ASTM E1410-91(1997)e1

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An American National Standard
e1
Designation: E 1410 – 91 (Reapproved 1997)
Standard Practice for
Specifying Data for Evaluation of Energy Used in
Residential Buildings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1410; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Section 8 was added editorially in September 1997.
1. Scope ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 103: Methods of Testing for
Heating Seasonal Efficiency of Central Furnaces and
1.1 This practice is applicable to the measurement of energy
Boilers
used for space conditioning and domestic water heating in both
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 116: Methods of Testing for Sea-
single and multifamily buildings. It is intended to assist those
sonal Efficiency of Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat
who design test methods for field monitoring projects. It
Pumps
establishes a uniform set of guidelines for specifying the data
US/DOE Appliance Efficiency Standards 10CFR 430
needed to evaluate energy used for space conditioning and
domestic water heating in residential buildings, and is intended
3. Terminology
to promote the exchange of data and to improve measurement
3.1 Terms in this standard are defined in Terminology
practices.
E 631.
1.2 This practice neither specifies the complete experimen-
tal design nor defines the data analysis technique to be used.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 Variations in the building envelope, indoor temperature,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
weather, occupant behavior, and equipment performance can
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
cause large variations in energy performance. In order to
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
determine whether a new building performs as designed, or
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
whether a retrofit of an existing building saves energy as
predicted, the measured energy performance must be adjusted
2. Referenced Documents
tostandardconditions.Thispracticedescribesthekindsofdata
2.1 ASTM Standards:
that must be collected to perform such an adjustment, but does
C 1060 Practice forThermographic Inspection of Insulation
2 not describe the necessary adjustment.
Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings
3 4.2 At present, insufficient data are available to assess the
E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions
in-situ effectiveness of most energy-saving techniques. Gath-
E 741 Test Method for DeterminingAir Change in a Single
3 ering and storing energy-use data in a standard format would
Zone by Means of Tracer Gas Dilution
allow the development of a database and facilitate such an
E 779 Test Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by
3 assessment. This practice contains a recommended format for
Fan Pressurization
4 the storage of data.
2.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standards:
4.3 This practice is to be used in the development of an
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 101: Application of Infrared
experimental design to measure the energy used for space
Sensing Devices to theAssessment of Building Heat Loss
conditioning and domestic water heating of a residential
Characteristics
building. The set of parameters to be collected depends on the
analysis technique that will be used. Details of experimental
ThispracticeisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeE-6onPerformance
of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.25 on Whole
Buildings and Facilities.
Current edition approved June 3, 1991. Published August 1991. Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06. Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. U.S. Department of Energy, Report No. DOE/CE-
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07. 0220. Title 10—Energy, Chapter 11—Department of Energy, Subchapter
Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigeration, and Air- D—Energy Conservation. Part 430—Energy Conservation Program for Consumer
Conditioning Engineers, 1791 Tullie Circle N.E., Atlanta, GA 30329. Products.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
e1
E 1410 – 91 (1997)
TABLE 1 Core Data Set
be collected, and Table 2 (Specific Data) gives additional data
System Evaluated that is needed for more detailed energy analysis, or for the
Measurements
evaluationofspecificenergysystems,forexample,anactiveor
Heating Cooling DHW
passive solar system.
Continuous Measurements:
5.1.1 Coredataisrequiredinallcases.Specificdatamustbe
Space Conditioning
taken whenever this data has significant impact. (See text for
Heating energy consumption 
guidance.)
Cooling energy consumption 
Non space-conditioning energy use   5.2 Continuous Measurements:
Indoor temperature  
5.2.1 Because they vary throughout the test period, building
Utility Bills  
operating characteristics, energy consumption, indoor condi-
Domestic Water Heating (DHW) tions, and weather conditions must be monitored continuously.
DHW energy consumption 
The length of the test period depends upon the experimental
Hot water consumption 
design that has been chosen and determines the level of
Cold water temperature 
Hot water temperature 
accuracy that can be expected. For a retrofit, the before and
after test periods should be of similar lengths and contain
Weather Conditions
similar weather conditions.
