D02.G0 - Lubricating Grease

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine anti-wear properties and coefficient of friction of greases in order to prevent “fretting” wear under linear oscillation with associated low strokes and high Hertzian contact pressures at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications in which induced, high-speed vibrational motions are present for extended periods of time. It has found application as a screening test for grease lubricants used in ball and roller bearings, roller or ball screw (spindle) drives or side shaft systems (Tripode or Rzeppa type) for example, so-called constant velocity (CV) joints. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the lubricating action of greases in order to prevent “fretting” wear under linear oscillation with associated low strokes and high Hertzian contact pressures under high-frequency linear-oscillation motion using the SRV test machine. By performing additional, nonmandatory extreme-pressure tests in accordance with Test Method D5706, the test grease should be shown to be able to withstand a Hertzian contact pressure of at least 2200 MPa without adhesive failure.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This laboratory test method can be used to quickly determine extreme pressure properties of lubricating greases at selected temperatures specified for use in applications where high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present with high Hertzian point contact. This test method has found wide application in qualifying lubricating greases used in constant velocity joints of front-wheel-drive automobiles. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining extreme pressure properties of lubricating greases under high-frequency linear-oscillation motion using the SRV test machine. This test method can also be used for evaluating extreme pressure properties of lubricating fluid.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine wear properties and coefficient of friction of lubricating greases at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications where high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian point contact pressures. This test method has found application in qualifying lubricating greases used in constant velocity joints of front-wheel-drive automobiles and for lubricating greases used in roller bearings. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining a lubricating grease's coefficient of friction and its ability to protect against wear when subjected to high-frequency, linear-oscillation motion using an SRV test machine at a test load of 200 N, frequency of 50 Hz, stroke amplitude of 1.00 mm, duration of 2 h, and temperature within the range of the test machine, specifically, ambient to 280 °C. Other test loads (10 N to 1200 N for SRVI-model, 10 N to 1400 N for SRVII-model, and 10 N to 2000 N for SRVIII-model), frequencies (5 Hz to 500 Hz) and stroke amplitudes (0.1 mm up to 4.0 mm) can be used, if specified. The precision of this test method is based on the stated parameters and test temperatures of 50 °C and 80 °C. Average wear scar dimensions on ball and coefficient of friction are determined and reported.
Note 1: Optimol Instruments supplies an upgrade kit to allow SRVI/II-machines to operate with 1600 N, if needed.  
1.2 This test method can also be used for determining a fluid lubricant's ability to protect against wear and its coefficient of friction under similar test conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine anti-wear properties and coefficients of friction of greases under rolling type of movement at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in slip-rolling contacts in which high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian line contact pressures. It has found application as a screening test for lubricants used in gears, rolling bearings or cam/follower systems. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the coefficient of friction of greases and their ability to protect against wear under a rolling type of motion when subjected to high-frequency, linear oscillation.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to quickly determine the lubricating ability of greases lubricating automotive plastic socket suspension joints. This test method has found wide application in qualifying greases used in chassis systems. This test method is a material and application oriented approach based on inputs from field experiences for characterizing the tribological behavior (friction and wear) using random, discrete, and constant parameter combinations. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications prior to commercialization.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the friction and wear behavior of grease lubricated plastic socket suspension joints, for validation of suspension joint greases and quality inspection for those greases under high-frequency linear-oscillation motion using the SRV test machine.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The four-ball wear-test method can be used to determine the relative wear-preventing properties of greases under the test conditions and if the test conditions are changed the relative ratings may be different. No correlation has been established between the four-ball wear test and field service. The test method cannot be used to differentiate between Extreme Pressure (EP) and Non-Extreme Pressure (Non-EP) Greases.4
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the wear preventive characteristics of greases in sliding steel-on-steel applications. It is not intended to predict wear characteristics with metal combinations other than steel-on-steel or to evaluate the extreme pressure characteristics of the grease.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard except where the test apparatus or consumable parts are only available in other units. In such cases, these will be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to assess the ability of grease to prevent corrosion in rolling bearings operated in the presence of distilled water, sodium chloride solution, or synthetic sea water. It is used for development and specification purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of corrosion-preventive properties of greases using grease-lubricated ball bearings under dynamic wet conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method differentiates among wheel bearing greases having distinctly different high-temperature characteristics. It is not the equivalent of longtime service tests, nor is it intended to distinguish between the products having similar high-temperature performance properties.  
5.2 This test method has proven to be helpful in screening greases with respect to life performance for automotive wheel bearing applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for evaluating the high-temperature life performance of wheel bearing greases when tested under prescribed conditions.  
