13.060.50 - Examination of water for chemical substances
ICS 13.060.50 Details
Examination of water for chemical substances
Untersuchung von Wasser auf chemische Substanzen
Détermination des substances chimiques de l'eau
Preiskava vode na kemične snovi
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 13.060.50 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Examination of water for chemical substances". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 1250 standards classified under ICS 13.060.50 (Examination of water for chemical substances). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of selected polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDE) (see Figure 1 and Table 1) in sediment, suspended particulate matter and biota using gas chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) or with high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) in the electron impact (EI), negative ion chemical ionization (NCI) or atmospheric pressure ionization (APCI) mode. The method is applicable to sediment and suspended particulate matter samples with limits of quantification of 0,2 µg/kg dry mass (dm) for brominated diphenylether (BDE) BDE-28 to BDE-183, of 2 µg/kg dry mass (dm) for BDE‑209. The method is applicable as well with lower limits of quantification (LOQ), if specific clean-up methods, described in Clause 10, Table 3, method 1 and method 2 in combination with measurement methods GC-MS/MS or GC-HRMS after electron impact ionization (El) or negative ion chemical ionization (NCI) for BDE-209 are used. Depending on the analytical capability of the instrument, limits of quantification down to 0,003 µg/kg dm for BDE-28 to BDE-154 and 0,02 µg/kg dm for BDE-183 and 1 µg/kg dm for BDE-209 and lower are possible. The method is applicable to biota samples with limits of quantification down to 0,000 2 µg/kg fresh mass (fm) (BDE-28 to BDE-154) and 0,03 μg/kg fresh mass (fm) (BDE-183), if specific clean-up methods, described in Table 4 in combination with measurement methods GC-MS/MS or GC-HRMS after electron impact ionization (El) are used. Performance data are listed in Annex E.
- Standard31 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard33 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of organically bound halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine which are adsorbable on activated carbon. Adsorption takes place on activated carbon packed in columns.
The method is applicable for the determination of:
≥ 2 µg/l AOF, expressed as F;
≥ 10 µg/l AOCl, expressed as Cl;
≥ 1 µg/l AOBr, expressed as Br;
≥ 1 µg/l AOI, expressed as I.
The method is applicable for the determination of adsorbable organically bound fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine in water, e.g. in groundwater, surface water, bank filtrate, drinking water, aqueous eluates, cooling water and wastewater.
The working range is limited by the capacity of the activated carbon, the process blank and the capacity of the chromatographic separation column. Sample dilution into the working range can be required.
The range of application can be extended to lower concentrations with lower process blanks e.g. using low blank activated carbons.
The method can also be applied for samples containing suspended solids. Halogens adsorbed on the suspended solids (e.g. undissolved halides) are also determined. Filtration of the sample prior to analysis using a membrane filter (0,45 µm) allows the separate determination of dissolved adsorbable and particulate bound fractions of organically bound fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
Results from an international interlaboratory trial are presented in Annex K.
- Standard53 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of total bound nitrogen (ST-TNb) in water of various origins: groundwater, surface water and wastewater, in a measuring range of concentration generally between 0,5 mg/l and 150 mg/l of ST-TNb using the small-scale sealed tube method. Different measuring ranges of small-scale sealed tube methods can be required.
The measuring ranges can vary depending on the type of small-scale sealed tube method of different manufacturers.
It is up to the user to choose the small-scale sealed tube test with the appropriate application range or to adapt samples with concentrations exceeding the measuring range of a test by preliminary dilution.
NOTE The results of a small-scale sealed tube test are most precise in the middle of the application range of the test.
All small-scale sealed tube methods are based on a heated alkaline potassium persulfate oxidation in a heating block at 100 °C and different digestion times are applicable. Chromotropic colour reaction is applied, depending on the typical operating procedure of the small-scale sealed tube used, see Clause 9.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of nitrate as NO3-N in water of various origin such as natural water (including groundwater, surface water and bathing water), drinking water and wastewater, in a measuring range of concentration between 0,10 mg/l and 225 mg/l of N03-N using the small-scale sealed tube method. Different measuring ranges of small-scale sealed tube methods can be required.
The measuring ranges can vary depending on the type of the small-scale sealed tube method of different manufacturers.
It is up to the user to choose the small-scale sealed tube test with the appropriate application range or to adapt samples with concentrations exceeding the measuring range of a test by preliminary dilution.
NOTE 1 The results of a sealed-tube test are most precise in the middle of the application range of the test.
Manufacturers' small-scale sealed tube methods are based on dimethylphenol colour reaction depending on the typical operating procedure of the small-scale sealed tube used, see Clause 9.
NOTE 2 Laws, regulations or standards can require that the data is expressed as NO3- after conversion with the stoichiometric conversion factor 4,426 81 in Clause 11.
NOTE 3 In the habitual language, use of sewage treatment and on the displays of automated sealed-tube test devices, NO3 without indication of the negative charge has become the common notation for the parameter nitrate and especially for the parameter nitrate-N. This notation is adopted in this document even though not being quite correct chemical nomenclature.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) in drinking water, groundwater, surface water, wastewater, bathing water and mineral water using the small-scale sealed tube method. The result can be expressed as NH4 or NH4-N or NH3 or NH3-N.
NOTE 1 In the habitual language use of sewage treatment and on the displays of automated sealed-tube test photometers or spectrophotometers, NH4 without indication of the positive charge has become the common notation for the parameter ammonium. This notation is adopted in this document even though not being quite correct chemical nomenclature.
This method is applicable to (NH4-N) concentration ranges from 0,01 mg/l to 1 800 mg/l of NH4-N. The measuring ranges of concentration can vary depending on the type of small-scale sealed tube method of different manufacturers. Concentrations even slightly higher than the upper limit indicated in the manufacturers manual relating to the small-scale sealed tube method used, cannot be reported as accurate results. It is up to the user to choose the small-scale sealed tube test with the appropriate application range or to adapt samples with concentrations exceeding the measuring range of a test by preliminary dilution.
NOTE 2 The results of a small-scale sealed tube are most precise in the middle of the application range of the test.
All manufacturers' methods are based on the Berthelot reaction and its modifications to develop indophenol blue colour. Reagents mixtures can differ slightly based on manufacturers small-scale sealed tube method, see Clause 9. This method is applicable to non-preserved samples by using small-scale sealed tubes for the determination of drinking water, groundwater, surface water, wastewater and to preserved samples. The method is applicable to samples with suspended materials if these materials are removable by filtration.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of nitrate as NO3-N in water of various origin such as natural water (including groundwater, surface water and bathing water), drinking water and wastewater, in a measuring range of concentration between 0,20 mg/l and 30 mg/l of NO3-N using the small-scale sealed tube method. Different measuring ranges of small-scale sealed tube methods can be required.
The measuring ranges can vary depending on the type of the small-scale sealed tube method of different manufacturers.
It is up to the user to choose the small-scale sealed tube test with the appropriate application range or to adapt samples with concentrations exceeding the measuring range of a test by preliminary dilution.
NOTE 1 The results of a small-scale sealed tube test are most precise in the middle of the application range of the test.
