B08.06 - Soft Metals

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc iron alloy coatings on metals.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium coatings on products of iron, steel, and other metals. Cadmium coatings are used for corrosion resistance and for corrosion prevention of the basis metal part. The as deposited coating (Type I) is useful for the lowest cost protection in a mild or noncorrosive environment where early formation of white corrosion products is not detrimental or harmful to the function of a component. The prime purpose of the supplementary chromate finishes (Types II and III) on the electroplated cadmium is to increase corrosion resistance.Electrodeposited cadmium coatings shall be classified on the basis of thickness as Class 25, 12, 8, and 5. The coating shall be essentially pure cadmium produced by electrodeposition usually from an alkaline cyanide solution. The basis metal shall be subjected to such cleaning procedures as necessary to ensure a surface satisfactory for subsequent electroplating. Cadmium shall be deposited directly on the basis metal part without an undercoat of another metal except when the part is either stainless steel or aluminum and its alloys. The plating shall be applied after all basis metal heat treatments and mechanical operations. The thickness of the coating everywhere on the significant surface shall conform to the requirements of the specified class. The cadmium coating shall be sufficiently adherent to the basis metal to pass the tests. The supplementary Type II chromate film shall be adherent, nonpowdery, and abrasion resistant. The thickness of electrodeposited cadmium coatings shall be determined by the applicable test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium coatings on products of iron, steel, and other metals.  
Note 1: Cadmium is deposited as a coating principally on iron and steel products. It can also be electrodeposited on aluminum, brass, beryllium copper, copper, nickel, and powder metallurgy parts.  
1.2 The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 25 μm either as electrodeposited or with supplementary finishes.  
1.3 Cadmium coatings are used for corrosion resistance and for corrosion prevention of the basis metal part. The as-deposited coating (Type I) is useful for the lowest cost protection in a mild or noncorrosive environment where early formation of white corrosion products is not detrimental or harmful to the function of a component. The prime purpose of the supplementary chromate finishes (Types II and III) on the electroplated cadmium is to increase corrosion resistance. Chromating will retard or prevent the formation of white corrosion products on surfaces exposed to various environmental conditions as well as delay the appearance of corrosion from the basis metal.  
1.4 Cadmium plating is used to minimize bi-metallic corrosion between high-strength steel fasteners and aluminum in the aerospace industry. Undercutting of threads on fastener parts is not necessary as the cadmium coating has a low coefficient of friction that reduces the tightening torque required and allows repetitive dismantling.  
1.5 Cadmium-coated parts can easily be soldered without the use of corrosive fluxes. Cadmium-coated steel parts have a lower electrical contact resistance than zinc-coated steel. The lubricity of cadmium plating is used on springs for doors and latches and for weaving machinery operating in high humidity. Corrosion products formed on cadmium are tightly adherent. Unlike zinc, cadmium does not build up voluminous corrosion products on the surface. This allows for proper functioning during corrosive exposure of moving parts, threaded assemblies, valves, and delicate mechanisms without jamming with debris.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and R...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for a coating that is a mixture of cadmium and tin mechanically deposited on metal products. The coating shall be 45 to 75 mass % cadmium, the remainder tin. All steel parts that have ultimate tensile strength of 1000 MPa and above and that contain tensile stresses caused by machining, grinding, straightening, or cold forming operation shall be given a stress relief heat treatment prior to cleaning and metal deposition. High-strength steels that have heavy oxide or scale shall be cleaned before application of the coating in accordance with guide B 242. Chromate treatment for Type II shall be done in a solution containing hexavalent chromium. The cadmium-tin coating shall be sufficiently adherent to the basis metal to pass the prescribed testing. Steel springs and other high-strength steel parts shall be free from hydrogen embrittlement. The coating shall be uniform in appearance and substantially free of blisters, pits, nodules, flaking and other defects that can adversely affect the function of the coating. Chemical composition of the cadmium-tin coating shall be determined when required on the purchase order by procedures given in methods E 87 or test methods E 396. The thickness of the coating shall be determined by the microscopical method, the magnetic method, or the beta backscatter method as applicable. Chromate conversion coatings of cadmium-tin both have an essentially silvery-white appearance. Adhesion of the cadmium-tin deposit to the basis metal shall be tested in a manner that is consistent with the service requirements of the coated article. Coated parts to be tested for the absence of embrittlement from cleaning shall be tested for brittle failure in accordance with a suitable method.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a coating that is a mixture of cadmium and tin mechanically deposited on metal products. The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 12 μm.  
1.2 Mechanical deposition greatly reduces the risk of hydrogen embrittlement and is suitable for coating bores and recesses in many parts that cannot be conveniently plated electrolytically. (See Appendix X1.)  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for coating of cadmium mechanically deposited on metal products. Cadmium coatings shall classified on the basis of thickness, as follows: Class 12; Class 8; and Class 5. Cadmium coatings shall be identified as Type I and Type II on the basis of supplementary treatment required. The coating shall be uniform in appearance and free of blisters, pits, nodules, flaking, and other defects that can adversely affect the function of the coating. All steel parts that have ultimate tensile strength and that contains tensile stresses caused by machining, grinding, straightening, or cold-forming operation shall be given a stress relief heat treatment prior to cleaning and metal deposition. The minimum hours to failure (appearance of white corrosion products and red rust for mechanically deposited cadmium coatings on iron and steel) of Type I and Type II coatings shall be indicated to guarantee satisfactory performance. The test specimen shall undergo adhesion, corrosion resistance, and appearance tests. The thickness of the coating shall be determined by the microscopical method, or the magnetic method, or the beta backscatter method, as applicable.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a coating of cadmium mechanically deposited on metal products. The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 12 μm.  
1.2 Mechanical deposition greatly reduces the risk of hydrogen embrittlement and is suitable for coating bores and recesses in many parts that cannot be conveniently electroplated (see Appendix X3).  
1.3 Cadmium coatings are usually applied to provide engineering properties and corrosion resistance. The performance of a cadmium coating depends largely on its thickness and the kind of environment to which it is exposed. Without proof of satisfactory correlation, accelerated tests such as the salt spray (fog) test cannot be relied upon to predict performance in other environments, nor will these serve as comparative measures of the corrosion resistance afforded by coatings of different metals. Thus, although there is a marked superiority of cadmium coatings over zinc coatings of equal thickness in the salt spray test, this is often not the case under conditions of use, so that further testing in the service environment should be conducted.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 1.5 and 1.6.  
1.5 Warning—Cadmium is toxic and must not be used in a coating for articles that can come into contact with food or beverages, or for dental or other equipment that can be inserted into the mouth. Consult appropriate agencies for regulations in this connection.  
1.6 Warning—Because of the toxicity of cadmium vapors and cadmium oxide fumes, cadmium-coated articles must not be used at temperatures of 320 °C and above. They must not be welded, spot-welded, soldered, or otherwise strongly heated without adequate ventilation that will efficiently remove all toxic fumes.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles for corrosion protection purposes. Electrodeposited zinc-coated steel wires or sheets are not covered here. The coatings shall be provided in four standard thickness classes in the as-plated condition or with one of three types of supplementary finishes. The surfaces of the articles shall under go pre-plating basis metal cleaning, pre- and post-coating treatment for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and reactivation and supplementary treatments. Coatings should be sampled, prepared, tested and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance (luster and workmanship), thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, and hydrogen embrittlement.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers material and process requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles to protect them from corrosion.  
1.2 This specification is not intended to provide the design activity with all the background needed to properly specify their zinc coating requirements. The users of Specification B633 are encouraged to review this specification in its entirety including the appendices, and access the supplementary papers, other standards, and published literature referenced herein and within other related references.  
1.3 The coatings are provided in four standard thickness classes (4.1), in the as-plated condition or with one of five types of supplementary finishes (4.2).  
1.4 High strength metals, including high strength steels having a tensile strength greater than 1700 MPa (247 ksi, 46 HRC) should not be zinc electroplated in accordance with this specification.  
1.5 It does not cover continuous processes for electrodeposited zinc coated steel wire or sheets (see Specification A591/A591M for sheets).  
1.6 For zinc electroplating of mechanical fasteners, the purchaser is encouraged to consider Specification F1941/F1941M.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This standard has been revised to address RoHS requirements that seek to limit the exposure of workers and the public from exposure to toxic metals. Additional types V and VI have been added to permit non-chromate passivate treatments to be used in replacement of hexavalent chromium.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited lead and lead-tin alloy coatings on steel and ferrous alloys. Sheets, strips, or wires in the unfabricated form are not covered here. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, hydrogen embrittlement, composition, workmanship, finish, and appearance.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 Electrodeposits of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel and ferrous alloys are produced where it is desired to obtain atmospheric corrosion resistance. Deposits of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel have shown to have excellent corrosion protective qualities in atmospheric exposure, especially when under-coated by a thin deposit of copper (or nickel). Applications of lead and lead-tin alloy deposits include the following: protection from dilute sulfuric acid; lining of brine refrigeration tanks; chemical apparatus; and parts for storage batteries; and for coating bearing surfaces. In this last application, lead is electroplated alone, or as an alloy and coated with another metal, such as indium. The indium may be diffused into the lead or lead alloy by heat treatment. See Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited coatings of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel and ferrous alloys. The coatings of lead-tin alloys are those that range in tin content up to, but not exceeding, 15 mass %. The coatings ranging between 3 and 15 mass % in tin content are known also as “terne” metallic electrodeposits.  
