D04.21 - Specific Gravity and Density of Asphalt Mixtures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results obtained from this method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted asphalt mixtures, and in conjunction with Test Method D3203/D3203M, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.  
4.2 Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.  
4.3 This method can be used for 100 mm [4 in.] and 150 mm [6 in.] diameter cylindrical as well as cubical asphalt mixture specimens to correct for inconsistencies in sample weight determinations resulting from drainage of water from samples and inaccuracy in saturated surface dry weight of absorptive coarse and open-graded mixes. Asphalt mixes such as stone matrix asphalt (SMA), porous friction course, and coarse-graded mixes with significant surface texture and interconnected voids can be tested with this method. Follow manufacturer recommendation for appropriate bag sizes to be utilized with cubical and abnormally shaped samples.4
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity of compacted asphalt mixtures by the vacuum sealing method.  
1.2 This method can be used for compacted cylindrical and cubical laboratory and field asphalt mixture specimens.  
1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted asphalt mixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of the mixture.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The maximum specific gravities and densities of asphalt mixtures are intrinsic properties whose values are influenced by the composition of the mixture in terms of types and amounts of aggregates and asphalt materials.  
5.1.1 They are used to calculate values for percent air voids in compacted asphalt mixtures.  
5.1.2 They provide target values for the compaction of asphalt mixtures.  
5.1.3 They are essential when calculating the amount of asphalt binder absorbed by the internal porosity of the individual aggregate particles in an asphalt mixture.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of maximum specific gravity and density of uncompacted asphalt mixtures at 25 °C [77 °F].  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thickness of a compacted asphalt mixture is often used as a construction check to ensure that the proper quantity of materials has been placed on a project, and to correct strength measurement on constant diameter specimens with varying heights.
Note 1: The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the thickness (or height) of compacted asphalt mixture specimens.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Section 7.4 specifies SI units because they are the units used in the equations for Test Methods D1188/D1188M and D2726/D2726M. Performing calculations without first converting any measurements made in inch-pound units to SI units in 7.4 will result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for determining the in-place density of compacted asphalt mixtures.  
4.2 With proper calibration and confirmation testing, the test method is suitable for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted asphalt mixtures.  
4.3 The test method can be used to establish the proper rolling effort and pattern to achieve the required density.  
4.4 The nondestructive nature of the test allows repetitive measurements to be made at a single test location between roller passes and to monitor changes in density.  
4.5 The density results obtained by this test method are relative. Correlation with other test methods such as D1188/D1188M, D2726/D2726M, or D6752/D6752M is required to convert the results obtained using this method to actual density. It is recommended that at least seven core densities and seven nuclear densities be used to establish a conversion factor. A new factor must be established at any time a change is made in the paving mixture or in the construction process.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a test procedure for determining the density of asphalt mixtures by the attenuation of gamma radiation, where the source and detector(s) remain on the surface (backscatter method) or the source or detector is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm [12 in.] while the detector or source remains on the surface (direct transmission method).  
1.2 The density, in mass per unit volume of the material under test, is determined by comparing the detected rate of gamma emissions with previously established calibration data.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guide for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.5 For limitations, see Section 5 on Interferences.  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard. It is the recommendation of Committee D04 that the following note be added to the end of the Significance and Use section of all applicable standards. Applicable standards are those in which measurement or calibration are made, sample are procured, or products are selected. The subcommittee shall determine the appropriateness of adding the note throughout the consensus process.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Develo...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Specimen dry weight is a critical measure in determination of accurate density and many other tests in the construction and raw materials industries. Drying specimens at room temperature is required for some tests and provides an advantage for other tests to ensure the integrity and to preserve the characteristics of specimens.  
4.2 This practice covers drying compacted asphalt mixture specimens in a vacuum chamber that is capable of keeping the specimen at close to room temperature. A vacuum pump reduces the pressure inside the chamber, thus allowing water to evaporate at low temperature. Since the specimen naturally cools during the evaporation process, making water harder to evaporate, it is important to have proper temperature controls in the chamber to ensure the specimen remains at close to room temperature. Automatic controls within the unit allow the specimen to remain at close to room temperature by periodically allowing a flow of warm and dry air, typically generated by an inline air heater, to enter the vacuum chamber. Cycling between vacuum and airflow conditions allows the specimen to dry in a short period of time. Completely saturated specimens with over 30 g [0.07 lb] of retained water can be dried in about 30 min. For most field cores that are not completely saturated, the drying time is generally less than 15 min.
Note 1: Cycle time (period) can depend on the material composition. Each cycle involves an alternating period of 30 to 180 s of vacuum operation and 30 to 120 s of airflow.  
4.3 This method can be used for 100 mm [4 in.] diameter, 150 mm [6 in.] diameter cylindrical, and cubical compacted asphalt mixture specimens.  
4.4 This method can also be used for drying loose asphalt mixtures, aggregate samples, and other solid specimens. Follow the manufacturer’s recommended procedures for drying specimens other than compacted asphalt mixture specimens.  
4.5 This method can be used to determine moisture content and amount of water loss...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the process of drying compacted asphalt mixture specimens using vacuum drying apparatus.  
1.2 The specimens dried by this practice remain at room temperature, which helps in maintaining specimen integrity during the drying process.  