Manufacturers' small-scale sealed tube methods are based on chromotropic colour reaction, depending on the typical operating procedure of the small-scale sealed tube used, see Clause 9.
NOTE 2 Laws, regulations or standards can require that the data is expressed as NO3 after conversion with the stoichiometric conversion factor 4,426 81 in Clause 11.
NOTE 3 In the habitual language, use of sewage treatment and on the displays of automated sealed-tube test devices, NO3 without indication of the negative charge has become the common notation for the parameter nitrate and especially for the parameter nitrate-N. This notation is adopted in this document even though not being quite correct chemical nomenclature.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for the determination of five selected estrogens in whole water samples listed in Table 1 (see Clause 4). The methods are based on solid-phase extraction (SPE; disk or cartridge) followed by liquid or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection (tandem mass spectrometry or high resolution mass spectrometry). Depending on the sample preparation chosen, the sample preparation can be applicable to the analysis of selected estrogens in drinking water, groundwater and surface water containing suspended particulate matter (SPM) up to 500 mg/l, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content up to 14 mg/l (whole water samples).
The lower application range defined as verified limit of quantification can vary depending on the methods, the sensitivity of the equipment used and the matrix of the sample. The range is 0,006 ng/l to 1 ng/l for 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and 0,038 ng/l to 1 ng/l for the other estrogens in drinking water, ground water and surface water. The upper limit of the working range is approximately tens of nanograms per litre.
For application that targets the measurements of very low level concentrations (between the lowest LOQ and 0,1 ng/l), every single step of the procedure becomes critical.
The methods can be used to determine further estrogens or hormones in other types of water, for example treated wastewater, if accuracy has been tested and verified for each case as well as storage conditions of both samples and reference solutions have been validated.
- Standard71 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of total bound nitrogen (ST-TNb) in water of various origins: groundwater, surface water, and wastewater, in a measuring range of concentration generally between 0,5 mg/l and 220 mg/l of ST-TNb using the small-scale sealed tube method. Different measuring ranges of small-scale sealed tube methods can be required.
The measuring ranges can vary depending on the type of small-scale sealed tube method of different manufacturers. It is up to the user to choose the small-scale sealed tube with the appropriate application range or to adapt samples with concentrations exceeding the measuring range of a test by preliminary dilution.
NOTE The results of a small-scale sealed tube are most precise in the middle of the application range of the test.
All small-scale sealed tube methods are based on a heated alkaline potassium persulfate oxidation in a heating block. Different digestion temperatures, 100 °C or 120 °C or 170 °C, and different digestion times are applicable. Dimethylphenol colour reactions are applied, depending on the typical operating procedure of the small-scale sealed tube used, see Clause 9.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of organically bound halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine which are adsorbable on activated carbon. Adsorption takes place on activated carbon packed in columns.
The method is applicable for the determination of:
≥ 2 µg/l AOF, expressed as F;
≥ 10 µg/l AOCl, expressed as Cl;
≥ 1 µg/l AOBr, expressed as Br;
≥ 1 µg/l AOI, expressed as I.
The method is applicable for the determination of adsorbable organically bound fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine in water, e.g. in groundwater, surface water, bank filtrate, drinking water, aqueous eluates, cooling water and wastewater.
The working range is limited by the capacity of the activated carbon, the process blank and the capacity of the chromatographic separation column. Sample dilution into the working range can be required.
The range of application can be extended to lower concentrations with lower process blanks e.g. using low blank activated carbons.
The method can also be applied for samples containing suspended solids. Halogens adsorbed on the suspended solids (e.g. undissolved halides) are also determined. Filtration of the sample prior to analysis using a membrane filter (0,45 µm) allows the separate determination of dissolved adsorbable and particulate bound fractions of organically bound fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine.
Results from an international interlaboratory trial are presented in Annex K.
- Standard53 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of organically bound halogens fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine which are adsorbable on activated carbon. Adsorption takes place on activated carbon packed in columns. The method is applicable for the determination of: ≥ 2 µg/l AOF, expressed as F; ≥ 10 µg/l AOCl, expressed as Cl; ≥ 1 µg/l AOBr, expressed as Br; ≥ 1 µg/l AOI, expressed as I. The method is applicable for the determination of adsorbable organically bound fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine in water, e.g. in groundwater, surface water, bank filtrate, drinking water, aqueous eluates, cooling water and wastewater. The working range is limited by the capacity of the activated carbon, the process blank and the capacity of the chromatographic separation column. Sample dilution into the working range can be required. The range of application can be extended to lower concentrations with lower process blanks e.g. using low blank activated carbons. The method can also be applied for samples containing suspended solids. Halogens adsorbed on the suspended solids (e.g. undissolved halides) are also determined. Filtration of the sample prior to analysis using a membrane filter (0,45 µm) allows the separate determination of dissolved adsorbable and particulate bound fractions of organically bound fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine. Results from an international interlaboratory trial are presented in Annex K.
- Standard44 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard47 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of nitrate as NO3-N in water of various origin such as natural water (including groundwater, surface water and bathing water), drinking water and wastewater, in a measuring range of concentration between 0,10 mg/l and 225 mg/l of N03-N using the small-scale sealed tube method. Different measuring ranges of small-scale sealed tube methods can be required.
The measuring ranges can vary depending on the type of the small-scale sealed tube method of different manufacturers.
It is up to the user to choose the small-scale sealed tube test with the appropriate application range or to adapt samples with concentrations exceeding the measuring range of a test by preliminary dilution.
NOTE 1 The results of a sealed-tube test are most precise in the middle of the application range of the test.
Manufacturers' small-scale sealed tube methods are based on dimethylphenol colour reaction depending on the typical operating procedure of the small-scale sealed tube used, see Clause 9.
NOTE 2 Laws, regulations or standards can require that the data is expressed as NO3- after conversion with the stoichiometric conversion factor 4,426 81 in Clause 11.
NOTE 3 In the habitual language, use of sewage treatment and on the displays of automated sealed-tube test devices, NO3 without indication of the negative charge has become the common notation for the parameter nitrate and especially for the parameter nitrate-N. This notation is adopted in this document even though not being quite correct chemical nomenclature.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) in drinking water, groundwater, surface water, wastewater, bathing water and mineral water using the small-scale sealed tube method. The result can be expressed as NH4 or NH4-N or NH3 or NH3-N.
NOTE 1 In the habitual language use of sewage treatment and on the displays of automated sealed-tube test photometers or spectrophotometers, NH4 without indication of the positive charge has become the common notation for the parameter ammonium. This notation is adopted in this document even though not being quite correct chemical nomenclature.
This method is applicable to (NH4-N) concentration ranges from 0,01 mg/l to 1 800 mg/l of NH4-N. The measuring ranges of concentration can vary depending on the type of small-scale sealed tube method of different manufacturers. Concentrations even slightly higher than the upper limit indicated in the manufacturers manual relating to the small-scale sealed tube method used, cannot be reported as accurate results. It is up to the user to choose the small-scale sealed tube test with the appropriate application range or to adapt samples with concentrations exceeding the measuring range of a test by preliminary dilution.
NOTE 2 The results of a small-scale sealed tube are most precise in the middle of the application range of the test.
