IEC 63563-1:2025

IEC 63563-1 ®
Edition 1.0 2025-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Qi Specification version 2.0 –
Part 1: Introduction
Spécification Qi version 2.0 –
Partie 1 : Introduction
ICS 29.240.99, 35.240.99 ISBN 978-2-8327-0536-0

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- 2 - IEC 63563-1:2025 © IEC 2025
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
QI SPECIFICATION VERSION 2.0 –
Part 1: Introduction
FOREWORD
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9) IEC draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
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IEC 63563-1 has been prepared by technical area 15: Wireless Power Transfer, of IEC
technical committee 100: Audio, video and multimedia systems and equipment. It is an
International Standard.
It is based on Qi Specification version 2.0, Introduction and was submitted as a Fast-Track
document.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
100/4247/FDIS 100/4274/RVD
Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this International Standard is English.
The structure and editorial rules used in this publication reflect the practice of the organization
which submitted it.
This document was developed in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1 and ISO/IEC
Directives, IEC Supplement available at www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs. The main
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The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under webstore.iec.ch in the data related to the
specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn, or
• revised.
- 4 - IEC 63563-1:2025 © IEC 2025
WIRELESS POWER
CONSORTIUM
Qi Specification
Introduction
Version 2.0
April 2023
DISCLAIMER
The information contained herein is believed to be accurate as of the date of publication,
but is provided “as is” and may contain errors. The Wireless Power Consortium makes no
warranty, express or implied, with respect to this document and its contents, including any
warranty of title, ownership, merchantability, or fitness for a particular use or purpose.
Neither the Wireless Power Consortium, nor any member of the Wireless Power
Consortium will be liable for errors in this document or for any damages, including indirect
or consequential, from use of or reliance on the accuracy of this document. For any further
explanation of the contents of this document, or in case of any perceived inconsistency or ambiguity
of interpretation, contact: info@wirelesspowerconsortium.com.
RELEASE HISTORY
Specification Version Release Date Description
2.0 April 2023 Initial release of the v2.0 Qi Specification.

- 6 - IEC 63563-1:2025 © IEC 2025
Table of Contents
1  About the Wireless Power Consortium. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2  What is the Qi wireless power transfer system? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3  How Qi wireless power transfer works. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.1 Basic concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
3.2 Examples of Qi wireless products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4  Qi wireless power transfer features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.1 Power levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.2 Operating frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
4.3 Charging area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.4 Coupling requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.5 Communication protocol. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
4.6 Foreign object handling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
5  Structure of the QiSpecification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1 About the Wireless Power Consortium
The Wireless Power Consortium (WPC) is a worldwide organization that develops and promotes
the global interface standard for wireless power transfer called Qi . Interface standards ensure the
interoperability of devices that conform to that standard. Supported by more than 600 companies
and with thousands of certified products, Qi has become the international wireless-charging
standard for hand-held consumer electronics.
This document introduces the Qi Specification, which applies to flat surface devices such as mobile
phones and tablets that use up to 15 W of power.
The WPC actively investigates new applications for wireless power transfer, such as a cordless
kitchen solution that uses Power Transmitters installed underneath countertops and tables that
enable a variety of kitchen appliances and smart cookware to operate without power cords.
Qi (氣 ; qì) is pronounced “chee,” and is the Chinese word for energy flow or life force.
Version 1.2 of the QiSpecification introduced fast charging, which covers transmitter and
receiver products that use up to 15 W of power. However, the architectural limit of the extended
power profile is about 30 W, which will accommodate a growing family of Qi product designs.

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2 What is the Qi wireless power transfer system?
The powering of hand-held devices is continuing to evolve. Originally, electrical devices had to be
plugged directly into outlets, and the range of operation was limited by the length of the power
cord. Next came disposable batteries that severed the power cord’s range restriction.
Figure 1. Corded appliance (c. 1950) to battery-powered consumer electronics (c. 1955)
In recent years, rechargeable batteries have all but replaced disposable batteries, eliminating the
need to purchase, store, and throw large quantities of these batteries into landfills. But for
frequently-used devices—smartphones in particular—recharging became a daily ritual of plugging
and unplugging charging cables.
A new era of convenience emerged in 2011 when the first Qi wireless smartphone case was
introduced, followed shortly thereafter by smartphones with built-in Qi wireless support. Qi
wireless devices need only to be set down on a Qi wireless charger for recharging to occur. The
device remains unplugged and ready to be picked up and used at any moment. With the
deployment of Qi chargers in cars, enterprises, and public locations, it becomes possible to no
longer worry about running out of charge or carrying charger cables.
Figure 1 and Figure 2 show the evolution of corded power to wirelessly-charged portable devices.