1.3 This practice can be used for compacted cylindrical and cubical laboratory and field asphalt mixture specimens.  
1.4 This practice can also be used for drying other construction materials such as concrete, soils, aggregates, and loose asphalt mixtures. Use the manufacturer’s recommendations for drying other construction materials.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The percent of air voids in an asphalt mixture is used as one of the criteria in the design methods and for evaluation of the compaction imparted in asphalt paving projects.
Note 1: The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the percent air voids in compacted asphalt mixtures.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is useful in calculating percent air voids as given in Test Method D3203/D3203M. Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density when this type of measurement is required. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity of specimens of Parafilm-coated, compacted asphalt mixtures.  
1.2 This method should be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2.0 % of water by volume, or both.
Note 1: A method for calculating the percent water absorbed by the specimen on a volume basis is described in Test Method D2726/D2726M.  
1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted asphalt mixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of the mixture.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results obtained from this test method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted dense asphalt mixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D3203/D3203M, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.  
5.2 Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity and density of specimens of compacted asphalt mixtures.  
1.2 This test method should not be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2.0 % of water by volume, or both, as determined in 11.3.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Various users desire indication of compliance with VMA specifications for hot mix asphalt (HMA) during production.  
4.2 The standard practice for determining VMA requires that the bulk specific gravity of the aggregate components be determined. This is a very time-consuming test, which is not suitable for routine QC procedures.  
4.3 When an aggregate source used in the mix has a highly variable bulk specific gravity and a reference average bulk specific gravity (Gsb) (for example, as established in the mix design) is used to calculate VMA during HMA production, erroneous values may occur.  
4.4 The test for maximum specific gravity of the mix (Gmm) is a routine QC test at HMA plants. The effective specific gravity of the aggregate components (Gse) can be easily calculated from this test. However the Gse does not take into account the amount of asphalt absorbed, which is required for accurate VMA determination. This method provides a means to correct the Gse to account for the average absorbed asphalt. This procedure should not be used if the percent water absorption of the total (combined) aggregates varies between four tests, randomly obtained over a 30 day period, by more than 0.4 %.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to be used for a rapid field determination of voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) of asphalt mixture. It provides equations for calculating the VMA based on the asphalt content of the mix and its maximum specific gravity (Gmm). It is intended that this should be used for the rapid “field” determination of VMA during quality control (QC) operations at HMA plants, particularly where the specific gravity of the aggregate is highly variable.
Note 1: VMA determined using the rapid field method is VMA that has been corrected for aggregate absorption.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The theoretical maximum specific gravities and densities of asphalt mixtures are fundamental properties whose values are influenced by the composition of the mixture in terms of types and amounts of aggregates, asphalt binder, and other materials present in the mixtures.  
5.1.1 Maximum specific gravity is used (1) in the calculation of air voids in the compacted asphalt mixture, (2) in calculating the amount of asphalt binder absorbed by the aggregate, and (3 ) to provide target values for the compaction of asphalt mixtures.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the theoretical maximum specific gravity and density of uncompacted asphalt mixtures at 25 °C [77 °F].  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Residual pressure measurements are shown in both the SI unit of kPa and the commonly used nonstandard equivalent unit of “mm of Hg.”  
1.2.2 Measurements of volume and mass are only given in SI units because they are the only units typically used in practice when performing this test method.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In this test method, a compacted sample is vacuum sealed inside a plastic bag. The density of the sample, SG1, is calculated using a water displacement method, with the sample sealed. With the sample still in water, the bag is cut open. Since the sample is under vacuum and the air voids are evacuated, water will rush in to fill all the water-accessible air voids in the compacted sample. With the saturated weight of sample known, an apparent maximum density, SG2, can be calculated. The difference between SG2 and SG1 is the measure of the amount of water that has penetrated the compacted sample. This difference can be used to determine the fraction of total number of voids that are accessible to water, effective percent porosity or percent effective air voids.  
4.2 The results obtained from this method can be used to determine the percentage of total air voids in a compacted sample that can be filled with water through surface or interconnected paths within the sample. In general, effective percent porosity should be less than total percent air voids.  
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.  
4.3 This method can be used for 100 mm [4 in.] and 150 mm [6 in.] diameter cylindrical samples and cubical samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of effective porosity or effective air voids of compacted mixtures by the use of a vacuum sealing method.  
1.2 This method can be used for compacted field and laboratory asphalt mixture samples, as well as other compacted samples with well-defined geometrical shapes, such as concrete cylinders, cored rocks, and metal samples.  
1.3 The results of this test method can be used to determine the degree of interconnectivity of air voids within a sample and can be correlated to permeability of compacted asphalt mixture samples.  
1.4 A multi-laboratory precision and bias statement for this standard has not been developed at this time. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for determining the in-place density or relative compaction of compacted bituminous mixtures.  
3.2 The test method can be used to establish the proper rolling effort and pattern to achieve the required density.  
3.3 The non-destructive nature of the test allows repetitive measurements to be made at a single test location between roller passes or at multiple locations across the mat to monitor changes in density.  
3.4 The density results obtained by this test method are relative. Device calibration (correlation with other test methods] is required to convert the results obtained using this method to actual density. Section 6 of this test method describes a method that has proven to be acceptable for correlation.
Note 1: The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Specification D3666.
