SIST ISO 81400-4:2006
(Main)Wind turbines -- Part 4: Design and specification of gearboxes
Wind turbines -- Part 4: Design and specification of gearboxes
ISO 81400-4:2005 establishes the design and specification of gearboxes for wind turbines with power capacities ranging from 40 kW to 2MW. It is applicable to all such parallel-axis, one-stage epicyclic and combined one-stage epicyclic and parallel shaft enclosed gearboxes. Its provisions are based on field experience with wind turbines having the above power capacities and configurations; its guidelines can be applied to higher capacity wind turbines provided the specifications are appropriately modified to accommodate the characteristics of higher capacity wind turbines. Life requirements apply to wind turbines with a minimum design lifetime of 20 years.
Aérogénérateurs -- Partie 4: Conception et spécifications des boîtes de vitesses
L'ISO 81400-4:2005 s'applique aux boîtes de vitesses pour aérogénérateurs, dont la puissance est comprise entre 40 kW et 2 MW. Elle s'applique à toutes les boîtes de vitesses sous carter, qu'elles soient à axes parallèles, épicycloïdales à une seule phase, ou bien qu'elles comprennent des combinaisons d'engrenages épicycloïdaux à une phase et à axes parallèles. Les dispositions de l'ISO 81400-4:2005 sont fondées sur l'expérience acquise sur le terrain avec des aérogénérateurs du type de ceux cités plus haut en termes de puissance et de configuration. Les lignes directrices présentées dans l'ISO 81400-4:2005 peuvent être appliquées à des aérogénérateurs de plus grande capacité, à condition que les spécifications soient modifiées en conséquence. Les exigences relatives à la durée de vie s'appliquent aux aérogénérateurs ayant une durée de vie théorique d'au moins 20 ans.
Vetrne elektrarne – 4. del: Oblikovanje in določitev gonil
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 81400-4
First edition
2005-10-01
Wind turbines —
Part 4:
Design and specification of gearboxes
Aérogénérateurs —
Partie 4: Conception et spécifications des boîtes de vitesses
Reference number
©
ISO 2005
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Contents
Page
Foreword . iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Definitions and symbols. 2
4 Design specification . 7
5 Gearbox design and manufacturing requirements. 11
6 Lubrication . 28
7 Other important items. 33
Bibliography . 92
Annexes
A Wind turbine architecture. 35
B Wind turbine load description . 41
C Quality assurance. 49
D Operation and maintenance . 55
E Minimum purchaser and gearbox manufacturer ordering data . 57
F Lubrication selection and condition monitoring. 61
G General gear information. 77
H Determination of the application factor, K , from a given load spectrum
A
using the equivalent torque, T . 79
eq
I Bearing stress calculation . 83
Figures
1 3--stage parallel shaft gearbox . 20
2 3--stage planet/helical hybrid. 20
3 Bearing assembly . 21
Tables
1 Symbols . 3
2 Minimum basic rating life, L . 13
h10
3 Guide values for maximum contact stress for rolling element bearings at
Miner’s sum dynamic equivalent bearing load . 13
4 Bearing lubricant operating temperature for calculation of viscosity ratio,κ . 14
5 Temperature gradients for calculation of operating clearance . 15
6 Required gear accuracy . 17
7 Recommended gear tooth surface roughness . 17
8 Bearings for combined loads . 18
9 Bearings for pure radial load. 19
10 Bearings for pure axial loads . 19
11 Bearing selection matrix -- legend to symbols . 22
12 Bearing selection matrix for the low speed shaft/planet carrier . 22
13 Bearing selection matrix for the low speed intermediate shaft. 23
14 Bearing selection matrix for the high speed intermediate shaft . 24
15 Bearing selection matrix for the high speed shaft . 25
16 Bearing selection matrix for the planet wheel. 26
17 Lubricant cleanliness . 30
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 81400-4 was prepared by AWEA and AGMA (as ANSI/AGMA/AWEA 6006-A03) and was adopted, under
a special “fast-track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC 60, Gears, in parallel with its approval by the
ISO member bodies.
ISO 81400 is part of the IEC 61400 series.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Theoperationandloadingofawindturbinespeedincreasinggearboxisunlikemostother
gear applications. The intent of this standard is to describe the differences. Much of the
informationisbasedonfieldexperience. Thisstandardisatoolwherebywindturbineand
gearbox manufacturers can communicate and understand each other’s needs in
developing a gearbox specification for wind turbine applications. The annexes present
informative discussion of various issues specific to wind turbine applications and gear
design.
