajectory and fate model.  
1.2 This practice applies only to oil-spill models and does not consider the broader need for models in other fields. This practice considers only computer-based models, and not physical modeling of oil-spill processes.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to all types of oil in oceans, lakes, and rivers under a variety of environmental and geographical conditions.  
1.4 This practice applies primarily to two-dimensional models. Consideration is given to three-dimensional models for complex flow regimes.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A standard procedure is necessary to establish property changes for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.  
5.2 This procedure employs standardized equipment, and test procedures.  
5.3 This procedure should be performed at the stages of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide summarizes methods to fractionate oil by evaporative weathering and then measure the properties and behavior of the weathered oil. The results of this guide can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models and response method selection.  
1.2 This guide covers general procedures for oil weathering and behavior and does not cover all possible procedures which may be applicable to this topic.  
1.3 The results obtained using this guide are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products when spilled and input to oil spill models.  
1.4 The results obtained using this guide can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.  
1.5 The accuracy of the guide depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can have different properties depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The contributions of an effective vessel-mounted camera system:  
3.1.1 Provide a tactical image of the portion of spill in the vicinity of the vessel upon which the system is mounted,  
3.1.2 Assist in detection of slicks when they are not observable by persons operating at, or near, the water’s surface or at night,  
3.1.3 Provide assistance identifying the area of heaviest oil concentration,  
3.1.4 Provide input for the operational deployment of equipment,  
3.1.5 Extend the hours of clean-up operations to include darkness and poor visibility,  
3.1.6 Locate reported oil-on-water, and  
3.1.7 Guidance for operational crews to the slick(s).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for the selection of camera remote sensing systems that are vessel-mounted for the detection of oil on water.  
1.2 This guide applies to the detection of oil-on-water involving cameras of IR, visible, ultra-violet, or night vision types.  
1.3 The context of camera use is addressed to the extent it has a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missions or objectives.  
1.4 This guide is generally applicable to all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water situations.  
1.5 Many camera technologies exhibit limitations with respect to discriminating between the target substances under certain states of weathering, lighting, wind and sea, or various camera settings.  
1.6 In general remote sensing systems are used to detect and delineate the overall slick. Vessel-mounted systems are used only to provide a tactical image in the vicinity of the recovery vessel.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Estimations of oil slick thickness are useful for:  
3.1.1 Estimating amount (volume) of oil in an area,  
3.1.2 Positioning oil spill countermeasures in optimal locations,  
3.1.3 Evaluating a spill situation,  
3.1.4 Estimating volume for legal or prosecution purposes, such as for an illegal discharge, and  
3.1.5 Developing spill control strategies.  
3.2 This guide is only applicable to thin sheens (sheen and rainbow sheen up to about 3 μm). Thick oil and water-in-oil emulsions do not show visual differences with respect to thickness (1, 2).3
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for estimating the thickness of oil on water using only visual clues.  
1.2 This guide applies to oil-on-water and does not pertain to oil on land or other surfaces.  
1.3 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water conditions.  
1.4 The thickness values obtained using this guide are at best estimates because the appearance of oil on water may be affected by a number of factors including oil type, sea state, visibility conditions, view angle, and weather.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A standard test is necessary to establish a behavior pattern for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.  
4.2 Water-in-oil mixtures vary with oil type and oil conditions such as weathering. Results from this test method form a baseline, and usually are a measure of behavior at sea.  
4.3 This test has been developed over many years using standardized equipment, test procedures, and to overcome difficulties noted in other test procedures.  
4.4 This test should be performed at the temperatures and degrees of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities in the laboratory. The results of this test method can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models.  
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determining emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures which may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.  
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models.  
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.  
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils are relatively stable with respect to the type formed  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A standard test is necessary to establish a behavior pattern for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.  
4.2 Water-in-oil mixtures vary with oil type and oil conditions such as weathering. Results from this test method form a baseline, and usually are a measure of behavior at sea.  
4.3 This test has been developed over many years using standardized equipment, test procedures, and to overcome difficulties noted in other test procedures.  
4.4 This test should be performed at the temperatures and degrees of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities in the laboratory. The results of this test method can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models.  
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determining emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures which may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.  
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models.  
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.  
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils are relatively stable with respect to the type formed  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
2.1 The contributions that an effective remote sensing system can make are:  
2.1.1 Provide a strategic picture of the overall spill,  
2.1.2 Assist in detection of slicks when they are not visible by persons operating at, or near, the water's surface or at night,  
2.1.3 Provide location of slicks containing the most oil,  
2.1.4 Provide input for the operational deployment of equipment,  
2.1.5 Extend the hours of clean-up operations to include darkness and poor visibility,  
2.1.6 Identify oceanographic and geographic features toward which the oil may migrate,  
2.1.7 Locate unreported oil-on-water,  
2.1.8 Collect evidence linking oil-on-water to its source,  
2.1.9 Help reduce the time and effort for long range planning,  
2.1.10 A log, or time history, of the spill can be compiled from successive data runs, and  
2.1.11 A source of initial input for predictive models and for “truthing” or updating them over time.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for selection of remote sensing systems for the detection and monitoring of oil on water.  