Note 2: Research and evaluation of devices used in this test method has been conducted. Reference is made to “Evaluation of Non-Nuclear Gauges to Measure Density of Hot-Mixed Asphalt Pavements,” a pooled fund study, Pedro Romero, Ph.D., P.E., July 2002.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for determining the in-place density and relative compaction of bituminous concrete pavement paving mixtures by an electromagnetic surface contact device by measuring changes in the electromagnetic field resulting from the compaction process.  
1.2 The equipment referenced in this method is a surface contact device, which must accommodate surface moisture and temperature variation in the range typically encountered in paving applications. This can be accomplished by design parameters that reduce the device’s sensitivity to surface moisture and temperature variation or by measurements and algorithms to account for surface moisture and temperature variance in the rolling pattern.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results obtained from this test method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted dense asphalt mixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D3203/D3203M, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.  
5.2 Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity and density of specimens of compacted asphalt mixtures.  
1.2 This test method should not be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2.0 % of water by volume, or both, as determined in 11.3.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thickness of a compacted asphalt mixture is often used as a construction check to ensure that the proper quantity of materials has been placed on a project, and to correct strength measurement on constant diameter specimens with varying heights.
Note 1: The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the thickness (or height) of compacted asphalt mixture specimens.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Section 7.4 specifies SI units because they are the units used in the equations for Test Methods D1188 and D2726. Performing calculations without first converting any measurements made in inch-pound units to SI units in 7.4 will result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results obtained from this method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted asphalt mixtures, and in conjunction with Test Method D3203/D3203M, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.  
4.2 Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.  
4.3 This method can be used for 100 mm [4 in.] and 150 mm [6 in.] diameter cylindrical as well as cubical asphalt mixture specimens to correct for inconsistencies in sample weight determinations resulting from drainage of water from samples and inaccuracy in saturated surface dry weight of absorptive coarse and open-graded mixes. Asphalt mixes such as stone matrix asphalt (SMA), porous friction course, and coarse-graded mixes with significant surface texture and interconnected voids can be tested with this method. Follow manufacturer recommendation for appropriate bag sizes to be utilized with cubical and abnormally shaped samples.4
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity of compacted asphalt mixtures by the vacuum sealing method.  
1.2 This method can be used for compacted cylindrical and cubical laboratory and field asphalt mixture specimens.  
1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted asphalt mixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of the mixture.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The maximum specific gravities and densities of asphalt mixtures are intrinsic properties whose values are influenced by the composition of the mixture in terms of types and amounts of aggregates and asphalt materials.  
5.1.1 They are used to calculate values for percent air voids in compacted asphalt mixtures.  
5.1.2 They provide target values for the compaction of asphalt mixtures.  
5.1.3 They are essential when calculating the amount of asphalt binder absorbed by the internal porosity of the individual aggregate particles in an asphalt mixture.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of maximum specific gravity and density of uncompacted asphalt mixtures at 25 °C [77 °F].  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The thickness of a compacted asphalt mixture is often used as a construction check to ensure that the proper quantity of materials has been placed on a project, and to correct strength measurement on constant diameter specimens with varying heights.
Note 1: The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the thickness (or height) of compacted asphalt mixture specimens.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Section 7.4 specifies SI units because they are the units used in the equations for Test Methods D1188 and D2726. Performing calculations without first converting any measurements made in inch-pound units to SI units in 7.4 will result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In this test method, a compacted sample is vacuum sealed inside a plastic bag. The density of the sample, SG1, is calculated using a water displacement method, with the sample sealed. With the sample still in water, the bag is cut open. Since the sample is under vacuum and the air voids are evacuated, water will rush in to fill all the water-accessible air voids in the compacted sample. With the saturated weight of sample known, an apparent maximum density, SG2, can be calculated. The difference between SG2 and SG1 is the measure of the amount of water that has penetrated the compacted sample. This difference can be used to determine the fraction of total number of voids that are accessible to water, effective percent porosity or percent effective air voids.  
4.2 The results obtained from this method can be used to determine the percentage of total air voids in a compacted sample that can be filled with water through surface or interconnected paths within the sample. In general, effective percent porosity should be less than total percent air voids.  
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.  
4.3 This method can be used for 100-mm [4-in.] and 150-mm [6-in.] diameter cylindrical samples and cubical samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of effective porosity or effective air voids of compacted mixtures by the use of a vacuum sealing method.  
1.2 This method can be used for compacted field and laboratory asphalt mixture samples, as well as other compacted samples with well-defined geometrical shapes, such as concrete cylinders, cored rocks, and metal samples.  
1.3 The results of this test method can be used to determine the degree of interconnectivity of air voids within a sample and can be correlated to permeability of compacted asphalt mixture samples.  
1.4 A multi-laboratory precision and bias statement for this standard has not been developed at this time. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results obtained from this test method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted dense asphalt mixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D3203, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.  
5.2 Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity and density of specimens of compacted asphalt mixtures.  
1.2 This test method should not be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 % of water by volume, or both, as determined in 11.3.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The results obtained from this method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted asphalt mixtures, and in conjunction with Test Method D3203/D3203M, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.  
4.2 Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.  