1.2 This specification does not apply to sheet, strip, or wire in the unfabricated form.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc cobalt alloy coatings on metals. The coating class is Class 1 and five coating types are Type a, Type b, Type c, Type d, and Type e. The metal to be plated shall be subjected to such cleaning, pickling, and electroplating procedures. Coating requirements include: substrate, nature of coating, appearance, thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, and pre- and post-coating treatments of iron and steel for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement. Adhesion, porosity, corrosion resistance, or appearance tests shall be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc cobalt alloy coatings on metals.  
1.2 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited tin coatings applied to metallic articles to provide a low contact resistance surface, to protect against corrosion, to facilitate soldering, to provide anti-galling properties, and to be a stop-off coating in the nitriding of high-strength steels. This specification does not cover hot-dipped tin or other non-electrodeposited coatings, and mill products. Coatings shall be grouped into six service classes, which is based on the minimum thickness and severity of service required for the coating, and three surface appearance types, which is based on the type electroplating process employed. The surface appearance types are matte tin electrodeposits, bright tin electrodeposits, and flow-brightened electrodeposits. Coatings shall be sampled, tested and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance, purity, local and mean thickness, integrity (including gross defects, mechanical damage, and porosity), adhesion, solderability, and hydrogen embrittlement relief.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited (electroplated) coatings of tin applied to metallic articles. Tin coatings are used to provide a low contact-resistance surface, to protect against corrosion (see 1.2), to facilitate soldering, to provide anti-galling properties, and to be a stopoff coating in the nitriding of high-strength steels.  
1.2 Some corrosion can be expected from tin coatings exposed outdoors. In normal indoor exposure, tin is protective on iron, steel, nickel, copper, and their alloys. Corrosion can be expected at discontinuities in the coating (such as pores) due to galvanic couples formed between the tin and the underlying metal through the discontinuities, especially in humid atmospheres. Porosity increases as the coating thickness decreases, so that minimum thicknesses must be specified for each application. Parts coated with tin can be assembled safely in contact with iron and steel, tin-coated aluminum, yellow chromated zinc, cadmium, and solder coatings. (See X5.1 for oxidation and corrosion properties.)  
1.3 This specification applies to electroplated coatings of not less than 99 % tin (except where deliberately alloyed for special purposes, as stated in X6.3) obtained from any of the available tin electroplating processes (see 4.3).  
1.4 This specification does not apply to hot-dipped tin or other non-electrodeposited coating; it also does not apply to mill products. For mill products, refer to Specifications A623 or A623M.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited tin-nickel alloy coatings from aqueous solutions intended for the corrosion protection of fabricated articles of iron, steel, zinc-base alloys, copper, and copper alloys. This specification does not apply to sheets, strips, or wires in the fabricated form. It also may not be applicable to finely threaded articles, but the decision to use the coating on such components may be made by the purchaser. Coating grades shall be designated by a service condition number, which indicates the severity of exposure for which the coating is intended, and a coating thickness notation. Iron and steel specimens shall undergo pre- and post-coating treatments for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and conform to specified requirements as to appearance (visible defects), composition, thickness (assessed either by microscopical, magnetic, coulometric, beta backscatter, or X-ray spectrometry), adhesion (determined either by burnishing, or heat-quench test), and integrity (including gross defects, mechanical damage, and porosity).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited tin-nickel alloy coatings from aqueous solutions intended for the corrosion protection of fabricated articles of iron, steel, zinc-base alloys, copper, and copper alloys. The composition of the alloy remains constant at 65/35 tin-nickel in spite of wide fluctuations in both composition and operating conditions. The composition corresponds quite closely to an equiatomic ratio, and the process favors the co-deposition of tin and nickel atoms at identical rates.  
1.2 This specification does not apply to sheet, strip, or wire in the fabricated form. It also may not be applicable to threaded articles having basic major diameters up to and including 19 mm because of the nonuniformity of thickness that can be expected on fine threads. However, a decision to use the coating on such components may be made by the purchaser.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for mat, bright, and flow-brightened electrodeposited tin-lead alloy coatings on fabricated articles of iron, steel, copper, and copper alloys to protect them against corrosion, to improve and preserve solderability over long periods of storage, and to improve anti-galling characteristics. Sheets, strips, or wires in the unfabricated form, or threaded articles having a specified diameter, are not covered here. The classification notation shall include the type of basis metal, thickness of tin-lead coating required, service condition number indicating the severity of service required, and coating composition. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and shall conform accordingly to specified requirements as to composition, appearance, thickness, adhesion (to be examined either by burnishing test, quenching test, reflow test, or bend test), and solderability (to be assessed either by non-automated or automated dip test, spread test, globule test, or artificial aging test).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited tin-lead coatings on fabricated articles of iron, steel, copper, and copper alloys, to protect them against corrosion (Note 1), to improve and preserve solderability over long periods of storage, and to improve anti-galling characteristics.  
Note 1: Some corrosion of tin-lead coatings may be expected in outdoor exposure. In normal indoor exposure, tin-lead is protective on iron, copper, and copper alloys. Corrosion may be expected at discontinuities (pits or pores) in the coating. Porosity decreases as the thickness is increased. A primary use of the tin-lead coating (solder) is with the printed circuit industry as a solderable coating and as an etch mask material.  
1.2 This specification applies to electrodeposited coatings containing a minimum of 50 % and a maximum of 70 % tin. The specification applies to mat, bright, and flow-brightened tin-lead coatings.  
Note 2: Tin-lead plating baths are composed of tin and lead fluoborates and of addition agents to promote stability. The final appearance may be influenced by the addition of proprietary brighteners. Without brighteners, the coatings are mat; with brighteners, they are semibright or bright. Flow-brightened coatings are obtained by heating mat coatings to above the melting point of tin-lead for a few seconds and then quenching; palm oil, hydrogenated oils, or fats are used as a heat-transfer medium at a temperature of 260 ± 10 °C (500 ± 20 °F), but other methods of heating are also in use. The maximum thickness for flow-brightening is about 7.5 μm (0.3 mil); thicker coatings tend to reflow unevenly. The shape of the part is also a factor; flat surfaces tend to reflow more unevenly than wires or rounded shapes (Note 3).
Note 3: Volatile impurities in tin-lead coatings will cause bubbling and foaming during flow-brightening resulting in voids and roughness. The impurities can arise from plating solution addition agents and from improper rinsing and processing.  
1.3 This specification does not apply to sheet, strip, or wire in the unfabricated form or to threaded articles having basic major diameters up to and including 19 mm (0.75 in.).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for zinc coatings that are mechanically deposited on iron or steel basis metals. The zinc coatings are classified according to thickness and identified into two types; as coated without supplementary treatments or with colored chromate conversion treatment. The thickest coating classes are usually referred to as "mechanically galvanized". All deposited coatings should have a bright uniform silvery appearance, and a matte to medium-bright luster. Samples should be tested for adhesion, salt-spray corrosion resistance, appearance, thickness, and absence of hydrogen embrittlement. All tests results should comply with the given requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a coating of zinc mechanically deposited on iron and steel basis metals. The coating is provided in several thicknesses up to and including 107 μm. The seven thickest classes are usually referred to as “mechanically galvanized.”  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound equivalents of SI units are given for informational purposes.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The performance of this coating complies with the requirements of Specification A153/A153M and MIL-C-81562.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard requirements for cadmium coatings vacuum deposited with or without supplementary chromate treatment on iron and steel basis metals. The cadmium metal for the production of the coating and the resultant coating shall conform to the chemical composition requirements as shall be determined by chemical, electrochemical, spectrochemical, or X-ray fluorescence analysis. Steel parts that have been machined, ground, cold-formed, or cold-straightened shall be heat treated for stress relief before cleaning and coating. The basis metal shall undergo surface cleaning, abrasive dry blasting, and outgassing by electron bombardment with high-energy positive ions to ensure satisfactory adhesion, abrasion resistance, and corrosion resistance performance. Chromate treatment shall be done in or with special aqueous acid solutions composed of hexavalent chromium along with certain anions that act as a catalyst or film forming compound to produce continuous, smooth, protective film. Coating adhesion shall be determined either by scraping or shearing with a sharp edge, knife, or razor blade through the coating down to the basis metal; plastically deforming by clamping and bending; or any suitable procedure such as burnishing, draw, or scribe tests. Salt spray corrosion test and visual examination shall also be performed on the coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a cadmium coating vacuum-deposited on iron and steel basis metals. The coating is especially beneficial to those ferrous metals, heat treated to 46HRC and higher or having an ultimate tensile strength greater than 1500 MPa, wherein protection against corrosion and appearance are important (see Appendix X1).  
1.2 Vacuum-deposited production items are normally free of hydrogen embrittlement, a danger when using electroplating processes for deposition. Vacuum deposition can handle large high-strength parts that cannot be conveniently mechanically plated in the rotating barrels.  
1.3 The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 12 μm (3.1) either in the as-deposited condition or with a supplementary finish (3.2).  