A combined committee of the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) and American
GearManufacturersAssociation(AGMA)membersrepresentinginternationalwindturbine
manufacturers, operators, researchers, consultants; and gear, bearing, plus lubricant
manufacturers were responsible for the drafting and development of this standard.
The committee first met in 1993 to develop AGMA/AWEA 921–A97, Recommended
PracticesforDesignandSpecificationofGearboxesforWindTurbineGeneratorSystems.
The AGMA Information Sheet was approved by the AGMA/AWEA Wind Turbine Gear
CommitteeonOctober25,1996andbytheAGMATechnicalDivisionExecutiveCommittee
on October 28, 1996. This standard superseded AGMA/AWEA 921–A97.
ThefirstdraftofANSI/AGMA/AWEA6006--A03wasmadeinMarch,2000. Itwasapproved
by the AGMA membership in October, 2003. It was approved as an American National
Standard (ANSI) on January 9, 2004.
ISO 81400--4:2005(E)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
AGMA 913--A98, Method for Specifying the
Geometry of Spur and Helical Gears
AGMA 925--A03, Effect of Lubrication on Gear
Wind turbines -- Part 4:
Surface Distress
AMS 2301, Aircraft quality steel cleanliness,
Design and
magnetic particle inspection procedure
ANSI Y12.3--1968, Letter symbols for quantities
specification of
used in mechanics of solids
ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90, Gear Nomenclature,
gearboxes
Definitions of Terms with Symbols
ANSI/AGMA 2101--D04, Fundamental Rating Fac-
torsandCalculationMethodsforInvoluteSpurand
Helical Gear Teeth
1 Scope
ANSI/AGMA6000--B96,SpecificationforMeasure-
ment of Linear Vibration on Gear Units
Thisstandardappliestogearboxesforwindturbines
ANSI/AGMA 6001--D97, Design and Selection of
withpowercapacitiesrangingfrom40kWto2MW. It Components for Enclosed Gear Drives
applies to all parallel axis, one stage epicyclic, and
ANSI/AGMA 6025--D98, Sound for Enclosed
combined one stage epicyclic and parallel shaft
Helical,Herringbone,andSpiralBevelGearDrives
enclosed gearboxes. The provisions made in this
ANSI/AGMA6110--F97,StandardforSpur,Helical,
standard are based on field experience with wind
Herringbone and Bevel Enclosed Drives
turbines having the above power capacities and
ANSI/AGMA 6123--A88, Design Manual for En-
configurations.
closed Epicyclic Metric Module Gear Drives
Guidelinesofthisstandardmaybeappliedtohigher
ANSI/AGMA9005--E02,IndustrialGearLubrication
capacity wind turbines provided the specifications
ASTMA534,Standardspecificationforcarburizing
are appropriately modified to accommodate the
steels for anti--friction bearings
characteristics of higher capacity wind turbines.
DetNorskeVeritasClassificationAS,Classification
Life requirements apply to wind turbines with a
Notes No. 41.2, Calculation of Gear Rating for
minimum design lifetime of 20 years.
Marine Transmissions, July 1993
DIN ISO 281 Bbl. 4:2003, Dynamische Tragzahl
und nominelle Lebensdauer -- Verfahren zur Ber-
2 Normativereferences
echnung der modifizierten Referenzlebensdauer
für allgemein belastete Wälzlager (Dynamic load
The following standards contain provisions which, ratings and life -- Method for calculation of the
modified reference rating life for generally loaded
throughreferenceinthistext,constituteprovisionsof
1)
rolling bearings)
thisstandard. Atthetimeofpublication,theeditions
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
DIN743:2000,TragfähigkeitsberechnungvonWell-
revision, and parties to agreements based on this en und Achsen (Calculation of load capacity of
standardareencouragedtoinvestigatethepossibil- shafts and axles)
ity of applying the most recent editions of the
DIN 6885--2:1967, Drive Type Fastenings without
documents indicated below.