Figure 2. Plug-in rechargeable mobile phones (c. 1999) to wirelessly-charged smartphones (since
2012)
The adoption of the Qi standard has grown significantly since the first products were introduced. In
a 2014 consumer survey conducted by IHS Inc., 36% of consumers in China, the UK, and the U.S.
said they had heard of wireless charging. One year later that number doubled, reaching 76%
consumer awareness. In 2015 more than 150 million Qi systems have been shipped, over 83% of
smartphone users wanted wireless charging, and over 80 phone models around the world were Qi-
enabled. From 2016 to 2018, the number of consumers who use wireless charging has grown from
10% to 40%, and awareness of the wireless power technology has increased to 89%.
Qi wireless chargers are becoming more prevalent and are appearing in varied forms. There are
three basic categories of chargers: desktop chargers, power banks, and embedded chargers.
Desktop chargers may be in the form of a charging pad or stand, and power banks are similar but
are designed for travel and contain batteries to provide power when it cannot be plugged into an
outlet. Embedded chargers may be built into furniture, automobiles, other appliances like clock-
radios or computer monitors, or provided in public locations like restaurants and hotel rooms. The
largest demand for chargers is for home use, autos, and offices, but the deployment of public
chargers has contributed significantly to public awareness.
The continued growth of Qi wireless devices and chargers is also reducing the need for product-
specific cables (see Figure 3). This simplifies charging for consumers and reduces the frequent
failure of the device’s charging connector. As wireless charging becomes ubiquitous throughout the
consumer’s journey, it will be possible to decrease the size of the battery, and with it, the size,
weight, and cost of the device itself.
The Qi wireless power transfer system offers both a solution to the daily inconvenience of handling
cables and adapters, as well as an opportunity for manufacturers to further distinguish their
products in the marketplace.
Photo of the TYLT Vu wireless charger (right) is reprinted by permission from
Technocel.
- 10 - IEC 63563-1:2025 © IEC 2025
Figure 3. Cable clutter can be replaced with Qi wireless charging

3 How Qi wireless power transfer works
3.1 Basic concepts
The Qi wireless power transfer system uses magnetic induction to transfer power from a Power
Transmitter Product (charger) to a Power Receiver Product (smartphone).
Figure 1. A Qi wireless smartphone on a charging pad
Within these products are Power Transmitter (PTx) and Power Receiver (PRx) subsystems, which
contain coils, as shown in the conceptual diagram in Figure 2, as well as circuitry that handles the
communication and power transfer between them.
Figure 2. Coils in charger and smartphone
Power cable
PRx coil
PTx coil
- 12 - IEC 63563-1:2025 © IEC 2025
The basic physical principle that governs the functionality defined in the Qi wireless power transfer
specification is magnetic induction: the phenomenon that a time-varying magnetic field generates
an electromotive force in a suitably positioned inductor. In a Qi wireless power transfer system, this
electromotive force produces a voltage across the terminals of a coil-shaped inductor, and is used to
drive the electronics of an appropriate load to which it is connected. Conventional transformers use
the same effect to achieve inductive power transfer between a primary and a secondary coil that
are strongly coupled by means of a magnetic core.
Although a Qi-based system is similar to a conventional transformer in the sense that power is
transferred from a first coil to a second coil, it is also very different because of the much lower
magnetic coupling between those coils. A conventional transformer has a magnetic coupling
coefficient close to one, whereas a Qi-based system typically has a magnetic coupling coefficient in
the range of 0.5 or below.
In the Qi-based system illustrated in Figure 1, power is transferred from the Power Transmitter
contained in the Qi charging pad to a Power Receiver contained in the Qi smartphone. Before
charging begins, the Power Receiver and Power Transmitter communicate with each other to
establish that the Power Receiver Product is indeed capable of being charged, whether it needs to
be charged, how much power is required, etc. In short, the communication ensures an appropriate
power transfer from the Power Transmitter Product to the Power Receiver Product. The
communication channel can also be used to trigger location based services by providing an SSID, a ®
Bluetooth link, or a unique ID.
When charging begins, the Power Transmitter runs an alternating electrical current through its
coil(s), which generates an alternating magnetic field in accordance with Faraday's law. This
magnetic field is in turn picked up by the coil inside the Power Receiver and transformed by a
power converter back into a direct electrical current that can be used to charge the battery.
A critical feature of the magnetic field is that it can transfer through any non-metallic, non-ferrous
materials, such as plastics, glass, water, wood, and air. In other words, wires and connectors are not
needed between the Power Transmitter Product and Power Receiver Product.
Figure 3. Qi wireless power transfer using magnetic induction
Smartphone
PRx coil in
smartphone
Magnetic field
PTx coil in
charging pad
Power cable
Charging pad
3.2 Examples of Qi wireless products
3.2.1 Power Receiver Products
Qi wireless charging is a feature available in dozens of smartphones, and many of the major
smartphone makers are participating members of the WPC.
Wireless charging is also appearing in a growing number of other consumer product
categories—smart watches, power banks, Bluetooth headsets, cameras, electric shavers, etc.
Virtually anything that uses a rechargeable battery can be designed to use Qi wireless technology.
However, Qi wireless power transfer is not limited to charging batteries: it can also be used to
power devices that require electric current and will remain stationary while in use, such as desktop
lamps or speakers.
3.2.2 Chargers
Qi wireless Power Transmitter Products are generally either standalone wireless chargers or they
are integrated into other products, such as furniture, lamps, alarm clocks, audio speakers, etc.
Examples of standalone Power Transmitter Products include:
 charging pads, which lie flat on a table or desktop
 charging stands, which are designed to hold a smartphone upright in a viewing position while
charging
 power banks, which are similar to charging pads, but contain internal batteries as a portable
power source
Standalone charging pads, charging stands, and power banks typically require a sufficiently capable
adapter in order to draw sufficient power from an electrical outlet, as well as a USB cable from the
adapter to the charger.
Power Transmitters that are embedded in lamps, clocks, or other plug-in appliances do not require
a separate AC adapter, because the product plugs directly into an electrical outlet and internal
circuitry routes the necessary power to the Power Transmitter component. Similarly, autos that
feature an integrated Power Transmitter Product in the dash or console use the internal wiring to
draw power from the car’s electrical system.