Outdoor air temperature  
Wind speed  
5.2.2 The data collected is known as time-series data. Store
Outdoor humidity 
data weekly or hourly; hourly values are preferred. Building
conditions, such as occupancy or temperature or DHW use,
One-time Measurements:
often change every hour, and it may not be possible to extract
Building description
representative values from weekly data.
Areas  
5.2.3 Store time-integrated (average or sum) hourly values
Envelope characteristics  
Exterior energy use  
using real-time data acquisition systems that scan sensors at
least once per hour; more frequent reading will be necessary in
HVAC system description
some cases. Store weekly readings from individual time
Equipment  
Nameplate information  
integrating sensors.
Thermostat and controls  
5.2.4 Space Conditioning:
Auxiliary equipment  
Power consumption 
TABLE 2 Specific Data Set
DHW system description
Equipment  System Evaluated
Measurements
Nameplate information 
Heating Cooling DHW
Thermostat and controls 
Power consumption 
Continuous Measurements:
Occupant survey
Space Conditioning and DHW
Number of occupants   
Auxiliary conditioning  
Indoor humidity 
Multiple indoor temperatures  
Fenestration management  
designmaybefoundin:GuidingPrinciplesConcerningDesign
Exterior energy use  
Air temperature near boiler  
of Experiments, and Measuring Techniques; Monitoring
Methodology Handbook for Residential HVAC Systems; and
Weather Conditions
Monitoring the Performance of Solar Heated and Cooled
Solar insolation  
On-site wind speed and direction  
Buildings, Vols 1 and 2.
4.4 The user of this practice needs to be familiar with the
One-time Measurements:
fundamental techniques of energy monitoring.
Building description
Additional building data  
5. Data Acquisition
Pressurization test (Test Method 
5.1 The parameters that must be collected to evaluate the
E 779)
Infiltration test (Test Method E 741)  
energy consumption of heating, cooling, and domestic hot
Solar shading  
water (DHW) systems are shown in the following two tables.
Wind shielding  
Table1(CoreData)givestheminimumrequireddatathatmust Thermography  
HVAC system description
Heating system efficiency 
Guiding Principles Concerning Design of Experiments, Instrumentation, and
Cooling system effiency 
Measuring Techniques ISBN 91-540-3955-X. Swedish Council for Building Re-
search, edited by Gian Fracastoro and Mats Lyberg, Stockholm, Sweden (1983). (In
DHW system description
English)
DHW system efficiency 
Monitoring Methodology Handbook for Residential HVAC Systems, EPRI/EM-
DHW appliances 
3003, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, May 1983.
Monitoring and Performance of Solar Heated and Cooled Buildings, Volumes
Occupant survey
1 and 2, EPRI/ER-1239/1 and EPRI/ER-1239/2. Electric Power Research Institute, Extended questionnaire   
Palo Alto, California, November 1979.
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E 1410 – 91 (1997)
5.2.4.1 The core time-series data set for space conditioning tion, and openings for walls, foundations, and roofs. Draw a
consists of four parameters: the energy consumed for heating plan of the building, indicating the general layout, compass
by the primary heating source, the energy consumed for directions, overall dimensions, and floor areas of conditioned
cooling by the primary cooling source, the energy consumed zones. Take ground-level photographs of all sides of the
for non-space-conditioning purposes (for example, lighting, building. Take photographs of the surrounding areas from the
appliances, DHW), and the indoor temperature. Auxiliary roof of the building. Record the wind shielding class. Record
space conditioning energy use must also be measured (see the age and geographic location of the building using street,
5.2.4.2).Indicatewhethertheairtemperaturesensorisshielded city, state and ZIPcode. List exterior energy uses, for example,
or unshielded, that is, the sensor is measuring the radiant exterior or parking lighting, block heaters.