1.4  The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for cadmium-zinc coatings deposited on metallic products by mechanical deposition. The coating shall be classified in four thickness classes namely, Class 7, Class 12, Class 25, and Class 50. The coating shall also be classified according to coating types defined as Type I, Type IIa, Type IIb, Type IIc, and Type IId. The materials shall be subjected to the following test methods: coating composition determination; thickness measurement; adhesion test; corrosion resistance test; appearance test; and hydrogen embrittlement test.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Corrosion Resistance, General—This functional coating is used to provide corrosion resistance. The performance of this coating depends largely on its thickness and the kind of environment to which it is exposed. Published results of environmental corrosion studies have demonstrated that the coating provides corrosion resistance greater than equivalent thicknesses of zinc coatings in industrial environments and greater corrosion resistance than equivalent thicknesses of cadmium coatings in marine environments.4  
6.2 Galvanic Corrosion Resistance—The galvanic couple that results in the corrosion of steel and aluminum parts in contact with each other in corrosive environments can also be minimized by plating the steel parts with this mechanically deposited coating.  
6.3 Hydrogen Embrittlement, Absence of—The mechanical coating process does not produce any permanent hydrogen embrittlement in products made from high-strength steels, for example, fasteners or lock washers.
SCOPE
1.1 General—This specification covers the requirements for a coating that is a mixture of cadmium and zinc deposited on metallic products by mechanical deposition. The coating is provided in four thickness classes (see Table 1) and several finish types (see Table 2).    
1.2 Toxicity—Warning: Cadmium is toxic; therefore these coatings should not be used on articles that will contact food or beverages, or for dental and other equipment that may be inserted into the mouth. Also, the coatings should not be used on articles that will be heated to high temperatures, because cadmium will form toxic fumes. Similarly, if coated articles are welded, soldered, or otherwise heated during fabrication, adequate ventilation should be provided to exhaust toxic fumes.  
1.3 Similar Documents—Other kinds of mechanically deposited coatings are covered by Specifications B635, B695, and B696.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc nickel alloy coatings on metals. The zinc nickel coating shall be defined as Class 1. The five chromate conversion coating types shall be defined as follows: Type A shall be with colorless conversion coatings, Type B shall be with yellow iridescent conversion coatings, Type C shall be with bronze conversion coatings, Type D shall be with black chromate conversion coatings, and Type E shall be with any colors mentioned plus organic topcoat. The metal to be plated shall be free of flaws and defects that will be detrimental to the zinc alloy coating. It shall be subjected to such cleaning, pickling, and electroplating procedures as necessary to yield deposits. The coating shall be produced from an aqueous electroplating system that may be either an alkaline or acid formulation. The coating on all ready visible surfaces shall have an acceptable and characteristic appearance. The coating shall be adherent, free from blisters, pits, or discontinuities, and shall be free of cracks in the as plated state. The coating shall withstand normal handling and storage conditions without chipping, flaking, or other coating damage. The corrosion resistance of the coating shall be evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc nickel alloy coatings on metals.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc iron alloy coatings on metals.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited tin coatings applied to metallic articles to provide a low contact resistance surface, to protect against corrosion, to facilitate soldering, to provide anti-galling properties, and to be a stop-off coating in the nitriding of high-strength steels. This specification does not cover hot-dipped tin or other non-electrodeposited coatings, and mill products. Coatings shall be grouped into six service classes, which is based on the minimum thickness and severity of service required for the coating, and three surface appearance types, which is based on the type electroplating process employed. The surface appearance types are matte tin electrodeposits, bright tin electrodeposits, and flow-brightened electrodeposits. Coatings shall be sampled, tested and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance, purity, local and mean thickness, integrity (including gross defects, mechanical damage, and porosity), adhesion, solderability, and hydrogen embrittlement relief.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited (electroplated) coatings of tin applied to metallic articles. Tin coatings are used to provide a low contact-resistance surface, to protect against corrosion (see 1.2), to facilitate soldering, to provide anti-galling properties, and to be a stopoff coating in the nitriding of high-strength steels.  
1.2 Some corrosion can be expected from tin coatings exposed outdoors. In normal indoor exposure, tin is protective on iron, steel, nickel, copper, and their alloys. Corrosion can be expected at discontinuities in the coating (such as pores) due to galvanic couples formed between the tin and the underlying metal through the discontinuities, especially in humid atmospheres. Porosity increases as the coating thickness decreases, so that minimum thicknesses must be specified for each application. Parts coated with tin can be assembled safely in contact with iron and steel, tin-coated aluminum, yellow chromated zinc, cadmium, and solder coatings. (See X5.1 for oxidation and corrosion properties.)  
1.3 This specification applies to electroplated coatings of not less than 99 % tin (except where deliberately alloyed for special purposes, as stated in X6.3) obtained from any of the available tin electroplating processes (see 4.3).  
1.4 This specification does not apply to hot-dipped tin or other non-electrodeposited coating; it also does not apply to mill products. For mill products, refer to Specifications A623 or A623M.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard requirements for cadmium coatings vacuum deposited with or without supplementary chromate treatment on iron and steel basis metals. The cadmium metal for the production of the coating and the resultant coating shall conform to the chemical composition requirements as shall be determined by chemical, electrochemical, spectrochemical, or X-ray fluorescence analysis. Steel parts that have been machined, ground, cold-formed, or cold-straightened shall be heat treated for stress relief before cleaning and coating. The basis metal shall undergo surface cleaning, abrasive dry blasting, and outgassing by electron bombardment with high-energy positive ions to ensure satisfactory adhesion, abrasion resistance, and corrosion resistance performance. Chromate treatment shall be done in or with special aqueous acid solutions composed of hexavalent chromium along with certain anions that act as a catalyst or film forming compound to produce continuous, smooth, protective film. Coating adhesion shall be determined either by scraping or shearing with a sharp edge, knife, or razor blade through the coating down to the basis metal; plastically deforming by clamping and bending; or any suitable procedure such as burnishing, draw, or scribe tests. Salt spray corrosion test and visual examination shall also be performed on the coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a cadmium coating vacuum-deposited on iron and steel basis metals. The coating is especially beneficial to those ferrous metals, heat treated to 46HRC and higher or having an ultimate tensile strength greater than 1500 MPa, wherein protection against corrosion and appearance are important (see Appendix X1).  
1.2 Vacuum-deposited production items are normally free of hydrogen embrittlement, a danger when using electroplating processes for deposition. Vacuum deposition can handle large high-strength parts that cannot be conveniently mechanically plated in the rotating barrels.  
1.3 The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 12 μm (3.1) either in the as-deposited condition or with a supplementary finish (3.2).  
1.4  The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles for corrosion protection purposes. Electrodeposited zinc-coated steel wires or sheets are not covered here. The coatings shall be provided in four standard thickness classes in the as-plated condition or with one of three types of supplementary finishes. The surfaces of the articles shall under go pre-plating basis metal cleaning, pre- and post-coating treatment for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and reactivation and supplementary treatments. Coatings should be sampled, prepared, tested and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance (luster and workmanship), thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, and hydrogen embrittlement.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers material and process requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles to protect them from corrosion.  
1.2 This specification is not intended to provide the design activity with all the background needed to properly specify their zinc coating requirements. The users of Specification B633 are encouraged to review this specification in its entirety including the appendices, and access the supplementary papers, other standards, and published literature referenced herein and within other related references.  
1.3 The coatings are provided in four standard thickness classes (4.1), in the as-plated condition or with one of five types of supplementary finishes (4.2).  
1.4 High strength metals, including high strength steels having a tensile strength greater than 1700 MPa (247 ksi, 46 HRC) should not be zinc electroplated in accordance with this specification.  
1.5 It does not cover continuous processes for electrodeposited zinc coated steel wire or sheets (see Specification A591/A591M for sheets).  
1.6 For zinc electroplating of mechanical fasteners, the purchaser is encouraged to consider Specification F1941/F1941M.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This standard has been revised to address RoHS requirements that seek to limit the exposure of workers and the public from exposure to toxic metals. Additional types V and VI have been added to permit non-chromate passivate treatments to be used in replacement of hexavalent chromium.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for zinc coatings that are mechanically deposited on iron or steel basis metals. The zinc coatings are classified according to thickness and identified into two types; as coated without supplementary treatments or with colored chromate conversion treatment. The thickest coating classes are usually referred to as "mechanically galvanized". All deposited coatings should have a bright uniform silvery appearance, and a matte to medium-bright luster. Samples should be tested for adhesion, salt-spray corrosion resistance, appearance, thickness, and absence of hydrogen embrittlement. All tests results should comply with the given requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a coating of zinc mechanically deposited on iron and steel basis metals. The coating is provided in several thicknesses up to and including 107 μm. The seven thickest classes are usually referred to as “mechanically galvanized.”  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The performance of this coating complies with the requirements of Specification A153/A153M and MIL-C-81562.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound equivalents of SI units are given for informational purposes.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc iron alloy coatings on metals.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles for corrosion protection purposes. Electrodeposited zinc-coated steel wires or sheets are not covered here. The coatings shall be provided in four standard thickness classes in the as-plated condition or with one of three types of supplementary finishes. The surfaces of the articles shall under go pre-plating basis metal cleaning, pre- and post-coating treatment for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and reactivation and supplementary treatments. Coatings should be sampled, prepared, tested and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance (luster and workmanship), thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, and hydrogen embrittlement.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers material and process requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles to protect them from corrosion.  
