D20 - Plastics

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the tubing that is intended for electrical, mechanical, chemical and medical applications manufactured from extrusion resins made from the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene. Three types of FEP-fluorocarbon tubing are classified which are differentiated by size schedules: Type I which is tubing based upon the American wire gage, Type II which is tubing based upon fractional inch sizes, and Type III which is tubing of all other sizes. Tubings are further differentiated in accordance to its increasing wall thicknesses in classes which are Class A, Class C, Class D, and Class E. Several properties of tubing such as inside diameter, wall thickness, specific gravity, tensile strength, elongation, dielectric breakdown voltage, dimensional stability, and heat resistance shall be determined by subjecting it to different test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 The tubing is intended for electrical, mechanical, chemical, and medical applications manufactured from extrusion resins made from the copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene or modified FEP resins containing no more than 2 % by weight of other fluoromonomers. This specification is for virgin material only and does not address recycled material as it is not appropriate for FEP tubing.  
Note 1: Abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes requirements and test methods for the materials, dimensions, warp, shrinkage, impact strength, expansion, appearance, and windload resistance of extruded single-wall siding manufactured from rigid (unplasticized) PVC compound. The siding shall be made of one or more layers of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compound. Any layers of materials other than poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) compound shall be kept to less than 20% by volume. The PVC compound when extruded into siding shall maintain uniform color and be free of any visual surface or structural changes, such as peeling, chipping, cracking, flaking, or pitting. The PVC compound shall be compounded so as to provide the heat stability and weather exposure stability required for the siding market application. PVC siding shall not contain elemental lead (Pb) or compounds of that material other than traces incidental to raw materials or the manufacturing process. This limitation applies to both PVC substrate and to any cap or film material. Materials shall be tested and the individual grades shall conform to specified values of length and width, thickness, camber, heat shrinkage, impact resistance, coefficient of linear expansion, gloss, surface distortion, color, weathering, windload resistance, and nail slot allowance for thermal expansion.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements and test methods for the materials, dimensions, warp, shrinkage, impact strength, expansion, appearance, and wind load resistance of extruded single-wall siding manufactured from rigid (unplasticized) PVC compound. Methods of indicating compliance with this specification are also provided.  
1.2 The use PVC recycled plastic in this product shall be in accordance with the requirements in Section 4.  
1.3 Rigid (unplasticized) PVC soffit is covered in Specification D4477.  
1.4 Siding produced to this specification shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions for the specific product to be installed.  
Note 1: Information with regard to siding maintenance shall be obtained from the manufacturer.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The suitability of a dispersion resin for any given application process is dependent upon its viscosity characteristics.  
5.2 The viscosity defines the flow behavior of a plastisol or organosol under low shear. This viscosity relates to the conditions encountered in pouring, casting, molding, and dipping processes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of plastisol and organosol viscosity at low shear rates.  
1.2 Apparent viscosity at high shear rates is covered in Test Method D1823.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method resembles ISO 3219-1977 in title only. The content is significantly different.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information, requirements and recommendations for design professionals, fabricators, installers and end-users of FRP chimney liners. FRP is a cost-effective and appropriate material of construction for liners operating at moderate temperatures in a corrosive chemical environment.  
4.2 This guide provides uniformity and consistency to the design, fabrication, and erection of fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) liners for concrete chimneys with coal-fired units. Other fossil fuels will require a thorough review of the operating and service conditions and the impact on material selection.  
4.3 This guide is limited specifically to FRP liners within a supporting concrete shell and is not applicable to other FRP cylindrical structures.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide offers direction and guidance to the user concerning available techniques and methods for design, material selection, fabrication, erection, inspection, confirmatory testing, quality control and assurance.  
1.2 These minimum guidelines, when properly used and implemented, can help ensure a safe and reliable structure for the industry.  
1.3 This guide offers minimum requirements for the proper design of a FRP liner once the service conditions relative to thermal, chemical, and erosive environments are defined. Due to the variability in liner height, diameter, and the environment, each liner must be designed and detailed individually.  
1.4 Selection of the necessary resins and reinforcements, composition of the laminate, and proper testing methods are offered.  
1.5 Once the material is selected and the liner designed, procedures for proper fabrication of the liner are developed.  
1.6 Field erection, sequence of construction, proper field-joint preparation, and alignment are reviewed.  
1.7 Quality control and assurance procedures are developed for the design, fabrication, and erection phases. The quality-assurance program defines the proper authority and responsibility, control of design, material, fabrication and erection, inspection procedures, tolerances, and conformity to standards. The quality-control procedures provide the steps required to implement the quality-assurance program.  
1.8 Appendix X1 includes research and development subjects to further support recommendations of this guide.  
1.9 Disclaimer—The reader is cautioned that independent professional judgment must be exercised when data or recommendations set forth in this guide are applied. The publication of the material contained herein is not intended as a representation or warranty on the part of ASTM that this information is suitable for general or particular use, or freedom from infringement of any patent or patents. Anyone making use of this information assumes all liability arising from such use. The design of structures is within the scope of expertise of a licensed architect, structural engineer, or other licensed professional for the application of principles to a particular structure.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.10 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.11 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Section    
Introduction and Background  
Scope and Objective  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
ASTM Standards  
2.1  
ACI Standard  
2.2  
NFPA Standard  
2.3  
ASME Standards  
2.4    
Terminology  
3  
ASTM Standard General Definitions  
3.1  
Applicable Definitions  
3.2  
Descriptions of Terms Specific to This ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Properties of EVA copolymers are affected by the amount of vinyl acetate incorporated in the copolymer: This test method provides a means to determine the vinyl acetate level in copolymer samples.  
5.2 Before proceeding with this test method, reference should be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or a combination thereof, covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers infrared procedures for determining the vinyl acetate content of EVA copolymers using pressed films (Procedure A) or molded plaques (Procedure B) and internal corrections for sample thickness.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to the analysis of EVA copolymers containing 0.5 to 55 % vinyl acetate except as specified in 1.3.  
1.3 Talc interferes with the 1020 cm−1 vinyl acetate band. Resins containing  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification addresses the physical properties of melt processible molding and extrusion materials of EFEP-fluoropolymer, wherein the EFEP resin is a copolymer of ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and hexafluoropropylene. It does not cover blended and recycled materials. Covered here are two types of fluoropolymer that is supplied in pellet form and classified according to their melting points, while the resins of each type are divided into one to two grades in accordance with their melt flow rates. The materials shall be sampled in accordance with an adequate statistical sampling procedure and shall conform to specific gravity, melting point, melt flow rate, elongation, tensile strength, and dielectric constant and dissipation factor requirements when tested by the procedures itemized herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers melt processible molding and extrusion materials of EFEP-fluoropolymer. The EFEP resin is a copolymer of ethylene, tetrafluoroethylene, and hexafluoropropylene.  
1.2 This specification does not cover blended materials and does not cover recycled materials.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units as detailed in IEEE/ASTM SI-10 are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Although this specification and ISO 20568-1 and ISO 20568-2 differ in approach or detail, data obtained using either are technically equivalent.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for parts intended for aerospace use and machined from polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) homopolymers. This specification, however, does not cover parts machined from PCTFE copolymer, PCTFE film or tape, or modified PCTFE. Material covered by this specification is on four types, differentiated based on intended uses and exposures: Types I (high service pressure) and II (low service pressure) for use in air and oxygen media, Type II for use in inert and reactive media, and Type IV for use in other media. The parts shall be manufactured from virgin, unplasticized, pure PCTFE homopolymer, and the use of recycled polymer or regrind shall be prohibited. The base material shall be free of defects and contaminants. The finished parts shall be white or gray in color with a natural translucent appearance, and shall be free of voids, scratches, fissures, inclusions, or entrapped air bubbles. Tests for specific gravity, melting point, tensile strength and elongation, deformation under load, zero strength time, mechanical impact (in ambient liquid oxygen and pressurized liquid and gaseous oxygen environments), and dimensional stability shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to be a means of calling out finished machined parts ready for aerospace use. Such parts may also find use in selected commercial applications where there are clear benefits derived from the use of parts with high molecular weight, good molecular weight retention during processing, dimensional stability, controlled crystallinity, and tightly controlled engineering tolerances.  
1.2 This specification establishes requirements for parts machined from virgin, unplasticized, 100 % polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) homopolymers.  