Note 1: Changes to this test method in the 1985 revision increased test severity. Results will not be comparable with data from earlier procedures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Apparatus dimensions in inches are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 8.1 – 8.4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The loss of volatile materials from greases and oils can adversely affect the original performance characteristics of a lubricant and, therefore, could be a significant factor in evaluating a lubricant for a specific use. Such volatiles can also be considered contaminants in the environment in which the lubricant is to be used. Correlation between results from this test method and service performance has not been established.  
5.2 The test method can be used at any specified temperature between 93 °C and 316 °C (200 °F and 600 °F) that may be agreed upon by the user of the method. (Warning—This test method should not be used at temperatures which exceed the flash point of the base oil of the grease.)
Note 1: The specified flow of air, 2.58 g/min ± 0.02 g/min, (2 L/min at standard temperature and pressure), assumes dry air. It is not known that the original work involved dry air but it has since been shown that this can be a factor in reproducibility and should be addressed. Air with a dew point of less than 10 °C at standard temperature and pressure will be satisfactory.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of evaporation loss of lubricating greases at temperatures between 93 °C and 316 °C (200 °F and 600 °F). This test method is intended to augment Test Method D972, which is limited to 149 °C (300 °F).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see 5.2.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When lubricating grease separates oil, the residual material may change in consistency, which can affect the ability of the product to function as designed. Test results obtained with this procedure are not intended to predict oil separation tendencies of grease under dynamic service conditions.  
5.2 This test method is used for specifications and quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of lubricating grease to separate oil at an elevated temperature. This test method shall be conducted at 100 °C for 30 h unless other conditions are required by the grease specification.  
1.2 This test method can be used on any grease with a worked penetration (Test Methods D217) greater than 220 mm/10 (NLGI Consistency Number 3 or softer). However, no precision data exists for greases with a penetration greater than 340 mm/10 (softer than NLGI Consistency Number 1).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The term 60 mesh is used to describe the wire mesh used. This unit was described in the withdrawn E437 standard and there is no exact metric equivalent.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The loss of volatile materials from greases and oils can adversely effect the original performance characteristics of a lubricant and therefore could be a significant factor in evaluating a lubricant for a specific use. Such volatiles can also be considered contaminants in the environment in which the lubricant is to be used. Correlation between results from this test method and service performance has not been established.  
5.2 The test can be run at any agreed upon temperature between 100 °C and 150 °C (210 °F to 300 °F).
Note 1: The specified flow of air, 2.58 g/min ± 0.02 g/min, (2 L/min at standard temperature and pressure), assumes dry air. It is not known that the original work involved dry air but it has since been shown that this can be a factor in reproducibility and should be addressed. A dew point of less than 10 °C at standard temperature and pressure will be satisfactory.
Note 2: To determine evaporation loss at temperatures above 150 °C (300 °F), see Test Methods D2595.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the loss in mass by evaporation of lubricating greases and oils for applications where evaporation loss is a factor. Evaporation loss data can be obtained at any temperature in the range from 100 °C to 150 °C (210 °F to 300 °F).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures the tendency of lubricating grease to corrode copper under specific static conditions. It may be of some value in predicting possible chemical attack on lubricated parts, such as bearings that contain copper or copper alloys. Such corrosion, for example, can cause premature bearing failures. However, no correlations with actual field service, most of which are under dynamic conditions, have been established. It does not measure either the ability of the lubricant to inhibit copper corrosion caused by factors other than the lubricant itself nor does it measure the stability of the grease in the presence of copper.
Note 1: Because this test method requires the ability to determine subtle differences in color of copper strips, persons with certain types of color blindness may find it difficult to accurately compare a test strip to the Copper Strip Corrosion Standard.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the detection of the corrosiveness to copper of lubricating grease.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7, 8, and 10.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method differentiates the relative corrosion-preventive capabilities of lubricating greases under the conditions of the test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosion preventive properties of greases using grease-lubricated tapered roller bearings stored under wet conditions. This test method is based on CRC Technique L 412 that shows correlations between laboratory results and service for grease lubricated aircraft wheel bearings.  
1.2 Apparatus Dimensions—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 All Other Values—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The dropping point is useful to assist in identifying the grease as to type and for establishing and maintaining bench marks for quality control. The results are to be considered to have only limited significance with respect to service performance of conventional soap thickeners because dropping point is a static test. Above 200 °C, the dropping point has no correlation with the maximum upper operating temperature of the grease.  
5.2 Historical cooperative testing4 on conventional soap-thickened greases indicated ( RR:D02-1164) that, in general, dropping points by Test Method D2265 and Test Method D566 were in agreement up to 200 °C. In cases where results differ, there is no known significance. However, agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser as to test method used is advisable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dropping point of lubricating grease.  
1.2 Warning—The dropping point as measured by this test is an artificially corrected number that does not have any bearing on the performance of the grease at elevated temperature. The dropping point as defined by this test method may not correlate with a value of the dropping point as determined by Test Method D566 (ISO 2176).  