1.2 The coatings are provided in four standard thickness classes (4.1), in the as-plated condition or with one of five types of supplementary finishes (4.2).  
1.3 High strength metals, unless otherwise specified, including high strength steels having a tensile strength greater than 1700 MPa (247 ksi, 46HRC) shall not be electroplated.  
1.4 It does not cover continuous processes for electrodeposited zinc coated steel wire or sheets (see Specification A591/A591M for sheets.)  
1.5 It may be used for fasteners but specific specifications have been developed for manufacturing fasteners in Committee F16 which may be more applicable (see Specifications F1941 and F1941M.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This standard has been revised to address RoHS requirements that seek to limit the exposure of workers and the public from exposure to toxic metals. Additional types V and VI have been added to permit non-chromate passivate treatments to be used in replacement of hexavalent chromium.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc cobalt alloy coatings on metals. The coating class is Class 1 and five coating types are Type a, Type b, Type c, Type d, and Type e. The metal to be plated shall be subjected to such cleaning, pickling, and electroplating procedures. Coating requirements include: substrate, nature of coating, appearance, thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, and pre- and post-coating treatments of iron and steel for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement. Adhesion, porosity, corrosion resistance, or appearance tests shall be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc cobalt alloy coatings on metals.  
1.2 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for cadmium-zinc coatings deposited on metallic products by mechanical deposition. The coating shall be classified in four thickness classes namely, Class 7, Class 12, Class 25, and Class 50. The coating shall also be classified according to coating types defined as Type I, Type IIa, Type IIb, Type IIc, and Type IId. The materials shall be subjected to the following test methods: coating composition determination; thickness measurement; adhesion test; corrosion resistance test; appearance test; and hydrogen embrittlement test.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Corrosion Resistance, General—This functional coating is used to provide corrosion resistance. The performance of this coating depends largely on its thickness and the kind of environment to which it is exposed. Published results of environmental corrosion studies have demonstrated that the coating provides corrosion resistance greater than equivalent thicknesses of zinc coatings in industrial environments and greater corrosion resistance than equivalent thicknesses of cadmium coatings in marine environments.4  
6.2 Galvanic Corrosion Resistance—The galvanic couple that results in the corrosion of steel and aluminum parts in contact with each other in corrosive environments can also be minimized by plating the steel parts with this mechanically deposited coating.  
6.3 Hydrogen Embrittlement, Absence of—The mechanical coating process does not produce any permanent hydrogen embrittlement in products made from high-strength steels, for example, fasteners or lock washers.
SCOPE
1.1 General—This specification covers the requirements for a coating that is a mixture of cadmium and zinc deposited on metallic products by mechanical deposition. The coating is provided in four thickness classes (see Table 1) and several finish types (see Table 2).    
1.2 Toxicity—Warning: Cadmium is toxic; therefore these coatings should not be used on articles that will contact food or beverages, or for dental and other equipment that may be inserted into the mouth. Also, the coatings should not be used on articles that will be heated to high temperatures, because cadmium will form toxic fumes. Similarly, if coated articles are welded, soldered, or otherwise heated during fabrication, adequate ventilation should be provided to exhaust toxic fumes.  
1.3 Similar Documents—Other kinds of mechanically deposited coatings are covered by Specifications B635, B695, and B696.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium coatings on products of iron, steel, and other metals. Cadmium coatings are used for corrosion resistance and for corrosion prevention of the basis metal part. The as deposited coating (Type I) is useful for the lowest cost protection in a mild or noncorrosive environment where early formation of white corrosion products is not detrimental or harmful to the function of a component. The prime purpose of the supplementary chromate finishes (Types II and III) on the electroplated cadmium is to increase corrosion resistance.Electrodeposited cadmium coatings shall be classified on the basis of thickness as Class 25, 12, 8, and 5. The coating shall be essentially pure cadmium produced by electrodeposition usually from an alkaline cyanide solution. The basis metal shall be subjected to such cleaning procedures as necessary to ensure a surface satisfactory for subsequent electroplating. Cadmium shall be deposited directly on the basis metal part without an undercoat of another metal except when the part is either stainless steel or aluminum and its alloys. The plating shall be applied after all basis metal heat treatments and mechanical operations. The thickness of the coating everywhere on the significant surface shall conform to the requirements of the specified class. The cadmium coating shall be sufficiently adherent to the basis metal to pass the tests. The supplementary Type II chromate film shall be adherent, nonpowdery, and abrasion resistant. The thickness of electrodeposited cadmium coatings shall be determined by the applicable test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium coatings on products of iron, steel, and other metals.  
Note 1: Cadmium is deposited as a coating principally on iron and steel products. It can also be electrodeposited on aluminum, brass, beryllium copper, copper, nickel, and powder metallurgy parts.  
1.2 The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 25 μm either as electrodeposited or with supplementary finishes.  
1.3 Cadmium coatings are used for corrosion resistance and for corrosion prevention of the basis metal part. The as-deposited coating (Type I) is useful for the lowest cost protection in a mild or noncorrosive environment where early formation of white corrosion products is not detrimental or harmful to the function of a component. The prime purpose of the supplementary chromate finishes (Types II and III) on the electroplated cadmium is to increase corrosion resistance. Chromating will retard or prevent the formation of white corrosion products on surfaces exposed to various environmental conditions as well as delay the appearance of corrosion from the basis metal.  
1.4 Cadmium plating is used to minimize bi-metallic corrosion between high-strength steel fasteners and aluminum in the aerospace industry. Undercutting of threads on fastener parts is not necessary as the cadmium coating has a low coefficient of friction that reduces the tightening torque required and allows repetitive dismantling.  
1.5 Cadmium-coated parts can easily be soldered without the use of corrosive fluxes. Cadmium-coated steel parts have a lower electrical contact resistance than zinc-coated steel. The lubricity of cadmium plating is used on springs for doors and latches and for weaving machinery operating in high humidity. Corrosion products formed on cadmium are tightly adherent. Unlike zinc, cadmium does not build up voluminous corrosion products on the surface. This allows for proper functioning during corrosive exposure of moving parts, threaded assemblies, valves, and delicate mechanisms without jamming with debris.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard requirements for cadmium coatings vacuum deposited with or without supplementary chromate treatment on iron and steel basis metals. The cadmium metal for the production of the coating and the resultant coating shall conform to the chemical composition requirements as shall be determined by chemical, electrochemical, spectrochemical, or X-ray fluorescence analysis. Steel parts that have been machined, ground, cold-formed, or cold-straightened shall be heat treated for stress relief before cleaning and coating. The basis metal shall undergo surface cleaning, abrasive dry blasting, and outgassing by electron bombardment with high-energy positive ions to ensure satisfactory adhesion, abrasion resistance, and corrosion resistance performance. Chromate treatment shall be done in or with special aqueous acid solutions composed of hexavalent chromium along with certain anions that act as a catalyst or film forming compound to produce continuous, smooth, protective film. Coating adhesion shall be determined either by scraping or shearing with a sharp edge, knife, or razor blade through the coating down to the basis metal; plastically deforming by clamping and bending; or any suitable procedure such as burnishing, draw, or scribe tests. Salt spray corrosion test and visual examination shall also be performed on the coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a cadmium coating vacuum-deposited on iron and steel basis metals. The coating is especially beneficial to those ferrous metals, heat treated to 46HRC and higher or having an ultimate tensile strength greater than 1500 MPa, wherein protection against corrosion and appearance are important (see Appendix X1).  
1.2 Vacuum-deposited production items are normally free of hydrogen embrittlement, a danger when using electroplating processes for deposition. Vacuum deposition can handle large high-strength parts that cannot be conveniently mechanically plated in the rotating barrels.  
1.3 The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 12 μm (3.1) either in the as-deposited condition or with a supplementary finish (3.2).  
1.4  The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for mat, bright, and flow-brightened electrodeposited tin-lead alloy coatings on fabricated articles of iron, steel, copper, and copper alloys to protect them against corrosion, to improve and preserve solderability over long periods of storage, and to improve anti-galling characteristics. Sheets, strips, or wires in the unfabricated form, or threaded articles having a specified diameter, are not covered here. The classification notation shall include the type of basis metal, thickness of tin-lead coating required, service condition number indicating the severity of service required, and coating composition. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and shall conform accordingly to specified requirements as to composition, appearance, thickness, adhesion (to be examined either by burnishing test, quenching test, reflow test, or bend test), and solderability (to be assessed either by non-automated or automated dip test, spread test, globule test, or artificial aging test).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited tin-lead coatings on fabricated articles of iron, steel, copper, and copper alloys, to protect them against corrosion (Note 1), to improve and preserve solderability over long periods of storage, and to improve anti-galling characteristics.  