1.3 This specification does not cover parts machined from PCTFE copolymers, PCTFE film or tape less than 0.25-mm (0.010-in.) thick, or modified PCTFE (containing pigments or plasticizers).  
1.4 This specification does not allow parts containing recycled material.  
1.5 The specification does not cover PCTFE parts intended for general use applications, in which control of dimensional stability, molecular weight, and crystallinity are not as important. For machined PCTFE parts intended for general use, use Specification D7211.  
1.6 This specification classifies parts into three classes based upon intended uses and exposures: oxygen-containing media, reactive media, and inert media.  
1.7 Application—PCTFE components covered by this specification are virgin, 100 % PCTFE resin, free of plasticizers and other additives. The components are combustion resistant in oxygen, dimensionally stable, and meet other specific physical characteristics appropriate for their end use. They are used in valves, regulators, and other devices in oxygen, air, helium, nitrogen, hydrogen, ammonia, and other aerospace media systems. The components typically are used as valve seats, o-rings, seals, and gaskets. They are removed and replaced during normal maintenance procedures. The components provide reliable sealing surfaces resulting in proper closure of valves and related devices and no leakage from the system into the environment. They will experience static mechanical loading, cyclic mechanical loading, temperatures ranging from cryogenic to 71°C (160°F), and pressures up to 68.9 MPa (10,000, psig) for oxygen and air media, and 103.4 MPa (15,000 psig) for inert media.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.9 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 13, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental pra...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The suitability of a dispersion resin for any given application is dependent upon its viscosity characteristics.  
5.2 The extrusion viscosity defines the flow behavior of a plastisol or organosol under high shear. This viscosity relates to the conditions encountered in mixing, pumping, knife coating, roller coating, and spraying processes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of plastisol and organosol viscosity at high shear rates by means of an extrusion viscometer.  
1.2 Apparent viscosity at low shear rates is covered in Test Method D1824.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 4575-2007 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification addresses the physical properties of copolymers of chlorotrifluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy, and tetrafluoroethylene that are suitable for extrusion, compression, and injection molding. It does not cover blended and recycled materials. Covered here is one type of fluoropolymer that is supplied in pellet form and classified according to their melting points, while the resins of each type are divided into four grades according to their melt flow rates. The materials shall be sampled in accordance with an adequate statistical sampling procedure and shall conform to specific gravity, melting point, flow rate, elongation, and tensile strength requirements when tested by the procedures itemized herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers copolymers of chlorotrifluoroethylene, perfluoroalkoxy, and tetrafluoroethylene and are suitable for extrusion, compression, and injection molding.  
1.2 This specification does not cover blended materials and does not cover recycled materials.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units as detailed in IEEE/ASTM SI-10 are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 11, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: Although this classification system and ISO 20568-1 and ISO 20568-2 differ in approach or detail, data obtained using either are technically equivalent.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is a standard procedure for determining windload resistance of rigid plastic siding under specified uniform static pressure difference. This typically is intended to represent the effects of wind loads on exterior building surfaces. The actual loading on building surfaces is quite complex, varying with wind direction, time, height above ground, building shape, terrain, surrounding structures, and other factors.  
5.2 Design wind pressure is derived for specific geographical locations from wind velocity maps prepared by various agencies and found in references such as ASCE 7, the International Residential Code, International Building Code or other sources. For additional detailed information relating to the use of this test method for evaluation of wind load resistance, refer to Annex A1 of the standard specification appropriate for the type of polymeric siding.
Note 2: In applying the results of this test method, note that the performance of rigid PVC siding is a function of installation, and the specimen may or may not truly represent the actual application. In service, performance will also depend on the rigidity of supporting construction, and on the resistance of other components to deterioration by various causes, to thermal expansion and contraction, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes methods for testing and evaluating windload resistance of rigid plastic siding when fastened in accordance with specific product standard specifications, or in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions.  
1.2 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure measurement.  
1.3 This test method describes the apparatus and the procedures to be used to determine an average maximum sustained static test pressure, or ultimate test pressure values, or both, with static pressure applied uniformly to a specimen.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.  
1.4 The values expressed in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI equivalents in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for insulated vinyl siding, which is vinyl siding with integral foam plastic insulating material, where the vinyl siding is manufactured from rigid PVC compound. Compliance with this standard requires insulated vinyl siding to demonstrate a thermal insulation value of R-2.0 or greater. Other performance requirements and test methods addressed by this standard include materials properties and dimensions, warp, shrinkage, impact strength, expansion, appearance, thermal distortion resistance, flame spread, and windload resistance. Methods of indicating compliance with this specification are also provided.
Note 1: Insulated vinyl siding is composed of two major components: the vinyl siding and the insulating material. It is intended that the vinyl siding portion comply with Specification D3679. Applicable portions of Specification D3679 are included in this specification. Additional requirements that pertain only to the insulation as a separate material, or to the combination of vinyl siding and insulation as a whole, are also included. For further explanation, see Appendix X1.  
1.2 Insulated vinyl siding shall be tested with the insulation material in place or removed, as specified in the applicable requirement or test method.  
1.3 The use of PVC recycled plastic in this product shall be in accordance with the requirements in Section ‎4.  
1.4 Insulated vinyl siding produced to this specification shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions for the specific product to be installed.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the physical requirements and test methods for extruded single-wall soffits manufactured from rigid (unplasticized) poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) compounds. The PVC compound when extruded into soffit shall maintain uniform color and be free of any visual surface or structural changes such as peeling, chipping, cracking, flaking, or pitting. Materials shall undergo testing and shall conform accordingly to requirements in terms of dimension (length, width, and thickness), camber, initial impact resistance, coefficient of linear expansion, gloss, deflection, and color.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements and test methods for the materials, dimensions, camber, impact strength, expansion, and appearance of extruded single-wall soffit manufactured from rigid (unplasticized) PVC compound. Methods of indicating compliance with this specification are also provided.  
1.2 The use of PVC recycled plastic in this product shall be in accordance with the requirements in Section 4.  
1.3 Soffit produced to this specification shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's installation instructions for the specific product to be installed.  
Note 1: Information with regard to soffit maintenance shall be obtained from the manufacturer.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 6 of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The use of plastics aboard ships is on the rise and the use of the sea as a trash dumping site is no longer a possibility; consequently, the disposal of plastic materials while at sea remains a major issue. It is possible that biodegradable plastics will help to allay public concern by allowing for the safe disposal of plastic materials at sea. This test method has been developed to assess the rate and degree of aerobic biodegradation of plastics exposed to marine microorganisms. Aerobic biodegradation is determined by measuring the amount of biogas (carbon dioxide) produced during such an exposure.  
5.2 It is acceptable to use the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradability of a plastic under the conditions of this test method to estimate the persistence of that plastic in biologically active marine environments, for example, seashore and open-ocean. However, it shall be recognized that predicting long-term environmental fate and effects from the results of short-term exposure to a simulated marine environment is difficult. Thus, caution shall be exercised when extrapolating the results obtained from this or any other controlled-environment test to disposal in the natural environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to determine the degree and rate of aerobic biodegradation of plastic materials (including formulation additives) exposed to pre-grown population of at least ten aerobic marine microorganisms of known genera or the indigenous population existing in natural seawater. The test method is conducted under controlled laboratory conditions.  
1.2 This test method is designed to index polymer materials that are possibly biodegradable, relative to a positive reference material, in an aerobic environment.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to all polymer materials containing at least 20 % carbon that are not inhibitory to the microorganisms present in a marine environment.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5 There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are suitable for quality control, specification testing, and research. The specific gravity is necessary when converting kinematic viscosity to absolute viscosity.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods measure the specific gravity of polyols. Test Method A measures the specific gravity of polyols using a pycnometer and Test Method B lists a reference for measuring the specific gravity of liquids using a density meter that is applicable to polyols (see Note 1).  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Flexural properties determined by these test methods are especially useful for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes.  
5.2 Specimen depth, temperature, atmospheric conditions, and the difference in rate of straining specified in Test Methods A and B are capable of influencing flexural property results.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are suitable for determining the flexural properties for any solid or hollow manufactured plastic lumber product of square, rectangular, round, or other geometric cross section that shows viscoelastic behavior. The test specimens are whole “as manufactured” pieces without any altering or machining of surfaces beyond cutting to length. As such, this is a test method for evaluating the properties of plastic lumber as a product and not a material property test method. Flexural strength cannot be determined for those products that do not break or that do not fail in the extreme outer fiber.