1.3  This test method uses mercury thermometers. WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location. The responsible subcommittee, D02.G0.03, continues to explore alternatives to eventually replace the mercury thermometers.  
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measurement of the changes in the volume and hardness of an elastomer that occur from immersion in a lubricating grease or fluid provides a means for evaluating relative compatibility. Much of this test method was derived from procedures described in Test Method D471 and Federal Test Method 791C/3603.5. In contrast to these two test methods, which emphasize the evaluation of rubber and rubber-like compounds, Test Method D4289 was developed specifically to evaluate lubricating greases and fluids, especially those used in automotive applications, although the test method can be applied to lubricants used in industrial applications as well. Excepting the Shore Durometer A, this test method requires no specialized, rubber-testing equipment. Virtually all other equipment and supplies specified in the procedure are stock items in lubricants laboratories.  
5.2 The volume and hardness-change values determined by this test method do not duplicate similar changes that occur in elastomeric seals under actual service conditions. However, they can be correlated in many instances. In one such instance, the volume-change values determined by the antecedent of this test method correlated (r2 = 0.99) with those that occurred during a vehicle test.6 Because of wide variations in service conditions and differences in grease and elastomer formulations, correlations between the results obtained with this test method and particular applications should be determined on an individual basis.  
5.3 With specifications requiring elastomers other than Reference Elastomers AMS 3217/2C or AMS 3217/3B, coupons cut from standard sheets (Practice D3182) should be used. When the preparation of such coupons is not feasible, or the lubricant specification requires the use of rubber products that do not have a suitable size or configuration for use in preparing coupons for testing (Practice D3183), this test method can be used as a guide for evaluating compatibility.
Note 5: Inasmuch as the pr...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the compatibility of lubricating greases and fluids with coupons cut from standard elastomer sheets (Practice D3182). Compatibility is evaluated by determining the changes in volume and Durometer A hardness that occur when elastomer coupons are totally immersed in a lubricant sample for 70 h or for a duration as required by the lubricant specification at either 100 °C or 150 °C or at a test temperature as required by the lubricant specification.  
1.1.1 Some lubricant specifications may require different elastomers or test conditions, such as longer durations or lower or higher temperatures. In such instances, the repeatability and reproducibility values stated in Section 12 do not apply, and the user and supplier should agree on acceptable limits of precision.  
Note 1: The scope of this test method now includes the evaluation of the elastomer compatibility of both lubricating fluids and greases. Testing of fluids was not included in Test Method D4289–95 and earlier versions.  
1.2 This test method can also be used as a guide to evaluate the compatibility of greases with rubber products not in standard sheet form (Practice D3183).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—When listed, Durometer A units shall be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  For specific warning statements, see 8.4 – 8.6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of Internation...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method differentiates the relative corrosion-preventive capabilities of lubricating greases under the test conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosion-preventive properties of greases using grease-lubricated tapered roller bearings exposed to various concentrations of dilute synthetic sea water stored under wet conditions. It is based on Test Method D1743, which is practiced using a similar procedure and distilled water. The reported result is a pass or fail rating as determined by at least two of three bearings.  
1.2 Apparatus Dimensions—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 All Other Values—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The roll stability test is widely used in specifications. Test results are significant insofar as they can show a directional change in consistency that could occur in service. No accurate correlation is established between the test results and shear stability in actual service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the changes in the consistency, as measured by cone penetration, of lubricating greases when worked in the roll stability test apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These cone penetration tests not only evaluate the consistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGI numbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency of stiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. In contrast, Test Method D937 is aimed at petrolatums and Test Method D1403 uses less precise 1/4 and 1/2-scale equipment intended for use when the sample quantity is limited.  
5.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of the consistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are required to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a grease belongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.  
5.3 Although no correlation has been developed between cone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrations obtained by the four procedures are widely used for specification purposes, such as in users' material specifications and suppliers' manufacturing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for measuring the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a cone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetration is measured in tenths of a millimetre.  
Note 1: The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI)3 classified greases according to their consistency as measured by the worked penetration. The classification system is as follows:    
NLGI
Consistency Number  
Worked Penetration Range,
25 °C (77 °F)  
000  
445 to 475  
00  
400 to 430  
0  
355 to 385  
1  
310 to 340  
2  
265 to 295  
3  
220 to 250  
4  
175 to 205  
5  
130 to 160  
6  
85 to 115  
1.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged worked penetration are applicable to greases having penetrations between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbed penetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to the unworked penetration test.  
1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable to greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such greases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a millimetre.  
1.1.3 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked penetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases.  
1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetration. Test Method D937 should be used for such products.  