Note 1: Some corrosion of tin-lead coatings may be expected in outdoor exposure. In normal indoor exposure, tin-lead is protective on iron, copper, and copper alloys. Corrosion may be expected at discontinuities (pits or pores) in the coating. Porosity decreases as the thickness is increased. A primary use of the tin-lead coating (solder) is with the printed circuit industry as a solderable coating and as an etch mask material.  
1.2 This specification applies to electrodeposited coatings containing a minimum of 50 % and a maximum of 70 % tin. The specification applies to mat, bright, and flow-brightened tin-lead coatings.  
Note 2: Tin-lead plating baths are composed of tin and lead fluoborates and of addition agents to promote stability. The final appearance may be influenced by the addition of proprietary brighteners. Without brighteners, the coatings are mat; with brighteners, they are semibright or bright. Flow-brightened coatings are obtained by heating mat coatings to above the melting point of tin-lead for a few seconds and then quenching; palm oil, hydrogenated oils, or fats are used as a heat-transfer medium at a temperature of 260 ± 10°C (500 ± 20°F), but other methods of heating are also in use. The maximum thickness for flow-brightening is about 7.5 μm (0.3 mil); thicker coatings tend to reflow unevenly. The shape of the part is also a factor; flat surfaces tend to reflow more unevenly than wires or rounded shapes (Note 3).
Note 3: Volatile impurities in tin-lead coatings will cause bubbling and foaming during flow-brightening resulting in voids and roughness. The impurities can arise from plating solution addition agents and from improper rinsing and processing.  
1.3 This specification does not apply to sheet, strip, or wire in the unfabricated form or to threaded articles having basic major diameters up to and including 19 mm (0.75 in.).

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited lead and lead-tin alloy coatings on steel and ferrous alloys. Sheets, strips, or wires in the unfabricated form are not covered here. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, hydrogen embrittlement, composition, workmanship, finish, and appearance.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
7.1 Electrodeposits of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel and ferrous alloys are produced where it is desired to obtain atmospheric corrosion resistance. Deposits of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel have shown to have excellent corrosion protective qualities in atmospheric exposure, especially when under-coated by a thin deposit of copper (or nickel). Applications of lead and lead-tin alloy deposits include the following: protection from dilute sulfuric acid; lining of brine refrigeration tanks; chemical apparatus; and parts for storage batteries; and for coating bearing surfaces. In this last application, lead is electroplated alone, or as an alloy and coated with another metal, such as indium. The indium may be diffused into the lead or lead alloy by heat treatment. See Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited coatings of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel and ferrous alloys. The coatings of lead-tin alloys are those that range in tin content up to but not exceeding 15 mass %. The coatings ranging between 3 and 15 mass % in tin content are known also as “terne” metallic electrodeposits.  
1.2 This specification does not apply to sheet, strip, or wire in the unfabricated form.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for coating of cadmium mechanically deposited on metal products. Cadmium coatings shall classified on the basis of thickness, as follows: Class 12; Class 8; and Class 5. Cadmium coatings shall be identified as Type I and Type II on the basis of supplementary treatment required. The coating shall be uniform in appearance and free of blisters, pits, nodules, flaking, and other defects that can adversely affect the function of the coating. All steel parts that have ultimate tensile strength and that contains tensile stresses caused by machining, grinding, straightening, or cold-forming operation shall be given a stress relief heat treatment prior to cleaning and metal deposition. The minimum hours to failure (appearance of white corrosion products and red rust for mechanically deposited cadmium coatings on iron and steel) of Type I and Type II coatings shall be indicated to guarantee satisfactory performance. The test specimen shall undergo adhesion, corrosion resistance, and appearance tests. The thickness of the coating shall be determined by the microscopical method, or the magnetic method, or the beta backscatter method, as applicable.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a coating of cadmium mechanically deposited on metal products. The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 12 μm.  
1.2 Mechanical deposition greatly reduces the risk of hydrogen embrittlement and is suitable for coating bores and recesses in many parts that cannot be conveniently electroplated (see Appendix X3).  
1.3 Cadmium coatings are usually applied to provide engineering properties and corrosion resistance. The performance of a cadmium coating depends largely on its thickness and the kind of environment to which it is exposed. Without proof of satisfactory correlation, accelerated tests such as the salt spray (fog) test cannot be relied upon to predict performance in other environments, nor will these serve as comparative measures of the corrosion resistance afforded by coatings of different metals. Thus, although there is a marked superiority of cadmium coatings over zinc coatings of equal thickness in the salt spray test, this is often not the case under conditions of use, so that further testing in the service environment should be conducted.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 1.5 and 1.6.  
1.5 Warning—Cadmium is toxic and must not be used in a coating for articles that can come into contact with food or beverages, or for dental or other equipment that can be inserted into the mouth. Consult appropriate agencies for regulations in this connection.  
1.6 Warning—Because of the toxicity of cadmium vapors and cadmium oxide fumes, cadmium-coated articles must not be used at temperatures of 320°C and above. They must not be welded, spot-welded, soldered, or otherwise strongly heated without adequate ventilation that will efficiently remove all toxic fumes.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for a coating that is a mixture of cadmium and tin mechanically deposited on metal products. The coating shall be 45 to 75 mass % cadmium, the remainder tin. All steel parts that have ultimate tensile strength of 1000 MPa and above and that contain tensile stresses caused by machining, grinding, straightening, or cold forming operation shall be given a stress relief heat treatment prior to cleaning and metal deposition. High-strength steels that have heavy oxide or scale shall be cleaned before application of the coating in accordance with guide B 242. Chromate treatment for Type II shall be done in a solution containing hexavalent chromium. The cadmium-tin coating shall be sufficiently adherent to the basis metal to pass the prescribed testing. Steel springs and other high-strength steel parts shall be free from hydrogen embrittlement. The coating shall be uniform in appearance and substantially free of blisters, pits, nodules, flaking and other defects that can adversely affect the function of the coating. Chemical composition of the cadmium-tin coating shall be determined when required on the purchase order by procedures given in methods E 87 or test methods E 396. The thickness of the coating shall be determined by the microscopical method, the magnetic method, or the beta backscatter method as applicable. Chromate conversion coatings of cadmium-tin both have an essentially silvery-white appearance. Adhesion of the cadmium-tin deposit to the basis metal shall be tested in a manner that is consistent with the service requirements of the coated article. Coated parts to be tested for the absence of embrittlement from cleaning shall be tested for brittle failure in accordance with a suitable method.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a coating that is a mixture of cadmium and tin mechanically deposited on metal products. The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 12 μm.  
1.2 Mechanical deposition greatly reduces the risk of hydrogen embrittlement and is suitable for coating bores and recesses in many parts that cannot be conveniently plated electrolytically. (See Appendix X1.)  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited tin-nickel alloy coatings from aqueous solutions intended for the corrosion protection of fabricated articles of iron, steel, zinc-base alloys, copper, and copper alloys. This specification does not apply to sheets, strips, or wires in the fabricated form. It also may not be applicable to finely threaded articles, but the decision to use the coating on such components may be made by the purchaser. Coating grades shall be designated by a service condition number, which indicates the severity of exposure for which the coating is intended, and a coating thickness notation. Iron and steel specimens shall undergo pre- and post-coating treatments for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and conform to specified requirements as to appearance (visible defects), composition, thickness (assessed either by microscopical, magnetic, coulometric, beta backscatter, or X-ray spectrometry), adhesion (determined either by burnishing, or heat-quench test), and integrity (including gross defects, mechanical damage, and porosity).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited tin-nickel alloy coatings from aqueous solutions intended for the corrosion protection of fabricated articles of iron, steel, zinc-base alloys, copper, and copper alloys. The composition of the alloy remains constant at 65/35 tin-nickel in spite of wide fluctuations in both composition and operating conditions. The composition corresponds quite closely to an equiatomic ratio, and the process favors the co-deposition of tin and nickel atoms at identical rates.  
1.2 This specification does not apply to sheet, strip, or wire in the fabricated form. It also may not be applicable to threaded articles having basic major diameters up to and including 19 mm because of the nonuniformity of thickness that can be expected on fine threads. However, a decision to use the coating on such components may be made by the purchaser.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles for corrosion protection purposes. Electrodeposited zinc-coated steel wires or sheets are not covered here. The coatings shall be provided in four standard thickness classes in the as-plated condition or with one of three types of supplementary finishes. The surfaces of the articles shall under go pre-plating basis metal cleaning, pre- and post-coating treatment for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and reactivation and supplementary treatments. Coatings should be sampled, prepared, tested and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance (luster and workmanship), thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, and hydrogen embrittlement.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers material and process requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles to protect them from corrosion.  
1.2 The coatings are provided in four standard thickness classes (4.1), in the as-plated condition or with one of five types of supplementary finishes (4.2).  
1.3 High strength metals, unless otherwise specified, including high strength steels having a tensile strength greater than 1700 MPa (247 ksi, 46HRC) shall not be electroplated.  
1.4 It does not cover continuous processes for electrodeposited zinc coated steel wire or sheets (see Specification A591/A591M for sheets.)  