All manufacturers' methods are based on the Berthelot reaction and its modifications to develop indophenol blue colour. Reagents mixtures can differ slightly based on manufacturers small-scale sealed tube method, see Clause 9. This method is applicable to non-preserved samples by using small-scale sealed tubes for the determination of drinking water, groundwater, surface water, wastewater and to preserved samples. The method is applicable to samples with suspended materials if these materials are removable by filtration.
- Standard20 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of total bound nitrogen (ST-TNb) in water of various origins: groundwater, surface water and wastewater, in a measuring range of concentration generally between 0,5 mg/l and 150 mg/l of ST-TNb using the small-scale sealed tube method. Different measuring ranges of small-scale sealed tube methods can be required.
The measuring ranges can vary depending on the type of small-scale sealed tube method of different manufacturers.
It is up to the user to choose the small-scale sealed tube test with the appropriate application range or to adapt samples with concentrations exceeding the measuring range of a test by preliminary dilution.
NOTE The results of a small-scale sealed tube test are most precise in the middle of the application range of the test.
All small-scale sealed tube methods are based on a heated alkaline potassium persulfate oxidation in a heating block at 100 °C and different digestion times are applicable. Chromotropic colour reaction is applied, depending on the typical operating procedure of the small-scale sealed tube used, see Clause 9.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of nitrate as NO3-N in water of various origin such as natural water (including groundwater, surface water and bathing water), drinking water and wastewater, in a measuring range of concentration between 0,20 mg/l and 30 mg/l of NO3-N using the small-scale sealed tube method. Different measuring ranges of small-scale sealed tube methods can be required.
The measuring ranges can vary depending on the type of the small-scale sealed tube method of different manufacturers.
It is up to the user to choose the small-scale sealed tube test with the appropriate application range or to adapt samples with concentrations exceeding the measuring range of a test by preliminary dilution.
NOTE 1 The results of a small-scale sealed tube test are most precise in the middle of the application range of the test.
Manufacturers' small-scale sealed tube methods are based on chromotropic colour reaction, depending on the typical operating procedure of the small-scale sealed tube used, see Clause 9.
NOTE 2 Laws, regulations or standards can require that the data is expressed as NO3 after conversion with the stoichiometric conversion factor 4,426 81 in Clause 11.
NOTE 3 In the habitual language, use of sewage treatment and on the displays of automated sealed-tube test devices, NO3 without indication of the negative charge has become the common notation for the parameter nitrate and especially for the parameter nitrate-N. This notation is adopted in this document even though not being quite correct chemical nomenclature.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of total bound nitrogen (ST-TNb) in water of various origins: groundwater, surface water, and wastewater, in a measuring range of concentration generally between 0,5 mg/l and 220 mg/l of ST-TNb using the small-scale sealed tube method. Different measuring ranges of small-scale sealed tube methods can be required.
The measuring ranges can vary depending on the type of small-scale sealed tube method of different manufacturers. It is up to the user to choose the small-scale sealed tube with the appropriate application range or to adapt samples with concentrations exceeding the measuring range of a test by preliminary dilution.
NOTE The results of a small-scale sealed tube are most precise in the middle of the application range of the test.
All small-scale sealed tube methods are based on a heated alkaline potassium persulfate oxidation in a heating block. Different digestion temperatures, 100 °C or 120 °C or 170 °C, and different digestion times are applicable. Dimethylphenol colour reactions are applied, depending on the typical operating procedure of the small-scale sealed tube used, see Clause 9.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the photometric determination of dissolved chromium(VI) using manual, (e.g. hand photometry), automated static (e.g. discrete analyser system) or automated dynamic [e.g. flow injection analysis (FIA), continuous flow analysis (CFA)] or ion chromatography with post-column reaction (IC-PCR)] techniques.
The method described in this document is applicable for other matrices, such as leachates from landfills and raw wastewater, after appropriate method validation.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for the determination of five selected estrogens in whole water samples listed in Table 1 (see Clause 4). The methods are based on solid-phase extraction (SPE; disk or cartridge) followed by liquid or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection (tandem mass spectrometry or high resolution mass spectrometry). Depending on the sample preparation chosen, the sample preparation can be applicable to the analysis of selected estrogens in drinking water, groundwater and surface water containing suspended particulate matter (SPM) up to 500 mg/l, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content up to 14 mg/l (whole water samples).
The lower application range defined as verified limit of quantification can vary depending on the methods, the sensitivity of the equipment used and the matrix of the sample. The range is 0,006 ng/l to 1 ng/l for 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and 0,038 ng/l to 1 ng/l for the other estrogens in drinking water, ground water and surface water. The upper limit of the working range is approximately tens of nanograms per litre.
For application that targets the measurements of very low level concentrations (between the lowest LOQ and 0,1 ng/l), every single step of the procedure becomes critical.
The methods can be used to determine further estrogens or hormones in other types of water, for example treated wastewater, if accuracy has been tested and verified for each case as well as storage conditions of both samples and reference solutions have been validated.
- Standard71 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the photometric determination of dissolved chromium(VI) using manual, (e.g. hand photometry), automated static (e.g. discrete analyser system) or automated dynamic [e.g. flow injection analysis (FIA), continuous flow analysis (CFA)] or ion chromatography with post-column reaction (IC-PCR)] techniques.
The method described in this document is applicable for other matrices, such as leachates from landfills and raw wastewater, after appropriate method validation.
- Standard37 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies methods for the determination of five selected estrogens in whole water samples listed in Table 1 (see REF Section_sec_4 \r \h Clause 4 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B02000000080000000E000000530065006300740069006F006E005F007300650063005F0034000000 ). The methods are based on solid-phase extraction (SPE; disk or cartridge) followed by liquid or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry detection (tandem mass spectrometry or high resolution mass spectrometry). Depending on the sample preparation chosen, the sample preparation can be applicable to the analysis of selected estrogens in drinking water, groundwater and surface water containing suspended particulate matter (SPM) up to 500 mg/l, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content up to 14 mg/l (whole water samples). The lower application range defined as verified limit of quantification can vary depending on the methods, the sensitivity of the equipment used and the matrix of the sample. The range is 0,006 ng/l to 1 ng/l for 17alpha-ethinylestradiol (EE2) and 0,038 ng/l to 1 ng/l for the other estrogens in drinking water, ground water and surface water. The upper limit of the working range is approximately tens of nanograms per litre. For application that targets the measurements of very low level concentrations (between the lowest LOQ and 0,1 ng/l), every single step of the procedure becomes critical. The methods can be used to determine further estrogens or hormones in other types of water, for example treated wastewater, if accuracy has been tested and verified for each case as well as storage conditions of both samples and reference solutions have been validated.
- Standard62 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard63 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the photometric determination of dissolved chromium(VI) using manual, (e.g. hand photometry), automated static (e.g. discrete analyser system) or automated dynamic [e.g. flow injection analysis (FIA), continuous flow analysis (CFA)] or ion chromatography with post-column reaction (IC-PCR)] techniques. The method described in this document is applicable for other matrices, such as leachates from landfills and raw wastewater, after appropriate method validation.