1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these test methods are given in SI units as the primary unit of measure with equivalent imperial units as accetpable alternatives where applicable. In cases where equivalent SI conversions are not known, notes are added for clarification. Temperatures and other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the values shown in parentheses are provided for information.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method differentiates among greases having distinctly different low-temperature characteristics. This test is used for specification purposes and correlates with its precursor which has been used to predict the performance of greases in automotive wheel bearings in low-temperature service.5 It is the responsibility of the user to determine the correlation with other types of service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the extent to which a test grease retards the rotation of a specially-manufactured, spring-loaded, automotive-type wheel bearing assembly when subjected to low temperatures. Torque values, calculated from restraining-force determinations, are a measure of the viscous resistance of the grease. This test method was developed with greases giving torques of less than 35 N·m at −40 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method is used widely for specification purposes and is used to differentiate between greases having low, medium, or high levels of extreme pressure characteristics. The results may not correlate with results from service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying capacity of lubricating greases by means of the Timken Extreme Pressure Tester.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.1, 7.2, and 9.4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to evaluate the ability of a grease to adhere to a metal surface when subjected to direct water spray. The results obtained from the use of this test method suggest correlation in operations involving direct water spray impingement such as steel mill roll neck bearing service.4 This test method is used for quality control and purchase specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers the ability of a grease to adhere to a metal surface when subjected to a water spray under prescribed laboratory conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to evaluate the ability of grease to provide adequate lubrication for extended periods of ball bearings operating under light loads at high speeds and elevated temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the performance of lubricating greases in ball bearings operating under light loads at high speeds and elevated temperatures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 8.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is known that contamination by water can affect the structural stability of some greases in service. The test procedure specified in this method is widely used to determine the wet structural stability of greases in service. Many grease specifications require this procedure as a wet structural stability test. No accurate correlation is established between the test results and wet structural stability of grease in actual service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the roll stability of lubricating grease in the presence of water (wet roll stability) by using a roll stability test apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are applicable to greases of National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) consistency numbers 0 to 4 and are intended for use only where the size of the sample prevents the use of Test Methods D217.  
5.2 Actual reduced-scale penetration values are not used or reported. They are converted to full-scale penetration values (see Sections 9 and 10). This test method is not intended to replace the full-scale penetration as described in Test Methods D217. Precision is better in the full-scale penetration method.  
5.3 Worked penetration results, after conversion to full-scale values, may be used to establish the consistency of lubricating greases within the above NLGI consistency numbers. The results obtained from these test methods are widely used for specification purposes, however, no correlation with field performance has been established.  
5.4 Unworked reduced-scale penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for measuring the consistency of small samples of lubricating greases by penetration of a 1/4-scale cone or a 1/2-scale cone. These test methods include procedures for the measurement of unworked and worked penetrations.  
1.2 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked penetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases.  
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. In the United States, the equipment dimensions stated in inches are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Apparent viscosity versus shear rate information can be useful in predicting pressure drops in grease distribution systems under steady-state flow conditions at constant temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement, in poises, of the apparent viscosity of lubricating greases in the temperature range from −54 °C to 38 °C (−65 °F to 100 °F). Measurements are limited to the range from 25 P to 100 000 P at 0.1 s−1 and 1 P to 100 P at 15 000 s−1.
Note 1: At very low temperatures the shear rate range may be reduced because of the great force required to force grease through the smaller capillaries. Precision has not been established below 10 s−1.  
1.2 This standard uses inch-pound units as well as SI (acceptable metric) units. The values stated first are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. The capillary dimensions in SI units in Fig. A1.1 and Fig. A1.2 are standard.  
1.3 This test method uses mercury thermometers. WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location. The responsible subcommittee, D02.G0, continues to explore alternatives to eventually replace the mercury thermometers.  
1.3.1 In addition, temperature measuring devices such as liquid-in-glass thermometers (Specifications E1 and E2251), thermocouples, thermistors, or platinum resistance thermometers that provide equivalent or better accuracy and precision, that cover the temperature range for ASTM thermometer 49C, may be used.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method differentiates among wheel bearing greases having distinctly different high-temperature leakage characteristics. It is not the equivalent of longtime service tests.  
5.2 This test method has proven to be helpful in screening greases with respect to leakage tendencies for automotive wheel bearing applications.  
Note 1: It is possible for skilled operators to observe changes in grease characteristics that can occur during the test, such as grease condition. Leakage is reported as a quantitative value, whereas the evaluation of grease condition is subject to differences in personal judgment among operators and cannot be used effectively for quantitative measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for evaluating leakage tendencies of wheel bearing greases when tested under prescribed conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The exception is apparatus dimensions, in inches, which are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is known that contamination by water can affect the shear stability of some greases in service. This test method is widely used to determine the wet shear stability of greases in service. Many grease specifications require these procedures as a wet shear stability test. No accurate correlation is established between the test results and wet shear stability of grease in actual service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the shear stability of lubricating grease in the presence of water (wet shear stability) by a full scale grease worker. This test method is also known as the water stability test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method was developed using greases having very low torque characteristics at −54 °C (−65 °F). Specifications for greases of this type commonly require testing at this temperature. Specifications for greases of other types can require testing at temperatures from −73 °C to −18 °C (−100 °F to 0 °F).  
