SIST ISO 16204:2012

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16204
First edition
2012-09-01
Durability — Service life design of
concrete structures
Durabilité — Conception de la durée de vie des structures en béton
Reference number
©
ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 5
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 5
4.2 Main letters . 5
4.3 Subscripts . 6
5 Basis of design . 6
5.1 Requirements . 6
5.2 Principles of limit state design . 7
5.3 Basic variables . 8
5.4 Verification . 8
6 Verification of service life design .10
6.1 Carbonation-induced corrosion - uncracked concrete .10
6.2 Chloride-induced corrosion - uncracked concrete .13
6.3 Influence of cracks upon reinforcement corrosion .14
6.4 Risk of depassivation with respect to pre-stressed steel .15
6.5 Freeze/thaw attack .15
6.6 Chemical attack .17
6.7 Alkali-aggregate reactions .18
7 Execution .19
7.1 General .19
7.2 Execution specification .19
7.3 Formwork .19
7.4 Materials .19
7.5 Inspection .20
7.6 Action in the event of non-conformity .20
8 Maintenance and condition assessment .20
8.1 General .20
8.2 Maintenance .20
8.3 Condition assessment .21
9 Action in the event of non-conformity .21
Annex A (informative) Basis of design .22
Annex B (informative) Verification of service life design .24
Annex C (informative) Execution .28
Annex D (informative) Maintenance and condition assessment .29
Annex E (informative) Guidance on a national annex .30
Bibliography .31
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16204 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 71, Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed
concrete, Subcommittee SC 3, Concrete production and execution of concrete structures.
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Introduction
This International Standard is based on the principles given in ISO 2394, General principles on reliability for
1)
structures, ISO 13823, General principles on the design of structures for durability, and fib “Model Code
[1] [2]
for Service Life Design” (MC SLD, today implemented in fib Model Code 2010 ). The two International
Standards were prepared by ISO/TC 98, Bases for design of structures.
The limit-states method, as developed in ISO 2394, has been adopted and used for preparing and harmonizing
national and regional standards for structural design around the world. The objective of ISO 13823 is to provide
a framework for the development of standards to predict the service life of components of a structure and
to ensure that these principles are incorporated in the material-specific standards developed by other ISO
Technical Committees.
The objective of fib MC SLD is to implement the principles of ISO 2394 in service life design of concrete structures.
This International Standard treats design for environmental actions leading to deterioration of concrete and
embedded steel.
The flowchart in Figure 1 illustrates the flow of decisions and the design activities needed in a rational service
life design process with a chosen level of reliability. Two strategies have been adopted; in the first, three levels
of sophistication are distinguished. In total, four options are available.
Strategy 1: Design to resist deterioration
Level 1 Full probabilistic method (option 1)
Level 2 Partial factor method (option 2)
Level 3 Deemed-to-satisfy method (option 3)
Strategy 2: Avoidance-of-deterioration method, (option 4)
Establishing the serviceability criteria
Establishing the general layout, the dimensions and selection of materials
Verification by the Verification by the Verification by the Verification by the
“Full probabilistic” method “Partial factor” method. “Deemed-to- “Avoidance of
Involving: Involving: satisfy” method. deterioration”
* Probabilistic models * Design values Involving: method.
- resistance  - characteristic values Exposure classes, Involving:
- loads/exposure   - partial factors  limit states and Exposure classes, limit
- geometry * Design equations other design states and other design
* Limit states * Limit states provisions provisions
Execution specification
Maintenance plan
Condition assessment plan
Execution of the structure
Inspection of execution
Maintenance Condition assessments during operational service life
Figure 1 — Flowchart for service life design
1) The International Federation for Structural Concrete.
In the case of non-conformity to the performance criteria,
the structure becomes obsolete or subject to full or partial redesign

Within Clause 6 the following deterioration mechanisms are addressed:
— carbonation-induced corrosion;
— chloride-induced corrosion;
— freeze/thaw attack without de-icing agents or sea-water;
— freeze/thaw attack with de-icing agents or sea-water.
For these mechanisms widely accepted mathematical models exist.
The other deterioration mechanisms:
— chemical attack, and
— alkali-aggregate reactions,
are not treated in detail primarily because widely accepted mathematical models do not exist at present.
To make this International Standard complete, the missing models have to be developed and comply with the
general principles of Clause 5.
This International Standard includes four informative annexes giving background information for the application
in service life design and one informative annex giving guidance for the preparation of a possible national annex.
vi © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16204:2012(E)
Durability — Service life design of concrete structures
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies principles and recommends procedures for the verification of the durability
of concrete structures subject to:
— known or foreseeable environmental actions causing material deterioration ultimately leading to failure
of performance;
— material deterioration without aggressiveness from the external environment of the structure, termed self-
ageing.
NOTE The inclusion of, for example, chlorides in the concrete mix might cause deterioration over time without the
ingress of additional chlorides from the environment.
This International Standard is intended for use by national standardization bodies when establishing or
validating their requirements for durability of concrete structures. It may also be applied:
— for the assessment of remaining service life of existing structures; and
— for the design of service life of new structures provided quantified parameters on levels of reliability and
design parameters are given in a national annex to this International Standard.
Fatigue failure due to cyclic stress is not within the scope of this International Standard.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2394, General principles on reliability for structures
ISO 13823, General principles on the design of structures for durability
ISO 22965-1, Concrete — Part 1: Methods of specifying and guidance for the specifier
ISO 22965-2, Concrete — Part 2: Specification of constituent materials, production of concrete and
compliance of concrete
ISO 22966, Execution of concrete structures
ISO 6935 (all parts), Steel for the reinforcement of concrete
2)
ISO 16311 (all parts), Maintenance and repair of concrete struc
...