4.3 This method can be used for 100 mm [4 in.] and 150 mm [6 in.] diameter cylindrical as well as cubical asphalt mixture specimens to correct for inconsistencies in sample weight determinations resulting from drainage of water from samples and inaccuracy in saturated surface dry weight of absorptive coarse and open graded mixes. Asphalt mixes such as stone matrix asphalt (SMA), porous friction course, and coarse graded mixes with significant surface texture and interconnected voids can be tested with this method. Follow manufacturer recommendation for appropriate bag sizes to be utilized with cubical and abnormally shaped samples.4
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity of compacted asphalt mixtures by the vacuum sealing method.  
1.2 This method can be used for compacted cylindrical and cubical laboratory and field asphalt mixture specimens.  
1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted asphalt mixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of the mixture.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Specimen dry weight is a critical measure in determination of accurate density and many other tests in the construction and raw materials industries. Drying specimens at room temperature is required for some tests and provides an advantage for other tests to ensure the integrity and to preserve the characteristics of specimens.
FIG. 1 Water Removal Plate and Sample Holder Installed in Sample Chamber  
4.2 This practice covers drying compacted asphalt mixture specimens in a vacuum chamber that is capable of keeping the specimen at close to room temperature. A vacuum pump reduces the pressure inside the chamber, thus allowing water to evaporate at low temperature. Since the specimen naturally cools during the evaporation process, making water harder to evaporate, it is important to have proper temperature controls in the chamber to ensure the specimen remains at close to room temperature. Automatic controls within the unit allow the specimen to remain at close to room temperature by periodically allowing a flow of warm air to enter the vacuum chamber. Cycling between vacuum and airflow conditions allows the specimen to dry in a short period of time. Completely saturated specimens with over 30 g [0.07 lb] of retained water can be dried in about 30 min. For most field cores that are not completely saturated, the drying time is generally less than 15 min.
Note 1: Cycle time (period) can depend on the material composition. Each cycle involves an alternating period of 30 to 180 s of vacuum operation and 30 to 120 s of air flow.  
4.3 This method can be used for 100 mm [4 in.] diameter, 150 mm [6 in.] diameter cylindrical, and cubical compacted asphalt mixture specimens.  
4.4 This method can also be used for drying loose asphalt mixtures, aggregate samples, and other solid specimens. Follow the manufacturer’s recommended procedures for drying specimens other than compacted asphalt mixture specimens.  
4.5 This method can be used to determine moisture content a...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the process of drying compacted asphalt mixture specimens using vacuum drying apparatus.  
1.2 The specimens dried by this practice remain at room temperature, which helps in maintaining specimen integrity during the drying process.  
1.3 This practice can be used for compacted cylindrical and cubical laboratory and field asphalt mixture specimens.  
1.4 This practice can also be used for drying other construction materials such as concrete, soils, aggregates, and loose asphalt mixtures. Use the manufacturer’s recommendations for drying other construction materials.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The maximum specific gravities and densities of asphalt mixtures are intrinsic properties whose values are influenced by the composition of the mixture in terms of types and amounts of aggregates and asphalt materials.  
5.1.1 They are used to calculate values for percent air voids in compacted asphalt mixtures.  
5.1.2 They provide target values for the compaction of asphalt mixtures.  
5.1.3 They are essential when calculating the amount of asphalt binder absorbed by the internal porosity of the individual aggregate particles in an asphalt mixture.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of maximum specific gravity and density of uncompacted asphalt mixtures at 25 °C [77 °F].  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The percent of air voids in an asphalt mixture is used as one of the criteria in the design methods and for evaluation of the compaction imparted in asphalt paving projects.
Note 1: The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the test method.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the percent air voids in compacted asphalt mixtures.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is useful in calculating percent air voids as given in Test Method D3203. Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density when this type of measurement is required. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity of specimens of Parafilm-coated, compacted bituminous mixtures as defined in Terminology E12.  
1.2 This method should be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 % of water by volume, or both, as determined by Section 8.  
1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted bituminous mixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of the mixture.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results obtained from this test method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted dense bituminous mixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D3203, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.  
5.2 Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
Note 1: The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3666.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity and density of specimens of compacted bituminous mixtures.  
1.2 This test method should not be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 % of water by volume, or both, as determined in 11.3.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for determining the in-place density of compacted bituminous mixtures.  
3.2 With proper calibration and confirmation testing, the test method is suitable for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted bituminous concrete.  
3.3 The test method can be used to establish the proper rolling effort and pattern to achieve the required density.  
3.4 The non-destructive nature of the test allows repetitive measurements to be made at a single test location between roller passes and to monitor changes in density.  
3.5 The density results obtained by this test method are relative. Correlation with other test methods such as D1188 or D2726 are required to convert the results obtained using this method to actual density. It is recommended that at least seven core densities and seven nuclear densities be used to establish a conversion factor. A new factor must be established at any time a change is made in the paving mixture or in the construction process.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a test procedure for determining the density of bituminous concrete by the attenuation of gamma radiation, where the source and detector(s) remain on the surface (Backscatter Method) or the source or detector is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm [12 in.] while the detector or source remains on the surface (Direct Transmission Method).  
1.2 The density, in mass per unit volume of the material under test, is determined by comparing the detected rate of gamma emissions with previously established calibration data.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements see Section 6 and Note 5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results obtained from this test method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted dense bituminous mixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D3203, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.  