5.2 This test method has proved helpful in the selection of greases for low-powered mechanisms, such as instrument bearings used in aerospace applications. The suitability of this test method for other applications requiring different greases, speeds, and temperatures should be determined on an individual basis.  
5.3 Test Method D4693 may be better suited for applications using larger bearings or greater loads. However, greases having such characteristics that permit torque evaluations by either this test method or Test Method D4693 will not give the same values in the two test methods (even when converted to the same torque units) because the apparatus and test bearings are different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the extent to which a grease retards the rotation of a slow-speed ball bearing by measuring starting and running torques at low temperatures (below −18 °C (0 °F)).  
1.1.1 Torque measurements are limited by the capacity of the torque-measuring equipment.  
1.1.2 This test method is not suitable for greases exhibiting torque values greater than 50 000 g·cm at the selected test temperature.
Note 1: When initially developed, the original dynamometer scale limited the torque capacity to approximately 30 000 g·cm; the original dynamometer scale is obsolete, however. The suggested replacement scale has not been evaluated; it could extend the limit to approximately 50 000 g·cm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exceptions—The values given in parentheses are for information only. The exception is torque values that are given in cgs-metric units, which are widely used in grease specifications.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard and warning statements, see 6.1.1, 7.2, 7.4, 8.7, and 8.11.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method, used for specification purposes, differentiates between lubricating greases having low, medium, and high level of extreme-pressure properties. The results do not necessarily correlate with results from service.4  
5.2 It is noted that lubricating greases that have as their fluid component a silicone, halogenated silicone, or a mixture comprising silicone fluid and petroleum oil, are not applicable to this method of test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying properties of lubricating greases. Three determinations are made:  
1.1.1 Load-Wear Index (formerly called Mean-Hertz Load),  
1.1.2 Weld Point, by means of the Four-Ball Extreme-Pressure (EP) Tester, and  
1.1.3 Last nonseizure load (LNSL).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When a lubricating grease separates oil, the remaining composition increases in consistency. This can affect the ability of the product to function as designed.  
5.2 It has been found that the results of this test correlate directly with the oil separation that occurs in 35 lb pails of grease during storage.  
5.3 This test method is not intended to predict oil separation tendencies of the grease under dynamic conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the tendency of a lubricating grease to separate oil during storage in both normally filled and partially filled containers.  
1.2 This test method is not suitable for greases softer than NLGI No. 1 grade.
FIG. 1 Pressure Bleeding Test Cell A  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard, except for the dimensions in Fig. 2 and Fig. 5, where inch-pound units are standard.
FIG. 2 Detailed Drawing of Pressure Bleeding Test Cell A
Note 1: All dimensions are in millimeters (inches).
Note 2: Tolerances are ±0.51 mm (0.02 in.) for 2 place decimals, unless otherwise specified.
Note 3: Tolerances are ±0.127 mm (0.005 in.) for 3 place decimals, unless otherwise specified.
FIG. 3 Pressure Bleeding Test Cell B  
FIG. 4 Pressure Bleeding Test Cell C  
FIG. 5 Detailed Drawing of Pressure Bleeding Test Cell C—Strainer Assembly
Note 1: All dimensions are in millimeters (inches).
Note 2: Tolerances are ±0.51 mm (0.02 in.) for 2 place decimals, unless otherwise specified.
Note 3: Tolerances are ±0.127 mm (0.005 in.) for 3 place decimals, unless otherwise specified.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 7.1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods can be used to identify and estimate the amount of some of the constituents of lubricating greases. These test methods are applicable to many, but not all, greases.  
4.2 Composition should not be considered as having any direct bearing on service performance unless such correlation is established.  
Note 2: Details on other test methods for grease analysis can be found in other reference material.4,5,6
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods for analysis cover greases of the conventional type, which consist essentially of petroleum oil and soap. The constituents that can be determined are soap, unsaponifiable matter (petroleum oil, and so forth), water, free alkalinity, free fatty acid, fat, glycerin, and insolubles.  
Note 1: Any of the test methods described herein are best used by an experienced grease analyst who may also be able to make appropriate adaptations of the techniques as occasion requires.  
1.2 A supplementary test method is provided in Appendix X1. This test method is intended primarily for application to greases containing thickeners that are essentially insoluble in n-hexane, and to greases that cannot be analyzed by conventional methods because of the presence of such constituents as nonpetroleum fluids or nonsoap-type thickeners, or both. In some cases, these constituents can react with strong acid or alkaline solutions.  