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 16204
First edition
2012-09-01
Durability — Service life design of
concrete structures
Durabilité — Conception de la durée de vie des structures en béton
Reference number
©
ISO 2012
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s
member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 5
4.1 Abbreviated terms . 5
4.2 Main letters . 5
4.3 Subscripts . 6
5 Basis of design . 6
5.1 Requirements . 6
5.2 Principles of limit state design . 7
5.3 Basic variables . 8
5.4 Verification . 8
6 Verification of service life design .10
6.1 Carbonation-induced corrosion - uncracked concrete .10
6.2 Chloride-induced corrosion - uncracked concrete .13
6.3 Influence of cracks upon reinforcement corrosion .14
6.4 Risk of depassivation with respect to pre-stressed steel .15
6.5 Freeze/thaw attack .15
6.6 Chemical attack .17
6.7 Alkali-aggregate reactions .18
7 Execution .19
7.1 General .19
7.2 Execution specification .19
7.3 Formwork .19
7.4 Materials .19
7.5 Inspection .20
7.6 Action in the event of non-conformity .20
8 Maintenance and condition assessment .20
8.1 General .20
8.2 Maintenance .20
8.3 Condition assessment .21
9 Action in the event of non-conformity .21
Annex A (informative) Basis of design .22
Annex B (informative) Verification of service life design .24
Annex C (informative) Execution .28
Annex D (informative) Maintenance and condition assessment .29
Annex E (informative) Guidance on a national annex .30
Bibliography .31
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16204 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 71, Concrete, reinforced concrete and pre-stressed
concrete, Subcommittee SC 3, Concrete production and execution of concrete structures.
iv © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

Introduction
This International Standard is based on the principles given in ISO 2394, General principles on reliability for
1)
structures, ISO 13823, General principles on the design of structures for durability, and fib “Model Code
[1] [2]
for Service Life Design” (MC SLD, today implemented in fib Model Code 2010 ). The two International
Standards were prepared by ISO/TC 98, Bases for design of structures.
The limit-states method, as developed in ISO 2394, has been adopted and used for preparing and harmonizing
national and regional standards for structural design around the world. The objective of ISO 13823 is to provide
a framework for the development of standards to predict the service life of components of a structure and
to ensure that these principles are incorporated in the material-specific standards developed by other ISO
Technical Committees.
The objective of fib MC SLD is to implement the principles of ISO 2394 in service life design of concrete structures.
This International Standard treats design for environmental actions leading to deterioration of concrete and
embedded steel.
The flowchart in Figure 1 illustrates the flow of decisions and the design activities needed in a rational service
life design process with a chosen level of reliability. Two strategies have been adopted; in the first, three levels
of sophistication are distinguished. In total, four options are available.
Strategy 1: Design to resist deterioration
Level 1 Full probabilistic method (option 1)
Level 2 Partial factor method (option 2)
Level 3 Deemed-to-satisfy method (option 3)
Strategy 2: Avoidance-of-deterioration method, (option 4)
Establishing the serviceability criteria
Establishing the general layout, the dimensions and selection of materials
Verification by the Verification by the Verification by the Verification by the
“Full probabilistic” method “Partial factor” method. “Deemed-to- “Avoidance of
Involving: Involving: satisfy” method. deterioration”
* Probabilistic models * Design values Involving: method.
- resistance  - characteristic values Exposure classes, Involving:
- loads/exposure   - partial factors  limit states and Exposure classes, limit
- geometry * Design equations other design states and other design
* Limit states * Limit states provisions provisions
Execution specification
Maintenance plan
Condition assessment plan
Execution of the structure
Inspection of execution
Maintenance Condition assessments during operational service life
Figure 1 — Flowchart for service life design
1) The International Federation for Structural Concrete.
In the case of non-conformity to the performance criteria,
the structure becomes obsolete or subject to full or partial redesign

Within Clause 6 the following deterioration mechanisms are addressed:
— carbonation-induced corrosion;
— chloride-induced corrosion;
— freeze/thaw attack without de-icing agents or sea-water;
— freeze/thaw attack with de-icing agents or sea-water.
For these mechanisms widely accepted mathematical models exist.
The other deterioration mechanisms:
— chemical attack, and
— alkali-aggregate reactions,
are not treated in detail primarily because widely accepted mathematical models do not exist at present.
To make this International Standard complete, the missing models have to be developed and comply with the
general principles of Clause 5.
This International Standard includes four informative annexes giving background information for the application
in service life design and one informative annex giving guidance for the preparation of a possible national annex.
vi © ISO 2012 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 16204:2012(E)
Durability — Service life design of concrete structures
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies principles and recommends procedures for the verification of the durability
of concrete structures subject to:
— known or foreseeable environmental actions causing material deterioration ultimately leading to failure
of performance;
— material deterioration without aggressiveness from the external environment of the structure, termed self-
ageing.
NOTE The inclusion of, for example, chlorides in the concrete mix might cause deterioration over time without the
ingress of additional chlorides from the environment.
This International Standard is intended for use by national standardization bodies when establishing or
validating their requirements for durability of concrete structures. It may also be applied:
— for the assessment of remaining service life of existing structures; and
— for the design of service life of new structures provided quantified parameters on levels of reliability and
design parameters are given in a national annex to this International Standard.
Fatigue failure due to cyclic stress is not within the scope of this International Standard.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 2394, General principles on reliability for structures
ISO 13823, General principles on the design of structures for durability
ISO 22965-1, Concrete — Part 1: Methods of specifying and guidance for the specifier
ISO 22965-2, Concrete — Part 2: Specification of constituent materials, production of concrete and
compliance of concrete
ISO 22966, Execution of concrete structures
ISO 6935 (all parts), Steel for the reinforcement of concrete
2)
ISO 16311 (all parts), Maintenance and repair of concrete struc
...