Taper Action; Parallel Keys, Keyways
AGMA 901--A92, A Rational Procedure for DIN 7190:2001, Interference fits -- Calculation and
Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears design rules
1)
English translation available as ISO TC 4/SC 8 N254a
ISO 81400--4:2005 (E)
ISO 76:1987,Rollingbearings -- Static loadratings
3 Definitions and symbols
ISO 281:1990, Rolling bearings -- Dynamic load
3.0 Terms and definitions
rating and rating life
For the purposes of this document, the terms and
ISO R773:1969, Rectangular or square parallel
definitionsgivenin3.2through3.4andthefollowing
keysandtheircorrespondingkeyways(dimensions
apply, wherever applicable, conforming to ANSI/
in millimeters)
AGMA 1012--F90, and ANSI Y12.3--1968.
ISO 1328--1, Cylindrical Gears -- ISO System Of
3.1 Symbols
Accuracy -- Part 1: Definitions and Allowable
The symbols, terms and units used in this standard
Values of Deviations Relevant to Corresponding
are shown in table 1.
Flanks of Gear Teeth
NOTE: The symbols and terms contained in this
ISO4406:1999(SAEJ1165),Hydraulic fluidpower
document may vary from those used in other AGMA
-- Fluids -- Method for coding the level of standards. Usersofthisstandardshouldassurethem-
selvesthattheyareusingthesesymbolsandtermsin
contamination by solid particles
the manner indicated herein.
ISO 6336-- 1: 1996, Calculation of load capacity of
3.2 Wind turbine terms
spur and helical gears-- Part 1: Basic principles,
introduction and general influence factors activeyaw:A systemtorotatethenacellerelativeto
thechangingdirectionofthewind.Seepassiveyaw.
ISO 6336-- 2: 1996, Calculation of load capacity of
airfoil: Two dimensional cross section of a blade.
spur and helical gears-- Part 2: Calculation of
surface durability (pitting)
annual average wind speed: The time averaged,
mean, horizontal wind speed for one calendar year
ISO 6336-- 3: 1996, Calculation of load capacity of
at a particular site and a specified height.
spurandhelicalgears-- Part3:Calculation oftooth
annualaverageturbulenceintensity: Ameasure
bending strength
of the short--time and spatial variation of the inflow
ISO 6336--5: 1996, Calculation of load capacity of
wind speed about its long time average.
spurandhelicalgears--Part5:Strengthandquality
availability: Theratioofthenumberofhoursthata
of materials
turbinecouldoperatetothetotalnumberofhoursin
2)
that period, usually expressed as a percentage.
ISO/DIS 6336--6 , Calculation of load capacity of
Downtime due to faults or maintenance (scheduled
spur and helical gears -- Part 6: Calculation of
or otherwise) generally make up the unavailable
service life under variable load
time.
ISO 8579--1:2002, Acceptance code for gears --
bedplate: In a modular system, the structure that
Part 1: Determination of airborne sound power
supports the drive train components and nacelle
levels emitted by gear units
cover. Also called a main frame.
ISO 8579--2:1993, Acceptance code for gears --
blade: The component of the rotor that converts
Part 2: Determination of mechanical vibration of
wind energy into rotation of the rotor shaft.
gear units during acceptance testing
brake: A device capable of stopping rotation of the
rotor or reducing its speed.
ISO/TR 13593:1999, Enclosed gear drives for
industrial applications
certification: Procedurebywhichathirdpartygives
writtenassurancethataproduct,processorservice
ISO/TR13989--1:2000,Calculationofscuffingload
conforms to specified requirements, also known as
capacity of cylindrical, bevel and hypoid gears --
conformity assessment.
Part 1: Flash temperature method
certification standard: Standard that has specific
ISO 14104:1995, Gears -- Surface temper etch
rules for procedures and management to carry out
inspection after grinding
certification of conformity.
