ASTM F3045-20
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Mixed with Water
Standard Test Method for Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products Mixed with Water
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 A standard test is necessary to establish a behavior pattern for spilled oils or petroleum products at different oil weathering stages.
4.2 Water-in-oil mixtures vary with oil type and oil conditions such as weathering. Results from this test method form a baseline, and usually are a measure of behavior at sea.
4.3 This test has been developed over many years using standardized equipment, test procedures, and to overcome difficulties noted in other test procedures.
4.4 This test should be performed at the temperatures and degrees of weathering corresponding to the spill conditions of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities in the laboratory. The results of this test method can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models.
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determining emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures that may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models.
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input to oil spill models.
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils are relatively stable with respect to the type formed
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: F3045 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-
oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
1
Mixed with Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Summary of Test Method
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the 2.1 Oil is mixed with 33 ‰ (3.3 %) saline water for 12 h in
water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities in the a standard rotating apparatus. The resulting mixture is charac-
laboratory. The results of this test method can provide oil terized after this shaking period.
behavior data for input into oil spill models.
2.2 The resulting mixture as created in step 2.1, is charac-
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determin- terizedvisually,bymeasuringwatercontentandbyrheological
ing emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures measurements. The mixture is then classified as a stable,
that may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies. meso-stable, unstable emulsion or an entrained water mixture.
Each of these four types of mixtures has different characteris-
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are
tics affecting the oils behavior once spilled.
intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and
petroleum products at sea and input to oil spill models.
3. Terminology
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be
3.1 Definitions:
used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as
3.1.1 complex modulus—One of the results of viscoelastic
input to oil spill models.
measurement, a measure of the resistance of a viscoelastic
substance to flow under an applied dynamic stress, combining
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on
the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils both the non-reversible (viscous) flow of the test substance and
the reversible (elastic) deformation of the test substance.
can form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their
chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils
3.1.2 emulsion—Atype of colloid, specifically, a dispersion
are relatively stable with respect to the type formed
of small droplets of one liquid in another.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.2.1 meso-stable emulsions—Emulsions that lack one or
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
more of the compositional factors necessary to form a stable
standard.
emulsion, but that are sufficiently stable to persist for short
periods, typically a few days.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2.2 stable emulsions—Emulsions that persist
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
indefinitely, consisting of fine droplets with a rigid film
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
interface which resists coalescence.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.2.3 unstable emulsions—Mixtures of water and oil that
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
resolve rapidly into two phases, usually within a few minutes
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
to hours. There may be residual water remaining in low
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
percentages.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.1.2.4 water-in-oil emulsion—An emulsion consisting of a
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
continuous phase of oil containing a dispersed phase of water.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.1.3 entrained water—This is not an emulsion but a me-
chanical mixture of oil and water which has not separated due
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on
to the physical properties of the water and oil.
Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee F20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—Typically, the oil and water have simi-
Current edition approved April 1, 2020. Published April 2020. Originally
lar densities and the oil phase has a high viscosity.
ɛ1
approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F3045–15 . DOI:
10.1520/F3045–20. 3.1.4 rag—The remnant of a broken water-in-oil emulsion.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: F3045 − 15 F3045 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Evaluation of the Type and Viscoelastic Stability of Water-in-
oil Mixtures Formed from Crude Oil and Petroleum Products
1
Mixed with Water
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F3045; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—The numbering in Section 3 was editorially corrected in May 2016.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the water-in-oil emulsification tendencies and stabilities in the laboratory.
The results of this test method can provide oil behavior data for input into oil spill models.
1.2 This test method covers a specific method of determining emulsion tendencies and does not cover other procedures
whichthat may be applicable to determining emulsion tendencies.
1.3 The test results obtained using this test method are intended to provide baseline data for the behavior of oil and petroleum
products at sea and input to oil spill models.
1.4 The test results obtained using this test method can be used directly to predict certain facets of oil spill behavior or as input
to oil spill models.
1.5 The accuracy of the test method depends very much on the representative nature of the oil sample used. Certain oils can
form a variety of water-in-oil types depending on their chemical contents at the moment a sample is taken. Other oils are relatively
stable with respect to the type formed
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Summary of Test Method
2.1 Oil is mixed with 33‰ (3.3%)33 ‰ (3.3 %) saline water for 12 h in a standard rotating apparatus. The resulting mixture
is characterized after this shaking period.
2.2 The resulting mixture as created in step 2.1, is characterized visually, by measuring water content and by rheological
measurements. The mixture is then classified as a stable, meso-stable, unstable emulsion or an entrained water mixture. Each of
these four types of mixtures has different characteristics affecting the oils behavior once spilled.
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 complex modulus—One of the results of viscoelastic measurement, a measure of the resistance of a viscoelastic substance
to flow under an applied dynamic stress, combining both the non-reversible (viscous) flow of the test substance and the reversible
(elastic) deformation of the test substance.
3.1.2 emulsion—A type of colloid, specifically, a dispersion of small droplets of one liquid in another.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015April 1, 2020. Published December 2015April 2020. Originally approved in 2015. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as
ɛ1
F3045–15 . DOI: 10.1520/F3045–15E01.10.1520/F3045–20.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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F3045 − 20
3.1.2.1 meso-stable emulsions—Emulsions whichthat lack one or more of the compositional factors necessary to form a stable
emulsion, but whichthat are sufficiently stable to persist for short periods, typically a few days.
3.1.2.2 stable emulsions—Emulsions that persist indefinitely, consisting of fine droplets with a rigid film interface which resists
coalescence.
3.1.2.3 unstable emulsions—Mixtures of water and oil whichthat resolve rapidly into two phases, usually within a few minutes
to hours. There may be residual water rema
...
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