1.2 This guide applies to the remote sensing of oil-on-water involving a variety of sensing devices used alone or in combination. The sensors may be mounted on vessels, in helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or aerostats. Excluded are situations where the aircraft is used solely as a telemetry or visual observation platform and exo-atmosphere or satellite systems.  
1.3 The context of sensor use is addressed to the extent it has a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missions or objectives.  
1.4 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water situations.  
1.5 Many sensors exhibit limitations with respect to discriminating the target substances under certain states of weathering, lighting, wind and sea, or in certain settings.  
1.6 This guide gives information for evaluating the capability of a remote surveillance technology to locate, determine the areal extent, as well as measure or approximate certain other characteristics of oil spilled upon water.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 Remote sensing of oil-on-water involves a number of safety issues associated with the modification of aircraft and their operation, particularly at low altitudes. Also, in some instances, hazardous materials or conditions (for example, certain gases, high voltages, etc.) can be involved. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice can be used by surveillance and tracking staff to report visual observations. The data produced from such observations will provide the basis for preparing maps of the oil-slick location.  
3.2 This practice provides a procedure for reporting the visual observation of oil on water in a systematic manner and in a common format.  
3.3 This practice deals with the possibility that materials other than oil might be confused with oil when using visual observation methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods of reporting and recording visual observations of oil on water and related response activities.  
1.2 This practice applies only to visual observations of oil on water from an airplane or helicopter. While a similar set of codes could be used for classifying oil on beaches, this subject is not discussed in this practice. It does not cover the use of remote-sensing equipment from aircraft, which is discussed in a separate standard. This does not include observations of dispersed oil.  
1.3 This practice is applicable for all types of oil under a variety of environmental and geographical situations.  
1.4 Visual observations of oil on water from the air involve a number of safety issues associated with the operation of airplanes or helicopters at low altitudes. These are not dealt with in this practice, but the observer should be aware of the hazards of such operations.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Trajectory models are used to predict the future movement and fate of oil (forecast mode) in contingency planning, in exercises and during real spill events. This information is used for planning purposes to position equipment and response personnel in order to optimize a spill response. Oil-spill trajectory models are used in the development of scenarios for training and exercises. The use of models allows the scenario designer to develop incidents and situations in a realistic manner.  
3.2 Oil-spill trajectory models can be used in a statistical manner (stochastic mode) to identify the areas that may be impacted by oil spills.  
3.3 In those cases where the degree of risk at various locations from an unknown source is needed, trajectory models can be used in an inverse mode to identify the sources of the pollution (hindcast mode).  
3.4 Models can also be used to examine habitats, shorelines, or areas to predict if they would be hit with oil from a given source (receptor mode).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the features and processes that should be included in an oil-spill trajectory and fate model.  
1.2 This practice applies only to oil-spill models and does not consider the broader need for models in other fields. This practice considers only computer-based models, and not physical modeling of oil-spill processes.  
1.3 This practice is applicable to all types of oil in oceans, lakes, and rivers under a variety of environmental and geographical conditions.  
1.4 This practice applies to two-dimensional models. There are three-dimensional models in the marketplace.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The contributions of an effective vessel-mounted camera system:
Provide a tactical image of the portion of spill in front of the vessel upon which the system is mounted,  
Assist in detection of slicks when they are not observable by persons operating at, or near, the water’s surface or at night,  
Provide assistance in judging whether these are sheens or slicks containing the most oil,
Provide input for the operational deployment of equipment,
Extend the hours of clean-up operations to include darkness and poor visibility,
Identify oceanographic and geographic features toward which the oil may migrate,  
Locate reported oil-on-water, and
Guidance for operational crews to the slick(s).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for the selection of camera remote sensing systems that are vessel-mounted for the detection of oil on water.
1.2 This guide applies to the detection of oil-on-water involving cameras of IR, visible, ultra-violet, or night vision types.
1.3 The context of camera use is addressed to the extent it has a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missions or objectives.  
1.4 This guide is generally applicable to all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water situations.
1.5 Many camera technologies exhibit limitations with respect to discriminating between the target substances under certain states of weathering, lighting, wind and sea, or various camera settings.  