ISO/TR14179--1:2001,Gears--Thermalcapacity--
control system: A system that monitors the wind
Part 1: Rating gear drives with thermal equilibrium
turbine and i
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2006
9HWUQHHOHNWUDUQH±GHO2EOLNRYDQMHLQGRORþLWHYJRQLO
Wind turbines -- Part 4: Design and specification of gearboxes
Aérogénérateurs -- Partie 4: Conception et spécifications des boîtes de vitesses
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 81400-4:2005
ICS:
21.200 Gonila Gears
27.180 Sistemi turbin na veter in Wind turbine systems and
drugi alternativni viri energije other alternative sources of
energy
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 81400-4
First edition
2005-10-01
Wind turbines —
Part 4:
Design and specification of gearboxes
Aérogénérateurs —
Partie 4: Conception et spécifications des boîtes de vitesses
Reference number
©
ISO 2005
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Contents
Page
Foreword . iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Definitions and symbols. 2
4 Design specification . 7
5 Gearbox design and manufacturing requirements. 11
6 Lubrication . 28
7 Other important items. 33
Bibliography . 92
Annexes
A Wind turbine architecture. 35
B Wind turbine load description . 41
C Quality assurance. 49
D Operation and maintenance . 55
E Minimum purchaser and gearbox manufacturer ordering data . 57
F Lubrication selection and condition monitoring. 61
G General gear information. 77
H Determination of the application factor, K , from a given load spectrum
A
using the equivalent torque, T . 79
eq
I Bearing stress calculation . 83
Figures
1 3--stage parallel shaft gearbox . 20
2 3--stage planet/helical hybrid. 20
3 Bearing assembly . 21
Tables
1 Symbols . 3
2 Minimum basic rating life, L . 13
h10
3 Guide values for maximum contact stress for rolling element bearings at
Miner’s sum dynamic equivalent bearing load . 13
4 Bearing lubricant operating temperature for calculation of viscosity ratio,κ . 14
5 Temperature gradients for calculation of operating clearance . 15
6 Required gear accuracy . 17
7 Recommended gear tooth surface roughness . 17
8 Bearings for combined loads . 18
9 Bearings for pure radial load. 19
10 Bearings for pure axial loads . 19
11 Bearing selection matrix -- legend to symbols . 22
12 Bearing selection matrix for the low speed shaft/planet carrier . 22
13 Bearing selection matrix for the low speed intermediate shaft. 23
14 Bearing selection matrix for the high speed intermediate shaft . 24
15 Bearing selection matrix for the high speed shaft . 25
16 Bearing selection matrix for the planet wheel. 26
17 Lubricant cleanliness . 30
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 81400-4 was prepared by AWEA and AGMA (as ANSI/AGMA/AWEA 6006-A03) and was adopted, under
a special “fast-track procedure”, by Technical Committee ISO/TC 60, Gears, in parallel with its approval by the
ISO member bodies.
ISO 81400 is part of the IEC 61400 series.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Introduction
Theoperationandloadingofawindturbinespeedincreasinggearboxisunlikemostother
gear applications. The intent of this standard is to describe the differences. Much of the
informationisbasedonfieldexperience. Thisstandardisatoolwherebywindturbineand
gearbox manufacturers can communicate and understand each other’s needs in
developing a gearbox specification for wind turbine applications. The annexes present
informative discussion of various issues specific to wind turbine applications and gear
design.
A combined committee of the American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) and American
GearManufacturersAssociation(AGMA)membersrepresentinginternationalwindturbine
manufacturers, operators, researchers, consultants; and gear, bearing, plus lubricant
manufacturers were responsible for the drafting and development of this standard.
The committee first met in 1993 to develop AGMA/AWEA 921–A97, Recommended
PracticesforDesignandSpecificationofGearboxesforWindTurbineGeneratorSystems.
The AGMA Information Sheet was approved by the AGMA/AWEA Wind Turbine Gear
CommitteeonOctober25,1996andbytheAGMATechnicalDivisionExecutiveCommittee
on October 28, 1996. This standard superseded AGMA/AWEA 921–A97.
ThefirstdraftofANSI/AGMA/AWEA6006--A03wasmadeinMarch,2000. Itwasapproved
by the AGMA membership in October, 2003. It was approved as an American National
Standard (ANSI) on January 9, 2004.
ISO 81400--4:2005(E)
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
AGMA 913--A98, Method for Specifying the
Geometry of Spur and Helical Gears
AGMA 925--A03, Effect of Lubrication on Gear
Wind turbines -- Part 4:
Surface Distress
AMS 2301, Aircraft quality steel cleanliness,
Design and
magnetic particle inspection procedure
ANSI Y12.3--1968, Letter symbols for quantities
specification of
used in mechanics of solids
ANSI/AGMA 1012--F90, Gear Nomenclature,
gearboxes
Definitions of Terms with Symbols
ANSI/AGMA 2101--D04, Fundamental Rating Fac-
torsandCalculationMethodsforInvoluteSpurand
Helical Gear Teeth
1 Scope
ANSI/AGMA6000--B96,SpecificationforMeasure-
ment of Linear Vibration on Gear Units
Thisstandardappliestogearboxesforwindturbines
ANSI/AGMA 6001--D97, Design and Selection of
withpowercapacitiesrangingfrom40kWto2MW. It Components for Enclosed Gear Drives
applies to all parallel axis, one stage epicyclic, and
ANSI/AGMA 6025--D98, Sound for Enclosed
combined one stage epicyclic and parallel shaft
Helical,Herringbone,andSpiralBevelGearDrives
enclosed gearboxes. The provisions made in this
ANSI/AGMA6110--F97,StandardforSpur,Helical,
standard are based on field experience with wind
Herringbone and Bevel Enclosed Drives
turbines having the above power capacities and
ANSI/AGMA 6123--A88, Design Manual for En-
configurations.
