ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 1 - JPEG Coding of digital representations of images

This document specifies a reference software implementation of ISO/IEC 19566-5 [1]. The reference software is accompanied with a reference dataset which provides an extensive list of the various JUMBF data structures specified in ISO/IEC 19566-5 [1].

This document specifies a framework for establishing trust in media. This framework includes aspects of authenticity, provenance, attribution, intellectual property rights, and integrity through secure and reliable annotation of the media assets throughout their life cycle.

This document specifies container file formats for JPEG AI codestreams as specified in Rec. ITU-T T.840.1 | ISO/IEC 6048-1 and Rec. ITU-T T.840.2 | ISO/IEC 6048-2. It defines file formats for working with image and motion sequence files on computer platforms, allowing Internet-based and other communications. This document uses already existing specifications for file formats and extends them for the embedding of JPEG AI codestreams.

This document specifies the transport and container formats for JPEG XL codestreams as specified in ISO/IEC 18181-1. This document specifies how to add metadata and extensions to JPEG XL codestreams. A file as described by this document is called a JPEG XL file.

This document specifies omnidirectional/360-degree image and motion contents using Rec. ITU-T T.81 | ISO/IEC 10918‑1, Rec. ITU-T T.800 (11/2015) | ISO/IEC 15444‑1, and ISO/IEC 18477-3.

This document specifies a subjective image quality assessment methodology that covers a range from good quality up to mathematically lossless. This document is applicable to the assessment of distortions due to image coding (i.e. lossy compression) and not necessarily other kinds of distortions (e.g. capture, sensor or rendering artefacts).

This document contains the reference software of the ISO/IEC 21122 series. It acts as guidance for implementation of the ISO/IEC 21122 series and as a reference for conformance testing.

This document specifies an image coding technology known as JPEG AI learning-based image coding (JPEG AI) comprising an image coding technology that facilitates the compression and processing of images for both human and machine vision. The scope of the JPEG AI document is the creation of a learning-based image coding standard offering a single-stream, compact compressed domain representation, targeting both human visualization, with significant compression efficiency improvement over image coding standards in common use at equivalent subjective quality, and effective performance for image processing and computer vision tasks. The core coding system describes JPEG AI standard for the human vision reconstruction task and thus specifies the JPEG AI specifies the parsing coded stream and the image reconstruction process. Only the syntax format, semantics, and associated decoding process requirements are specified, while other matters such as pre-processing, the encoding process, system signalling and multiplexing, data loss recovery, post-processing, and video display are considered to be outside the scope of this document. This document is designed to be generic in the sense that it serves a wide range of applications, bit rates, resolutions, qualities and services. In the course of creating this document, several requirements from typical applications have been considered, necessary algorithmic elements have been developed, and these have been integrated into a single syntax. Hence, this document is designed to facilitate image data interchange among different applications and services.

This document specifies the encapsulation of codestreams specified in the JPEG 2000 family of Recommendations | International Standards into file formats derived from ISO/IEC 14496-12, including the file format specified in ISO/IEC 23008-12.

This document specifies the framework, concepts, methodology for testing, and criteria to be achieved to claim conformance to multiple parts of the ISO/IEC 21122 series. It lists the conformance testing procedures.

This document specifies the framework, concepts, and methodology for securing JPEG 2000 codestreams. The scope of this document is to define: 1) a normative codestream syntax containing information for interpreting secure image data; 2) informative examples of JPSEC tools in typical use cases; 3) informative guidelines on how to implement security services and related metadata. The scope of this document is not to describe specific secure imaging applications or to limit secure imaging to specific techniques, but to create a framework that enables future extensions as secure imaging techniques evolve.

This document defines QuadBPT and TriBPT image components, collectively known as "breakpoint components", and specifies decoding and reconstruction procedures for recovering breakpoint component sample values from the codestream. This Recommendation | International Standard also specifies "breakpoint-dependent" spatial wavelet transforms that can be used in place of the transforms specified in Recommendation ITU-T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 for selected image components or tile-components. Extensions to the codestream syntax of Rec. ITU‑T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 are specified to enable the identification of breakpoint components, of components that can use a breakpoint-dependent spatial wavelet transform, and the association of breakpoint components with such breakpoint-dependent wavelet transforms.