Note 1: This test method was developed for application to plastic lumber materials, but it is generic enough that it would be equally applicable to other plastic composite materials, including wood-plastic composite materials.  
1.2 Test Method A, designed principally for products in the flat or “plank” position.  
1.3 Test Method B, designed principally for those products in the edgewise or “joist” position.  
1.4 Plastic lumber currently is produced using several different plastic manufacturing processes. These processes utilize a number of diverse plastic resin material systems that include fillers, fiber reinforcements, and other chemical additives. The test methods are applicable to plastic lumber products where the plastic resin is the continuous phase, regardless of its manufacturing process, type or weight percentage of plastic resin utilized, type or weight percentage of fillers utilized, type or weight percentage of reinforcements utilized, and type or weight percentage of other chemical additives.  
1.4.1 Alternative to a single resin material system, diverse and multiple combinations of both virgin and recycled thermoplastic material systems are permitted in the manufacture of plastic lumber products.  
1.4.2 Diverse types and combinations of inorganic and organic filler systems are permitted in the manufacturing of plastic lumber products. Inorganic fillers include such materials as talc, mica, silica, wollastonite, calcium carbonate, and so forth. Organic fillers include lignocellulosic materials made or derived from wood, wood flour, flax shive, rice hulls, wheat straw, and combinations thereof.  
1.4.3 Fiber reinforcements used in plastic lumber include manufactured materials such as fiberglass (chopped or continuous), carbon, aramid and other polymerics; or lignocellulosic-based fibers such as flax, jute, kenaf, and hemp.  
1.4.4 A wide variety of chemical additives are added to plastic lumber formulations to serve numerous different purposes. Examples include colorants, chemical foaming agents, ultraviolet stabilizers, flame retardants, lubricants, anti-static products, biocides, heat stabilizers, and coupling agents  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of...

ABSTRACT
This classification system covers unfilled, filled, and reinforced polyetherimide materials suitable for injection molding and extrusion. Unfilled polyetherimide materials are classified into groups according to their composition. These groups are subdivided into classes and grades. The plastic compositions shall be uniform and shall conform to the requirements specified. Determine the properties enumerated in this classification system using the referenced test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification system covers unfilled, filled, and reinforced polyetherimide materials suitable for injection molding and extrusion.  
1.2 The properties included in this classification system are those required to identify the compositions covered. Other requirements necessary to identify particular characteristics important to specialized applications are to be specified by using suffixes as given in Section 5.  
1.3 This classification system and subsequent line callout (specification) are intended to provide a means of calling out plastic materials used in the fabrication of end items or parts. It is not intended for the selection of materials. Material selection can be made by those having expertise in the plastic field only after careful consideration of the design and the performance required of the part, the environment to which it will be exposed, the fabrication process to be employed, the costs involved, and the inherent properties of the material other than those covered by this standard.  
1.4 This classification system allows for the use of recycled polyetherimide materials, provided that all specification requirements are met.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 11, of this classification system: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given at the end of 5.4.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The property measured by this test is the apparent modulus of rigidity, G, sometimes called the apparent shear modulus of elasticity. It is important to note that this property is not the same as the modulus of elasticity, E, measured in tension, flexure, or compression. The relationship between these properties is shown in Annex A1.  
4.2 The measured modulus of rigidity is termed “apparent” since it is the value obtained by measuring the angular deflection occurring when the specimen is subjected to an applied torque. Since it is possible that the specimen will be deflected beyond its elastic limit, the calculated value will not always represent the true modulus of rigidity within the elastic limit of the material. In addition, the value obtained by this test method will also be affected by the creep characteristics of the material, since the load application time is arbitrarily fixed. For many materials, it is possible that there is a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the current ASTM material standards.  
4.3 This test method is useful for determining the relative changes in stiffness over a wide range of temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the stiffness characteristics of plastics over a wide temperature range by direct measurement of the apparent modulus of rigidity.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method and ISO 458-1 and ISO 458-2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification is intended to provide a callout system for polyethylene utilizing specimen preparation procedures and test methods based primarily on ISO standards. The classification system provides for the identification of unfilled polyethylene plastics molding and extrusion materials, with a melt index of <1g/10 min, in such a manner that the supplier and the user agree on the acceptability of different commercial lots or shipments. The specification also lists the requirements that would allow for the use of recycled polyethylene materials. These requirements include the colour and form of the material.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification system provides for the identification of unfilled polyethylene plastics molding and extrusion materials, with a melt index of  
1.2 This classification system allows for the use of recycled polyethylene materials provided that the requirements as stated in this classification system are met. The proportions of recycled material used, as well as the nature and amount of any contaminant, however, will not be covered in this specification.
Note 1: See Guide D7209 for information and definitions related to recycled plastics.  
1.3 The properties included in this classification system are those required to identify the compositions covered. There may be other requirements necessary to identify particular characteristics important to specialized applications. These shall be agreed upon between the user and the supplier by using the suffixes given in Section 5.  
1.4 This classification system and subsequent line callout (specifications) are intended to provide a means of calling out plastic materials used in the fabrication of end items or parts. It is not intended for the selection of materials. Material selection should be made by those having expertise in the plastic field after careful consideration of the design and the performance requirements of the part, the environment to which it will be exposed, the fabrication process to be employed, the costs involved, and the inherent properties of the material other than those covered by this classification system.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are regarded as the standard.  
1.6 The following precautionary caveat pertains to the test method portion only, Section 12 of this classification system. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 For information regarding plastic pipe materials, see Specification D3350. For information regarding wire and cable materials, see Specification D1248. For information regarding classification of PE molding and extrusion materials using ASTM test methods, see Specification D4976.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compression tests provide information about the compressive properties of plastic lumber and shapes when these products are used under conditions approximating those under which the tests are made. In the case of some materials, there will be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.  
4.2 Compressive properties include modulus of elasticity, secant modulus, compressive strength, and stress at a given strain. In the case of a material that fails in compression by a shattering fracture, the compressive strength has a very definite value. In the case of a material that does not fail in compression by a shattering fracture nor exhibits a compressive yield point, the compressive strength is an arbitrary one depending upon the degree of distortion that is regarded as indicating complete failure. Many plastic lumber materials will not exhibit a true yield point. Compressive strength can have no real meaning in such cases. For plastic lumber, the stress at a given strain of 3 % (0.03 in./in. (mm/mm)) is typically used.  
4.3 Compression tests provide a standard method of obtaining data for research and development, quality control, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and special purposes. The tests cannot be considered significant for engineering design in applications differing widely from the load-time scale of the standard test. Such applications require additional tests such as impact, creep, and fatigue.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanical properties of plastic lumber and shapes, when the entire cross-section is loaded in compression at relatively low uniform rates of straining or loading. Test specimens in the “as-manufactured” form are employed. As such, this is a test method for evaluating the properties of plastic lumber or shapes as a product and not a material property test method.
Note 1: This test method was developed for application to plastic lumber materials, but it is generic enough that it would be equally applicable to other plastic composite materials, including wood-plastic composite materials.  
1.2 Plastic lumber and plastic shapes are currently made predominantly with recycled plastics. However, this test method would also be applicable to similar manufactured plastic products made from virgin resins, or where the product is non-homogenous in the cross-section.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The values obtained by this test method are applicable only to conditions that specifically duplicate the procedures used.  
5.2 After a scaling constant is determined for one diameter, this may be used for calculating the external failure pressures of other diameters as long as the resin and reinforcement (if used), the wall thickness-to-diameter ratio, and the reinforcement pattern (if reinforcement is used) are the same.  
Note 3: Based upon tests conducted on one size of pipe, a scaling constant is calculated according to 10.1 or 10.2. The appropriate constant is used to calculate failure pressure for other pipe diameters, but it can only be applied if the same resin and reinforcement are used, the wall thickness to diameter ratios are similar, and the reinforcement pattern is constant.  
5.3 In the application of the following test requirements and recommendations, care must be exercised to ensure that the specimens tested are truly representative of the group being studied.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the resistance of fiberglass pipe to external pressure. It classifies failures as buckling, compressive, and leaking. Both glass-fiber-reinforced thermosetting-resin pipe (RTRP) and glass-fiber-reinforced polymer mortar pipe (RPMP) are fiberglass pipes.