closed Epicyclic Metric Module Gear Drives
Guidelinesofthisstandardmaybeappliedtohigher
ANSI/AGMA9005--E02,IndustrialGearLubrication
capacity wind turbines provided the specifications
ASTMA534,Standardspecificationforcarburizing
are appropriately modified to accommodate the
steels for anti--friction bearings
characteristics of higher capacity wind turbines.
DetNorskeVeritasClassificationAS,Classification
Life requirements apply to wind turbines with a
Notes No. 41.2, Calculation of Gear Rating for
minimum design lifetime of 20 years.
Marine Transmissions, July 1993
DIN ISO 281 Bbl. 4:2003, Dynamische Tragzahl
und nominelle Lebensdauer -- Verfahren zur Ber-
2 Normativereferences
echnung der modifizierten Referenzlebensdauer
für allgemein belastete Wälzlager (Dynamic load
The following standards contain provisions which, ratings and life -- Method for calculation of the
modified reference rating life for generally loaded
throughreferenceinthistext,constituteprovisionsof
1)
rolling bearings)
thisstandard. Atthetimeofpublication,theeditions
indicated were valid. All standards are subject to
DIN743:2000,TragfähigkeitsberechnungvonWell-
revision, and parties to agreements based on this en und Achsen (Calculation of load capacity of
standardareencouragedtoinvestigatethepossibil- shafts and axles)
ity of applying the most recent editions of the
DIN 6885--2:1967, Drive Type Fastenings without
documents indicated below.
Taper Action; Parallel Keys, Keyways
AGMA 901--A92, A Rational Procedure for DIN 7190:2001, Interference fits -- Calculation and
Preliminary Design of Minimum Volume Gears design rules
1)
English translation available as ISO TC 4/SC 8 N254a
ISO 81400--4:2005 (E)
ISO 76:1987,Rollingbearings -- Static loadratings
3 Definitions and symbols
ISO 281:1990, Rolling bearings -- Dynamic load
3.0 Terms and definitions
rating and rating life
For the purposes of this document, the terms and
ISO R773:1969, Rectangular or square parallel
definitionsgivenin3.2through3.4andthefollowing
keysandtheircorrespondingkeyways(dimensions
apply, wherever applicable, conforming to ANSI/
in millimeters)
AGMA 1012--F90, and ANSI Y12.3--1968.
ISO 1328--1, Cylindrical Gears -- ISO System Of
3.1 Symbols
Accuracy -- Part 1: Definitions and Allowable
The symbols, terms and units used in this standard
Values of Deviations Relevant to Corresponding
are shown in table 1.
Flanks of Gear Teeth
NOTE: The symbols and terms contained in this
ISO4406:1999(SAEJ1165),Hydraulic fluidpower
document may vary from those used in other AGMA
-- Fluids -- Method for coding the level of standards. Usersofthisstandardshouldassurethem-
selvesthattheyareusingthesesymbolsandtermsin
contamination by solid particles
the manner indicated herein.
ISO 6336-- 1: 1996, Calculation of load capacity of
3.2 Wind turbine terms
spur and helical gears-- Part 1: Basic principles,
introduction and general influence factors activeyaw:A systemtorotatethenacellerelativeto
thechangingdirectionofthewind.Seepassiveyaw.
ISO 6336-- 2: 1996, Calculation of load capacity of
airfoil: Two dimensional cross section of a blade.
spur and helical gears-- Part 2: Calculation of
surface durability (pitting)
annual average wind speed: The time averaged,
mean, horizontal wind speed for one calendar year
ISO 6336-- 3: 1996, Calculation of load capacity of
at a particular site and a specified height.
spurandhelicalgears-- Part3:Calculation oftooth
annualaverageturbulenceintensity: Ameasure
bending strength
of the short--time and spatial variation of the inflow
ISO 6336--5: 1996, Calculation of load capacity of
wind speed about its long time average.
spurandhelicalgears--Part5:Strengthandquality
availability: Theratioofthenumberofhoursthata
of materials
turbinecouldoperatetothetotalnumberofhoursin
2)
that period, usually expressed as a percentage.