1.6 General remote sensing systems are used to detect and delineate the overall slick. Vessel-mounted systems are used only to provide a tactical image in front of the recovery vessel.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Estimations of oil slick thickness are useful for:
Estimating amount (volume) of oil in an area,
Positioning oil spill countermeasures in optimal locations,
Evaluating a spill situation,
Estimating volume for legal or prosecution purposes, such as for an illegal discharge, and
Developing spill control strategies.
This guide is only applicable to thin sheens (sheen and rainbow sheen up to about 3 μm). Thick oil and water-in-oil emulsions do not show visual differences with respect to thickness (1, 2).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for estimating the thickness of oil on water using only visual clues.
1.2 This guide applies to oil-on-water and does not pertain to oil on land or other surfaces.
1.3 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water conditions.
1.4 The thickness values obtained using this guide are at best estimates because the appearance of oil on water may be affected by a number of factors including oil type, sea state, visibility conditions, and weather.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The contributions that an effective remote sensing system can make are:
Provide a strategic picture of the overall spill,
Assist in detection of slicks when they are not visible by persons operating at, or near, the water's surface or at night,
Provide location of slicks containing the most oil,
Provide input for the operational deployment of equipment,
Extend the hours of clean-up operations to include darkness and poor visibility,
Identify oceanographic and geographic features toward which the oil may migrate,
Locate unreported oil-on-water,
Collect evidence linking oil-on-water to its source,
Help reduce the time and effort for long range planning,
A log, or time history, of the spill can be compiled from successive data runs, and
A source of initial input for predictive models and for “truthing” or updating them over time.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for selection of remote sensing systems for the detection and monitoring of oil on water.
1.2 This guide applies to the remote sensing of oil-on-water involving a variety of sensing devices used alone or in combination. The sensors may be mounted in helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft, or lighter-than-air platforms. Excluded are situations where the aircraft is used solely as a telemetry or visual observation platform and exo-atmosphere or satellite systems.
1.3 The context of sensor use is addressed to the extent it has a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missions or objectives.
1.4 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water situations.  
1.5 Many sensors exhibit limitations with respect to discriminating the target substances under certain states of weathering, lighting, wind and sea, or in certain settings.  
1.6 This guide gives information for evaluating the capability of a remote surveillance technology to locate, determine the areal extent, as well as measure or approximate certain other characteristics of oil spilled upon water.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 Remote sensing of oil-on-water involves a number of safety issues associated with the modification of aircraft and their operation, particularly at low altitudes. Also, in some instances, hazardous materials or conditions (for example, certain gases, high voltages, etc.) can be involved. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice can be used by surveillance and tracking staff to report visual observations. The data produced from such observations will provide the basis for preparing maps of the oil-slick location.
This practice provides a procedure for reporting the visual observation of oil on water in a systematic manner and in a common format.
This practice deals with the possibility that materials other than oil might be confused with oil when using visual observation methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods of reporting and recording visual observations of oil on water and related response activities.
1.2 This practice applies only to visual observations of oil on water from an airplane or helicopter. While a similar set of codes could be used for classifying oil on beaches, this subject is not discussed in this practice. It does not cover the use of remote-sensing equipment from aircraft, which is discussed in a separate standard. This does not include observations of dispersed oil.
1.3 This practice is applicable for all types of oil under a variety of environmental and geographical situations.
1.4 Visual observations of oil on water from the air involve a number of safety issues associated with the operation of airplanes or helicopters at low altitudes. These are not dealt with in this practice, but the observer should be aware of the hazards of such operations.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
During an oil-spill response, trajectory models are used to predict the future movement and fate of oil (forecast mode). This information is used for planning purposes to position equipment and response personnel in order to optimize a spill response.
Oil-spill trajectory models can be used in a statistical manner (stochastic mode) to identify the areas that may be impacted by oil spills.
In those cases where the degree of risk at various locations from an unknown source is needed, trajectory models can be used in an inverse mode to identify possible sources of the pollution (receptor mode).
Oil-spill trajectory models are used in the development of scenarios for training and exercises. The use of models allows the scenario designer to develop incidents and situations in a realistic manner.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the features and processes that should be included in an oil-spill trajectory and fate model.
1.2 This practice applies only to oil-spill models and does not consider the broader need for models in other fields. This practice considers only computer-based models, and not physical modeling of oil-spill processes.
1.3 This practice is applicable to all types of oil in oceans, lakes, and rivers under a variety of environmental and geographical conditions.
1.4 This practice does not address issues of computer operation. It is assumed that the user of this practice is familiar with the use of a computer and its operating systems.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the features and processes that should be included in an oil-spill trajectory and fate model.
1.2 This practice applies only to oil-spill models and does not consider the broader need for models in other fields. This practice considers only computer-based models, and not physical modeling of oil-spill processes.
1.3 This practice is applicable to all types of oil in oceans, lakes, and rivers under a variety of environmental and geographical conditions.
