ASTM E1410-91(2005)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:E1410 −91(Reapproved 2005) An American National Standard
Standard Practice for
Specifying Data for Evaluation of Energy Used in
Residential Buildings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1410; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ANSI/ASHRAEStandard103: MethodsofTestingforHeat-
ing Seasonal Efficiency of Central Furnaces and Boilers
1.1 Thispracticecoversthemeasurementofenergyusedfor
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 116: Methods of Testing for Sea-
space conditioning and domestic water heating in both single
sonal Efficiency of Unitary Air Conditioners and Heat
and multifamily buildings. It is intended to assist those who
Pumps
design test methods for field monitoring projects. It establishes
a uniform set of guidelines for specifying the data needed to
2.3 Other Standards:
evaluate energy used for space conditioning and domestic
US/DOE 10CFR 430.22(e) Appliance Efficiency Standards
water heating in residential buildings, and is intended to
promote the exchange of data and to improve measurement
3. Terminology
practices.
3.1 Terms in this standard are defined inTerminology E631.
1.2 This practice neither specifies the complete experimen-
tal design nor defines the data analysis technique to be used.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the 4.1 Variations in the building envelope, indoor temperature,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- weather, occupant behavior, and equipment performance can
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- cause large variations in energy performance. In order to
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
determine whether a new building performs as designed, or
whether a retrofit of an existing building saves energy as
2. Referenced Documents
predicted, the measured energy performance must be adjusted
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tostandardconditions.Thispracticedescribesthekindsofdata
C1060 Practice for Thermographic Inspection of Insulation
that must be collected to perform such an adjustment, but does
Installations in Envelope Cavities of Frame Buildings
not describe the necessary adjustment.
E631 Terminology of Building Constructions
E741 Test Method for Determining Air Change in a Single 4.2 At present, insufficient data are available to assess the
Zone by Means of a Tracer Gas Dilution in-situ effectiveness of most energy-saving techniques. Gath-
E779 TestMethodforDeterminingAirLeakageRatebyFan
ering and storing energy-use data in a standard format would
Pressurization
allow the development of a database and facilitate such an
2.2 ANSI/ASHRAE Standards:
assessment. This practice contains a recommended format for
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 101: Application of Infrared
the storage of data.
Sensing Devices to theAssessment of Building Heat Loss
4.3 This practice is to be used in the development of an
Characteristics
experimental design to measure the energy used for space
1 conditioning and domestic water heating of a residential
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-
mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.25 on building. The set of parameters to be collected depends on the
Whole Buildings and Facilities.
analysis technique that will be used. Details of experimental
Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originally
designmaybefoundin:GuidingPrinciplesConcerningDesign
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E1410 – 91 (1997).
DOI: 10.1520/E1410-91R05.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
the ASTM website. Office, Washington, D.C. 20402. U.S. Department of Energy, Report No. DOE/CE-
Available from American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air- 0220. Title 10—Energy, Chapter 11— Department of Energy, Subchapter
Conditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE), 1791 Tullie Circle, NE, Atlanta, GA D—Energy Conservation. Part 430—Energy Conservation Program for Consumer
30329. Products.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E1410−91 (2005)
TABLE 1 Core Data Set TABLE 2 Specific Data Set
System Evaluated System Evaluated
Measurements Measurements
Heating Cooling DHW Heating Cooling DHW
Continuous Measurements: Continuous Measurements:
Space Conditioning Space Conditioning and DHW
Heating energy consumption  Auxiliary conditioning  
Cooling energy consumption  Indoor humidity 
Non space-conditioning energy use   Multiple indoor temperatures  
Indoor temperature   Fenestration management  
Utility Bills   Exterior energy use  
Air temperature near boiler  
Domestic Water Heating (DHW)
DHW energy consumption  Weather Conditions
Hot water consumption  Solar insolation  
Cold water temperature  On-site wind speed and direction  
Hot water temperature 
One-time Measurements:
Weather Conditions
Outdoor air temperature   Building description
Wind speed   Additional building data  
Outdoor humidity  Pressurization test (Test Method 
E779)
One-time Measurements: Infiltration test (Test Method E741) 
Solar shading  
Building description Wind shielding  
Areas   Thermography  
Envelope characteristics  
Exterior energy use   HVAC system description
Heating system efficiency 
HVAC system description Cooling system effiency 
Equipment  
Nameplate information   DHW system description
Thermostat and controls   DHW system efficiency 
Auxiliary equipment   DHW appliances 
Power consumption 
Occupant survey
DHW system description Extended questionnaire   
Equipment 
Nameplate information 
Thermostat and controls 
Power consumption 
that is needed for more detailed energy analysis, or for the
Occupant survey
evaluationofspecificenergysystems,forexample,anactiveor
Number of occupants   
passive solar system.