This Document defines, in an extensible manner, syntaxes and methods for the remote interrogation and optional modification of JPEG 2000 codestreams and files in accordance with their definition in Rec. ITU-T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and other members of the Rec. ITU-T T.8xx | ISO/IEC 15444-x family of Recommendations | Standards. In this document, the defined syntaxes and methods are referred to as the JPEG 2000 Interactive Protocol, "JPIP", and interactive applications using JPIP are referred to as "JPIP systems." JPIP specifies a protocol consisting of a structured series of interactions between a client and a server by means of which image file metadata, structure and partial or whole image codestreams can be exchanged in a manner that avoids or minimises the communication of information not required by client. This document includes definitions of the semantics and values to be exchanged, and suggests how these can be passed using a variety of existing network transports. With JPIP, the following tasks can be accomplished in varying, compatible ways: – the exchange of capabilities; – the negotiation of capabilities to use in a session; – the request and transfer of the following elements from a variety of containers, such as JPEG 2000 files, JPEG 2000 codestreams and other container files: • selective data segments; • selective and defined structures; • parts of an image or its related metadata.

This document specifies an image file format capable of linking multiple media elements, such as image and text in any box-based JPEG file format.

This document provides reference implementations of ISO/IEC 18181-1 and ISO/IEC 18181-2. The software supports lossless and lossy compression of images and image sequences for a wide range of use cases such as (but not limited to) images with wide colour gamut and/or high dynamic range and responsive web images. This document includes source code and instructions for compilation and usage.

This document provides reference implementations of ISO/IEC 21794-1 and ISO/IEC 21794-2, also known as JPEG Pleno.

This document provides the conformance testing of the ISO/IEC 21794 series, also known as JPEG Pleno.

Rec. ITU-T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 defines a set of lossless and lossy compression methods for coding continuous-tone, bi-level, greyscale or colour digital still images. This Recommendation | International Standard provides three independently created software reference implementations of Rec. ITU-T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1, in order to assist implementers of Rec. ITU-T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 in testing and understanding its content. The packages are JASPER, JJ2000 and OPENJPEG. This Recommendation | International Standard also provides an independently created software reference implementation of Rec. ITU-T T.814 | ISO/IEC 15444-15, which specifies a high-throughput (HT) block coding algorithm that can be used in place of the block coding algorithm of Rec. ITU-T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1, in order to assist implementers of Rec. ITU-T T.814 | ISO/IEC 15444-15 in testing and understanding its content. The package is TT. This Recommendation | International Standard additionally provides an independently created software reference implementation for parsing of a JP2 file format specified in Rec. ITU-T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and a JPH file format specified in Rec. ITU-T T.814 | ISO/IEC 15444-15, The package is Codestream-parser. This Recommendation | International Standard does not define any additional part of the JPEG 2000 image coding system. Each version of the J2K reference software contains source code, which can be compiled to provide the following functionality: – Transcoding from selected, widely available image formats into a JPEG 2000 codestream. – Transcoding from selected, widely available image formats into the JP2 file format. – Selection of a wide range of JPEG 2000 encoding options (as documented in each reference software). – Decoding from a JPEG 2000 codestream to a range of selected widely available image formats. – Processing of a JP2 file to extract a JPEG 2000 codestream for decoding and conversion to a range of selected widely available image formats. – The ability to extract metadata from a JP2 file, including the contents of the Image Header box and the colour space. – The decoding of JP2 files that use the three-component matrix-based form of the restricted ICC method for the specification of colour space and the conversion of the decoded image data to the sRGB colour space for display, including limited upsampling of all decoded components to the same resolution. – The decoding of JP2 files that use the monochrome form of the restricted ICC method for the specification of colour space and the conversion of the decoded image data to the sRGB based greyscale space as defined within the JP2 file format. – The decoding of JP2 files that use the sYCC colour space and the conversion of the decoded image data to the sRGB colour space for display, including upsampling of all decoded components to the same resolution. – Some additional tools to help with evaluation and testing. The TT HTJ2K reference software contains source code, which can be compiled to provide the following functionality: – Decoding from a HTJ2K codestream to a range of selected widely available image formats. The codestream-parser reference software contains source code, which can provide the following functionality: – Parsing of JP2 file format; – Parsing of JPH file format. The reference software is intended for use as a testing and validation tool for other implementations of JPEG 2000, and to help in the understanding of Rec. ITU-T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 and Rec. ITU-T T.814 | ISO/IEC 15444-15.