ISO/DIS 6336--6 , Calculation of load capacity of
Downtime due to faults or maintenance (scheduled
spur and helical gears -- Part 6: Calculation of
or otherwise) generally make up the unavailable
service life under variable load
time.
ISO 8579--1:2002, Acceptance code for gears --
bedplate: In a modular system, the structure that
Part 1: Determination of airborne sound power
supports the drive train components and nacelle
levels emitted by gear units
cover. Also called a main frame.
ISO 8579--2:1993, Acceptance code
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 81400-4
Première édition
2005-10-01
Aérogénérateurs —
Partie 4:
Conception et spécifications relatives
aux boîtes de vitesses
Wind turbines —
Part 4: Design and specification of gearboxes
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2005
PDF – Exonération de responsabilité
Le présent fichier PDF peut contenir des polices de caractères intégrées. Conformément aux conditions de licence d'Adobe, ce fichier
peut être imprimé ou visualisé, mais ne doit pas être modifié à moins que l'ordinateur employé à cet effet ne bénéficie d'une licence
autorisant l'utilisation de ces polices et que celles-ci y soient installées. Lors du téléchargement de ce fichier, les parties concernées
acceptent de fait la responsabilité de ne pas enfreindre les conditions de licence d'Adobe. Le Secrétariat central de l'ISO décline toute
responsabilité en la matière.
Adobe est une marque déposée d'Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Les détails relatifs aux produits logiciels utilisés pour la création du présent fichier PDF sont disponibles dans la rubrique General Info
du fichier; les paramètres de création PDF ont été optimisés pour l'impression. Toutes les mesures ont été prises pour garantir
l'exploitation de ce fichier par les comités membres de l'ISO. Dans le cas peu probable où surviendrait un problème d'utilisation,
veuillez en informer le Secrétariat central à l'adresse donnée ci-dessous.
DOCUMENT PROTÉGÉ PAR COPYRIGHT
© ISO 2005
Droits de reproduction réservés. Sauf prescription différente, aucune partie de cette publication ne peut être reproduite ni utilisée sous
quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit
de l'ISO à l'adresse ci-après ou du comité membre de l'ISO dans le pays du demandeur.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Version française parue en 2009
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos .vi
Introduction.vii
1 Domaine d'application .1
2 Références normatives.1
3 Définitions et symboles .3
4 Spécifications de conception.15
5 Exigences relatives à la conception et à la fabrication des boîtes de vitesses.20
6 Lubrification.47
7 Autres éléments importants.54
Bibliographie.135
Annexes
Annexe A (informative) Architecture des aérogénérateurs .57
Annexe B (informative) Description de la charge des aérogénérateurs .64
Annexe C (informative) Assurance qualité.74
Annexe D (informative) Fonctionnement et maintenance .82
Annexe E (informative) Données de commande minimales de l'acheteur et du fabricant de la boîte
de vitesses .86
Annexe F (informative) Surveillance du choix et de l'état de la lubrification .94
Annexe G (informative) Informations générales relatives aux engrenages.116
Annexe H (informative) Détermination du facteur d'application, K , à partir d'un spectre de charge
A
donné en utilisant le couple équivalent, T .118
eq
Annexe I (informative) Calcul des contraintes des roulements .123
Figures
Figure 1 — Boîte de vitesses à axes parallèles à 3 étages .35
Figure 2 — Boîte hybride planétaire/hélicoïdale à 3 étages.36
Figure 3 — Assemblage des roulements .38
Figure A.1 — Éolienne à axe horizontal (EAH).58
Figure A.2 — Schéma de la disposition d'une nacelle pour une EAH .59
Figure B.1 — Variation périodique caractéristique du couple d'arbre .70
Figure B.2 — Couple sur l'arbre du rotor pendant le freinage.71
Figure F.1 — Exemple pour la conception de circuit, système de combinaison de la filtration et
du refroidissement .99
Figure G.1 — Nomenclature des engrenages.116
Figure H.1 — Intervalles de charge présentant un comportement équivalent en termes de
