EN ISO 22007-1:2017

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-februar-2018
1DGRPHãþD
SIST EN ISO 22007-1:2012
3ROLPHUQLPDWHULDOL8JRWDYOMDQMHWRSORWQHSUHYRGQRVWLLQWRSORWQHUD]SUãHYDOQRVWL
GHO6SORãQDQDþHOD,62
Plastics - Determination of thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity - Part 1: General
principles (ISO 22007-1:2017)
Kunststoffe - Bestimmung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit und der Temperaturleitfähigkeit - Teil 1:
Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO 22007-1:2017)
Plastiques - Détermination de la conductivité thermique et de la diffusivité thermique -
Partie 1: Principes généraux (ISO 22007-1:2017)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 22007-1:2017
ICS:
83.080.01 Polimerni materiali na Plastics in general
splošno
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 22007-1
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
November 2017
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 83.080.01 Supersedes EN ISO 22007-1:2012
English Version
Plastics - Determination of thermal conductivity and
thermal diffusivity - Part 1: General principles (ISO 22007-
1:2017)
Plastiques - Détermination de la conductivité Kunststoffe - Bestimmung der Wärmeleitfähigkeit und
thermique et de la diffusivité thermique - Partie 1: der Temperaturleitfähigkeit - Teil 1: Allgemeine
Principes généraux (ISO 22007-1:2017) Grundlagen (ISO 22007-1:2017)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 3 August 2017.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 22007-1:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 22007-1:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61 “Plastics”
in collaboration with Technical Committee CEN/TC 249 “Plastics” the secretariat of which is held by
NBN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2018, and conflicting national standards shall be
withdrawn at the latest by May 2018.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN 22007-1:2012.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 22007-1:2017 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 22007-1:2017 without any
modification.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 22007-1
Second edition
2017-10
Plastics — Determination of thermal
conductivity and thermal diffusivity —
Part 1:
General principles
Plastiques — Détermination de la conductivité thermique et de la
diffusivité thermique —
Partie 1: Principes généraux
Reference number
ISO 22007-1:2017(E)
©
ISO 2017
ISO 22007-1:2017(E)
© ISO 2017, Published in Switzerland
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on the internet or an intranet, without prior
written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below or ISO’s member body in the country of
the requester.
ISO copyright office
Ch. de Blandonnet 8 • CP 401
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel. +41 22 749 01 11
Fax +41 22 749 09 47
copyright@iso.org
www.iso.org
ii © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 22007-1:2017(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principles . 2
5 Test methods . 4
5.1 General . 4
5.2 Hot-wire method . 6
5.3 Line-source method . 7
5.4 Transient plane source method . 8
5.5 Temperature wave analysis method . 8
5.6 Laser flash method . 9
5.7 Steady-state methods .10
5.7.1 Guarded hot-plate method .10
5.7.2 Guarded heat flow meter method and heat flow meter method .11
6 Test report .12
Annex A (informative) Sources of uncertainty on measuring thermal transport properties .13
Bibliography .18
ISO 22007-1:2017(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 61, Plastics, Subcommittee SC 5, Physical-
chemical properties.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 22007-1:2009), which has been technically
revised.
A list of all parts in the ISO 22007 series can be found on the ISO website.
iv © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 22007-1:2017(E)
Plastics — Determination of thermal conductivity and
thermal diffusivity —
Part 1:
General principles
SAFETY STATEMENT — Persons using this document should be familiar with normal laboratory
practice, if applicable. This document does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if
any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety
and health practices and to ensure compliance with any regulatory requirements.
1 Scope
This document describes the background to methods for the determination of the thermal conductivity
and thermal diffusivity of polymeric materials. Different techniques are available for these
measurements and some may be better suited than others for a particular type, state and form of
material. This document provides a broad overview of these techniques. Standards specific to these
techniques, as referenced in this document, are used to carry out the actual test method.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 472, Plastics — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 472 and the following apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
heat pulse
heat change in the form of a pulse produced by a heat source
3.2
heat pulse energy
amount of heat produced by a heat source within the heat pulse
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in joules (J).
3.3
heat source
heater in the form of a wire, strip, plate or foil embedded within or attached to a test specimen or an
area irradiated by incident light, e.g. a laser
ISO 22007-1:2017(E)
3.4
heat flux
q
heat source output produced by a planar source per unit time and unit area
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in watts per square metre (W/m ).
3.5
linear heat flow
heat source output produced by a linear source per unit time and unit length
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in watts per metre (W/m).
3.6
penetration depth
characteristic depth used for describing the extent of heat penetration into the specimen during a
transient measuring process
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in metres (m).