1.5 It may be used for fasteners but specific specifications have been developed for manufacturing fasteners in Committee F16 which may be more applicable (see Specifications F1941 and F1941M.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This standard has been revised to address RoHS requirements that seek to limit the exposure of workers and the public from exposure to toxic metals. Additional types V and VI have been added to permit non-chromate passivate treatments to be used in replacement of hexavalent chromium.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited tin coatings applied to metallic articles to provide a low contact resistance surface, to protect against corrosion, to facilitate soldering, to provide anti-galling properties, and to be a stop-off coating in the nitriding of high-strength steels. This specification does not cover hot-dipped tin or other non-electrodeposited coatings, and mill products. Coatings shall be grouped into six service classes, which is based on the minimum thickness and severity of service required for the coating, and three surface appearance types, which is based on the type electroplating process employed. The surface appearance types are matte tin electrodeposits, bright tin electrodeposits, and flow-brightened electrodeposits. Coatings shall be sampled, tested and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance, purity, local and mean thickness, integrity (including gross defects, mechanical damage, and porosity), adhesion, solderability, and hydrogen embrittlement relief.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited (electroplated) coatings of tin applied to metallic articles. Tin coatings are used to provide a low contact-resistance surface, to protect against corrosion (see 1.2), to facilitate soldering, to provide anti-galling properties, and to be a stopoff coating in the nitriding of high-strength steels.  
1.2 Some corrosion can be expected from tin coatings exposed outdoors. In normal indoor exposure, tin is protective on iron, steel, nickel, copper, and their alloys. Corrosion can be expected at discontinuities in the coating (such as pores) due to galvanic couples formed between the tin and the underlying metal through the discontinuities, especially in humid atmospheres. Porosity increases as the coating thickness decreases, so that minimum thicknesses must be specified for each application. Parts coated with tin can be assembled safely in contact with iron and steel, tin-coated aluminum, yellow chromated zinc, cadmium, and solder coatings. (See X5.1 for oxidation and corrosion properties.)  
1.3 This specification applies to electroplated coatings of not less than 99 % tin (except where deliberately alloyed for special purposes, as stated in X6.3) obtained from any of the available tin electroplating processes (see 4.3).  
1.4 This specification does not apply to hot-dipped tin or other non-electrodeposited coating; it also does not apply to mill products. For mill products, refer to Specifications A623 or A623M.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles for corrosion protection purposes. Electrodeposited zinc-coated steel wires or sheets are not covered here. The coatings shall be provided in four standard thickness classes in the as-plated condition or with one of three types of supplementary finishes. The surfaces of the articles shall under go pre-plating basis metal cleaning, pre- and post-coating treatment for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and reactivation and supplementary treatments. Coatings should be sampled, prepared, tested and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance (luster and workmanship), thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, and hydrogen embrittlement.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles to protect them from corrosion. It does not cover electrodeposited zinc-coated steel wire or sheets (see Specification A591/A591M for sheets).
1.2 The coatings are provided in four standard thickness classes (4.1), in the as-plated condition or with one of three types of supplementary finish (4.2).
1.3 High strength metals, unless otherwise specified, including high strength steels having a tensile strength greater than 1700 MPa (247 ksi Rc 46) shall not be electroplated.
1.4 The values stated in SI units shall be regarded as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This standard has been revised to address RoHS requirements that seek to limit the exposure of workers and the public from exposure to toxic metals. Additional types have been added to permit non-chromate passivate treatments to be used in replacement of hexavalent chromium.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc iron alloy coatings on metals.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc nickel alloy coatings on metals. The zinc nickel coating shall be defined as Class 1. The five chromate conversion coating types shall be defined as follows: Type A shall be with colorless conversion coatings, Type B shall be with yellow iridescent conversion coatings, Type C shall be with bronze conversion coatings, Type D shall be with black chromate conversion coatings, and Type E shall be with any colors mentioned plus organic topcoat. The metal to be plated shall be free of flaws and defects that will be detrimental to the zinc alloy coating. It shall be subjected to such cleaning, pickling, and electroplating procedures as necessary to yield deposits. The coating shall be produced from an aqueous electroplating system that may be either an alkaline or acid formulation. The coating on all ready visible surfaces shall have an acceptable and characteristic appearance. The coating shall be adherent, free from blisters, pits, or discontinuities, and shall be free of cracks in the as plated state. The coating shall withstand normal handling and storage conditions without chipping, flaking, or other coating damage. The corrosion resistance of the coating shall be evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc nickel alloy coatings on metals.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited tin coatings applied to metallic articles to provide a low contact resistance surface, to protect against corrosion, to facilitate soldering, to provide anti-galling properties, and to be a stop-off coating in the nitriding of high-strength steels. This specification does not cover hot-dipped tin or other non-electrodeposited coatings, and mill products. Coatings shall be grouped into six service classes, which is based on the minimum thickness and severity of service required for the coating, and three surface appearance types, which is based on the type electroplating process employed. The surface appearance types are matte tin electrodeposits, bright tin electrodeposits, and flow-brightened electrodeposits. Coatings shall be sampled, tested and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance, purity, local and mean thickness, integrity (including gross defects, mechanical damage, and porosity), adhesion, solderability, and hydrogen embrittlement relief.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited (electroplated) coatings of tin applied to metallic articles. Tin coatings are used to provide a low contact-resistance surface, to protect against corrosion (see 1.2), to facilitate soldering, to provide anti-galling properties, and to be a stopoff coating in the nitriding of high-strength steels.
1.2 Some corrosion can be expected from tin coatings exposed outdoors. In normal indoor exposure, tin is protective on iron, steel, nickel, copper, and their alloys. Corrosion can be expected at discontinuities in the coating (such as pores) due to galvanic couples formed between the tin and the underlying metal through the discontinuities, especially in humid atmospheres. Porosity increases as the coating thickness decreases, so that minimum thicknesses must be specified for each application. Parts coated with tin can be assembled safely in contact with iron and steel, tin-coated aluminum, yellow chromated zinc, cadmium, and solder coatings. (See X5.2 for oxidation and corrosion properties.)
1.3 This specification applies to electroplated coatings of not less than 99 % tin (except where deliberately alloyed for special purposes, as stated in X6.3) obtained from any of the available tin electroplating processes (see 4.3).
1.4 This specification does not apply to hot-dipped tin or other non-electrodeposited coating; it also does not apply to mill products. For mill products, refer to Specifications A623 or A623M.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited lead and lead-tin alloy coatings on steel and ferrous alloys. Sheets, strips, or wires in the unfabricated form are not covered here. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, hydrogen embrittlement, composition, workmanship, finish, and appearance.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Electrodeposits of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel and ferrous alloys are produced where it is desired to obtain atmospheric corrosion resistance. Deposits of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel have shown to have excellent corrosion protective qualities in atmospheric exposure, especially when under-coated by a thin deposit of copper (or nickel). Applications of lead and lead-tin alloy deposits include the following: protection from dilute sulfuric acid; lining of brine refrigeration tanks; chemical apparatus; and parts for storage batteries; and for coating bearing surfaces. In this last application, lead is electroplated alone, or as an alloy and coated with another metal, such as indium. The indium may be diffused into the lead or lead alloy by heat treatment. See Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited coatings of lead and lead-tin alloys on steel and ferrous alloys. The coatings of lead-tin alloys are those that range in tin content up to but not exceeding 15 mass %. The coatings ranging between 3 and 15 mass % in tin content are known also as “terne” metallic electrodeposits.
1.2 This specification does not apply to sheet, strip, or wire in the unfabricated form.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for mat, bright, and flow-brightened electrodeposited tin-lead alloy coatings on fabricated articles of iron, steel, copper, and copper alloys to protect them against corrosion, to improve and preserve solderability over long periods of storage, and to improve anti-galling characteristics. Sheets, strips, or wires in the unfabricated form, or threaded articles having a specified diameter, are not covered here. The classification notation shall include the type of basis metal, thickness of tin-lead coating required, service condition number indicating the severity of service required, and coating composition. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and shall conform accordingly to specified requirements as to composition, appearance, thickness, adhesion (to be examined either by burnishing test, quenching test, reflow test, or bend test), and solderability (to be assessed either by non-automated or automated dip test, spread test, globule test, or artificial aging test).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited tin-lead coatings on fabricated articles of iron, steel, copper, and copper alloys, to protect them against corrosion (Note 1), to improve and preserve solderability over long periods of storage, and to improve anti-galling characteristics.
Note 1—Some corrosion of tin-lead coatings may be expected in outdoor exposure. In normal indoor exposure, tin-lead is protective on iron, copper, and copper alloys. Corrosion may be expected at discontinuities (pits or pores) in the coating. Porosity decreases as the thickness is increased. A primary use of the tin-lead coating (solder) is with the printed circuit industry as a solderable coating and as an etch mask material.  
1.2 This specification applies to electrodeposited coatings containing a minimum of 50 % and a maximum of 70 % tin. The specification applies to mat, bright, and flow-brightened tin-lead coatings.
Note 2—Tin-lead plating baths are composed of tin and lead fluoborates and of addition agents to promote stability. The final appearance may be influenced by the addition of proprietary brighteners. Without brighteners, the coatings are mat; with brighteners, they are semibright or bright. Flow-brightened coatings are obtained by heating mat coatings to above the melting point of tin-lead for a few seconds and then quenching; palm oil, hydrogenated oils, or fats are used as a heat-transfer medium at a temperature of 260 ± 10°C (500 ± 20°F), but other methods of heating are also in use. The maximum thickness for flow-brightening is about 7.5 μm (0.3 mil); thicker coatings tend to reflow unevenly. The shape of the part is also a factor; flat surfaces tend to reflow more unevenly than wires or rounded shapes (Note 3).