- Standard29 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard29 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
ISO 15923-1:2013 specifies methods for the automatic performance of spectrophotometric and turbidimetric analyses with a discrete analysis system for determining ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, orthophosphate, sulfate, and silicate. The field of application is ground, potable, surface, waste, eluates, and boiler water.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method to determine the total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total bound nitrogen (TNb) and dissolved bound nitrogen (DNb) in the form of free ammonia, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and organic compounds capable of conversion to nitrogen oxides.
Cyanide, cyanate and particles of elemental carbon (soot), when present in the sample, can be determined together with the organic carbon.
Dissolved nitrogen gas (N2) is not determined.
NOTE Generally, the method can be applied for the determination of total carbon (TC) and total inorganic carbon (TIC) – see Annex A.
The method is applicable to water samples (e.g. drinking water, raw water, ground water, surface water, sea water, waste water, leachates).
This document is applicable to determination of TOC and DOC ≥1 mg/l and TNb and DNb ≥1 mg/l. The upper working range is restricted by instrument-dependent conditions (e.g. injection volume). Higher concentrations can be determined after appropriate dilution of the sample. The determination of concentrations <1 mg/l is dependent on instrument conditions applying appropriate calibration.
For samples containing volatile organic compounds (e.g. industrial waste water), the application of the difference method can be considered – see Annex A.
The procedure is carried out by automated analysis.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method to determine the total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total bound nitrogen (TNb) and dissolved bound nitrogen (DNb) in the form of free ammonia, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and organic compounds capable of conversion to nitrogen oxides.
Cyanide, cyanate and particles of elemental carbon (soot), when present in the sample, can be determined together with the organic carbon.
Dissolved nitrogen gas (N2) is not determined.
NOTE Generally, the method can be applied for the determination of total carbon (TC) and total inorganic carbon (TIC) – see Annex A.
The method is applicable to water samples (e.g. drinking water, raw water, ground water, surface water, sea water, waste water, leachates).
This document is applicable to determination of TOC and DOC ≥1 mg/l and TNb and DNb ≥1 mg/l. The upper working range is restricted by instrument-dependent conditions (e.g. injection volume). Higher concentrations can be determined after appropriate dilution of the sample. The determination of concentrations <1 mg/l is dependent on instrument conditions applying appropriate calibration.
For samples containing volatile organic compounds (e.g. industrial waste water), the application of the difference method can be considered – see Annex A.
The procedure is carried out by automated analysis.
- Standard27 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method to determine the total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total bound nitrogen (TNb) and dissolved bound nitrogen (DNb) in the form of free ammonia, ammonium, nitrite, nitrate and organic compounds capable of conversion to nitrogen oxides. Cyanide, cyanate and particles of elemental carbon (soot), when present in the sample, can be determined together with the organic carbon. Dissolved nitrogen gas (N2) is not determined. NOTE Generally, the method can be applied for the determination of total carbon (TC) and total inorganic carbon (TIC) – see Annex A. The method is applicable to water samples (e.g. drinking water, raw water, ground water, surface water, sea water, waste water, leachates). This document is applicable to determination of TOC and DOC ≥1 mg/l and TNb and DNb ≥1 mg/l. The upper working range is restricted by instrument-dependent conditions (e.g. injection volume). Higher concentrations can be determined after appropriate dilution of the sample. The determination of concentrations For samples containing volatile organic compounds (e.g. industrial waste water), the application of the difference method can be considered – see Annex A. The procedure is carried out by automated analysis.
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard19 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a method for the determination of the dissolved fraction of selected perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in non-filtrated drinking water using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The applicability of the method to other types of water like fresh waters (e.g. ground water, surface water) or treated wastewater can be validated separately for each individual case.
For each target compound both, eventually occurring branched isomers and the respective non-branched isomer, are quantified together. The selected set of substances determined by this method is representative for a wide variety of PFAS. This method has been validated for the analytes specified in Table 1. The list given in this table can be modified depending on the purpose and focus of the method. The lower application range of this method can vary depending on the sensitivity of the equipment used and the matrix of the samples. For many substances to which this document applies a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1 ng/l can be achieved. Using high volume direct injection as described in part A or SPE as described in part B of the method allows lower LOQs. Analytical limitations can occur with short-chain PFAS or PFAS with more than ten carbon atoms in the carbon chain. Actual LOQs can depend on the blank values realized by individual laboratories as well.
NOTE This document enables the analysis of those 20 PFAS which are listed in point 3 of Part B of Annex III of the EU Drinking Water Directive, EU 2020/2184 [4], for the surveillance of the parametric limit value of 0,10 µg/l for the sum of PFAS.
Furthermore, alternatives and substitutes for these PFAS substances can be analysed using this document as well.
Table 1 - Analytes for which a determination was validated in accordance with this method
- Standard41 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 15923-1:2013 specifies methods for the automatic performance of spectrophotometric and turbidimetric analyses with a discrete analysis system for determining ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, chloride, orthophosphate, sulfate, and silicate. The field of application is ground, potable, surface, waste, eluates, and boiler water.
- Standard33 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for the determination of the dissolved fraction of selected perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in non-filtrated drinking water using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The applicability of the method to other types of water like fresh waters (e.g. ground water, surface water) or treated wastewater can be validated separately for each individual case.
For each target compound both, eventually occurring branched isomers and the respective non-branched isomer, are quantified together. The selected set of substances determined by this method is representative for a wide variety of PFAS. This method has been validated for the analytes specified in Table 1. The list given in this table can be modified depending on the purpose and focus of the method. The lower application range of this method can vary depending on the sensitivity of the equipment used and the matrix of the samples. For many substances to which this document applies a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1 ng/l can be achieved. Using high volume direct injection as described in part A or SPE as described in part B of the method allows lower LOQs. Analytical limitations can occur with short-chain PFAS or PFAS with more than ten carbon atoms in the carbon chain. Actual LOQs can depend on the blank values realized by individual laboratories as well.
NOTE This document enables the analysis of those 20 PFAS which are listed in point 3 of Part B of Annex III of the EU Drinking Water Directive, EU 2020/2184 [4], for the surveillance of the parametric limit value of 0,10 µg/l for the sum of PFAS.
Furthermore, alternatives and substitutes for these PFAS substances can be analysed using this document as well.
Table 1 - Analytes for which a determination was validated in accordance with this method
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This document specifies the principles of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and provides general requirements for the use of this technique to determine elements in water, digests of sludges and sediments (e.g. digests of water as described in ISO 15587-1 or ISO 15587-2). Generally, the measurement is carried out in water, but gases, vapours or fine particulate matter can be introduced too. This document applies to the use of ICP-MS for aqueous solution analysis.
The ultimate determination of the elements is described in a separate International Standard for each series of elements and matrix. The individual clauses of this document refer the user to these guidelines for the basic principles of the method and the configuration of the instrument.
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This document specifies the principles of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and provides general requirements for the use of this technique to determine elements in water, digests of sludges and sediments (e.g. digests of water as described in ISO 15587-1 or ISO 15587-2). Generally, the measurement is carried out in water, but gases, vapours or fine particulate matter can be introduced too. This document applies to the use of ICP-MS for aqueous solution analysis.