3.7
temperature transient
temporary perturbation of temperature in a system initially at a uniform temperature due to a heat
pulse for a period during which the system does not attain equilibrium
3.8
volumetric heat capacity
product of the density and the heat capacity
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in joules per cubic metre kelvin [J/(m ⋅ K)].
3.9
thermal effusivity
b
heat transport property given by the square root of the product of thermal conductivity and volumetric
heat capacity:
bc=⋅λρ⋅ (1)
p
where
λ is the thermal conductivity in watt per metre kelvin [W/(m · K)];
ρ is the density in kilogram per cubic metre [kg/m ];
c is the heat capacity in joule per kelvin kilogram [J/(K · kg)]
p
2 1/2
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in joules per square metre kelvin square root second [J/(m · K · s )].
3.10
thermal resistivity
reciprocal of thermal conductivity
Note 1 to entry: It is expressed in metre kelvins per watt [(m · K)/W].
4 Principles
Thermal conductivity refers specifically to the mode of heat transfer via conduction. In thermal
conductivity measurements, other modes of heat transfer, such as convection, radiation and mass
transfer, may occur. Where these modes are significant, the measured property is usually referred
2 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 22007-1:2017(E)
to as apparent or effective thermal conductivity. Thermal conductivity is affected by the conditions
under which it is measured, such as temperature and pressure, as well as compositional variation of the
material and orientation of the specimen since some materials are not isotropic.
In steady-state methods, an appropriately sized specimen of simple geometry in contact with a heat
source, together with one or more temperature sensors, which may be combined with the heat source
or separate from it, is allowed to equilibrate at a given temperature. Transient methods may be contact
or non-contact. A thermal transient is produced by a heat pulse to generate a dynamic temperature field
within the specimen. The temperature change with time (temperature response) is measured by one or
more sensors which may be combined with the heat source, placed at a fixed distance from the source
or, as in the case of the laser flash method, located on the other side of the specimen. For measuring very
thin films (with thicknesses in the nm range), the thermal reflectance method – an ultra-fast variant
of the laser flash analysis – is well suited. Two modes are available: rear heating/front detection and
[16]
front heating/front detection . In any case the response is analysed in accordance with a model, and
a set of solutions developed for the representative set-up and designed for the specific geometry and
the assumed boundary conditions. Depending upon the geometry of the specimen and source and the
means of generating the temperature field, one or more thermo-physical properties can be obtained,
either separately or simultaneously. Table 1 contains a summary of the characteristics of different
types of transient methods and the properties that may be determined by their use.
NOTE 1 Most unfilled plastics fall into the category of materials of intermediate thermal conductivity
(0,1 W/m · K to 1 W/m · K). They are an order of magnitude more conductive than foams and insulation but
less conductive than ceramics and glass. Their thermal conductivity can increase dramatically if fillers are
added. A variety of test methods may be used, depending on the form and state of the plastic. An overview of
these methods is given in Clause 5. Detailed test methods are contained in other parts of ISO 22007 and in other
standards referenced.
NOTE 2 Reference materials are necessary to verify the performance of primary methods and to calibrate
secondary methods. A number of solid materials have been characterized by national standards laboratories,
such as NPL, NIST, LNE, NMIJ and PTB, but currently only poly (methyl methacrylate) and glass fibre board
1)
IRMM-440 and glass ceramic BCR-724 have a thermal conductivity which is in the same range as those of most
polymer and polymer-filled materials. Polydimethylsiloxane and glycerol are well characterized fluid reference
materials with thermal conductivities in the same range as those of plastics.
NOTE 3 The thermal conductivity λ can be obtained by multiplying the thermal diffusivity α with the specific
heat capacity at constant pressure c and the density ρ, i.e. λ = α ∙ c ∙ ρ.
p p
Table 1 — Basic characteristics of transient methods
Heat source/ Heat source/tempera-
Mode of heat Measured and/or de-
Type of method heat source ture sensor configura-
generation rived parameters
geometry tion
λ, α
Hot wire/line source Contact/Line,
a b
Step-wise Combined or separate (c and b in some ver-
p
/hot strip strip
sions of the method)
Pulse transient Plane Pulse Separate α, c , λ
p
Pulse, step-
Transient plane source Contact/Plane Combined α, c , λ
p
wise
Laser, Xenon
Laser or light flash Pulse Separate α, c , λ
p
lamp/Plane
λ = thermal conductivity; α = thermal diffusivity; b = thermal effusivity; c = specific heat
p
a
One sensor.
b
Two sensors.