5.2 Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.Note 1—The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3666.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity and density of specimens of compacted bituminous mixtures.  
1.2 This test method should not be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 % of water by volume, or both, as determined in 11.3.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Various users desire indication of compliance with VMA specifications for hot mix asphalt (HMA) during production.  
4.2 The standard practice for determining VMA requires that the bulk specific gravity of the aggregate components be determined. This is a very time consuming test, which is not suitable for routine QC procedures.  
4.3 When an aggregate source used in the mix has a highly variable bulk specific gravity and a reference average bulk specific gravity (Gsb) (for example, as established in the mix design) is used to calculate VMA during HMA production, erroneous values may occur.  
4.4 The test for maximum specific gravity of the mix (Gmm) is a routine QC test at HMA plants. The effective specific gravity of the aggregate components (Gse) can be easily calculated from this test. However the Gse does not take into account the amount of asphalt absorbed, which is required for accurate VMA determination. This method provides a means to correct the Gse to account for the average absorbed asphalt. This procedure should not be used if the percent water absorption of the total (combined) aggregates varies between four tests, randomly obtained over a 30 day period, by more than 0.4 %.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended to be used for a rapid field determination of voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) of hot mix asphalt (HMA). It provides equations for calculating the VMA based on the asphalt content of the mix and its maximum specific gravity (Gmm). It is intended that this should be used for the rapid “field” determination of VMA during Quality Control (QC) operations at HMA plants, particularly where the specific gravity of the aggregate is highly variable.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results obtained from this test method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted dense bituminous mixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D3203, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.
Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
Note 1—The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3666.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity and density of specimens of compacted bituminous mixtures.  
1.2 This test method should not be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 % of water by volume, or both, as determined in 10.3.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for determining the in-place density of compacted bituminous mixtures.
With proper calibration and confirmation testing, the test method is suitable for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted bituminous concrete.
The test method can be used to establish the proper rolling effort and pattern to achieve the required density.
The non-destructive nature of the test allows repetitive measurements to be made at a single test location between roller passes and to monitor changes in density.
The density results obtained by this test method are relative. Correlation with other test methods such as D1188 or D2726 are required to convert the results obtained using this method to actual density. It is recommended that at least seven core densities and seven nuclear densities be used to establish a conversion factor. A new factor must be established at any time a change is made in the paving mixture or in the construction process.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a test procedure for determining the density of bituminous concrete by the attenuation of gamma radiation, where the source and detector(s) remain on the surface (Backscatter Method) or the source or detector is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm [12 in.] while the detector or source remains on the surface (Direct Transmission Method).
1.2 The density, in mass per unit volume of the material under test, is determined by comparing the detected rate of gamma emissions with previously established calibration data.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements see Section 6 and Note 4.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The thickness of a compacted bituminous paving mixture is often used as a construction check to insure that the proper quantity of materials has been placed on a project and to correct strength measurement on constant diameter specimens with varying heights.
Note 1—The equipment and personnel performing this test method can be evaluated by Practice D 3666.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the thickness (or height) of compacted bituminous paving mixture specimens.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The percent of air voids in a bituminous mixture is used as one of the criteria in the design methods and for evaluation of the compaction imparted in bituminous paving projects.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the percent air voids in compacted dense and open bituminous paving mixtures.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The maximum specific gravities and densities of bituminous paving mixtures are intrinsic properties whose values are influenced by the composition of the mixture in terms of types and amounts of aggregates and bituminous materials.
They are used to calculate values for percent air voids in compacted bituminous paving mixtures.
They provide target values for the compaction of paving mixtures.
They are essential when calculating the amount of bitumen absorbed by the internal porosity of the individual aggregate particles in a bituminous paving mixture.
Note 2—The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3666.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of maximum specific gravity of and density of uncompacted bituminous paving mixtures at 25°C [77°F].
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Specimen dry weight is a critical measure in determination of accurate density and many other tests in the construction and raw materials industries. Drying specimens at room temperature is required for some tests and provides an advantage for other tests to ensure the integrity and to preserve the characteristics of specimens.
This practice covers drying compacted asphalt specimens in a vacuum chamber that is capable of keeping the specimen at close to room temperature. A vacuum pump reduces the pressure inside the chamber, thus allowing water to evaporate at low temperature. Since the specimen naturally cools during the evaporation process, making water harder to evaporate, it is important to have proper temperature controls in the chamber to ensure specimen remains at close to room temperature. Automatic controls within the unit allow the specimen to remain at close to room temperature by periodically allowing a flow of warm air to enter the vacuum chamber. Cycling between vacuum and airflow conditions allows the specimen to dry in a short period of time. Completely saturated specimens with over 30 g [0.07 lb] of retained water can be dried in about 30 minutes. For most field cores that are not completely saturated the drying time is generally less than 15 minutes.  
Note 1—Cycle time (period) can depend on the material composition. Each cycle involves an alternating period of 30 to 180 seconds of vacuum operation and 30 to 120 seconds of air flow.
This method can be used for 100 mm [4 in.] diameter, 150 mm [6 in.] diameter cylindrical, and cubical compacted bituminous specimens.  
This method can also be used for drying loose asphalt mixtures, aggregate samples and other solid specimens. Follow manufacturers recommended procedures for drying specimens other than compacted bituminous specimens.  