Note 1: For the purposes of this standard, polymer does not include natural polymers.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is suitable for quality control, as a specification test, and for research. The results are measures of batch-to-batch uniformity and are useful in estimating reactivity.  
5.1.1 The percent nitrogen can be used to characterize a polyol or indicate amounts of certain components in a polyol blend.  
5.1.2 It is permissible to also express the results in equivalents of base per gram of sample, if desired.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the basic constituents in polyols that are soluble in glacial acetic acid and reactive with perchloric acid. Samples containing 0.3 % to 10 % nitrogen have been evaluated by this method. This test method is applicable to polyether polyols and polyether polyol blends that are used in urethane reactions. (See Note 1.)  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard is equivalent to ISO 25761:08.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is suitable for quality control, as a specification test, and for research. The water content of a polyol is important since isocyanates react with water.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the water content of polyols and many other organic compounds.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 14897.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology covers definitions of technical terms used in the plastics industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.  
1.2 When a term is used in an ASTM document for which Committee D20 is responsible it is included only when judged, after review, by Subcommittee D20.92 to be a generally usable term.  
1.3 Definitions that are identical to those published by another standards body are identified with the abbreviation of the name of the organization; for example, IUPAC is the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.  
1.4 A definition is a descriptive phrase or a single sentence with additional information included in discussion notes.
Note 1: It is recommended that definitions be reviewed periodically.  
1.4.1 When a new definition is added to this terminology standard, or the wording of a definition is revised, the date of the change shall be appended to the new or revised definition.  
1.5 For literature related to plastics terminology, see Appendix X1.  
1.6 Subsections 1.6.1 – 1.6.5 contain references to specific terminology standards that are relevant to specific plastic products or applications. In case of conflict between a definition contained in Terminology D883 and one contained in another standard, the definition given in Terminology D883 shall prevail.  
1.6.1 For terms related to thermal insulation, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology C168.  
1.6.2 For terms related to electrical or electronic insulating materials, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology D1711.  
1.6.3 For terms relating to fire, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict between Terminology E176 and ISO 13943, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.  
1.6.4 For terms relating to precision and bias and associated issues, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology E456.  
1.6.5 For terms related to plastic piping systems, the applicable definitions are contained in Terminology F412.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measurements of EO content correlate to polyol reactivity (as related to primary hydroxyl content), linearity of foam rise, and hydrophilicity of the polyol and final product.
SCOPE
1.1 Test Method A—Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (1H NMR) measures polymerized ethylene oxide (EO) content of ethylene oxide (EO) propylene oxide (PO) polyether polyols used in flexible polyurethane foams and non-foams. It is suitable for diols initiated from glycols of EO or PO containing EO percentages >5. For triols initiated with glycerol (glycerin) and trimethylolpropane, an uncorrected EO value is obtained since both initiators have protons that contribute to the EO measurement.  
1.2 Test Method B—Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (13C NMR) measures the polymerized EO content of EO-PO polyether polyols used in flexible polyurethane foams and non-foams. It is suitable for diols and triols made from the commonly used initiators and containing EO percentages >5.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers polypropylene materials, suitable for injection molding and extrusion, that include unreinforced polypropylene with natural color only, unfilled and unreinforced polypropylene, calcium carbonate filled polypropylene, glass reinforced polypropylene, polypropylene copolymers, and talc filled polypropylene. Polymers consist of homopolymer, copolymers, and elastomer compounded with or without the addition of impact modifiers (ethylene-propylene rubber, polyisobutylene rubber, and butyl rubber), colorants, stabilizers, lubricants, or reinforcements. Tests shall be conducted on each of the specimens to determine the required physical and mechanical properties of the materials. The specimens for the various materials shall conform to the following requirements: nominal flow rate; test specimen dimensions; tensile stress at yield; flexural modulus; Izod impact resistance; deflection temperature; and multiaxial impact ductile-brittle transition temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification system covers polypropylene materials suitable for injection molding and extrusion. Polymers consist of homopolymer, copolymers, and elastomer compounded with or without the addition of impact modifiers, for example, ethylene-propylene rubber, polyisobutylene rubber, and butyl rubber, colorants, stabilizers, lubricants, or reinforcements.  
1.2 This classification system allows for the use of those polypropylene materials that can be recycled, reconstituted, and reground, provided that: (1) the requirements as stated in this classification system are met, and (2) the material has not been modified in any way to alter its conformance to food contact regulations or similar requirements. The proportions of recycled, reconstituted, and reground material used, as well as the nature and the amount of any contaminant, cannot be practically covered in this classification system. It is the responsibility of the supplier and the buyer of recycled, reconstituted, and reground materials to ensure compliance. (See Guide D7209.)  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The properties included in this classification system are those required to identify the compositions covered. If other requirements are necessary to identify particular characteristics important to specific applications, these shall be designated by using the suffixes given in Section 1.  
1.4 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 13, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: This classification system and ISO 19069-1 and -2 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers unpigmented, unsupported, sheet or tubular, medium-density polyethylene films intended for general uses and packaging applications. The film shall be made from homopolymer polyethylene, copolymer polyethylene commonly referred to as low-pressure polyethylene, or blends of homopolymers and copolymers that include ethylene/vinyl-acetate copolymers. The specimens shall be conditioned before testing in the standard laboratory temperature. Tests shall be conducted to determine the physical properties of the specimens which shall conform to the following physical requirements: secant modulus or stiffness; kinetic coefficient of friction; optical properties such as clarity, gloss, and haze; surface treatment level or wetting tension; impact resistance; tensile strength and elongation at break; heat sealability; and odor level.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers unpigmented, unsupported, sheet or tubular, medium-density polyethylene films (hereafter referred to as film or films) from resins having densities in the range from 926.0 to 938.0 kg/m3 (0.926 to 0.938 g/cm3), inclusive, as measured on molded plaques.  
1.2 This specification is applicable to homopolymer polyethylene but is not restricted to it.  
1.3 This specification is also applicable to films made from copolymer polyethylene commonly referred to in industry as low-pressure polyethylene.  
1.4 This specification is also applicable to films made from blends of homopolymers and copolymers, including ethylene/vinyl-acetate copolymers.  
1.5 This specification allows for the use of recycled polyethylene film or resin as feedstock, in whole or in part, as long as all the requirements of this specification are met and as long as any specific requirements as governed by the producer and end user are also met (see Note 1).  
Note 1: Guide D7209 contains terminology and definitions relating to recycled plastics.  
1.6 Special care must be exercised if this specification is applied to colored or pigmented films. This specification does not address specific problems associated with coloring, such as, quantity and quality of pigment dispersion, optical properties, and increase in density. These and other areas must be taken into account by mutual agreement between the supplier and the purchaser.  
1.7 The thickness of the films covered by this specification range from 25 to 100 μm (0.001 to 0.004 in.), inclusive. The maximum width of the sheet or lay-flat is 3.05 m (120 in.).  
1.8 This specification does not cover oriented heat-shrinkable films.  
1.9 This specification defines the levels of various physical properties from which specifications for specific films are to be described. The levels of physical properties required by a film for a given application are selected from Section 6 and the corresponding tables. However, Sections 7.2 – 7.5 relating to tolerances shall apply without change to all film falling within the scope indicated by the title and 1.1 – 1.4.  
1.10 This specification covers dimensional tolerances, classification, intrinsic quality requirements, and test methods. The dimensional tolerances include thickness, width, and length or yield. Classification defines types, classes, surfaces, and finishes. The intrinsic quality requirements include density, workmanship, impact strength, tensile strength, heat sealability, and odor, as well as the classification properties for stiffness, coefficient of friction, optical properties, and surface treatment. A sampling method is included.  
1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.  
1.12 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 10, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate s...

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes requirements for the material properties, including dimensional stability, weatherability, and extrusion quality, of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) exterior profile extrusions used for assembled windows and doors. Methods for testing and for identifying exterior profile extrusions that comply with this specification are also provided. The physical and performance requirements of PVC are presented in details. The dimensional stability and impact strength shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for the material properties, including dimensional stability, weatherability, and extrusion quality, of rigid poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) exterior profile extrusions used for assembled windows and doors. Methods for testing and for identifying exterior profile extrusions that comply with this specification are also provided.  