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4 Qi wireless power transfer features
4.1 Power levels
The QiSpecification applies to wireless power transfers of at least 5 W and up to the architectural
limit of about 30 W of load power. The actual amount of power that can be transferred between the
Power Transmitter and Power Receiver is subject to negotiation between them during the
communication phases that occur before power transfer. The Power Receiver requests a certain
amount of power appropriate for the device to be charged, and the Power Transmitter will deliver
the requested amount. This communication assures interoperability between Qi wireless products
in the Baseline Power Profile (≤ 5 W) and in the Extended Power Profile (up to 15 W).
For example, if the Power Receiver is designed to be charged by a 15 W Power Transmitter but is
placed on a 5 W Power Transmitter, the Power Receiver may allow charging at a slower rate.
Conversely, if a 5 W Power Receiver is placed on a 15 W Power Transmitter, the Power Receiver
will instruct the Power Transmitter to send no more than 5 W of power.
Power profiles also describe the communication capabilities between the Power Receiver and
Power Transmitter. The earliest versions of QiSpecification (versions 1.0 and 1.1) introduced a
simple unidirectional communication protocol from the Power Receiver to the Power Transmitter
for power transfers ≤ 5 W. This is now known as the Baseline Protocol.
Version 1.2 of QiSpecification introduced an Extended Protocol for bidirectional communication
between the Power Receiver and the Power Transmitter. This extended communications protocol
enables enhanced foreign object detection features (see section 4.6), and applies to power
transfers up to 15 W.
4.2 Operating frequency
The operating frequency typically is in the range of 87 to 205 kHz. A Power Transmitter can—but
does not have to—use the operating frequency to control the amount of power that is transferred
to a Power Receiver. For this purpose, the frequency response of the Power Transmitter/Power
Receiver system typically has a resonance near the lower end of the operating frequency range. A
lower operating frequency results in a higher amount of power transferred and a higher frequency
in a lower amount of power.
4.3 Charging area
The power transfer system in the QiSpecification is based on a single coil in the Power Transmitter
that has an outer diameter of 50 mm (2 in), and a coil in the Power Receiver that has an outer
diameter of 40 mm (1.6 in). Actual Power Transmitter and Power Receiver implementations may
deviate from these dimensions, as long as they are able to pass all relevant Qi compliance tests.
In a typical use case, a Power Receiver Product is positioned on the top surface of a Power
Transmitter Product with the Power Transmitter coil and the Power Receiver coil aligned. Ideally,
the coils should be perfectly aligned for maximum power transfer, but misaligning the coils by
several millimeters mm (about ¼ inch) should not be a problem.
To accommodate products that require a larger charging area or more tolerance for misalignment,
the specification allows for multiple coils in the Power Transmitter to be connected in an array, as
seen in triple-coil charging stands that work with Power Receiver Products of different sizes and
with different coil locations. Manufacturers can also submit new coil types to be included in the
specification to accommodate their design innovations.
4.4 Coupling requirements
Coupling occurs when current changes in one coil creates a voltage in the other coil via magnetic
induction. Coupling is highest—with the most efficient power transfer—when:
 the Power Transmitter and Power Receiver use exactly the same coil
 the Power Transmitter and Power Receiver are perfectly aligned
 the distance between the coils is small (less than the diameter of the coils)
 the coils are externally shielded by ferrite
Conditions that decrease coupling (and power transfer efficiency) include different Power
Transmitter/Power Receiver coil sizes and shapes, coil misalignment, excessive distance between
coils, and the presence of foreign objects on the Power Transmitter Product.
4.5 Communication protocol
To set up power transfer and assist in its control, a Power Transmitter and Power Receiver execute
a communication protocol with each other. The Power Receiver uses amplitude shift keying to
communicate requests and other information to the Power Transmitter by modulating its reflected
impedance. The Power Transmitter uses frequency shift keying (FSK) to provide synchronization
and other information to the Power Receiver by modulating its operating frequency.