(globe) temperature or the air temperature. When a single 5.3.1.2 The specific data set includes additional description
indoortemperatureisdifficulttodefine,recordairtemperatures of the building including any special features relevant to
at a number of points to ensure temperature is representative of energyconsumption.Noteattictype,access,andventilation,as
thespaceasawhole.Monthlyutilitybillingdataforelectricity, well as any indications of moisture damage. Characterize
gas, and oil consumption are required as a back-up. This foundation and basements, noting the number and location of
information will provide a cross-check of the time-series windows, as well as any shafts, chases or flues connecting to
sensor values, and may be useful in filling in information if
upper levels. For multifamily buildings, record the number and
there are short-term failures of the sensors. layout of apartments and the number and type of windows.
5.2.4.2 The specific time-series data set for space condition- 5.3.1.3 The specific data set includes pressurization data
performed according to Test Method E 779, and infiltration
ing includes monitoring any auxiliary heating and cooling
equipment (for example, wood stoves, space heaters, space air tests following Test Method E 741, as well as additional
information on the shading and shielding of the building.
conditioners, fans, evaporative coolers), as well as indoor
humidity, air temperature at the furnace, thermostat and other Thermographic pictures of the building shell are made follow-
ing Practice C 1060 and ASHRAE Standard 101-1981.
locations, and window openings; it also includes previous
years’ billing records. 5.3.2 HVAC System Description:
5.3.2.1 Describe the HVAC system in the building, giving
5.2.5 Domestic Hot Water System:
the fuel type, number and type of equipment, its location,
5.2.5.1 The core time-series data set consists of four param-
distribution system (that is description of ductwork insulation)
eters for the DHW system: energy consumption, hot water
thermostat controls, and the overall condition of the system.
consumption, cold water temperature, and hot water tempera-
Photograph the main components of the HVAC system.
ture.
5.3.2.2 Nameplate information includes the manufacturer,
5.2.5.2 The specific time series data for DHW includes
model number, and rated input capacity, output capacity, and
ambient air temperature at the boiler in order to normalize for
operating efficiency. Note the type, location, and operation
standby losses.
(including set-back cycle) of the heating and cooling controls;
5.2.6 Weather Data:
also note any modifications or previous retrofits to the system.
5.2.6.1 The core data set for weather conditions consists of
Obtain the gas heating value from previous fuel bills for the
outdoor dry-bulb temperature, outdoor humidity and wind
site or from the gas utility company. Calculate a yearly average
speed. Set up an on-site weather station if hourly data are
if possible. Record the source of the air to all combustion
collected, or there is known to be a substantial variation
devices.
between the nearest weather station and the test site. If weekly
5.3.2.3 Record the presence of auxiliary sources of heating
data are sufficient, obtain data from the local weather station.
and cooling, including fireplaces (noting condition and pres-
5.2.6.2 Thespecificdatasetforweatherparametersincludes
ence of any controls), wood stoves, space heaters, room air
outdoor humidity and on-site wind direction. If solar systems,
conditioners, and so forth. Determine the use of auxiliary
either active or passive, are to be evaluated, collect solar
heating and cooling in the occupant surveys.
insolation data as well. Set up an on-site weather station if
5.3.2.4 The specific data set for HVAC description includes
hourly solar data are collected, or there is known to be a
ameasurementoftheheatingandcoolingsystemefficiency.As
substantial variation between the nearest weather station and
no standards exist for field measurements of seasonal effi-
the test site.
ciency, perform these measurements followingASHRAE Stan-
5.3 One-time Measurements—One-time measurements are
dards 103 and 116, respectively, as guidelines. Make one-time
used to aid in the evaluation of the time series data. The core
measurements of the steady-state efficiency of gas- and oil-
data set includes important physical parameters concerning
fired furnaces by flue gas analysis. For air distribution systems,
four areas: the building envelope, the heating, ventilation and
measure the supply and return air temperatures, supply air flow
air conditioning (HVAC) system, the domestic hot water
rate,fuelinputrate,andfanpoweroncethesystemhasreached
(DHW) system, and the building occupants. Collect data by
a steady-state operating condition. For a heat pump or air
visual inspection, by surveys of building owners and occu-
conditioning system, measure the compressor and fan power
pants, or by direct measurement.
draws, the supply and return air
...