This document specifies a series of interfaces to allow disparate systems an interoperable management of image repositories. It also specifies the general rules which govern the usage of metadata in JPSearch and provides a specification which provides rules for the representation of image metadata descriptions, consisting of the definition of the JPSearch Core Metadata Schema, provides rules for the publication of machine-readable translations between metadata terms belonging to proprietary metadata schemas and metadata terms in the JPSearch Core Metadata Schema, and provides rules for the registration and request of metadata schemas and its translation rules or links to them. JPSearch is an extensible standard. The method of extending the structures and rules beyond the JPSearch Core Metadata Schema is provided in this document.

This document specifies a coded codestream format for storage of light field modalities as well as associated metadata descriptors that are light field modality specific. This document also provides information on the encoding tools.

This document specifies the plenoptic image coding system framework architecture and its instantiation via a generic file format for storage of plenoptic modalities as well as associated metadata descriptors.

This document specifies a coding format, referred to as JPEG XT, which is designed primarily for continuous-tone photographic content. This document defines extensions that allow lossless coding of such content while staying compatible with the core coding system specified in ISO/IEC 18477-1.

This document specifies a coding format, referred to as JPEG XR, which is designed primarily for continuous-tone photographic content.

This document specifies privacy and security features which contribute to a system layer for JPEG standards. It defines generic structures that can be applied in all JPEG box-based file formats. In particular, this document specifies a signalling syntax supporting privacy and security features. The framework in this document is backwards-compatible with existing JPEG standards.

This Recommendation | International Standard specifies an alternate block-coding algorithm that can be used in place of the block-coding algorithm specified in Rec. ITU-T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1. This alternate block-coding algorithm offers a significant increase in throughput at the expense of slightly reduced coding efficiency, while a) allowing mathematically lossless transcoding to and from codestreams that use the block-coding algorithm specified in Rec. ITU‑T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1, and b) preserving codestream syntax and features specified in Rec. ITU-T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1. Recommendation ITU-T T.814 (2019) is a common text with ISO/IEC 15444-15:2019, both in their first edition.

This Recommendation | International Standard defines methods for coding bi-level images and sets of images (documents consisting of multiple pages). It is particularly suitable for bi-level images consisting of text and dithered (halftone) data. The methods defined permit lossless (bit-preserving) coding, lossy coding, and progressive coding. In progressive coding, the first image is lossy; subsequent images may be lossy or lossless. This Recommendation | International Standard also defines file formats to enclose the coded bi-level image data.

ISO/IEC 18477-5:2018 provides reference implementations of multiple parts of the ISO/IEC 18477 series, also known under the name "JPEG XT". JPEG XT is designed primarily for compression of continuous-tone photographic content.

ISO/IEC 18477-4:2017 specifies the framework, concepts, methodology for testing, and criteria to be achieved to claim conformance to one or multiple parts of ISO/IEC 18477 as listed below. It provides a framework for specifying abstract test suites and for defining the procedures to be followed during conformance testing. ISO/IEC 18477-4:2017 - specifies conformance testing procedures for decoding of ISO/IEC 18477‑1, 18477-2, ISO/IEC 18477‑6, ISO/IEC 18477‑7, ISO/IEC 18477‑8 and ISO/IEC 18477‑9, - specifies conformance testing procedures for codestreams to the above International Standards, - specifies codestreams, decoded images, and error metrics to be used within the decoder testing procedures, and - specifies abstract test suites.