The ultimate determination of the elements is described in a separate International Standard for each series of elements and matrix. The individual clauses of this document refer the user to these guidelines for the basic principles of the method and the configuration of the instrument.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for determination of the carbon content of water from a variety of natural, domestic, and industrial sources. In its most common form, this test method is used to measure organic carbon as a means of monitoring organic pollutants in high purity and drinking water. These measurements are also used in monitoring waste treatment processes.
5.2 The relationship of TOC to other water quality parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total oxygen demand (TOD) is described in the literature (6).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of total carbon (TC), inorganic carbon (IC), and total organic carbon (TOC) in water in the range from 0.5 mg/L to 30 mg/L of carbon. Higher levels may be determined by sample dilution. The test method utilizes ultraviolet-persulfate oxidation of organic carbon, coupled with a CO2 selective membrane to recover the CO2 into deionized water. The change in conductivity of the deionized water is measured and related to carbon concentration in the oxidized sample. Inorganic carbon is determined in a similar manner without the requirement for oxidation. In both cases, the sample is acidified to facilitate CO2 recovery through the membrane. The relationship between the conductivity measurement and carbon concentration is described by a set of chemometric equations for the chemical equilibrium of CO2, HCO3−, H+, and the relationship between the ionic concentrations and the conductivity. The chemometric model includes the temperature dependence of the equilibrium constants and the specific conductances.
1.2 This test method has the advantage of a very high sensitivity detector that allows very low detection levels on relatively small volumes of sample. Also, use of two measurement channels allows determination of CO2 in the sample independently of organic carbon. Isolation of the conductivity detector from the sample by the CO2 selective membrane results in a very stable calibration, with minimal interferences.
1.3 This test method was used successfully with reagent water spiked with sodium bicarbonate and various organic materials. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of this test method for waters of untested matrices.
1.4 This test method is applicable only to carbonaceous matter in the sample that can be introduced into the reaction zone. The injector opening size generally limits the maximum size of particles that can be introduced.
1.5 In addition to laboratory analyses, this test method may be applied to on line monitoring.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The extensive and widespread use of organochlorine pesticides and PCBs has resulted in their presence in all parts of the environment. These compounds are persistent and may have adverse effects on the environment. Thus, there is a need to identify and quantitate these compounds in water samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method (1-3)2 is applicable to the determination of the following analytes in finished drinking water, drinking water during intermediate stages of treatment, and the raw source water:
Analyte
Chemical Abstract Service
Registry Number A
Alachlor
5972-60-8
Aldrin
309-00-2
Chlordane
57-74-9
Dieldrin
60-57-1
Endrin
72-20-8
Heptachlor
76-44-8
Heptachlor Epoxide
1024-57-3
Hexachlorobenzene
118-74-1
Lindane
58-89-9
Methoxychlor
72-43-5
Toxaphene
8001-35-2
Aroclor B 1016
12674-11-2
Aroclor B 1221
11104-28-2
Aroclor B 1232
11141-16-5
Aroclor B 1242
53469-21-9
Aroclor B 1248
12672-29-6
Aroclor B 1254
11097-69-1
Aroclor B 1260
11096-82-5
1.2 Detection limits for most test method analytes are less than 1 μg/L. Actual detection limits are highly dependent on the characteristics of the sample matrix and the gas chromatography system. Table 1 contains the applicable concentration range for the precision and bias statements. Only Aroclor 1016 and 1254 were included in the interlaboratory test used to derive the precision and bias statements. Data for other PCB products are likely to be similar.
1.3 Chlordane, toxaphene, and Aroclor products (polychlorinated biphenyls) are multicomponent materials. Precision and bias statements reflect recovery of these materials dosed into water samples. The precision and bias statements may not apply to environmentally altered materials or to samples containing complex mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides.
1.4 For compounds other than those listed in 1.1 or for other sample sources, the analyst must demonstrate the applicability of this test method by collecting precision and bias data on spiked samples (groundwater, tap water) (4) and provide qualitative confirmation of results by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) (5) or by GC analysis using dissimilar columns.
1.5 This test method is restricted to use by or under the supervision of analysts experienced in the use of GC and in the interpretation of gas chromatograms. Each analyst must demonstrate the ability to generate acceptable results using the procedure described in Section 13.
1.6 Analytes that are not separated chromatographically, (analytes that have very similar retention times) cannot be individually identified and measured in the same calibration mixture or water sample unless an alternative technique for identification and quantitation exists (see 13.4).
1.7 When this test method is used to analyze unfamiliar samples for any or all of the analytes listed in 1.1, analyte identifications and concentrations should be confirmed by at least one additional technique.
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for characterization and rapid quantification of PAH mixtures including petroleum oils, fuels, creosotes, and industrial organic mixtures, either waterborne or obtained from tanks.
5.2 The unknown PAH mixture is first characterized by its fluorescence emission and synchronous scanning spectra. Then a suitable site-specific calibration standard with similar spectral characteristics is selected as described in Annex A1. This calibration standard may also be well-characterized by other independent methods such as gas chromatography (GC), GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Some suggested independent analytical methods are included in References (1-7)4 and Test Method D4657. Other analytical methods can be substituted by an experienced analyst depending on the intended data quality objectives. Peak maxima intensities of appropriate fluorescence emission spectra are then used to set up suitable calibration curves as a function of concentration. Further discussion of fluorescence techniques as applied to the characterization and quantification of PAHs and petroleum oils can be found in References (8-18).
5.3 For the purpose of the present test method polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons are defined to include substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with functional groups such as carboxyl acid, hydroxy, carbonyl and amino groups, and heterocycles giving similar fluorescence responses to PAHs of similar molecular weight ranges. If PAHs in the more classic definition, that is, unsubstituted PAHs, are desired, chemical reactions, extractions, or chromatographic procedures may be required to eliminate these other components. Fortunately, for the most commonly expected PAH mixtures, such substituted PAHs and heterocycles are not major components of the mixtures and do not cause serious errors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a means for quantifying or characterizing total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) by fluorescence spectroscopy (Fl) for waterborne samples. The characterization step is for the purpose of finding an appropriate calibration standard with similar emission and synchronous fluorescence spectra.
1.2 This test method is applicable to PAHs resulting from petroleum oils, fuel oils, creosotes, or industrial organic mixtures. Samples can be weathered or unweathered, but either the same material or appropriately characterized site-specific PAH or petroleum oil calibration standards with similar fluorescence spectra should be chosen. The degree of spectral similarity needed will depend on the desired level of quantification and on the required data quality objectives.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Purgeable organic compounds, including organohalides, have been identified as contaminants in raw and drinking water. These contaminants may be harmful to the environment and man. Dynamic headspace sampling is a generally applicable method for concentrating these components prior to gas chromatographic analysis (1-5).3 This test method can be used to quantitatively determine purgeable organic compounds in raw source water, drinking water, and treated effluent water.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of most purgeable organic compounds that boil below 200 °C and are less than 2 % soluble in water. It covers the low μg/L to low mg/L concentration range (see Section 15 and Appendix X1).
1.2 This test method was developed for the analysis of drinking water. It is also applicable to many environmental and waste waters when validation, consisting of recovering known concentrations of compounds of interest added to representative matrices, is included.
