ASTM F2926-12

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F2926 − 12
Standard Guide for
Selection and Operation of Vessel-mounted Camera
Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2926; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F2327 Guide for Selection of Airborne Remote Sensing
Systems for Detection and Monitoring of Oil on Water
1.1 This guide provides information and criteria for the
selection of camera remote sensing systems that are vessel-
3. Significance and Use
mounted for the detection of oil on water.
3.1 The contributions of an effective vessel-mounted cam-
1.2 This guide applies to the detection of oil-on-water
era system:
involving cameras of IR, visible, ultra-violet, or night vision
3.1.1 Provide a tactical image of the portion of spill in front
types.
of the vessel upon which the system is mounted,
1.3 The context of camera use is addressed to the extent it
3.1.2 Assist in detection of slicks when they are not observ-
has a bearing on their selection and utility for certain missions
able by persons operating at, or near, the water’s surface or at
or objectives.
night,
1.4 This guide is generally applicable to all types of crude
3.1.3 Provide assistance in judging whether these are sheens
oils and most petroleum products, under a variety of marine or
or slicks containing the most oil,
fresh water situations.
3.1.4 Provide input for the operational deployment of
1.5 Many camera technologies exhibit limitations with re-
equipment,
spect to discriminating between the target substances under
3.1.5 Extend the hours of clean-up operations to include
certain states of weathering, lighting, wind and sea, or various
darkness and poor visibility,
camera settings.
3.1.6 Identify oceanographic and geographic features to-
1.6 General remote sensing systems are used to detect and
ward which the oil may migrate,
delineate the overall slick. Vessel-mounted systems are used
3.1.7 Locate reported oil-on-water, and
only to provide a tactical image in front of the recovery vessel.
3.1.8 Guidance for operational crews to the slick(s).
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4. Overview of Remote Sensing Equipment Capabilities
standard.
and Limitations
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 The capability of camera equipment is determined by
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the physical and chemical properties of the atmosphere, the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
water, and the target oil. There may be variations in the degree
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
of sophistication, sensitivity and spatial resolution of sensors
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
using the same portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and
detector technology. Sensors within a given class tend to have
2. Referenced Documents
thesamegeneralcapabilitiesandtypicallysufferfromthesame
2.1 ASTM Standards:
limitations (see Guide F2327).
4.2 Combinations of camera types may offer broader spec-
1 tral coverage that permit better probability of detection, better
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous
Substances and Oil Spill Response and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee discrimination, and effective operation over a broader range of
F20.16 on Surveillance and Tracking.
weather and lighting conditions. Certain combinations, or
Current edition approved March 1, 2012. Published March 2012. DOI: 10.1520/
sensor suites, are well documented, and their use is particularly
F2926–12.
suited to oil spill response missions.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4.3 Camera performance can be enhanced by a variety of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. real-, near real-time or post processing techniques applied to
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F2926 − 12
the acquired data or imagery. Furthermore, image or data horizontal view angles). Fig. 1 shows the essential cross
fusion can greatly enhance the utility of the camera output or section of a camera mount.
product. 5.2.1 It is important then to purchase a camera with the
vertical and horizontal view angles that will permit the vessel
4.4 In a deployment of camera systems, it is likely that the
to look forward sufficiently to enable steering into the slick. It
source, general location and type of oil have been reported in
is important that the camera have a good view of the slick and
advance of the launch of the vessel upon which the camera
of the boom, if used, where the skimmer is positioned.
system is mounted.The planning for spills in different situation
Calculations were made on optimal angles, etc. and are
influences the selection of cameras.
presented in Table 3.
4.5 Vessel-mounted cameras can provide tactical imagery,
5.3 Setting the Camera Angle—The camera is best set at
such as to determine the response vessel maneuvers to enhance
Brewster’s angle, which is about 53° from the vertical. At
the oil encounter rates during daytime and nighttime.
Brewster’s angle, reflection from the water surface is mini-
4.6 In rough sea conditions, some form of camera stabili-
mized. This angle however may not permit sufficient forward
zation may be needed to produce a useful image.
view for some applications. Thus an adjustable camera is
desirable. See Fig. 2.
4.7 No sensor is currently available to give information on
actual oil thickness. Only relative thickness information, thick
6. Conclusions
or thin, can be derived from an infrared camera.
6.1 Vessel mounted cameras can provide useful imagery to
4.8 Table 1 lists cameras based upon their mode of opera-
assist in maneuvering the vessel during oil recovery to enhance
tion. Summary information on their positive features and
oil encounter rate.
limitations is presented.
6.2 Four types of cameras are used, infrared, visible,
4.9 Table 2 presents a summary of key attributes which
ultraviolet and night vision. Infrared is common and can
generally influence the selection of cameras.
provideimagerydiscriminatingbetweensheensandthickeroil.
Infrared cameras are often used together with visible cameras.
5. Summary
Ultraviolet cameras may be less useful as they highlight
5.1 The information presented in this guide should be sunlight and other glare. Night vision cameras may enhance
night recovery operations.
considered a starting point for camera selection. In addition to
the context of use and the attributes of the various types of
6.3 The height and angle mounting of the camera are
sensors. Both camera technology, and image and data analysis
important both to provide a useful image as well as to provide
capabilities are evolving rapidly. Some equipment is not
desired coverage of sea surface. Cameras should be mounted at
commercially-available.
or near Brewster’s angle (about 53° from the vertical).
5.2 After selecting the camera, one must select the correct
6.4 Cameras with pan, tilt, zoom capability are best for
mounting angle and position. A nomogram is presented in
vessel-mounted applications.
Table 3 to assist in mounting the camera and selecting view
7. Keywords
angles. Cameras for surveillance applications are suited to oil
spill vessel applications as they are available with remote angle 7.1 mast-mounted sensors; oil spill
...