Annex A provides information on sources of uncertainty on measuring thermal transport properties.
1) Glass fibre board IRMM-440 and glass ceramic BCR-724 are products supplied by the Joint Research Centre
(JRC) of the European Commission. This information is given for the convenience of users of this document and does
not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the products named.
ISO 22007-1:2017(E)
5 Test methods
5.1 General
A number of test methods have been developed to provide a means of measuring thermal conductivity
and thermal diffusivity based upon the basic principle outlined above. An overview of these methods
is given in the following subclauses. Some of the contact methods are summarized in Table 2 and
then further explained in more detail. Complete details of the contact and non-contact test methods
described in 5.4 to 5.6 can be found in ISO 22007-2, ISO 22007-3, ISO 22007-4 and ISO 22007-6.
In contact methods, the accuracy of the measurement result depends strongly on a good thermal
contact between the sensor and the sample. Enough uniaxial pressure should therefore be applied to
press the various parts of the specimen and the heat source together.
NOTE In some cases heat sink pastes are used to improve thermal contact, but the user should be aware
that it may contribute to the uncertainty of measurement and their effect should be adequately quantified for
accurate results. Too much paste and application in wrong places (for example outside the heater area) should be
avoided.
4 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 22007-1:2017(E)
Table 2 — Schematic diagrams of various transient experimental methods showing critical
dimensions
Method Specimen set-up Characteristic Ideal model
parameters
l = specimen length
200d < w
p
w = specimen width,
a
Hot wire
thickness
l > 4w
d = wire probe diameter
p
w = active zone
s
w > 1,5l
s p
l = probe length
p
a
Line source l > 33d
p p
d = probe diameter
p
d > 6d
s p
d = specimen diameter
s
wh,,dt>3 α
s max
w = width, thickness
where
b
Hot plate h = height
t is the maximum
max
d = specimen diameter
s
measurement time
dd−>4 αt
sp max
d = heat source diameter
p
Transient plane where
d = specimen diameter
s
b
source
t is the maximum
max
w = specimen thickness
measurement time
a
Unless the specimen is a liquid, a suitable groove or hole has to be made for the hot wire or line source.
b
Good thermal contact has to be established between the strip or disc and the specimen.
c
Round or rectangular sample geometries are possible.
ISO 22007-1:2017(E)
Table 2 (continued)
Method Specimen set-up Characteristic Ideal model
parameters
h = specimen thickness
d /h = ratio between spec-
s
d /h > 5
s
imen diameter (d ) and
s
Laser or light
thickness (h) The diameter d or
s
c
flash
side length of the sam-
1 = IR detector
ple shall be > 10 mm
2 = power source (laser or
xenon lamp)
a
Unless the specimen is a liquid, a suitable groove or hole has to be made for the hot wire or line source.
b
Good thermal contact has to be established between the strip or disc and the specimen.
c
Round or rectangular sample geometries are possible.
5.2 Hot-wire method
This method can be used to determine the thermal conductivity of polymers as a function of
temperature. It is applicable only to isotropic materials, but in any form, e.g. plates, foams, pellets or
powders.
NOTE The hot-wire method is mainly used for solid polymers as the temperature-measuring element may
be destroyed when working with molten polymers.
The hot-wire method is a transient method. A wire heater is placed in a test specimen or between two
test specimens of the same material. The temperature rise is measured either by the wire itself acting
as a platinum resistance temperature detector or by a thermocouple placed in close proximity to the
wire. The heater current is switched on and the temperature rise is measured by the thermocouple as a
function of time.
Starting with the Fourier differential equation, it is possible to describe the transient heat flow for an
infinitely long wire as follows:
 
φ r
ΔTr,t =− Ei−  (2)
()
 
44πLλαt
 
where
t is the time, in s;
ϕ is the rate of heat flow generated by the wire, in W;
r is the distance between the heater and the thermocouple, in m;
L is the length of the wire, in m;
λ is the thermal conductivity, in W/(m⋅K);
α is the thermal diffusivity, in m /s (α = λ/ρC );
p
Ei(x) is the exponential integral, given by:
6 © ISO 2017 – All rights reserved

ISO 22007-1:2017(E)
∞
−u
e
−Ei x = du (3)
()
∫
u
x
For values of r /4αt less than 1, Formula (2) can be simplified to:
φ 4αt
ΔTr,t =− ln (4)
()
4πLλ
rC
where
γ
C = e
where γ is Euler’s constant (= 0,577 216).