Note 3—Volatile impurities in tin-lead coatings will cause bubbling and foaming during flow-brightening resulting in voids and roughness. The impurities can arise from plating solution addition agents and from improper rinsing and processing.  
1.3 This specification does not apply to sheet, strip, or wire in the unfabricated form or to threaded articles having basic major diameters up to and including 19 mm (0.75 in.).

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for coating of cadmium mechanically deposited on metal products. Cadmium coatings shall classified on the basis of thickness, as follows: Class 12; Class 8; and Class 5. Cadmium coatings shall be identified as Type I and Type II on the basis of supplementary treatment required. The coating shall be uniform in appearance and free of blisters, pits, nodules, flaking, and other defects that can adversely affect the function of the coating. All steel parts that have ultimate tensile strength and that contains tensile stresses caused by machining, grinding, straightening, or cold-forming operation shall be given a stress relief heat treatment prior to cleaning and metal deposition. The minimum hours to failure (appearance of white corrosion products and red rust for mechanically deposited cadmium coatings on iron and steel) of Type I and Type II coatings shall be indicated to guarantee satisfactory performance. The test specimen shall undergo adhesion, corrosion resistance, and appearance tests. The thickness of the coating shall be determined by the microscopical method, or the magnetic method, or the beta backscatter method, as applicable.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a coating of cadmium mechanically deposited on metal products. The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 12 μm.
1.2 Mechanical deposition greatly reduces the risk of hydrogen embrittlement and is suitable for coating bores and recesses in many parts that cannot be conveniently electroplated (see Appendix X3).
1.3 Cadmium coatings are usually applied to provide engineering properties and corrosion resistance. The performance of a cadmium coating depends largely on its thickness and the kind of environment to which it is exposed. Without proof of satisfactory correlation, accelerated tests such as the salt spray (fog) test cannot be relied upon to predict performance in other environments, nor will these serve as comparative measures of the corrosion resistance afforded by coatings of different metals. Thus, although there is a marked superiority of cadmium coatings over zinc coatings of equal thickness in the salt spray test, this is often not the case under conditions of use, so that further testing in the service environment should be conducted.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 1.5 and 1.6.
1.5 Warning—Cadmium is toxic and must not be used in a coating for articles that can come into contact with food or beverages, or for dental or other equipment that can be inserted into the mouth. Consult appropriate agencies for regulations in this connection.
1.6 Warning—Because of the toxicity of cadmium vapors and cadmium oxide fumes, cadmium-coated articles must not be used at temperatures of 320°C and above. They must not be welded, spot-welded, soldered, or otherwise strongly heated without adequate ventilation that will efficiently remove all toxic fumes.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for cadmium-zinc coatings deposited on metallic products by mechanical deposition. The coating shall be classified in four thickness classes namely, Class 7, Class 12, Class 25, and Class 50. The coating shall also be classified according to coating types defined as Type I, Type IIa, Type IIb, Type IIc, and Type IId. The materials shall be subjected to the following test methods: coating composition determination; thickness measurement; adhesion test; corrosion resistance test; appearance test; and hydrogen embrittlement test.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Corrosion Resistance, General—This functional coating is used to provide corrosion resistance. The performance of this coating depends largely on its thickness and the kind of environment to which it is exposed. Published results of environmental corrosion studies have demonstrated that the coating provides corrosion resistance greater than equivalent thicknesses of zinc coatings in industrial environments and greater corrosion resistance than equivalent thicknesses of cadmium coatings in marine environments.  
Galvanic Corrosion Resistance—The galvanic couple that results in the corrosion of steel and aluminum parts in contact with each other in corrosive environments can also be minimized by plating the steel parts with this mechanically deposited coating.
Hydrogen Embrittlement, Absence of—The mechanical coating process does not produce any permanent hydrogen embrittlement in products made from high-strength steels, for example, fasteners or lock washers.
SCOPE
1.1 General—This specification covers the requirements for a coating that is a mixture of cadmium and zinc deposited on metallic products by mechanical deposition. The coating is provided in four thickness classes (see Table 1) and several finish types (see Table 2).
1.2 Toxicity—Warning: Cadmium is toxic; therefore these coatings should not be used on articles that will contact food or beverages, or for dental and other equipment that may be inserted into the mouth. Also, the coatings should not be used on articles that will be heated to high temperatures, because cadmium will form toxic fumes. Similarly, if coated articles are welded, soldered, or otherwise heated during fabrication, adequate ventilation should be provided to exhaust toxic fumes.
1.3 Similar Documents—Other kinds of mechanically deposited coatings are covered by Specifications B635, B695, and B696.
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 9, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc cobalt alloy coatings on metals. The coating class is Class 1 and five coating types are Type a, Type b, Type c, Type d, and Type e. The metal to be plated shall be subjected to such cleaning, pickling, and electroplating procedures. Coating requirements include: substrate, nature of coating, appearance, thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, and pre- and post-coating treatments of iron and steel for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement. Adhesion, porosity, corrosion resistance, or appearance tests shall be made.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc cobalt alloy coatings on metals.
1.2 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for a coating that is a mixture of cadmium and tin mechanically deposited on metal products. The coating shall be 45 to 75 mass % cadmium, the remainder tin. All steel parts that have ultimate tensile strength of 1000 MPa and above and that contain tensile stresses caused by machining, grinding, straightening, or cold forming operation shall be given a stress relief heat treatment prior to cleaning and metal deposition. High-strength steels that have heavy oxide or scale shall be cleaned before application of the coating in accordance with guide B 242. Chromate treatment for Type II shall be done in a solution containing hexavalent chromium. The cadmium-tin coating shall be sufficiently adherent to the basis metal to pass the prescribed testing. Steel springs and other high-strength steel parts shall be free from hydrogen embrittlement. The coating shall be uniform in appearance and substantially free of blisters, pits, nodules, flaking and other defects that can adversely affect the function of the coating. Chemical composition of the cadmium-tin coating shall be determined when required on the purchase order by procedures given in methods E 87 or test methods E 396. The thickness of the coating shall be determined by the microscopical method, the magnetic method, or the beta backscatter method as applicable. Chromate conversion coatings of cadmium-tin both have an essentially silvery-white appearance. Adhesion of the cadmium-tin deposit to the basis metal shall be tested in a manner that is consistent with the service requirements of the coated article. Coated parts to be tested for the absence of embrittlement from cleaning shall be tested for brittle failure in accordance with a suitable method.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a coating that is a mixture of cadmium and tin mechanically deposited on metal products. The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 12 μm.
1.2 Mechanical deposition greatly reduces the risk of hydrogen embrittlement and is suitable for coating bores and recesses in many parts that cannot be conveniently plated electrolytically. (See Appendix X1.)
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see Section 7.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited tin-nickel alloy coatings from aqueous solutions intended for the corrosion protection of fabricated articles of iron, steel, zinc-base alloys, copper, and copper alloys. This specification does not apply to sheets, strips, or wires in the fabricated form. It also may not be applicable to finely threaded articles, but the decision to use the coating on such components may be made by the purchaser. Coating grades shall be designated by a service condition number, which indicates the severity of exposure for which the coating is intended, and a coating thickness notation. Iron and steel specimens shall undergo pre- and post-coating treatments for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement. Coatings shall be sampled, tested, and conform to specified requirements as to appearance (visible defects), composition, thickness (assessed either by microscopical, magnetic, coulometric, beta backscatter, or X-ray spectrometry), adhesion (determined either by burnishing, or heat-quench test), and integrity (including gross defects, mechanical damage, and porosity).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited tin-nickel alloy coatings from aqueous solutions intended for the corrosion protection of fabricated articles of iron, steel, zinc-base alloys, copper, and copper alloys. The composition of the alloy remains constant at 65/35 tin-nickel in spite of wide fluctuations in both composition and operating conditions. The composition corresponds quite closely to an equiatomic ratio, and the process favors the co-deposition of tin and nickel atoms at identical rates.
1.2 This specification does not apply to sheet, strip, or wire in the fabricated form. It also may not be applicable to threaded articles having basic major diameters up to and including 19 mm because of the nonuniformity of thickness that can be expected on fine threads. However, a decision to use the coating on such components may be made by the purchaser.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for zinc coatings that are mechanically deposited on iron or steel basis metals. The zinc coatings are classified according to thickness and identified into two types; as coated without supplementary treatments or with colored chromate conversion treatment. The thickest coating classes are usually referred to as "mechanically galvanized". All deposited coatings should have a bright uniform silvery appearance, and a matte to medium-bright luster. Samples should be tested for adhesion, salt-spray corrosion resistance, appearance, thickness, and absence of hydrogen embrittlement. All tests results should comply with the given requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a coating of zinc mechanically deposited on iron and steel basis metals. The coating is provided in several thicknesses up to and including 107 μm. The seven thickest classes are usually referred to as “mechanically galvanized.”