1.2 The use of rigid PVC recycled plastic in this product shall be in accordance with the requirements in Section 6.
Note 1: Information with regard to application, assembly, and installation should be obtained from the manufacturers of the profiles and of the windows and doors.
Note 2: Refer to Specification D3678 for interior profile extrusions.  
1.3 Color-hold guidelines are provided in an appendix for the manufacturer’s product development and quality performance use.  
1.4 Color-hold guidelines are presently limited to white, grey, beige, light brown, and dark brown (see Figs. X1.1 through X1.5). Additional colors will be added as color guidelines are developed.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
Note 3: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes, which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 11, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many important properties of crosslinked ethylene plastics vary with the gel content. Hence, determination of the gel content provides a means of both controlling the process and rating the quality of finished products.  
5.2 Extraction tests permit verification of the proper gel content of any given crosslinked ethylene plastic and they also permit comparison between different crosslinked ethylene plastics, including those containing fillers, provided that, for the latter, the following conditions are met:  
5.2.1 The filler is not soluble in either decahydronaphthalene or xylenes at the extraction temperature.  
5.2.2 The amount of filler present in the compound either is known or will be determined by other means.  
5.2.3 Sufficient crosslinking has been achieved to prevent migration of filler during the extraction. Usually it has been found that, at extraction levels up to 50 %, the extractant remains clear and free of filler.  
5.3 A suitable antioxidant is added to the extractant to inhibit possible oxidative degradation at the extraction temperatures.  
5.4 Before proceeding with this test method, reference shall be made to the specification of the material being tested. Any test specimen preparation, conditioning, dimensions, or testing parameters, or a combination thereof, covered in the materials specification shall take precedence over those mentioned in this test method. If there are no material specifications, then the default conditions apply.
SCOPE
1.1 The gel content (insoluble fraction) produced in ethylene plastics by crosslinking is determined by extracting with solvents such as decahydronaphthalene or xylenes. The methods described herein are applicable to crosslinked ethylene plastics of all densities, including those containing fillers, and all provide corrections for the inert fillers present in some of those compounds.  
1.2 Test Method A, which permits most complete extraction in least time, is to be used for referee tests, but two alternative nonreferee Test Methods B and C are also described. Test Method B differs from the referee test method only in sample preparation; that is, it requires use of shavings taken at selected points in cable insulation, for example, rather than the ground sample required by the referee test method. Because the shaved particles are larger, less total surface per sample is exposed to the extractant, so this test method ordinarily yields extraction values about 1 to 2 % lower than the referee method. Test Method C requires that a specimen in one piece be extracted in xylenes at a constant temperature of 110°C. At this temperature and with a one-piece specimen, even less extraction occurs (from 3 to 9 % less than the referee test method), this method permits swell ratio (a measure of the degree of crosslinking in the gel phase) be determined.  
1.3 Extraction tests are made on articles of any shape. They have been particularly useful for electrical insulations since specimens can be selected from those portions of the insulation most susceptible to insufficient crosslinking.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 10147, Method B. It is not equivalent to ISO 10147 in any other measurement or section.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Sections 6, 9, and 24.  
1.6 This int...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Heat buildup in PVC exterior building products due to absorption of the energy from the sun may lead to distortion problems. Heat buildup is affected by the color, emittance, absorptance, and reflectance of a product. Generally, the darker the color of the product, the more energy is absorbed and the greater is the heat buildup. However, even with the same apparent color, the heat buildup may vary due to the specific pigment system involved. The greatest heat buildup generally occurs in the color black containing carbon black pigment. The black control sample used in this test method contains 2.5 parts of furnace black per 100 parts of PVC suspension resin. The maximum temperature rise above ambient temperature for this black is 90°F (50°C) for a 45° or horizontal surface when the sun is perpendicular to the surface and 74°F (41°C) for a vertical surface assuming that the measurements were done on a cloudless day with no wind and heavy insulation on the back of the specimen.4  
5.2 This test method allows the measurement of the temperature rise under a specific type heat lamp, relative to that of a black reference surface, thus predicting the heat buildup due to the sun's energy.  
5.3 The test method allows prediction of heat buildup of various colors or pigment systems, or both.  
5.4 This test method gives a relative heat buildup compared to black under certain defined severe conditions but does not predict actual application temperatures of the product. These will also depend on air temperature, incident angle of the sun, clouds, wind velocity, insulation, installation behind glass, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers prediction of the heat buildup in rigid and flexible PVC building products above ambient air temperature, relative to black, which occurs due to absorption of the sun's energy.  
Note 1: This test method is expected to be applicable to all types of colored plastics. The responsible subcommittee intends to broaden the scope beyond PVC when data on other materials is submitted for review.
Note 2: There are no ISO standards covering the primary subject matter of this test method.  
1.2 Rigid PVC exterior profile extrusions for assembled windows and doors are covered in Specification D4726.  
1.3 Rigid PVC exterior profiles for fencing are covered in Specification F964.  
1.4 Rigid PVC siding profiles are covered in Specification D3679.  
1.5 Rigid PVC soffit profiles are covered in Specification D4477.  
1.6 Rigid PVC and Rigid CPVC plastic building products compounds are covered in Specification D4216.  
1.7 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this test method.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section 7.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The volatile components of a plastisol or organosol influence the weight loss during processing. It is possible that this information will be useful to the producer and user and to environmental interests for estimating the volatiles emitted by the plastisol or organosol during processing.  
5.2 Results obtained by this test method are not strictly equivalent to those experienced during product processing wherein conditions of temperature, air flow, coating mass, and configuration are potentially quite different.  
5.3 This test method is not necessarily applicable to all types of plastisol and organosol applications. Any change in the specified testing time or temperature to accommodate unique applications shall be included in the report (see 7.3).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for the determination of the relative volatility of polyvinyl chloride plastisols and organosols at elevated temperatures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used for research or for quality control to characterize aromatic isocyanates and prepolymers of moderate to high acidity. Acidity correlates with performance in some polyurethane systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the acidity, expressed as parts per million (ppm) of HCl, in aromatic isocyanate samples of greater than 100–ppm acidity. The test method is applicable to products derived from toluene diisocyanate and methylene-bis-(4–phenylisocyanate) (see Note 1).
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 14898, Test Method A.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This testing method provides accurate biobased/biogenic carbon content results to materials whose carbon source was directly in equilibrium with CO2 in the atmosphere at the time of cessation of respiration or metabolism, such as the harvesting of a crop or grass living its natural life in a field. Special considerations are needed to apply the testing method to materials originating from within artificial environments. Application of these testing methods to materials derived from CO2 uptake within artificial environments is beyond the present scope of this standard.  
4.2 Method B utilizes AMS along with Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) techniques to quantify the biobased content of a given product. Instrumental error can be within 0.1-0.5 % (1 relative standard deviation (RSD)), but controlled studies identify an inter-laboratory total uncertainty up to ±3 % (absolute). This error is exclusive of indeterminate sources of error in the origin of the biobased content (see Section 22 on precision and bias).  
4.3 Method C uses LSC techniques to quantify the biobased content of a product using sample carbon that has been converted to benzene. This test method determines the biobased content of a sample with a maximum total error of ±3 % (absolute), as does Method B.  
4.4 The test methods described here directly discriminate between product carbon resulting from contemporary carbon input and that derived from fossil-based input. A measurement of a product’s 14C/12C or 14C/13C content is determined relative to a carbon based modern reference material accepted by the radiocarbon dating community such as NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 4990C, (referred to as OXII or HOxII). It is compositionally related directly to the original oxalic acid radiocarbon standard SRM 4990B (referred to as OXI or HOxI), and is denoted in terms of fM, that is, the sample’s fraction of modern carbon. (See Terminology, Section 3.)  
4.5 Reference standards, available to all...
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1.1 This standard is a test method that teaches how to experimentally measure biobased carbon content of solids, liquids, and gaseous samples using radiocarbon analysis. These test methods do not address environmental impact, product performance and functionality, determination of geographical origin, or assignment of required amounts of biobased carbon necessary for compliance with federal laws.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to any product containing carbon-based components that can be combusted in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. The overall analytical method is also applicable to gaseous samples, including flue gases from electrical utility boilers and waste incinerators.  
1.3 These test methods make no attempt to teach the basic principles of the instrumentation used although minimum requirements for instrument selection are referenced in the References section. However, the preparation of samples for the above test methods is described. No details of instrument operation are included here. These are best obtained from the manufacturer of the specific instrument in use.  