1.3 These test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Ash Determination  
7 – 11  
Insolubles, Soap, Fat, Petroleum Oil,
and Unsaponifiable Matter  
12 – 20  
Free Alkali and Free Acid  
21 – 23  
Water  
24  
Glycerin (Quantitative)  
25 – 29  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in evaluating the degree to which a grease would separate into fluid and solid components when subjected to high centrifugal forces. Flexible shaft couplings, universal joints, and rolling element thrust bearings are examples of machinery which subject lubricating greases to large and prolonged centrifugal forces. This test method has been found to give results that correlate well with results from actual service. The test method may be run at other conditions with agreement between parties but the precision noted in this test method will no longer apply.3
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the tendency of lubricating grease to separate oil when subjected to high centrifugal forces.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The significance of the number of scratches as far as correlation with field performance is concerned has not been established. A particle which is abrasive to plastic will not necessarily be abrasive to steel or other bearing materials. Some correlation was obtained in that the contaminant used in Sample 3 (see 10.1.1) had a greater wear rate in a laboratory ball bearing abrasive wear test than the contaminant in Sample 2.
Note 1: The number of scratches obtained cannot be used to draw fine differences between greases, but rather, to group them into two or three general classes. One such possible division could be:    
1 ... . less than 10 scratches  
2 ... . 10 to 40 scratches    
3 ... . more than 40 scratches  
5.2 An advantage of this test method is that each test takes only a few minutes to run.  
5.3 This test method is used for quality control and specification purpose.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the detection and estimation of deleterious particles in lubricating grease.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to all lubricating greases. It can also be used to test other semi-solid or viscous materials. Grease fillers, such as graphite and molybdenum disulfide, can be tested for abrasive contaminants by first mixing them into petrolatum or grease known to be free of deleterious particles.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method estimates the resistance of greases to water washout from ball bearings under conditions of the test. No correlation with field service has been established.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the resistance of a lubricating grease to washout by water from a bearing, when tested at 38 °C and 79 °C (100 °F and 175 °F) under the prescribed laboratory conditions. It is not to be considered the equivalent of service evaluation tests. Precision and bias was determined using grease ranging from NLGI 3 to 0 grades in the research report (see Section 10).  
1.2 This test method may not be suitable for some greases containing highly volatile components. This test method does not attempt to account for sample evaporation. It is the user's responsibility to determine if evaporation of the sample is a significant contributor to mass loss at the required drying temperature.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.3.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The compatibility of greases can be important for users of grease-lubricated equipment. It is well known that the mixing of two greases can produce a substance markedly inferior to either of its constituent materials. One or more of the following can occur. A mixture of incompatible greases most often softens, sometimes excessively. Occasionally, it can harden. In extreme cases, the thickener and liquid lubricant will completely separate. Bleeding can be so severe that the mixed grease will run out of an operating bearing. Excessive syneresis can occur, forming pools of liquid lubricant separated from the grease. Dropping points can be reduced to the extent that grease or separated oil runs out of bearings at elevated operating temperatures. Such events can lead to catastrophic lubrication failures.  
5.1.1 Because of such occurrences, equipment manufacturers recommend completely cleaning the grease from equipment before installing a different grease. Service recommendations for grease-lubricated equipment frequently specify the caveat–do not mix greases under any circumstances. Despite this admonition, grease mixing will occur and, at times, cannot be avoided. In such instances, it would be useful to know whether the mixing of two greases could lead to inadequate lubrication with disastrous consequences. Equipment users most often do not have the resources to evaluate grease compatibility and must rely on their suppliers. Mixing of greases is a highly imprudent practice. Grease and equipment manufacturers alike recognize such practices will occur despite all warnings to the contrary. Thus, both users and suppliers have a need to know the compatibility characteristics of the greases in question.  
5.2 There are two approaches to evaluating the compatibility of grease mixtures. One is to determine whether such mixtures meet the same specification requirements as the constituent components. This approach is not addressed by this practice. Instead, this practice...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a protocol for evaluating the compatibility of one or three binary mixtures of lubricating greases by comparing their properties or performance relative to those of the neat greases comprising the mixture.  
1.2 Three properties are evaluated in a primary testing protocol using standard test methods: (1) dropping point by Test Method D566 (or Test Method D2265); (2) shear stability by Test Methods D217, 100 000–stroke worked penetration; and (3) storage stability at elevated-temperature by change in 60-stroke penetration (Test Method D217). For compatible mixtures (those passing all primary testing), a secondary (nonmandatory) testing scheme is suggested when circumstances indicate the need for additional testing.  
1.3 Sequential or concurrent testing is continued until the first failure. If any mixture fails any of the primary tests, the greases are incompatible. If all mixtures pass the three primary tests, the greases are considered compatible.  
1.4 This practice applies only to lubricating greases having characteristics suitable for evaluation by the suggested test methods. If the scope of a specific test method limits testing to those greases within a specified range of properties, greases outside that range cannot be tested for compatibility by that test method. An exception to this would be when the tested property of the neat, constituent greases is within the specified range, but the tested property of a mixture is outside the range because of incompatibility.  