1.3 Volatile organic compounds in water at concentrations above 1000 μg/L may be determined by direct aqueous injection in accordance with Practice D2908.
1.4 It is the user's responsibility to assure the validity of the test method for untested matrices.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in 8.5.5.1.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The incidental conversion of organic material to trihalomethanes and other volatile organohalides during chlorination of water is a possible health hazard and is the object of much research. This test method can be used as a rapid, simple means for determining many volatile organohalides in raw and processed water.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the analysis of drinking water. It is also applicable to many environmental and waste waters when adequate validation is included.
1.2 This test method covers the determination of halomethanes, haloethanes, and some related extractable organohalides amenable to gas chromatographic measurement. The applicable concentration range for trihalomethanes is from 1 μg/L to 200 μg/L. Detection limits depend on the compound, matrix, and on the characteristics of the gas chromatographic system.
1.3 For compounds not specifically included in the precision and bias section the analyst should validate the test method by collecting precision and bias data on actual samples.
1.4 Confirmation of component identities is obtained by observing retention times using gas chromatographic columns of different polarities. When concentrations are sufficiently high (>50 μg/L) confirmation with halogen specific detectors or gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) may be used. Confirmation of purgeable compounds at levels down to 1 μg/L can be obtained using Test Method D3871 with GC/MS detection.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is useful in identifying the major organic constituents in wastewater for support of effective in-plant or pollution control programs. Currently, the most practical means for tentatively identifying and measuring a range of volatile organic compounds is gas-liquid chromatography. Positive identification requires supplemental testing (for example, multiple columns, speciality detectors, spectroscopy, or a combination of these techniques).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers general guidance applicable to certain test methods for the qualitative and quantitative determination of specific organic compounds, or classes of compounds, in water by direct aqueous injection gas chromatography (1, 2, 3, 4).2
1.2 Volatile organic compounds at aqueous concentrations greater than about 1 mg/L can generally be determined by direct aqueous injection gas chromatography.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies the principles of inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and provides general requirements for the use of this technique to determine elements in water, digests of sludges and sediments (e.g. digests of water as described in ISO 15587-1 or ISO 15587-2). Generally, the measurement is carried out in water, but gases, vapours or fine particulate matter can be introduced too. This document applies to the use of ICP-MS for aqueous solution analysis. The ultimate determination of the elements is described in a separate International Standard for each series of elements and matrix. The individual clauses of this document refer the user to these guidelines for the basic principles of the method and the configuration of the instrument.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and trivalent chromium [Cr(III)] in water by liquid chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LC-ICP-MS) after chelating pretreatment. This method is applicable to the determination of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) dissolved in wastewater, surface water, groundwater, or drinking water from 0,20 μg/l to 500 μg/l of each compound as chromium (Cr) mass. Samples containing Cr at concentrations higher than the working range can be analysed following appropriate dilution of the sample.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the elements aluminium, antimony, arsenic,
barium, beryllium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, caesium, calcium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
dysprosium, erbium, gadolinium, gallium, germanium, gold, hafnium, holmium, indium, iridium, iron,
lanthanum, lead, lithium, lutetium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, neodymium, nickel,
palladium, phosphorus, platinum, potassium, praseodymium, rubidium, rhenium, rhodium, ruthenium,
samarium, scandium, selenium, silver, sodium, strontium, terbium, tellurium, thorium, thallium,
thulium, tin, titanium, tungsten, uranium and its isotopes, vanadium, yttrium, ytterbium, zinc and
zirconium in water (e.g. drinking water, surface water, ground water, waste water and eluates).
Taking into account the specific and additionally occurring interferences, these elements can be
determined in water and digests of water and sludge (e.g. digests of water as described in ISO 15587-1
or ISO 15587-2).
The working range depends on the matrix and the interferences encountered. In drinking water and
relatively unpolluted waters, the limit of quantification (LOQ) lies between 0,002 μg/l and 1,0 μg/l for
most elements (see Table 1). The working range typically covers concentrations between several ng/l
and mg/l depending on the element and specified requirements.
The quantification limits of most elements are affected by blank contamination and depend
predominantly on the laboratory air-handling facilities available on the purity of reagents and the
cleanliness of glassware.
The lower limit of quantification is higher in cases where the determination suffers from interferences
(see Clause 5) or memory effects (see ISO 17294-1).
Elements other than those mentioned in the scope can also be determined according to this document
provided that the user of the document is able to validate the method appropriately (e.g. interferences,
sensitivity, repeatability, recovery).
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides an overview of analytical methods, techniques, and procedures that may be used in determination of PFAS in environmental media.
4.2 This guide provides considerations relevant to the selection and application of PFAS analytical methods, techniques, and procedures, including the limitations of published analytical methods and the potential benefits and challenges of non-standard analytical approaches.
4.3 This guide presents comparisons of published analytical methods and approaches, including tabular comparison of target analyte lists and method features, to aid users in the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques for project-specific applications.
4.4 This guide describes qualitative techniques available to determine total PFAS, including explanation of terms, discussion of preparation and analytical techniques and limitations, conceptual overview schematic, and summary comparison table.
4.5 This guide provides current information on research trends in PFAS determination techniques applied to environmental media.
4.6 This guide provides an integrated framework that results in efficient, cost-effective decision-making for timely, appropriate response actions for PFAS-impacted environmental media.
4.7 This guide is not intended to replace or supersede federal, state, local, or international regulatory requirements. Instead, this guide may be used to complement and support such requirements.
4.8 This guide may be used by various parties involved in response actions for PFAS-impacted environmental media, including regulatory agencies, project sponsors, environmental consultants and contractors, site remediation professionals, analytical testing laboratories, data reviewers, data users, academic institutions, research institutes, and other stakeholders.
4.9 The users of this guide should consider assembling a team of experienced professionals with appropriate expertise to scope, plan, and execute PFA...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide discusses the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques used to identify and quantitate per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in environmental media. This guide provides a flexible, defensible framework applicable to a wide range of environmental programs. It is structured to support a tiered approach with analytical methods, procedures, and techniques of increasing complexity as the user proceeds through the evaluation process. This guide addresses key decision criteria and best practices to aid users in achieving project objectives. There are numerous technical decisions that must be made in the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques used during environmental data acquisition programs. It is not the intent of this guide to define appropriate technical decisions, but rather to provide technical support within existing decision frameworks.
1.2 This guide informs practitioners on the considerations relevant to the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques for the quantitative and qualitative determination of PFAS in a variety of environmental sample media. This guide encourages user-led collaboration with stakeholders, including analytical laboratories, data evaluation practitioners, and regulators, in the selection and application of analytical methods and techniques used to support project-specific decision criteria and objectives as applied within a particular environmental regulatory program. This guide recognizes the complexity and diversity of environmental programs and project objectives and provides technical guidance for a range of project applications.
1.3 This guide is intended to complement, not replace, existing regulatory requirements or guidance. ASTM International (ASTM) guides are not regulations; they are consensus-based standards that may be followed as needed.