1.4 Limitation—This standard is applicable to laboratories working without exposure to artificial carbon-14 (14C). Artificial 14C is routinely used in biomedical studies by both liquid scintillation counter (LSC) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) laboratories and can exist within the laboratory at levels 1,000 times or more than 100 % biobased materials and 100,000 times more than 1% biobased materials. Once in the laboratory, artificial 14C can become undetectably ubiquitous on door knobs, pens, desk tops, and other surfaces but which may randomly contaminate an unknown sample producing inaccurately high biobased results. Despite vigorous attempts to clean up contaminating artificial 14C from a laboratory, isolation has proven to be the only successful method of avoidance. Completely separate chemical ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The specific gravity or density of a solid is a property that can be measured conveniently to follow physical changes in a sample, to indicate degree of uniformity among different sampling units or specimens, or to indicate the average density of a large item.  
5.2 It is possible that variations in density of a particular plastic lumber or shapes specimen will be due to changes in crystallinity, loss of plasticizer/solvent content, differences in degree of foaming, or to other causes. It is possible that portions of a sample will differ in density because of difference in crystallinity, thermal history, porosity, and composition (types or proportions of resin, plasticizer, pigment, or filler).
Note 3: Reference is made to Test Method D1622/D1622M.  
5.3 Density is useful for calculating strength to weight and cost to weight ratios.  
5.4 If the cross-sectional area of the specimen is required for future testing on a particular sample, it is acceptable to determine it from a specific gravity measurement, see Eq 4.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the bulk density and specific gravity of plastic lumber and shapes in their “as manufactured” form. As such, this is a test method for evaluating the properties of plastic lumber or shapes as a product and not a material property test method.  
1.2 This test method is suitable for determining the bulk specific gravity or bulk density by immersion of the entire item or a representative cross section in water. This test method involves the weighing of a one piece specimen in water, using a sinker with plastics that are lighter than water. This test method is suitable for products that are wet by, but otherwise not affected by water for the duration of the test.
Note 1: This test method was developed for application to plastic lumber materials, but it is generic enough that it would be equally applicable to other plastic composite materials, including wood-plastic composite materials.  
1.3 Plastic lumber and plastic shapes are currently made predominately from recycled plastics. However, this test method would also be applicable to similar manufactured plastic products made from virgin resins where the product is non-homogeneous in the cross-section.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 General Utility:  
5.1.1 It is useful to verify catalyst levels in a resin blend or a polyurethane system.  
5.1.2 This practice is suitable for research, quality control, specification testing, and process control.  
5.2 Limitations:  
5.2.1 Several of the measured parameters are subjective. Therefore, operator-to-operator variability and lab-to-lab variability can be much higher than that of a single operator.  
5.2.2 The variability of this practice is dependent on the consistency of mixing of the reactants.  
5.2.3 The estimation of precision in this practice is based on typical formulations for rigid and flexible foams. Formulations with faster reaction times will likely have greater variability, particularly cream time (initiation time). Formulations with slower reaction times will likely have greater variability in the measurement of free rise time.  
5.2.4 It is possible that low-level (ppm, ppb) ingredient contamination will not be detectable using this practice. Confirmation of such contamination will potentially require large-scale (~20 L) tests and is out of the scope of this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of cream time (initiation time), top of cup time, free rise time, free rise height, string gel time (pull time), tack free time, settle back, and free rise density of polyurethane foam formulations using a cup foam test.  
1.2 Typical definitions, terms, and techniques are described; including procedures for mixing and transferring samples to the foaming container; and data gathering and evaluation. However, agreement between the customer and the testing laboratory for all these items must be obtained prior to use.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers polypropylene materials suitable for injection molding and extrusion. Polymers consist of polypropylene homopolymers, polypropylene copolymers, and polypropylene-elastomer compounds produced with or without the addition of impact modifiers (ethylene-propylene rubber, polyisobutylene rubber, and butyl rubber, and so forth), colorants, stabilizers, lubricants, fillers, or reinforcements. Unreinforced polypropylene materials are classified into groups in accordance with basic composition. These groups are subdivided into classes and grades. The plastic composition shall be uniform and shall conform to the requirements specified. Tests shall be performed to determine the properties of the material in accordance with the following test methods: flow rate; tensile strength; flexural modulus; Charpy impact resistance; falling mass impact resistance; temperature of deflection under load; and multiaxial impact ductile-brittle transition temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers polypropylene materials suitable for injection molding and extrusion. Polymers consist of polypropylene homopolymers, polypropylene copolymers, and polypropylene-elastomer compounds produced with or without the addition of impact modifiers (ethylene-propylene rubber, polyisobutylene rubber, and butyl rubber, and so forth), colorants, stabilizers, lubricants, fillers, or reinforcements.  
1.2 This specification allows for the use of those polypropylene materials that can be recycled, reconstituted, and reground, provided that the following conditions are met:  
1.2.1 The requirements as stated in this specification and other ISO guidelines pertaining to these types of materials are met, and  
1.2.2 The material has not been modified in any way to alter its conformance to food contact regulations or similar requirements.  
1.3 The proportions of recycled, reconstituted, and regrind material used, as well as the nature and the amount of any contaminant, cannot be practically covered in this specification. It is the responsibility of the supplier and buyer of recycled, reconstituted, and regrind materials to ensure compliance.  
1.4 The properties included in this classification system are those required to identify the compositions covered. Other requirements necessary to identify particular characteristics important to specialized applications can be specified by using the suffixes as given in Section 5 and those in Classification System D4000.  
1.5 This classification system and specification are intended to provide a means of calling out polypropylene materials used in the fabrication of end items or parts. It is not intended for the selection of materials. Material selection can be made by those having expertise in the plastic field only after careful consideration of the design and the performance required of the part, the environment to which it will be exposed, the fabrication process to be employed, the costs involved, and the inherent properties of the material other than those covered by this specification.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.7 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 13, of this specification:  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This specification is similar to both ISO 1873-1 and ISO 1873-2, but to different degrees. This specification resembles ISO 1873-1 in title only. The content is significantly different. This specification and ISO 1873-2 differ in approach or detail; data obtained using either are technically equivalent.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results of this test provide a relative measure of the total soluble fraction of polypropylene homopolymers and copolymers. The soluble fraction approximately correlates to the amorphous fraction in the polypropylene. Xylene is widely used for determining the soluble fraction in polypropylene as it is more specific to the atactic fraction than other solvents. The concentration of a soluble fraction obtained with a specific solvent has been found to relate closely to the performance characteristics of a product in certain applications, for example film and fiber. Data obtained by one solvent and at one precipitation time cannot be compared with data obtained by another solvent or precipitation time, respectively.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is to be used for determining the 25 °C xylene-soluble fraction of polypropylene homopolymers and copolymers.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is technically equivalent to ISO 16152.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a general classification system for crosslinkable ethylene plastics compounds. Two types of compounds are covered, namely, mechanical types in which mechanical strength properties are of prime importance in applications, and electrical types in which electrical insulating or conducting properties also are of prime importance in applications. These compounds shall be classified as: Type I; Type II; and Grade A. Tests shall be performed to determine the properties in accordance with the following test methods: conditioning; test conditions; ultimate elongation; elongation retention after aging; apparent modulus of rigidity; brittleness temperature; dielectric constant; dissipation factor; and degree of crosslinking.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a general classification system for crosslinkable ethylene plastics compounds (Note 1). The requirements specified herein are not necessarily applicable for use as criteria in determining suitability for the end use of a fabricated product.
Note 1: It is to be noted that this specification describes materials that are available commercially in their uncrosslinked form. Therefore, they are crosslinkable compounds despite the fact that measurement of the parameters used for their classification and specification will usually be carried out after curing has been effected.  
1.2 Two types of compounds are covered, namely, mechanical types in which mechanical strength properties are of prime importance in applications, and electrical types in which electrical insulating or conducting properties also are of prime importance in applications.  
1.3 The parameters used to classify and specify the mechanical types are ultimate elongation, elongation retention after aging, apparent modulus of rigidity, and brittleness temperature.  