ISO/IEC TR 29170-1:2017 recommends best practices for coding system evaluation of images and image sequences. ISO/IEC TR 29170-1:2017 defines a common vocabulary of terms for coding system evaluation and divides evaluation methods into three broad categories: a) subjective assessment; b) objective assessment; c) computational assessment. In addition to these broad assessment categories, this document discusses special care that is given for coding unusual imagery, e.g. high dynamic range or high colour depth. A fourth assessment category, hardware complexity, is often important for real-time or computationally complex applications; however, it is outside the scope of this document.

ISO/IEC 18477-7:2017 specifies a coding format, referred to as JPEG XT, which is designed primarily for continuous-tone photographic content.

ISO/IEC 18477-9:2016 specifies a coding format, referred to as JPEG XT, which is designed primarily for continuous-tone photographic content.

ISO/IEC TR 19566-2:2016 important information with the goal of elaborating a system layer for JPEG standards, referred to as JPEG systems. ISO/IEC TR 19566-2:2016 summarizes the principles of incremental codestream and file transport that are intended to form the future building blocks JPEG systems. Industrial implementations, future codecs and systems components are encouraged to follow these guidelines.

ISO/IEC 18477-2:2016 specifies a coding format, referred to as JPEG XT, which is designed primarily for continuous-tone photographic content.

ISO/IEC TR 19566-1:2016 describes common elements of a system layer for JPEG standards, referred to as JPEG Systems. ISO/IEC TR 19566-1:2016 describes the common architecture of file formats and codestream formats used in JPEG standards. It is intended that all future Systems components support codestreams and file formats following these guidelines.

ISO/IEC 18477-6:2016 specifies a coding format, referred to as JPEG XT, which is designed primarily for continuous-tone photographic content.

ISO/IEC 29170-2:2015 normalizes evaluation and grading of a light coding system used for displays and display systems, but is independent of the display technology. This procedure measures whether an observer can distinguish between an uncompressed reference and the reconstructed image to a pre-determined, statistically meaningful level. The procedure compares individual images with two possible forced choice comparison test methods. This procedure relies on subjective evaluation methods designed to discern image imperfections on electronic colour displays of any technology or size.

This Recommendation | International Standard defines a normative but optional file format for storing compound images using the JPEG 2000 file format family architecture. This format is an extension of the JP2 file format defined in Rec. ITU-T T.800 | ISO/IEC 15444-1 Annex I and uses boxes defined for both the JP2 file format and the JPX file format defined in Rec. ITU-T T.801 | ISO/IEC 15444-2 Annex M. This Recommendation | International Standard is useful for applications storing multiple pages, images with mixed content, and/or images that need more structure than provided in JP2. Applications that implement this file format shall implement it as described in this Recommendation | International Standard. This Recommendation | International Standard: ? specifies a binary container for multiple bi-level and continuous-tone images used to represent a compound image; ? specifies a mechanism by which multiple images can be combined into a single compound image, based on the mixed raster content (MRC) model; ? specifies a mechanism for grouping multiple images in a hierarchy of layout objects, pages and page collections; ? specifies a mechanism for storing JPEG 2000 and other compressed image data formats; ? specifies a mechanism by which metadata can be included in files specified by this Recommendation | International Standard.

ISO/IEC 15444-14:2012 specifies an XML document, referred to as JPXML, which is designed primarily for representing JPEG 2000 file format and marker segments in codestream, and referring method of internal data in a JPEG 2000 image. It specifies - JPXML conversion rules for general box file formats, - JPXML conversion rules for JPEG 2000 family file formats and codestream segments, and - a complete referring location path to address to an exact box or codestream data in an image. And it provides - guidance on processes for converting a source image data to an XML structural document, and - guidance on how to implement these processes in practice.

ISO/IEC 10918-5:2013 specifies the JPEG File Interchange Format (JFIF).

ISO/IEC 10918-6:2013 specifies a subset of features and application tools for the interchange of images encoded according to the JPEG image coding standard (Rec. ITU-T T.81 | ISO/IEC 10918-1) for printing.