1.4 This guide recognizes that PFAS can be catego...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are significant because the concentration of beryllium in water must be measured accurately in order to evaluate potential health and environmental effects.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of dissolved and total recoverable beryllium in most waters and wastewaters:
Concentration
Range
Sections
Test Method A–Atomic Absorption, Direct
10 μg/L to 500 μg/L
7 to 17
Test Method B–Atomic Absorption, Graphite Furnace
10 μg/L to 50 μg/L
18 to 26
1.2 The analyst should direct attention to the precision and bias statements for each test method. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for waters of untested matrices.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 12 and 24.4.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for the determination of element concentrations in many natural waters. It has the capability for the simultaneous determination of up to 15 separate elements. High analysis sensitivity can be achieved for some elements, such as boron and vanadium.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of dissolved and total recoverable elements in water, which includes drinking water, lake water, river water, sea water, snow, and Type II reagent water by direct current plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (DCP).
1.2 The information on precision and bias may not apply to other waters.
1.3 This test method is applicable to the 15 elements listed in Annex A1 (Table A1.1) and covers the ranges in Table 1.
1.4 This test method is not applicable to brines unless the sample matrix can be matched or the sample can be diluted by a factor of 200 up to 500 and still maintain the analyte concentration above the detection limit.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In most natural waters selenium concentrations seldom exceed 10 μg/L. However, the runoff from certain types of seleniferous soils at various times of the year can produce concentrations as high as several hundred micrograms per litre. Additionally, industrial contamination can be a significant source of selenium in rivers and streams.
4.2 High concentrations of selenium in drinking water have been suspected of being toxic to animal life. Selenium is a priority pollutant and all public water agencies are required to monitor its concentration.
4.3 These test methods determine the dominant species of selenium reportedly found in most natural and wastewaters, including selenities, selenates, and organo-selenium compounds.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of dissolved and total recoverable selenium in most waters and wastewaters. Both test methods utilize atomic absorption procedures, as follows:
Sections
Test Method A—Gaseous Hydride AAS2, 3
7 – 16
Test Method B—Graphite Furnace AAS
17 – 26
1.2 These test methods are applicable to both inorganic and organic forms of dissolved selenium. They are applicable also to particulate forms of the element, provided that they are solubilized in the appropriate acid digestion step. However, certain selenium-containing heavy metallic sediments may not undergo digestion.
1.3 These test methods are most applicable within the following ranges:
Test Method A—Gaseous Hydride AAS2, 3
1 μg/L to 20 μg/L
Test Method B—Graphite Furnace AAS
2 μg/L to 100 μg/L
These ranges may be extended (with a corresponding loss in precision) by decreasing the sample size or diluting the original sample, but concentrations much greater than the upper limits are more conveniently determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 11.12 and 13.14.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Most waters rarely contain more than trace concentrations of cobalt from natural sources. Although trace amounts of cobalt seem to be essential to the nutrition of some animals, large amounts have pronounced toxic effects on both plant and animal life.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of dissolved and total recoverable cobalt in water and wastewater 2 by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Three test methods are included as follows:
Concentration Range
Sections
Test Method A—Atomic Absorption, Direct
0.1 mg/L to 10 mg/L
7 to 16
Test Method B—Atomic Absorption, Chelation-Extraction
10 μg/L to 1000 μg/L
17 to 26
Test Method C—Atomic Absorption, Graphite Furnace
5 μg/L to 100 μg/L
27 to 36
1.2 Test Method A has been used successfully with reagent water, potable water, river water, and wastewater. Test Method B has been used successfully with reagent water, potable water, river water, sea water and brine. Test Method C was successfully evaluated in reagent water, artificial seawater, river water, tap water, and a synthetic brine. It is the analyst's responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for other matrices.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 11.8.1, 21.12, and 23.10.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Herbicides, insecticides, and many industrial effluents contain arsenic and are potential sources of water pollution. Arsenic is significant because of its adverse physiological effects on humans.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods2 cover the photometric and atomic absorption determination of arsenic in most waters and wastewaters. Three test methods are given as follows:
Concentration
Range
Sections
Test Method A—Silver Diethyldithio-
carbamate Colorimetric
5 μg/L to 250 μg/L
7 to 16
Test Method B—Atomic Absorption,
Hydride Generation
1 μg/L to 20 μg/L
17 to 26
Test Method C—Atomic Absorption,
Graphite Furnace
5 μg/L to 100 μg/L
27 to 36
1.2 The analyst should direct attention to the precision and bias statements for each test method. It is the user's responsibility to ensure the validity of these test methods for waters of untested matrices.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see 11.1 and 20.2.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A rapid and routine procedure for determining biomass of the living microorganisms in cultures, waters, wastewaters, and in plankton and periphyton samples taken from surface waters is frequently of vital importance. However, classical techniques such as direct microscope counts, turbidity, organic chemical analyses, cell tagging, and plate counts are expensive, time-consuming, or tend to underestimate total numbers. In addition, some of these methods do not distinguish between living and nonliving cells.
5.2 This test method measures the concentration of cellular-ATP present in the sample. ATP is a constituent of all living cells, including bacteria, algae, protozoa, and fungi. Consequently, the presence of cellular-ATP is an indicator of total metabolically active microbial contamination in water. ATP is not associated with matter of non-biological origin.
5.3 The ATP (luciferin-luciferase) method is a rapid, sensitive determination of viable microbial biomass. ATP is the primary energy donor for life processes, does not exist in association with nonliving detrital material, and the amount of ATP per unit of biomass (expressed in weight) is relatively constant. (ATP per cell varies with species and physiological state of the organism.)
5.4 This test method can be used to:
5.4.1 Estimate viable microbial biomass in cultures and waters.
5.4.2 Estimate the amount of total viable biomass in plankton and periphyton samples.
5.4.3 Estimate the number of viable cells in a unispecies culture if the cATP content (or if the average amount of cATP) per cell is known.
5.4.4 Estimate and differentiate between zooplanktonic, phytoplanktonic, bacterial, and fungal cATP through size fractionation of water samples.
5.4.5 Measure the mortality rate of microorganisms in toxicity tests in entrainment studies, and in other situations where populations or assemblages of microorganisms are placed under stress.
5.5 This test method is similar to Test Metho...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a protocol for capturing, extracting and quantifying the cellular adenosine triphosphate (cATP) content associated with microorganisms normally found in laboratory cultures and waters in plankton and periphyton samples from waters.
1.2 The ATP is measured using a bioluminescence enzyme assay, whereby light is generated in amounts proportional to the concentration of ATP in the samples. The light is produced and measured quantitatively as relative light units (RLU) which are converted by comparison with an ATP standard and computation to pg ATP/mL.
1.3 This method does not remove all known chemical interferences, known to either luminesce in the 530 nm ± 20 nm range, or to quench light emitted in that range. It should not be used to determine ATP concentrations in samples with dissolved organic compounds, heavy metals or >10 000 ppm total dissolved solids. Alternative methods have been developed for determining ATP concentrations in fluids samples likely to contain such interferences (Test Methods D7687 and E2694).
1.4 Knowledge of the concentration of ATP can be related to viable biomass or metabolic activity of microorganisms (Appendix X1).
1.5 This test method offers a high degree of sensitivity, rapidity, accuracy, and reproducibility.
1.6 The analyst should be aware that the precision statement pertains only to determinations in reagent water and not necessarily in the matrix being tested.