1.4 The parameters used to classify and specify the electrical types are ultimate elongation, elongation retention after aging, apparent modulus of rigidity, brittleness temperature, dielectric constant, dissipation factor, and volume resistivity.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 7, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is a sequential assembly of extant but unconnected standard tests and practices for the oxidation and biodegradation of plastics, which will permit the comparison and ranking of the overall rate of environmental degradation of plastics that require thermal or photooxidation to initiate degradation. Each degradation stage is independently evaluated to allow a combined evaluation of a polymer’s environmental performance under a controlled laboratory setting. This enables a laboratory assessment of its disposal performance in, soil, municipal or industrial compost, landfill, and water and for use in agricultural products such as mulch film without detriment to that particular environment.
Note 5: For determining biodegradation rates under municipal or industrial composting conditions, Specification D6400 is to be used, including test methods and conditions as specified.  
5.2 The correlation of results from this guide to actual disposal environments (for example, agricultural mulch films, municipal or industrial composting, or landfill applications) has not been determined, and as such, the results should be used only for comparative and ranking purposes.  
5.3 The results of laboratory exposure cannot be directly extrapolated to estimate absolute rate of deterioration by the environment because the acceleration factor is material dependent and can be significantly different for each material and for different formulations of the same material. However, exposure of a similar material of known outdoor performance, a control, at the same time as the test specimens allows comparison of the durability relative to that of the control under the test conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a framework or road map to compare and rank the controlled laboratory rates of degradation and degree of physical property losses of polymers by thermal and photooxidation processes as well as the biodegradation and ecological impacts in defined applications and disposal environments after degradation. Disposal environments range from exposure in soil, landfill, and municipal or industrial compost in which thermal oxidation may occur and land cover and agricultural use in which photooxidation may also occur.  
1.2 In this guide, established ASTM International standards are used in three tiers for accelerating and measuring the loss in properties and molecular weight by both thermal and photooxidation processes and other abiotic processes (Tier 1), measuring biodegradation (Tier 2), and assessing ecological impact of the products from these processes (Tier 3).  
1.3 The Tier 1 conditions selected for thermal oxidation and photooxidation accelerate the degradation likely to occur in a chosen application and disposal environment. The conditions should include a range of humidity or water concentrations based on the application and disposal environment in mind. The measured rate of degradation at typical oxidation temperatures is required to compare and rank the polymers being evaluated in that chosen application to reach a molecular weight that constitutes a demonstrable biodegradable residue (using ASTM International biometer tests for CO2 evolution appropriate to the chosen environment). By way of example, accelerated oxidation data must be obtained at temperatures and humidity ranges typical in that chosen application and disposal environment, for example, in soil (20 to 30°C), landfill (20 to 35°C), and municipal or industrial composting facilities (30 to 65°C). For applications in soils, local temperatures and humidity ranges must be considered as they vary widely with geography. At least one temperature must be reasonably close to the end use or disposal temperature, but under no circumstances should this be more than 20°C away from the removed that temperature. It must also be established that the polymer does not undergo a phase change, such as glass transition temperature (Tg) within the...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The freeze/thaw conditioning procedures prescribed in this practice are designed to provide a standard procedure to be used to evaluate and compare the effect of 100 freeze/thaw cycles under controlled laboratory conditions on pultruded FRP composites to be used in structural design applications. The conditioning procedures prescribed in this practice are designed to obtain reproducible results to compare and evaluate these materials but are not intended to produce equilibrium conditions or actual service conditions for these materials.
SCOPE
1.1 In general, it is feasible that the mechanical properties of FRP composites will be affected by environmental conditions such as freeze/thaw cycling. In order to make reliable comparisons between different materials under freeze/thaw environmental conditions, it is necessary to standardize the freeze/thaw conditions to which specimens of these materials are subjected prior to and during testing. This practice defines procedures for freeze/thaw conditioning of pultruded FRP composites intended for use in structural design applications.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems has the potential to result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The elevated temperature and moisture conditioning procedures prescribed in this practice are designed to provide a standard procedure to be used to evaluate and compare the effect of elevated temperature and moisture conditioning under controlled laboratory conditions on pultruded FRP composites to be used in structural design applications. The conditioning procedures prescribed in this practice are designed to obtain reproducible results to compare and evaluate these materials but are not intended to produce equilibrium conditions or actual service conditions for these materials.
SCOPE
1.1 In general, it is feasible that the mechanical properties of FRP composites will be affected by environmental conditions such as exposure to moisture at elevated temperatures. In order to make reliable comparisons between different materials under elevated temperature and moisture environmental conditions, it is necessary to standardize the elevated temperature and moisture conditions to which specimens of these materials are subjected prior to and during testing. This practice defines procedures for elevated temperature and moisture conditioning of pultruded FRP composites intended for use in structural design applications. The conditioning medium representing elevated temperature and moisture exposure described in this standard practice is distilled water maintained at 37.8 ± 1.5°C [100 ± 3°F] for 1000 hours.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems has the potential to result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the classification of polyethylene film and sheeting. Recycled polyethylene film or resin may be used as feedstock, and the film or sheeting may contain additives for surface property improvement, pigments, or stabilizers, or a combination of these, but they must conform to the requirements specified. Material covered in this specification shall be designated by a five-digit type number, with each numeral (from 0 to 5) indicating the cell limit within which the values of the density, impact strength, kinetic coefficient of friction, haze, and nominal thickness of the material falls under. The sheet or film shall be manufactured free, as commercially possible, of gels, streaks, pinholes, particles of foreign matter, and undispersed raw material, and without any other visible defects such as holes, tears, or blisters. The edges of the sheet or film shall be free of nicks and cuts. The surface of the sheet or film may also be treated by flame, corona discharge, or other means to improve the surface properties. Tests to determine the density, impact strength, kinetic coefficient of friction, haze, and nominal thickness of the material shall be performed and shall conform to the requirements specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the classification of polyethylene film up to 0.254 mm (0.010 in.) in thickness, inclusive. The film can contain additives for the improvement of the surface properties, pigments, or stabilizers, or combinations thereof.
Note 1: Film is defined in Terminology D883 as an optional term for sheeting having a nominal thickness no greater than 0.254 mm (0.010 in.).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This specification allows for the use of recycled polyethylene film or resin as feedstock, in whole or in part, as long as all the requirements as governed by the producer and end user are also met.
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is particularly useful for quality control tests on thermoplastics.  
5.2 The data produced by this test method serves to indicate the uniformity of the flow rate of the polymer as made by an individual process. It is not to be used as an indication of uniformity of other properties without valid correlation with data from other tests.  
5.3 The flow rate obtained with the extrusion plastometer is not a fundamental polymer property. It is an empirically defined parameter critically influenced by the physical properties and molecular structure of the polymer and the conditions of measurement. The rheological characteristics of polymer melts depend on a number of variables. It is possible that the values of these variables occurring in this test will differ substantially from those in large-scale processes, which would result in data that does not correlate directly with processing behavior.  
5.4 Measure the flow rate of a material using any of the conditions listed for the material in X4.1. For many materials, there are specifications that require the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that material specification before using this test method. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist. An alternative test method for poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC) compounds is found in Test Method D3364.  
5.5 Additional characterization of a material can be obtained if more than one condition is used. In the case that two or more conditions are employed, a Flow Rate Ratio (FRR) is obtained by dividing the flow rate at one condition by the flow rate at another condition. Procedure D provides one method to measure more than one condition in a single charge.  
5.6 Frequently, variations in test technique, apparatus geometry, or test conditions, which defy all but the most careful scrutiny, exist...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the rate of extrusion of molten thermoplastic resins using an extrusion plastometer.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This standard and ISO 1133 address the same subject matter, but differ in technical content.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers polyethylene sheeting with a determined thickness intended for construction, industrial and agricultural applications. The sheeting shall be made from polyethylene or modified polyethylene, such as an ethylene copolymer consisting of a major portion of ethylene in combination with a minor portion of some other monomer, or a mixture of polyethylene with a lesser amount of other polymers. General requirements for the material are also observed according to their appearance, dimensions in size and tolerance and minimum net weight. The sheeting may be natural, color-tinted, translucent or opaque. The tests given are intended primarily for use as production tests in conjunction with manufacturing processes and inspection methods to insure conformity of sheeting with the requirements of this specification. These tests shall be done in order to determine the following properties: thickness, length and width, weight, impact resistance, tensile properties, reflectance, luminous transmittance, water vapor transmission, and heat sealability.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers polyethylene sheeting, 250 μm (0.010 in. or 10 mils) or less in thickness, intended for construction, industrial, and agricultural applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8 of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification defines the dimensional tolerances of standard rods, bars, and shapes pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics. Tolerances cover dimensional criteria for cross sections, width or diameter, straightness, twist, surface flatness, angularity, and camber.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification defines production tolerances applicable to standard rods, bars, shapes, and flat sheet pultruded from thermosetting glass-reinforced plastics.  