According to Formula (4), the variation in the temperature, ΔT(r,t), is a linear function of the natural
logarithm of time, and the thermal conductivity of the sample can be determined using Formula (5):
φ
λ= (5)
4πLK
where K is the slope of the linear part of the curve of temperature variation plotted against the natural
logarithm of time.
With the correct specimen and heater dimensions as indicated in Table 2, Formula (5) can be used for
practical applications.
[12] [13] [19]
Details of the test method can be found in ISO 8894-1 and ISO 8894-2 and ASTM C1113 .
5.3 Line-source method
[2]
This technique , sometimes called a needle-probe method, is a variant of the hot-wire method. It
uses a line-source probe in the form of a needle, which permits repeated measurements of thermal
conductivity to be made without destruction of the sensor. This transient method is capable of very fast
measurements and is suited to both melt and solid-state thermal-conductivity measurements. It is not
suited to the measurement of directional solid-state properties in anisotropic materials.
A line source is located at the centre of the specimen being tested. Both the line source and specimen
are kept at a constant initial temperature. During the course of the measurement, a known amount of
heat is produced by the line source, resulting in a heat wave propagating radially into the specimen. The
governing Formulae are the same as those for the hot-wire method. The line source takes the form of a
needle-sensor probe of finite length and diameter. Typical probes are 50 mm to 100 mm long and about
1,5 mm to 2 mm in diameter and contain a heater element that runs the whole length of the needle.
A thermocouple sensor located within the needle, with its sensing point half-way down the length of
the probe, measures the temperature rise associated with the transient. Deviations from the model,
such as the finite probe dimensions, require the probe to be calibrated against a reference material. A
probe constant, C, is introduced into Formula (5); it is the ratio of the actual thermal conductivity of the
reference material to that measured by the instrument:
Cφ
λ= (6)
4πLK
[3]
NOTE 1 Silicone fluids and glycerol have been used as reference materials . If using glycerol as a reference
material, caution is advised since its properties are sensitive to moisture.
Typical transients show an initial non-linearity due to the heat wave propagating through the finite
thermal capacity of the probe. This is a region of high conductivity and, hence, low slope. With typical
melt state transients, where the specimen has no contact resistance, the transient approaches linearity
directly after it overcomes this effect, typically within a few seconds. The slope of interest is the linear
ISO 22007-1:2017(E)
region that follows the initial non-linearity. Acquisition durations typically range from 30 s to 60 s. This
is very important in gathering melt state thermal-conductivity data because it dramatically reduces the
possibility of thermal degradation.
NOTE 2 Scanning methods have been devised which permit the automated acquisition of data at different
temperatures, so that measurements over a wide range of temperatures are possible. With such methods, the
same specimen that was used for the melt state measurements can be used for solid-state measurements, thereby
permitting measurements across the melt-to-solid transition.
[14]
Details of the test method can be found in ASTM D5930 .
5.4 Transient plane source method
The transient plane source method is capable of measurements of the true bulk properties of materials
with a wide range of thermal conductivities.
[4]
The technique uses a thin, plane, electrically insulated resistive element as both the heat source and
the temperature sensor to measure the thermal conductivity and the thermal diffusivity from one
transient recording. This resistive-element sensor is brought into thermal contact with two halves of a
specimen of the material under investigation. Each of the specimen halves shall have one flat surface so
that the sensor can be fitted snugly between these surfaces.
By supplying constant electrical power to the sensor, which is of known radius, and by recording the
increase in resistance as a function of time, it is possible to deduce both the thermal conductivity and
the thermal diffusivity from one single transient recording. In order to be able to deduce both these
heat transport properties from a single transient recording, it is important that the probing depth,
½
Δp – defined as Δp = 2(αt) , where α is the thermal diffusivity of the sample material and t is
prob prob
the total time of the transient – used for the test be larger than the radius but less than the diameter of
the sensor.
The sensor can have different designs and be composed of different materials. A spiral pattern is in
common use. Nickel and molybdenum have been used as sensing materials, with the sensing spiral and
its connecting leads etched or cut out of a thin foil with a thickness of around 10 µm. Other sensing
materials can be used, provided the sensing material has a reasonably large temperature coefficient
of resistivity. The reason for this requirement is that the sensor is used not only for increasing its own
temperature and that of the specimen near it, but also for recording the temperature changes.
To electrically insulate the sensing material, it is possible to use a variety of materials: so far thin sheets
2) ®
of a polymer (Kapton ), a micaceous material and solid sapphire have been used. When selecting
insulating sheets, it is important that these be kept as thin as possible, preferably in the range 25 µm to
100 µm, in order to guarantee good thermal contact between the sensing material
...