1.5 This practice does not purport to cover all test methods that could be employed.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and env...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to differentiate between greases having high, medium, and low wear preventive properties using oscillating motion. The user of this method should determine to his own satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test machines.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of wear properties of lubricating greases by means of the Falex block-on-ring friction and wear test machine.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard except where equipment is supplied using inch-pound units and would then be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The metric equivalents of inch-pound units given in such cases in the body of the standard may be approximate.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to evaluate the property of lubricating greases to protect oscillating bearings from fretting wear. This method, used for specification purposes, differentiates among greases allowing low, medium, and high amounts of fretting wear under the prescribed test conditions. The test has been used to predict the fretting performance of greases in wheel bearings of passenger cars shipped long distances.5 Test results do not necessarily correlate with results from other types of service. It is the responsibility of the user to determine whether test results correlate with other types of service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method evaluates the fretting wear protection provided by lubricating greases.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Other units are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2 and 9.2.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine anti-wear properties and coefficient of friction of greases in order to prevent “fretting” wear under linear oscillation with associated low strokes and high Hertzian contact pressures at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications in which induced, high-speed vibrational motions are present for extended periods of time. It has found application as a screening test for grease lubricants used in ball and roller bearings, roller or ball screw (spindle) drives or side shaft systems (Tripode or Rzeppa type) for example, so-called constant velocity (CV) joints. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the lubricating action of greases in order to prevent “fretting” wear under linear oscillation with associated low strokes and high Hertzian contact pressures under high-frequency linear-oscillation motion using the SRV test machine. By performing additional, nonmandatory extreme-pressure tests in accordance with Test Method D5706, the test grease should be shown to be able to withstand a Hertzian contact pressure of at least 2200 MPa without adhesive failure.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to assess the ability of grease to prevent corrosion in rolling bearings operated in the presence of distilled water, sodium chloride solution, or synthetic sea water. It is used for development and specification purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of corrosion-preventive properties of greases using grease-lubricated ball bearings under dynamic wet conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method differentiates among wheel bearing greases having distinctly different high-temperature characteristics. It is not the equivalent of longtime service tests, nor is it intended to distinguish between the products having similar high-temperature performance properties.  
5.2 This test method has proven to be helpful in screening greases with respect to life performance for automotive wheel bearing applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory procedure for evaluating the high-temperature life performance of wheel bearing greases when tested under prescribed conditions.  
Note 1: Changes to this test method in the 1985 revision increased test severity. Results will not be comparable with data from earlier procedures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Apparatus dimensions in inches are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 8.1 – 8.4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These cone penetration tests not only evaluate the consistency of lubricating greases over the full range of NLGI numbers from 000 to 6, but also evaluate the consistency of stiff greases having penetration numbers less than 85. In contrast, Test Method D937 is aimed at petrolatums and Test Method D1403 uses less precise 1/4 and 1/2-scale equipment intended for use when the sample quantity is limited.  
5.2 Cone penetration test results provide one measure of the consistency of a grease. Worked penetration results are required to determine to which NLGI consistency grade a grease belongs. Undisturbed penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.  
5.3 Although no correlation has been developed between cone penetration results and field service, the cone penetrations obtained by the four procedures are widely used for specification purposes, such as in users' material specifications and suppliers' manufacturing specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover four procedures for measuring the consistency of lubricating greases by the penetration of a cone of specified dimensions, mass, and finish. The penetration is measured in tenths of a millimetre.  
Note 1: The National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI)2 classified greases according to their consistency as measured by the worked penetration. The classification system is as follows:    
NLGI
Consistency Number  
Worked Penetration Range,
25 °C (77 °F)  
000  
445 to 475  
00  
400 to 430  
0  
355 to 385  
1  
310 to 340  
2  
265 to 295  
3  
220 to 250  
4  
175 to 205  
5  
130 to 160  
6  
85 to 115  
1.1.1 The procedures for unworked, worked, and prolonged worked penetration are applicable to greases having penetrations between 85 and 475, that is, to greases with consistency numbers between NLGI 6 and NLGI 000. An undisturbed penetration test, described in Appendix X1, is similar to the unworked penetration test.  
1.1.2 The block penetration procedure is applicable to greases that are sufficiently hard to hold their shape. Such greases usually have penetrations below eighty-five tenths of a millimetre.  
1.1.3 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked penetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases.  
1.2 None of the four procedures is considered suitable for the measurement of the consistency of petrolatums by penetration. Test Method D937 should be used for such products.  