This method can be used to determine moisture content and amount of water loss during drying by weighing the sample before and after the drying operations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the process of drying compacted asphalt specimens using vacuum drying apparatus.
1.2 The specimens dried by this practice remain at room temperature, which helps in maintaining specimen integrity during the drying process.
1.3 This practice can be used for compacted cylindrical and cubical bituminous laboratory and field specimens  
1.4 This practice can also be used for drying other construction materials such as concrete, soils, aggregates and loose asphalt mixtures. Use manufacturers recommendations for drying other construction materials.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.
FIG. 1 Water Removal Plate and Sample Holder Installed in Sample Chamber

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results obtained from this method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted bituminous mixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D3203, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.
Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
This method can be used for 100 mm [4 in.] and 150 mm [6 in.] diameter cylindrical as well as cubical asphalt specimens to correct for inconsistencies in sample weight determinations resulting from drainage of water from samples and inaccuracy in saturated surface dry weight of absorptive coarse and open graded mixes. Mixes such as Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA), porous friction course, and coarse graded mixes with significant surface texture and interconnected voids can be tested with this method. Follow manufacturer recommendation for appropriate bag sizes to be utilized with cubical and abnormally shaped samples.  
Note 1—The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3666.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity of compacted bituminous mixtures by the vacuum sealing method.
1.2 This method can be used for compacted cylindrical and cubical bituminous laboratory and field specimens.
1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted bituminous mixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of the mixture.
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In this test method a compacted sample is vacuum sealed inside a plastic bag. The density of the sample, SG1, is calculated using a water displacement method, with the sample sealed. With the sample still in water, the bag is cut open. Since the sample is under vacuum and the air voids are evacuated, water will rush in to fill all the water accessible air voids in the compacted sample. With the saturated weight of sample known, an apparent maximum density, SG2, can be calculated. The difference between SG2 and SG1 is the measure of the amount of water that has penetrated the compacted sample. This difference can be used to determine the fraction of total number of voids that are accessible to water, Effective Percent Porosity or Percent Effective Air Voids.  
The results obtained from this method can be used to determine the percentage of total air voids in a compacted sample that can be filled with water through surface or interconnected paths within the sample. In general, Effective Percent Porosity should be less than total percent air voids.  
This method can be used for 100 mm and 150 mm diameter cylindrical samples and cubical samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of effective porosity or effective air voids of compacted mixtures by the use of a vacuum sealing method.
1.2 This method can be used for compacted field and laboratory bituminous paving samples, as well as other compacted samples with well defined geometrical shapes, such as concrete cylinders, cored rocks, and metal samples.
1.3 The results of this test method can be used to determine the degree of interconnectivity of air voids within a sample and can be correlated to permeability of compacted bituminous paving mixture samples.  
1.4 A multi-laboratory precision and bias statement for this standard has not been developed at this time. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes.
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Specimen dry weight is a critical measure in determination of accurate density and many other tests in the construction and raw materials industries. Drying specimens at room temperature is required for some tests and provides an advantage for other tests to ensure the integrity and to preserve the characteristics of specimens.
FIG. 1 Water Removal Plate and Sample Holder Installed in Sample Chamber  
3.2 This practice covers drying compacted asphalt specimens in a vacuum chamber that is capable of keeping the specimen at close to room temperature. A vacuum pump reduces the pressure inside the chamber, thus allowing water to evaporate at low temperature. Since the specimen naturally cools during the evaporation process, making water harder to evaporate, it is important to have proper temperature controls in the chamber to ensure specimen remains at close to room temperature. Automatic controls within the unit allow the specimen to remain at close to room temperature by periodically allowing a flow of warm air to enter the vacuum chamber. Cycling between vacuum and airflow conditions allows the specimen to dry in a short period of time. Completely saturated specimens with over 30 g [0.07 lb] of retained water can be dried in about 30 minutes. For most field cores that are not completely saturated the drying time is generally less than 15 minutes. Note 1—Cycle time (period) can depend on the material composition. Each cycle involves an alternating period of 30 to 180 seconds of vacuum operation and 30 to 120 seconds of air flow.  
3.3 This method can be used for 100 mm [4 in.] diameter, 150 mm [6 in.] diameter cylindrical, and cubical compacted bituminous specimens.  
3.4 This method can also be used for drying loose asphalt mixtures, aggregate samples and other solid specimens. Follow manufacturers recommended procedures for drying specimens other than compacted bituminous specimens.  
3.5 This method can be used to determine moisture content and amount ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the process of drying compacted asphalt specimens using vacuum drying apparatus.  
1.2 The specimens dried by this practice remain at room temperature, which helps in maintaining specimen integrity during the drying process.  
1.3 This practice can be used for compacted cylindrical and cubical bituminous laboratory and field specimens  
1.4 This practice can also be used for drying other construction materials such as concrete, soils, aggregates and loose asphalt mixtures. Use manufacturers recommendations for drying other construction materials.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalent; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The theoretical maximum specific gravities and densities of bituminous paving mixtures are fundamental properties whose values are influenced by the composition of the mixture in terms of types and amounts of aggregates and bituminous materials.