1.7 This test method is equally suitable for use in the laboratory or field.
1.8 The method normally detects cATP concentrations in the range of 0.1 pg cATP/mL (–1.0Log10 [pg cATP/mL]) to
4 000 000 pg cATP/mL (6.6 Log10 [pg cATP/mL]) in 50 mL water samples.
1.9 Providing interferences can be overcome, bioluminescence is a reliable and proven method for qualifying and quantifying ATP, although the method does not differentiate between ATP from different sources, for example, from...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Chlorine is added to potable water, waste water, and industrial water for a variety of purposes. Some of these purposes are:
5.1.1 To eliminate or reduce the growth of microorganisms in water,
5.1.2 To destroy or modify decomposable organic substances so as to reduce the biochemical oxygen demand of the water,
5.1.3 To eliminate or reduce taste, odors, and color in the water,
5.1.4 To separate grease in waste water by eliminating the protective colloidal effect of proteins present, and
5.1.5 To destroy or modify substances in the waste water that react directly by oxidation, such as ammonia, cyanates, cyanides, ferrous iron, nitrites, phenol, phosphorus, sulfides, sulfites, thiocyanates, and other oxidizable constituents.
5.2 It is important to avoid over-chlorination in order to minimize chemical consumption, meet restrictions specified by regulatory agencies, and minimize equipment degradation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a means of estimating the quantity of chlorine required to be added to a unit volume of water to accomplish a predetermined treatment objective or to completely react with all chlorine reactable substances in the water, or both.
1.2 Temperature, pH, and initial chlorine dosage are all variables in estimating the optimum chlorination practice. The effects of these variables can be evaluated using this practice.
1.3 Chlorine residual is determined using Test Method D1253.
1.4 This practice is applicable to all types of water in which the stated treatment objective can be evaluated or residual chlorine can be measured, or both.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 7.5.1.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Home reverse osmosis devices are typically used to remove salts and other impurities from drinking water at the point of use. They are usually operated at tap water line pressure, with water containing up to several hundred milligrams per litre of total dissolved solids. This practice permits measurement of the performance of home reverse osmosis devices using a standard set of conditions and is intended for short-term testing (less than 24 h). This practice can be used to determine changes that may have occurred in the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices during use, but it is not intended to be used for system design. This practice does not necessarily determine the device’s performance when solutes other than sodium chloride are present. Use Practice D4516 and Test Methods D4194 to standardize actual field data to a standard set of conditions.
5.2 This practice is applicable for spiral-wound devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers determination of the operating characteristics of home reverse osmosis devices using standard test conditions. It does not necessarily determine the characteristics of the devices operating on natural waters.
1.2 This practice is applicable for spiral-wound devices.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the elements aluminium, antimony, arsenic,
barium, beryllium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, caesium, calcium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper,
dysprosium, erbium, gadolinium, gallium, germanium, gold, hafnium, holmium, indium, iridium, iron,
lanthanum, lead, lithium, lutetium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, neodymium, nickel,
palladium, phosphorus, platinum, potassium, praseodymium, rubidium, rhenium, rhodium, ruthenium,
samarium, scandium, selenium, silver, sodium, strontium, terbium, tellurium, thorium, thallium,
thulium, tin, titanium, tungsten, uranium and its isotopes, vanadium, yttrium, ytterbium, zinc and
zirconium in water (e.g. drinking water, surface water, ground water, waste water and eluates).
Taking into account the specific and additionally occurring interferences, these elements can be
determined in water and digests of water and sludge (e.g. digests of water as described in ISO 15587-1
or ISO 15587-2).
The working range depends on the matrix and the interferences encountered. In drinking water and
relatively unpolluted waters, the limit of quantification (LOQ) lies between 0,002 μg/l and 1,0 μg/l for
most elements (see Table 1). The working range typically covers concentrations between several ng/l
and mg/l depending on the element and specified requirements.
The quantification limits of most elements are affected by blank contamination and depend
predominantly on the laboratory air-handling facilities available on the purity of reagents and the
cleanliness of glassware.
The lower limit of quantification is higher in cases where the determination suffers from interferences
(see Clause 5) or memory effects (see ISO 17294-1).
Elements other than those mentioned in the scope can also be determined according to this document
provided that the user of the document is able to validate the method appropriately (e.g. interferences,
sensitivity, repeatability, recovery).
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This document specifies a method for the determination of the elements aluminium, antimony, arsenic, barium, beryllium, bismuth, boron, cadmium, caesium, calcium, cerium, chromium, cobalt, copper, dysprosium, erbium, gadolinium, gallium, germanium, gold, hafnium, holmium, indium, iridium, iron, lanthanum, lead, lithium, lutetium, magnesium, manganese, mercury, molybdenum, neodymium, nickel, palladium, phosphorus, platinum, potassium, praseodymium, rubidium, rhenium, rhodium, ruthenium, samarium, scandium, selenium, silver, sodium, strontium, terbium, tellurium, thorium, thallium, thulium, tin, titanium, tungsten, uranium and its isotopes, vanadium, yttrium, ytterbium, zinc and zirconium in water (e.g. drinking water, surface water, ground water, waste water and eluates). Taking into account the specific and additionally occurring interferences, these elements can be determined in water and digests of water and sludge (e.g. digests of water as described in ISO 15587-1 or ISO 15587-2). The working range depends on the matrix and the interferences encountered. In drinking water and relatively unpolluted waters, the limit of quantification (LOQ) lies between 0,002 µg/l and 1,0 µg/l for most elements (see Table 1). The working range typically covers concentrations between several ng/l and mg/l depending on the element and specified requirements. The quantification limits of most elements are affected by blank contamination and depend predominantly on the laboratory air-handling facilities available on the purity of reagents and the cleanliness of glassware. The lower limit of quantification is higher in cases where the determination suffers from interferences (see Clause 5) or memory effects (see ISO 17294-1). Elements other than those mentioned in the scope can also be determined according to this document provided that the user of the document is able to validate the method appropriately (e.g. interferences, sensitivity, repeatability, recovery).
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This document specifies methods and principles for detection of selected congeners of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water and wastewater using a flow immunosensor. The flow immunosensor utilizes antibodies specific to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2,3,7,8-TCDD) and 3,3’,4,4’,5-pentachlorobiphenyl (3,3’,4,4’,5-PeCB), which have the highest toxic equivalent factor (TEF) value among the congeners of each of PCDDs and PCBs. The method is applicable to timely monitoring of selected congeners of 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 3,3’,4,4’,5-PeCB in water and wastewater to prioritize those for subsequent confirmatory determination. This document specifies practical methods and procedures for sampling, extraction, clean-up, measurement in a flow immunosensor, data processing and validation of measurement results. The combined use of automated instruments for extraction, clean-up, and flow immunosensing can reduce time-consumption and labour-intensity, while providing reproducible precise data. This method can provide the lower limit of quantification (LOQ) for 2,3,7,8-TCDD and 3,3’,4,4’,5-PeCB of 28 pg/l and 152 pg/l, respectively at 20 % or less of coefficient variation (CV) depending on sampling, extraction, clean-up and measurement conditions.
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