1.3 The dimensions of the equipment described in these test methods are given in SI units as the primary unit of measure with equivalent imperial units as accetpable alternatives where applicable. In cases where equivalent SI conversions are not known, notes are added for clarification. Temperatures and other dimensions are given in the preferred SI units; the values shown in parentheses are provided for information.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method differentiates the relative corrosion-preventive capabilities of lubricating greases under the conditions of the test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosion preventive properties of greases using grease-lubricated tapered roller bearings stored under wet conditions. This test method is based on CRC Technique L 412 that shows correlations between laboratory results and service for grease lubricated aircraft wheel bearings.  
1.2 Apparatus Dimensions—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 All Other Values—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method is used widely for specification purposes and is used to differentiate between greases having low, medium, or high levels of extreme pressure characteristics. The results may not correlate with results from service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying capacity of lubricating greases by means of the Timken Extreme Pressure Tester.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.1, 7.2, and 9.4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to evaluate the ability of grease to provide adequate lubrication for extended periods of ball bearings operating under light loads at high speeds and elevated temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the performance of lubricating greases in ball bearings operating under light loads at high speeds and elevated temperatures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 8.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The roll stability test is widely used in specifications. Test results are significant insofar as they can show a directional change in consistency that could occur in service. No accurate correlation is established between the test results and shear stability in actual service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the changes in the consistency, as measured by cone penetration, of lubricating greases when worked in the roll stability test apparatus.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method is used widely for specification purposes and is used to differentiate between greases having low, medium, or high levels of extreme pressure characteristics. The results may not correlate with results from service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying capacity of lubricating greases by means of the Timken Extreme Pressure Tester.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.1, 7.2, and 9.4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to evaluate the ability of grease to provide adequate lubrication for extended periods of ball bearings operating under light loads at high speeds and elevated temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the performance of lubricating greases in ball bearings operating under light loads at high speeds and elevated temperatures.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 8.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The dropping point is useful to assist in identifying the grease as to type and for establishing and maintaining bench marks for quality control. The results are to be considered to have only limited significance with respect to service performance of conventional soap thickeners because dropping point is a static test. Above 200 °C, the dropping point has no correlation with the maximum upper operating temperature of the grease.  
5.2 Historical cooperative testing4 on conventional soap-thickened greases indicated ( RR:D02-1164) that, in general, dropping points by Test Method D2265 and Test Method D566 were in agreement up to 200 °C. In cases where results differ, there is no known significance. However, agreement between the manufacturer and purchaser as to test method used is advisable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dropping point of lubricating grease.  
1.2 Warning—The dropping point as measured by this test is an artificially corrected number that does not have any bearing on the performance of the grease at elevated temperature. The dropping point as defined by this test method may not correlate with a value of the dropping point as determined by Test Method D566 (ISO 2176).  
1.3  This test method uses mercury thermometers. WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website—http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm—for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state or country may be prohibited by law. The responsible subcommittee, D02.G0.03, continues to explore alternatives to eventually replace the mercury thermometers.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are applicable to greases of National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) consistency numbers 0 to 4 and are intended for use only where the size of the sample prevents the use of Test Methods D217.  
5.2 Actual reduced-scale penetration values are not used or reported. They are converted to full-scale penetration values (see Sections 9 and 10). This test method is not intended to replace the full-scale penetration as described in Test Methods D217. Precision is better in the full-scale penetration method.  
5.3 Worked penetration results, after conversion to full-scale values, may be used to establish the consistency of lubricating greases within the above NLGI consistency numbers. The results obtained from these test methods are widely used for specification purposes, however, no correlation with field performance has been established.  
5.4 Unworked reduced-scale penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for measuring the consistency of small samples of lubricating greases by penetration of a 1/4-scale cone or a 1/2-scale cone. These test methods include procedures for the measurement of unworked and worked penetrations.  
1.2 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked penetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases.  
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. In the United States, the equipment dimensions stated in inches are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are applicable to greases of National Lubricating Grease Institute (NLGI) consistency numbers 0 to 4 and are intended for use only where the size of the sample prevents the use of Test Methods D217.  
5.2 Actual reduced-scale penetration values are not used or reported. They are converted to full-scale penetration values (see Sections 9 and 10). This test method is not intended to replace the full-scale penetration as described in Test Methods D217. Precision is better in the full-scale penetration method.  
5.3 Worked penetration results, after conversion to full-scale values, may be used to establish the consistency of lubricating greases within the above NLGI consistency numbers. The results obtained from these test methods are widely used for specification purposes, however, no correlation with field performance has been established.  
5.4 Unworked reduced-scale penetration results provide a means of evaluating the effect of storage conditions on grease consistency.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for measuring the consistency of small samples of lubricating greases by penetration of a 1/4-scale cone or a 1/2-scale cone. These test methods include procedures for the measurement of unworked and worked penetrations.  
1.2 Unworked penetrations do not generally represent the consistency of greases in use as effectively as do worked penetrations. The latter are usually preferred for inspecting lubricating greases.  
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only. In the United States, the equipment dimensions stated in inches are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.