Maximum specific gravity is used (1) in the calculation of air voids in the compacted bituminous paving mixture, (2) in calculating the amount of bitumen absorbed by the aggregate, and (3) to provide target values for the compaction of paving mixtures.
Note 1—The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Standard Practice are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Practice or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the theoretical maximum specific gravity and density of uncompacted bituminous paving mixtures at 25°C [77°F].
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.2.1 Residual pressure measurements are shown in both the SI unit of kPa and the commonly used non-standard equivalent unit of “mm of Hg”.
1.2.2 Measurements of volume and mass are only given in SI units because they are the only units typically used in practice when performing this test method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for determining the in-place density or relative compaction of compacted bituminous mixtures.
The test method can be used to establish the proper rolling effort and pattern to achieve the required density.  
The non-destructive nature of the test allows repetitive measurements to be made at a single test location between roller passes or at multiple locations across the mat to monitor changes in density.  
The density results obtained by this test method are relative. Device calibration (correlation with other test methods] is required to convert the results obtained using this method to actual density. Section 6 of this test method describes a method that has proven to be acceptable for correlation.
Note 1—The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Specification D3666.
Note 2—Research and evaluation of devices used in this test method has been conducted. Reference is made to “Evaluation of Non-Nuclear Gauges to Measure Density of Hot-Mixed Asphalt Pavements,” a pooled fund study, Pedro Romero, Ph.D., P.E., July 2002.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for determining the in-place density and relative compaction of bituminous concrete pavement paving mixtures by an electromagnetic surface contact device by measuring changes in the electromagnetic field resulting from the compaction process.  
1.2 The equipment referenced in this method is a surface contact device, which must accommodate surface moisture and temperature variation in the range typically encountered in paving applications. This can be accomplished by design parameters that reduce the device’s sensitivity to surface moisture and temperature variation or by measurements and algorithms to account for surface moisture and temperature variance in the rolling pattern.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for determining the in-place density of compacted bituminous mixtures.
With proper calibration and confirmation testing, the test method is suitable for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted bituminous concrete.
The test method can be used to establish the proper rolling effort and pattern to achieve the required density.
The non-destructive nature of the test allows repetitive measurements to be made at a single test location between roller passes and to monitor changes in density.
The density results obtained by this test method are relative. Correlation with other test methods such as D1188 or D2726 are required to convert the results obtained using this method to actual density. It is recommended that at least seven core densities and seven nuclear densities be used to establish a conversion factor. A new factor must be established at any time a change is made in the paving mixture or in the construction process.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a test procedure for determining the density of bituminous concrete by the attenuation of gamma radiation, where the source and detector(s) remain on the surface (Backscatter Method) or the source or detector is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm [12 in.] while the detector or source remains on the surface (Direct Transmission Method).
1.2 The density, in mass per unit volume of the material under test, is determined by comparing the detected rate of gamma emissions with previously established calibration data.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements see Section 6 and Note 4.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results obtained from this test method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted dense bituminous mixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D3203, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.
Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
Note 1—The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3666.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity and density of specimens of compacted bituminous mixtures.  
1.2 This test method should not be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 % of water by volume, or both, as determined in 10.3.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results obtained from this method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted bituminous mixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D3203, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.
Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
This method can be used for 100 mm (4 in.) and 150 mm (6 in.) diameter cylindrical as well as cubical asphalt specimens to correct for inconsistencies in sample weight determinations resulting from drainage of water from samples and inaccuracy in saturated surface dry weight of absorptive coarse and open graded mixes. Mixes such as Stone Matrix Asphalt (SMA), porous friction course, and coarse graded mixes with significant surface texture and interconnected voids can be tested with this method. Follow manufacturer recommendation for appropriate bag sizes to be utilized with cubical and abnormally shaped samples.  
Note 1—The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3666.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity of compacted bituminous mixtures by the vacuum sealing method.
1.2 This method can be used for compacted cylindrical and cubical bituminous laboratory and field specimens.
1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted bituminous mixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of the mixture.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesis are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The maximum specific gravities and densities of bituminous paving mixtures are intrinsic properties whose values are influenced by the composition of the mixture in terms of types and amounts of aggregates and bituminous materials.
They are used to calculate values for percent air voids in compacted bituminous paving mixtures.
They provide target values for the compaction of paving mixtures.
They are essential when calculating the amount of bitumen absorbed by the internal porosity of the individual aggregate particles in a bituminous paving mixture.
Note 2—The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D3666.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of maximum specific gravity of and density of uncompacted bituminous paving mixtures at 25°C (77°F).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The other units given may be approximate and are given to help the user interpret units on available standard equipment used with this test method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results obtained from this test method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted dense bituminous mixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D 3203, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.
Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
Note 1—The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D 3666.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity and density of specimens of compacted bituminous mixtures.  
1.2 This test method should not be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 % of water by volume, or both, as determined in 10.3.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for determining the in-place density of compacted bituminous mixtures.
With proper calibration and confirmation testing, the test method is suitable for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted bituminous concrete.
The test method can be used to establish the proper rolling effort and pattern to achieve the required density.
The non-destructive nature of the test allows repetitive measurements to be made at a single test location between roller passes and to monitor changes in density.