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4.6 Foreign object handling
The alternating magnetic field between a Power Transmitter and a Power Receiver can induce eddy
currents in electrically-conductive materials that are exposed to the field. The eddy currents cause
those materials to heat up. Friendly metals—metallic parts that are used in the construction of
Power Transmitter and Power Receiver Products—are usually shielded from the magnetic field,
which prevents them from heating up substantially. Foreign objects with electrically-conductive
materials that are placed in the field, such as coins, keys, paper clips, etc., are not part of the
wireless charging system and are not protected by the shielding in either the Power Transmitter or
the Power Receiver Products.
NOTE: Some special-purpose smartphone cases may contain metallic objects, such as external decorations or
internal metallic layers. These objects may affect the efficiency of the wireless power transfer or
prevent it altogether.
Neither the Power Transmitter nor the Power Receiver can prevent foreign objects from being
placed in the field, because they cannot control a user’s actions. However, the Power Transmitter
and/or Power Receiver have to detect the presence of such foreign objects and take appropriate
action to prevent the objects from heating up to unacceptably high temperatures.
Typically, only the Power Transmitter has sufficient knowledge of the extent and strength of its
magnetic field to determine whether foreign objects are present. However, a complication is that
the Power Transmitter cannot by itself distinguish between foreign objects and friendly metals that
are insufficiently shielded. In order to reliably detect foreign objects, the Power Transmitter
therefore needs to receive appropriate information from each Power Receiver it is serving. The
QiSpecification defines the kind of information that a Power Receiver has to provide for this
purpose. However, the specification does not define a single method for foreign object detection
(FOD) that a Power Transmitter has to apply. Instead, compliance testing verifies that a Power
Transmitter does not heat up a set of reference foreign objects in a set of reference scenarios.

5 Structure of the QiSpecification
The Qi Specification is developed and maintained by members of the Wireless Power Consortium.
The specification comprises this introduction plus the following documents.
Table 1: QiSpecification documents and topics
Document name Topics
Glossary  Definitions
 Acronyms
 Symbols
Mechanical, Thermal, and User  Power Receiver design requirements
Interface
 Mechanical design guidelines (Informative)
 Interface Surface temperature rise
 User interface requirements
Power Delivery  Power Receiver construction
 Power Receiver design guidelines (informative)
 Power Transmitter construction
 Power consumption
 Meaningful functionality
 Unintentional magnetic field susceptibility (informative)
 Load steps
 Over-voltage protection
 External power input (informative)
 Power levels (Extended Power Profile only)
 System efficiency (informative)
 Stand-by power (informative)
 Object detection (informative)
 Power Receiver localization (informative)
Communications Physical Layer  Load modulation
 Frequency-Shift Keying
Communications Protocol  Power Receiver and Power Transmitter identification
 Ping phase
 Configuration phase
 Negotiation phase
 Power transfer phase
 Power Receiver data packets
 Power Transmitter data packets

- 18 - IEC 63563-1:2025 © IEC 2025
Table 1: QiSpecification documents and topics (Continued)
Document name Topics
Foreign Object Detection  Avoidance of Foreign Object Heating
 Pre-power transfer FOD methods
 In-power transfer FOD methods
NFC Tag Protection (Informative)  NFC tag detection and device communication
 NFC tag detection by a Power Transmitter
 NFC tag detection by a Power Receiver
 Tag detection using the NFC unit
 Testing the impact of a Power Transmitter on an NFC Object
Authentication Protocol  Certificates and Private Keys
 Authentication protocol
 Authentication messages
 Timing requirements
 Protocol flow
...