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—The performance of this coating complies with the requirements of Specification A153/A153M and MIL-C-81562.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound equivalents of SI units are given for informational purposes.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium coatings on products of iron, steel, and other metals. Cadmium coatings are used for corrosion resistance and for corrosion prevention of the basis metal part. The as deposited coating (Type I) is useful for the lowest cost protection in a mild or noncorrosive environment where early formation of white corrosion products is not detrimental or harmful to the function of a component. The prime purpose of the supplementary chromate finishes (Types II and III) on the electroplated cadmium is to increase corrosion resistance.Electrodeposited cadmium coatings shall be classified on the basis of thickness as Class 25, 12, 8, and 5. The coating shall be essentially pure cadmium produced by electrodeposition usually from an alkaline cyanide solution. The basis metal shall be subjected to such cleaning procedures as necessary to ensure a surface satisfactory for subsequent electroplating. Cadmium shall be deposited directly on the basis metal part without an undercoat of another metal except when the part is either stainless steel or aluminum and its alloys. The plating shall be applied after all basis metal heat treatments and mechanical operations. The thickness of the coating everywhere on the significant surface shall conform to the requirements of the specified class. The cadmium coating shall be sufficiently adherent to the basis metal to pass the tests. The supplementary Type II chromate film shall be adherent, nonpowdery, and abrasion resistant. The thickness of electrodeposited cadmium coatings shall be determined by the applicable test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited cadmium coatings on products of iron, steel, and other metals.
Note 1—Cadmium is deposited as a coating principally on iron and steel products. It can also be electrodeposited on aluminum, brass, beryllium copper, copper, nickel, and powder metallurgy parts.  
1.2 The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 25 μm either as electrodeposited or with supplementary finishes.
1.3 Cadmium coatings are used for corrosion resistance and for corrosion prevention of the basis metal part. The as-deposited coating (Type I) is useful for the lowest cost protection in a mild or noncorrosive environment where early formation of white corrosion products is not detrimental or harmful to the function of a component. The prime purpose of the supplementary chromate finishes (Types II and III) on the electroplated cadmium is to increase corrosion resistance. Chromating will retard or prevent the formation of white corrosion products on surfaces exposed to various environmental conditions as well as delay the appearance of corrosion from the basis metal.
1.4 Cadmium plating is used to minimize bi-metallic corrosion between high-strength steel fasteners and aluminum in the aerospace industry. Undercutting of threads on fastener parts is not necessary as the cadmium coating has a low coefficient of friction that reduces the tightening torque required and allows repetitive dismantling.
1.5 Cadmium-coated parts can easily be soldered without the use of corrosive fluxes. Cadmium-coated steel parts have a lower electrical contact resistance than zinc-coated steel. The lubricity of cadmium plating is used on springs for doors and latches and for weaving machinery operating in high humidity. Corrosion products formed on cadmium are tightly adherent. Unlike zinc, cadmium does not build up voluminous corrosion products on the surface. This allows for proper functioning during corrosive exposure of moving parts, threaded assemblies, valves, and delicate mechanisms without jamming with debris.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard requirements for cadmium coatings vacuum deposited with or without supplementary chromate treatment on iron and steel basis metals. The cadmium metal for the production of the coating and the resultant coating shall conform to the chemical composition requirements as shall be determined by chemical, electrochemical, spectrochemical, or X-ray fluorescence analysis. Steel parts that have been machined, ground, cold-formed, or cold-straightened shall be heat treated for stress relief before cleaning and coating. The basis metal shall undergo surface cleaning, abrasive dry blasting, and outgassing by electron bombardment with high-energy positive ions to ensure satisfactory adhesion, abrasion resistance, and corrosion resistance performance. Chromate treatment shall be done in or with special aqueous acid solutions composed of hexavalent chromium along with certain anions that act as a catalyst or film forming compound to produce continuous, smooth, protective film. Coating adhesion shall be determined either by scraping or shearing with a sharp edge, knife, or razor blade through the coating down to the basis metal; plastically deforming by clamping and bending; or any suitable procedure such as burnishing, draw, or scribe tests. Salt spray corrosion test and visual examination shall also be performed on the coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a cadmium coating vacuum-deposited on iron and steel basis metals. The coating is especially beneficial to those ferrous metals, heat treated to 46HRC and higher or having an ultimate tensile strength greater than 1500 MPa, wherein protection against corrosion and appearance are important (see Appendix X1).
1.2 Vacuum-deposited production items are normally free of hydrogen embrittlement, a danger when using electroplating processes for deposition. Vacuum deposition can handle large high-strength parts that cannot be conveniently mechanically plated in the rotating barrels.
1.3 The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 12 μm (3.1) either in the as-deposited condition or with a supplementary finish (3.2).
1.4 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles for corrosion protection purposes. Electrodeposited zinc-coated steel wires or sheets are not covered here. The coatings shall be provided in four standard thickness classes in the as-plated condition or with one of three types of supplementary finishes. The surfaces of the articles shall under go pre-plating basis metal cleaning, pre- and post-coating treatment for reducing the risk of hydrogen embrittlement, and reactivation and supplementary treatments. Coatings should be sampled, prepared, tested and conform accordingly to specified requirements as to appearance (luster and workmanship), thickness, adhesion, corrosion resistance, and hydrogen embrittlement.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for electrodeposited zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles to protect them from corrosion. It does not cover electrodeposited zinc-coated steel wire or sheets (see Specification A 591/A 591M for sheets).
1.2 The coatings are provided in four standard thickness classes (4.1), in the as-plated condition or with one of three types of supplementary finish (4.2).
1.3 High strength metals, unless otherwise specified, including high strength steels having a tensile strength greater than 1700 MPa (247 ksi Rc 46) shall not be electroplated.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This standard has been revised to address RoHS requirements that seek to limit the exposure of workers and the public from exposure to toxic metals. Additional types have been added to permit non-chromate passivate treatments to be used in replacement of hexavalent chromium.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc iron alloy coatings on metals.  
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for coating of cadmium mechanically deposited on metal products. Cadmium coatings shall classified on the basis of thickness, as follows: Class 12; Class 8; and Class 5. Cadmium coatings shall be identified as Type I and Type II on the basis of supplementary treatment required. The coating shall be uniform in appearance and free of blisters, pits, nodules, flaking, and other defects that can adversely affect the function of the coating. All steel parts that have ultimate tensile strength and that contains tensile stresses caused by machining, grinding, straightening, or cold-forming operation shall be given a stress relief heat treatment prior to cleaning and metal deposition. The minimum hours to failure (appearance of white corrosion products and red rust for mechanically deposited cadmium coatings on iron and steel) of Type I and Type II coatings shall be indicated to guarantee satisfactory performance. The test specimen shall undergo adhesion, corrosion resistance, and appearance tests. The thickness of the coating shall be determined by the microscopical method, or the magnetic method, or the beta backscatter method, as applicable.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for a coating of cadmium mechanically deposited on metal products. The coating is provided in various thicknesses up to and including 12 m.
1.2 Mechanical deposition greatly reduces the risk of hydrogen embrittlement and is suitable for coating bores and recesses in many parts that cannot be conveniently electroplated (see ).
1.3 Cadmium coatings are usually applied to provide engineering properties and corrosion resistance. The performance of a cadmium coating depends largely on its thickness and the kind of environment to which it is exposed. Without proof of satisfactory correlation, accelerated tests such as the salt spray (fog) test cannot be relied upon to predict performance in other environments, nor will these serve as comparative measures of the corrosion resistance afforded by coatings of different metals. Thus, although there is a marked superiority of cadmium coatings over zinc coatings of equal thickness in the salt spray test, this is often not the case under conditions of use, so that further testing in the service environment should be conducted.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see 1.5 and 1.6.
1.4 Cadmium is toxic and must not be used in a coating for articles that can come into contact with food or beverages, or for dental or other equipment that can be inserted into the mouth. Consult appropriate agencies for regulations in this connection.
1.5 Because of the toxicity of cadmium vapors and cadmium oxide fumes, cadmium-coated articles must not be used at temperatures of 320°C and above. They must not be welded, spot-welded, soldered, or otherwise strongly heated without adequate ventilation that will efficiently remove all toxic fumes.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc nickel alloy coatings on metals. The zinc nickel coating shall be defined as Class 1. The five chromate conversion coating types shall be defined as follows: Type A shall be with colorless conversion coatings, Type B shall be with yellow iridescent conversion coatings, Type C shall be with bronze conversion coatings, Type D shall be with black chromate conversion coatings, and Type E shall be with any colors mentioned plus organic topcoat. The metal to be plated shall be free of flaws and defects that will be detrimental to the zinc alloy coating. It shall be subjected to such cleaning, pickling, and electroplating procedures as necessary to yield deposits. The coating shall be produced from an aqueous electroplating system that may be either an alkaline or acid formulation. The coating on all ready visible surfaces shall have an acceptable and characteristic appearance. The coating shall be adherent, free from blisters, pits, or discontinuities, and shall be free of cracks in the as plated state. The coating shall withstand normal handling and storage conditions without chipping, flaking, or other coating damage. The corrosion resistance of the coating shall be evaluated.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for electrodeposited zinc nickel alloy coatings on metals.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary statement pertains to the test method portion only, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.