The density results obtained by this test method are relative. Correlation with other test methods such as D 1188 or D 2726 are required to convert the results obtained using this method to actual density. It is recommended that at least seven core densities and seven nuclear densities be used to establish a conversion factor. A new factor must be established at any time a change is made in the paving mixture or in the construction process.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a test procedure for determining the density of bituminous concrete by the attenuation of gamma radiation, where the source and detector(s) remain on the surface (Backscatter Method) or the source or detector is placed at a known depth up to 300 mm (12 in.) while the detector or source remains on the surface (Direct Transmission Method).
1.2 The density, in mass per unit volume of the material under test, is determined by comparing the detected rate of gamma emissions with previously established calibration data.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements see Section 6 and Note 4.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound equivalents may be approximate.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method described is useful as a rapid, nondestructive technique for determining the in-place density or relative compaction of compacted bituminous mixtures.
The test method can be used to establish the proper rolling effort and pattern to achieve the required density.  
The non-destructive nature of the test allows repetitive measurements to be made at a single test location between roller passes or at multiple locations across the mat to monitor changes in density.  
The density results obtained by this test method are relative. Device calibration (correlation with other test methods) is required to convert the results obtained using this method to actual density. Section 6 of this test method describes a method that has proven to be acceptable for correlation.
Note 1—The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Specification D 3666.
Note 2—Research and evaluation of devices used in this test method has been conducted. Reference is made to “Evaluation of Non-Nuclear Gauges to Measure Density of Hot-Mixed Asphalt Pavements,” a pooled fund study, Pedro Romero, Ph.D., P.E., July 2002.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for determining the in-place density and relative compaction of bituminous concrete pavement paving mixtures by an electromagnetic surface contact device by measuring changes in the electromagnetic field resulting from the compaction process.  
1.2 The equipment referenced in this method is a surface contact device, which must accommodate surface moisture and temperature variation in the range typically encountered in paving applications. This can be accomplished by design parameters that reduce the device’s sensitivity to surface moisture and temperature variation or by measurements and algorithms to account for surface moisture and temperature variance in the rolling pattern.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices prior to use.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results obtained from this test method can be used to determine the unit weight of compacted dense bituminous mixtures and in conjunction with Test Method D 3203, to obtain percent air voids. These values in turn may be used in determining the relative degree of compaction.
Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density in order to do calculations that require units. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
Note 1—The personnel and equipment used in performing this test can be evaluated in accordance with Practice D 3666.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity and density of specimens of compacted bituminous mixtures.  
1.2 This test method should not be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 % of water by volume, or both, as determined in 10.3.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful in calculating percent air voids as given in Test Method D3203. Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density when this type of measurement is required. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity of specimens of Parafilm-coated, compacted bituminous mixtures as defined in Terminology .
1.2 This method should be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 % of water by volume, or both, as determined by Section 8.
1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted bituminous mixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of the mixture.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is useful in calculating percent air voids as given in Test Method D 3203. Since specific gravity has no units, it must be converted to density when this type of measurement is required. This conversion is made by multiplying the specific gravity at a given temperature by the density of water at the same temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk specific gravity of specimens of Parafilm-coated, compacted bituminous mixtures as defined in Terminology E 12.
1.2 This method should be used with samples that contain open or interconnecting voids or absorb more than 2 % of water by volume, or both, as determined by Section 8.
1.3 The bulk specific gravity of the compacted bituminous mixtures may be used in calculating the unit weight of the mixture.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Specimen dry weight is a critical measure in determination of accurate density and many other tests in the construction and raw materials industries. Drying specimens at room temperature is required for some tests and provides an advantage for other tests to ensure the integrity and to preserve the characteristics of specimens.
This practice covers drying compacted asphalt specimens in a vacuum chamber that is capable of keeping the specimen at close to room temperature. A vacuum pump reduces the pressure inside the chamber, thus allowing water to evaporate at low temperature. Since the specimen naturally cools during the evaporation process, making water harder to evaporate, it is important to have proper temperature controls in the chamber to ensure specimen remains at close to room temperature. Automatic controls within the unit allow the specimen to remain at close to room temperature by periodically allowing a flow of warm air to enter the vacuum chamber. Cycling between vacuum and airflow conditions allows the specimen to dry in a short period of time. Completely saturated specimens with over 30 g of retained water can be dried in about 30 minutes. For most field cores that are not completely saturated the drying time is generally less than 15 minutes.  
Note 1—Cycle time (period) can depend on the material composition. Each cycle involves an alternating period of 30 to 180 seconds of vacuum operation and 30 to 120 seconds of air flow.
This method can be used for 100 mm diameter, 150 mm diameter cylindrical, and cubical compacted bituminous specimens.  
This method can also be used for drying loose asphalt mixtures, aggregate samples and other solid specimens. Follow manufacturers recommended procedures for drying specimens other than compacted bituminous specimens.  
This method can be used to determine moisture content and amount of water loss during drying by weighing the sample before and after the drying operations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the process of drying compacted asphalt specimens using vacuum drying apparatus.
1.2 The specimens dried by this practice remain at room temperature, which helps in maintaining specimen integrity during the drying process.
1.3 This practice can be used for compacted cylindrical and cubical bituminous laboratory and field specimens
1.4 This practice can also be used for drying other construction materials such as concrete, soils, aggregates and loose asphalt mixtures. Use manufacturers recommendations for drying other construction materials.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.