1.2 These dimensional tolerances apply to all shapes specified as “standard” by the pultrusion industry.  
1.3 Custom shapes and products designed for special applications may carry specific tolerances that vary from the standard.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 5, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Presence of paper, metal, or incompatible polymer contamination in poly(ethylene terephthalate) renders the recycled polymer unfit for use in secondary product manufacturing operations. This procedure is useful for identifying different types of contamination in recycled PET flakes.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an indication of the quality of recycled transparent poly(ethylene terephthalate) by examination of a wafer or plaque formed by melting a representative sample and quenching it to prevent crystallization.  
1.2 Specific contaminants and impurities such as aluminum particles, dirt particles, paper, and fibers are identified in the transparent wafer. This method is only limited to contamination observable through visual methods. If there are low levels (0–200 ppm) of certain types of contamination, which are transparent and partially/wholly miscible with PET, they will not be apparent through this method.  
1.3 The overall color of the plaque is indicative of oxidizable contaminants such as ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) glue residue and the number of bubbles present in the plaque gives an indication of the moisture content of the sample.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this classification system is to provide a method of adequately identifying plastic films using a system that applies universally for plastic films. It further provides a means for specifying these films by the use of a simple line call-out designation.  
4.2 This classification system was developed to permit the addition of additional film products and property values.  
4.3 It is intended that the classification of plastic sheeting, >0.25 mm [0.010 in.] thickness, multi-layer structures, blends, and other variants will be addressed in related standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides a classification system for tabulating the properties of unfilled, single-layer plastic films.
Note 1: The classification system serves many of the needs of industries using plastic films. The standard is subject to revision as the need requires; therefore, the latest revision should always be used.
Note 2: Film is defined in Terminology D883 as an optional term for sheeting having a nominal thickness no greater than 0.25 mm [0.010 in.].  
1.2 The classification system and subsequent line call-out (specification) is intended to be a means of identifying plastic films used for applications including industrial, packaging, construction, and agriculture. It is not intended for the selection of materials to be used in films. This selection should be made by those having expertise in the plastics field after careful consideration of the end-use requirements, the environment to which the films will be exposed, the fabrication process to be employed, the inherent properties of the material not covered in this document, and the economic factors.  
1.3 This classification system is based on the premise that plastic films can be arranged into broad generic families based on materials with similar composition using basic film properties. A system is thus established which, together with values describing additional requirements, permits as complete a description as desired of the selected film.  
1.4 In all cases where the provisions of this classification system would conflict with the referenced ASTM specification for a particular film product, the latter shall take precedence.
Note 3: It is strongly recommended that this classification system be used for all new applications and specifications and that the specification of films using existing standards be expeditiously withdrawn or converted to this classification system.  
1.5 This classification system applies to commercial products and, as such, there is no control over the manufacturing parameters employed in producing the film. It shall be the responsibility of those developing the specification documents utilizing this classification system to identify the critical parameters and values to be used for the cell classifications and suffix requirements.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 4: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the thread configuration and dimensions for finishes for plastic bottles with screw-type closures. The bottle overflow and body dimensional tolerances are detailed. The test apparatus for determining bottle capacity consists of a balance, pipet, graduated cylinder, beaker, conditioned water, and stop watch. In addition, the test apparatus for determining finish and body dimensions includes micrometers, Vernier height gages or Vernier calipers, internal micrometers or telescoping gages, and commercial scale. The test methods discussed are for the determination of bottle capacity, body dimensions, and finish dimensions.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the thread configuration and dimensions for finishes for plastic bottles with screw-type closures, having a maximum capacity of 18.9 L (5 gal) and a maximum bottle dimension of 305 mm (12 in.). Included are tolerances for bottle capacity and body dimensions.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 The following precautionary caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 8 of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When properly used, these procedures serve to isolate such factors as material, blow-molding conditions, post-treatment, and so forth, on the stress-crack resistance of the container.  
5.2 Environmental stress cracking of blow-molded containers is governed by many factors. Since variance of any of these factors can change the environmental stress-crack resistance of the container, the test results are representative only of a given test performed under defined conditions in the laboratory. The reproducibility of results between laboratories on containers made on more than one machine from more than one mold has not been established.  
5.3 Results can be used for estimating the shelf life of blow-molded containers in terms of their resistance to environmental stress cracking provided this is done against a rigorous background of practical field experience and reproducible test data.
SCOPE
1.1 Under certain conditions of stress, and in the presence of environments such as soaps, wetting agents, oils, or detergents, blow-molded polyethylene containers exhibit mechanical failure by cracking at stresses appreciably below those that would cause cracking in the absence of these environments.  
1.2 This test method measures the environmental stress crack resistance of blow-molded containers, which is the summation of the influence of container design, resin, blow-molding conditions, post treatment, or other factors that can affect this property. Three procedures are provided as follows:  
1.2.1 Procedure A, Stress-Crack Resistance of Containers to Potential Stress-cracking Liquids—This procedure is particularly useful for determining the effect of container design on stress-crack resistance or the stress-crack resistance of a proposed container that contains a liquid product.  
1.2.2 Procedure B, Stress-Crack Resistance of a Specific Container to Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol (CAS 68412-54-4), a Stress-Cracking Agent—The conditions of test described in this procedure are designed for testing containers made from Class 3 polyethylene Specification D4976. Therefore, this procedure is recommended for containers made from Class 3 polyethylene only. This procedure is particularly useful for determining the effect of resin on the stress-crack resistance of the container.  
1.2.3 Procedure C, Controlled Elevated Pressure Stress-Crack Resistance of a Specific Container to Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol (CAS 68412-54-4), a Stress-Cracking Agent—The internal pressure is controlled at a constant elevated level.
Note 1: There are environmental concerns regarding the disposal of Polyoxyethylated Nonylphenol (Nonylphenoxy poly(ethyleneoxy) ethanol (CAS 68412-54-4), for example, Igepal CO-630). Users are advised to consult their supplier or local environmental office and follow the guidelines provided for the proper disposal of this chemical.  
1.3 These procedures are not designed to test the propensity for environmental stress cracking in the neck of containers, such as when the neck is subjected to a controlled strain by inserting a plug.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
Note 2: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 8 and Note 1.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This guide identifies the standard test methods to use in evaluating unsintered extruded films or tapes manufactured from polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The test methods covered here shall be capable of investigating the following material properties: width; thickness; tensile properties (tensile strength and elongation); specificat gravity (relative density); residual extrusion aids or other volatile components; dielectric constant; volume resistivity; dielectric breakdown voltage; and unit weight.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies test methods to use in evaluating unsintered extruded films or tapes manufactured from polytetrafluoroethylene.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units as detailed in IEEE/ASTM SI 10, are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: This test method is equivalent to ISO 12086-2:2006 in the measurement of tensile properties, specific gravity, and dielectric constant. These are in ISO 12086-2:2006, sections 8.2.2, 10.6 and 8.1.1. It is not equivalent to ISO 12086-2:2006 in any other measurement or section..  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Data from creep and creep-rupture tests are necessary to predict the creep modulus and strength of materials under long-term loads and to predict dimensional changes that have the potential to occur as a result of such loads.  
5.2 Data from these test methods can be used to characterize plastic lumber: for comparison purposes, for the design of fabricated parts, to determine long-term performance under constant load, and under certain conditions, for specification purposes.  
5.3 For many products, it is possible that there will be a specification that requires the use of this test method, but with some procedural modifications that take precedence when adhering to the specification. Therefore, it is advisable to refer to that product specification before using this test method. Table 1 in Classification D4000 lists the ASTM materials standards that currently exist.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the creep and creep-rupture properties of plastic lumber and shapes, when loaded in compression or flexure under specified environmental conditions. Test specimens in the “as-manufactured” form are employed. As such, these are test methods for evaluating the properties of plastic lumber or shapes as a product and not material property test methods.  
1.2 Plastic lumber and plastic shapes are currently made predominantly with recycled plastics. However, this test method would also be applicable to similar manufactured plastic products made from virgin resins where the product is non-homogenous in the cross-section.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.