détérioration suivant l'Équation H.3 .119
Figure H.2 — Intervalles (T , n ) et (T , n ) remplacés par l'intervalle (T , n ) .121
1 1 2 2 2 2e
Figure H.3 — Spectre de charge avec le couple équivalent correspondant, T .121
eq
Figure I.1 — Effets du jeu et de la précharge sur la distribution de la pression dans les
roulements radiaux à rouleaux.126
Figure I.2 — Nomenclature de la courbure des roulements .126
Figure I.3 — Distribution de la pression sur la surface de contact elliptique .128
Tableaux
Tableau 1 — Symboles.4
Tableau 2 — Durée de vie nominale de base minimale, L .23
h10
Tableau 3 — Valeurs indicatives pour la pression maximale de contact dans le cas des
roulements à éléments roulants soumis à une charge équivalente dynamique au niveau
du roulement suivant la somme de Miner.24
Tableau 4 — Température de fonctionnement du lubrifiant de roulement pour le calcul du rapport
de viscosité, k.26
Tableau 5 — Gradients de température pour le calcul du jeu en fonctionnement .27
Tableau 6 — Exactitude requise pour les engrenages .30
Tableau 7 — Rugosités de surface recommandées pour les dents de roues.31
Tableau 8 — Roulements pour des charges combinées.32
Tableau 9 — Roulements pour une charge radiale pure .34
Tableau 10 — Roulements pour des charges axiales pures.34
Tableau 11 — Matrice de sélection des paliers - Légendes des symboles .38
Tableau 12 — Matrice de sélection des roulements pour l'arbre à petite vitesse/le porte-satellites.39
Tableau 13 — Matrice de sélection des roulements pour l'arbre intermédiaire à petite vitesse.40
Tableau 14 — Matrice de sélection des roulements pour l'arbre intermédiaire rapide.41
Tableau 15 — Matrice de sélection des roulements pour l'arbre rapide.42
Tableau 16 — Matrice de sélection des roulements pour la roue planétaire .43
Tableau 17 — Propreté des lubrifiants .49
Tableau B.1 — Cas des charges de calcul des aérogénérateurs .67
Tableau C.1 — Echantillon de plan AQ.78
Tableau F.1 — Sources d'éléments métalliques.105
Tableau F.2 — Signification des codes ISO.108
Tableau F.3 — Caractéristiques des particules.110
Tableau F.4 — Limites analytiques pour les lubrifiants utilisés dans les boîtes de vitesses pour
aérogénérateur.111
Tableau F.5 — Indice de viscosité à la température de fonctionnement de la masse d’huile pour
les huiles ayant un indice de viscosité de 90 .112
iv © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
Tableau F.6 — Indice de viscosité à la température de fonctionnement de la masse d'huile pour
les huiles ayant un indice de viscosité de 120.113
Table F.7 — Indice de viscosité à la température de fonctionnement de la masse d'huile pour les
huiles ayant un indice de viscosité de 160.114
Tableau F.8 — Indice de viscosité à la température de fonctionnement de la masse d'huile pour
les huiles ayant un indice de viscosité de 240.115
Tableau H.1 — Exposant p et nombre de cycles de charges N .120
L ref
Tableau H.2 — Exemple de calcul de K à partir d'un spectre de charge .122
A
Tableau I.1 — Facteurs pour les roulements radiaux sous contrainte statique.124
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 81400-4:2005 a été élaborée par l'AWEA et l'AGMA (sous la référence ANSI/AGMA/AWEA 6006-A03)
et a été adoptée par procédure spécifique «voie express» par l'ISO/TC 60, Engrenages, en coopération avec
le comité technique CEI/TC 88, Éoliennes, en parallèle de son approbation par les comités membres de l'ISO
et de la CEI.
L'ISO 81400-4 est une partie de la série CEI 61400. Elle est destinée à être publiée et remplacée par la
CEI 61400-4 à la prochaine révision.
vi © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
Introduction
La vitesse d'un aérogénérateur augmentant, le fonctionnement et le chargement de la boîte de vitesses sont
différents de la majorité des applications d'engrenages. L'intention de la présente norme est de décrire ces
différences. La plupart des informations sont basées sur l'expérience acquise sur le terrain. La présente
norme est un outil qui permet aux fabricants d'aérogénérateurs et d'engrenages de communiquer et
comprendre les besoins de chacun en dé
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.