1.4 This practice does not address issues of computer operation. It is assumed that the user of this practice is familiar with the use of a computer and its operating systems.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Estimations of oil slick thickness are useful for:
3.1.1 Estimating amount (volume) of oil in an area,
3.1.2 Positioning oil spill countermeasures in optimal locations,
3.1.3 Evaluating a spill situation,
3.1.4 Estimating volume for legal or prosecution purposes, such as for an illegal discharge, and
3.1.5 Developing spill control strategies.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for estimating the thickness of oil on water using only visual clues.
1.2 This guide applies to oil-on-water and does not pertain to oil on land or other surfaces.
1.3 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water conditions.
1.4 The thickness values obtained using this guide are at best estimates because the appearance of oil on water may be affected by a number of factors including oil type, sea state, visibility conditions, and weather.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The contributions that an effective remote sensing system can make are:
2.1.1 Provide a strategic picture of the overall spill,
2.1.2 Assist in detection of slicks when they are not observable by persons operating at, or near, the water’surface or at night,
2.1.3 Provide location of slicks containing the most oil,
2.1.4 Provide input for the operational deployment of equipment,
2.1.5 Extend the hours of clean-up operations to include darkness and poor visibility,
2.1.6 Identify oceanographic and geographic features toward which the oil may migrate,
2.1.7 Locate unreported oil-on-water,
2.1.8 Collect evidence linking oil-on-water to its source,
2.1.9 Help reduce the time and effort for long range planning,
2.1.10 A log, or time history, of the spill can be compiled from successive data runs, and
2.1.11 A source of initial input for predictive models and for “truthing” or updating them over time.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for selection of remote sensing systems for the detection and monitoring of oil on water.
1.2 This guide applies to the remote sensing of oil-on-water involving a variety of sensing devices used alone or in combination. The sensors may be mounted in helicopters, fixed-wing aircraft or lighter-than-air platforms. Excluded are situations where the aircraft is used solely as a telemetry or visual observation platform and exo-atmosphere or satellite systems.
1.3 The context of sensor use is addressed to the extent it has a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missions or objectives.
1.4 This guide is generally applicable for all types of crude oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or fresh water situations.
1.5 Many sensors exhibit limitations with respect to discriminating the target substances under certain states of weathering, lighting, wind and sea, or in certain settings.
1.6 This guide gives information for evaluating the capability of a remote surveillance technology to locate, determine the areal extent, as well as measure or approximate certain other characteristics of oil spilled upon water.
1.7 Remote sensing of oil-on-water involves a number of safety issues associated with the modification of aircraft and their operation, particularly at low altitudes. Also, in some instances, hazardous materials or conditions (for example, certain gases, high voltages, etc.) can be involved. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the features and processes that should be included in an oil-spill trajectory and fate model.
1.2 This practice applies only to oil-spill models and does not consider the broader need for models in other fields. This practice considers only computer-based models, and not physical modeling of oil-spill processes.
1.3 This practice is applicable to all types of oil in oceans, lakes, and rivers under a variety of environmental and geographical conditions.
1.4 This practice does not address issues of computer operation. It is assumed that the user of this practice is familiar with the use of a computer and its operating systems.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice can be used by surveillance and tracking staff to report visual observations to the clients of visual observations. The data produced from such observations will provide the basis for preparing maps of the oil-slick location.
This practice provides a procedure for reporting the visual observation of oil on water in a systematic manner and in a common format that can be readily understood by both observers and users of visual oil-spill observation maps.
This practice deals with the possibility that materials other than oil might be confused with oil when using visual observation methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods of reporting and recording visual observations of oil on water and related activities and phenomena.  
1.2 This practice applies only to visual observations of oil on water from an airplane or helicopter. While a similar set of codes could be used for classifying oil on beaches, this subject is not discussed in this practice. It does not cover the use use of remote-sensing equipment from aircraft, which is discussed in a separate standard.  
1.3 This practice is applicable for all types of oil under a variety of environmental and geographical situations.  
1.4 Visual observations of oil on water from the air involve a number of safety issues associated with the operation of airplanes or helicopters at low altitudes. These are not dealt with in this practice, but the observer should be aware of the hazards of such operations.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers methods of reporting and recording visual observations of oil on water and related activities and phenomena.  
1.2 This practice applies only to visual observations of oil on water from an airplane or helicopter. While a similar set of codes could be used for classifying oil on beaches, this subject is not discussed in this practice. It does not cover the use use of remote-sensing equipment from aircraft, which is discussed in a separate standard.  
1.3 This practice is applicable for all types of oil under a variety of environmental and geographical situations.  
1.4 Visual observations of oil on water from the air involve a number of safety issues associated with the operation of airplanes or helicopters at low altitudes. These are not dealt with in this practice, but the observer should be aware of the hazards of such operations.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.