5.1.1 Coredataisrequiredinallcases.Specificdatamustbe
taken whenever this data has significant impact. (See text for
of Experiments, and Measuring Techniques; Monitoring
guidance.)
Methodology Handbook for Residential HVAC Systems; and
Monitoring the Performance of Solar Heated and Cooled
5.2 Continuous Measurements:
Buildings, Vols 1 and 2.
5.2.1 Because they vary throughout the test period, building
operating characteristics, energy consumption, indoor
4.4 The user of this practice needs to be familiar with the
conditions, and weather conditions must be monitored continu-
fundamental techniques of energy monitoring.
ously. The length of the test period depends upon the experi-
5. Data Acquisition mental design that has been chosen and determines the level of
accuracy that can be expected. For a retrofit, the before and
5.1 The parameters that must be collected to evaluate the
after test periods should be of similar lengths and contain
energy consumption of heating, cooling, and domestic hot
similar weather conditions.
water (DHW) systems are shown in the following two tables.
5.2.2 The data collected is known as time-series data. Store
Table1(CoreData)givestheminimumrequireddatathatmust
data weekly or hourly; hourly values are preferred. Building
be collected, and Table 2 (Specific Data) gives additional data
conditions, such as occupancy or temperature or DHW use,
often change every hour, and it may not be possible to extract
Guiding Principles Concerning Design of Experiments, Instrumentation, and
representative values from weekly data.
Measuring Techniques ISBN 91-540-3955-X. Swedish Council for Building
5.2.3 Store time-integrated (average or sum) hourly values
Research, edited by Gian Fracastoro and Mats Lyberg, Stockholm, Sweden (1983).
using real-time data acquisition systems that scan sensors at
(In English)
Monitoring Methodology Handbook for Residential HVAC Systems, EPRI/EM-
least once per hour; more frequent reading will be necessary in
3003, Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, California, May 1983.
some cases. Store weekly readings from individual time
Monitoring and Performance of Solar Heated and Cooled Buildings, Volumes
integrating sensors.
1 and 2, EPRI/ER-1239/1 and EPRI/ER-1239/2. Electric Power Research Institute,
Palo Alto, California, November 1979. 5.2.4 Space Conditioning:
E1410−91 (2005)
5.2.4.1 The core time-series data set for space conditioning condition, and openings for walls, foundations, and roofs.
consists of four parameters: the energy consumed for heating Draw a plan of the building, indicating the general layout,
by the primary heating source, the energy consumed for compass directions, overall dimensions, and floor areas of
cooling by the primary cooling source, the energy consumed conditioned zones. Take ground-level photographs of all sides
for non-space-conditioning purposes (for example, lighting, of the building. Take photographs of the surrounding areas
appliances, DHW), and the indoor temperature. Auxiliary fromtheroofofthebuilding.Recordthewindshieldingclass.
space conditioning energy use must also be measured (see Record the age and geographic location of the building using
5.2.4.2).Indicatewhethertheairtemperaturesensorisshielded street, city, state and ZIP code. List exterior energy uses, for
or unshielded, that is, the sensor is measuring the radiant example, exterior or parking lighting, block heaters.
(globe) temperature or the air temperature. When a single 5.3.1.2 The specific data set includes additional description
indoortemperatureisdifficulttodefine,recordairtemperatures of the building including any special features relevant to
at a number of points to ensure temperature is representative of energyconsumption.Noteattictype,access,andventilation,as
thespaceasawhole.Monthlyutilitybillingdataforelectricity, well as any indications of moisture damage. Characterize
gas, and oil consumption are required as a back-up. This foundation and basements, noting the number and location of
information will provide a cross-check of the time-series windows, as well as any shafts, chases or flues connecting to
sensor values, and may be useful in filling in information if upper levels. For multifamily buildings, record the number and
there are short-term failures of the sensors. layout of apartments and the number and type of windows.
5.3.1.3 The specific data set includes pressurization data
5.2.4.2 The specific time-series data set for space condition-
ing includes monitoring any auxiliary heating and cooling performedaccordingtoTestMethodE779,andinfiltrationtests
following Test Method E741, as well as additional information
equipment (for example, wood stoves, space heaters, space air
conditioners, fans, evaporative coolers), as well as indoor on the shading and shielding of the building. Thermographic
pictures of the building shell are made following Practice
humidity, air temperature at the furnace, thermostat and other
locations, and window openings; it also includes previous C1060 and ASHRAE Standard 101.
5.3.2 HVAC System Description:
years’ billing records.
5.3.2.1 Describe the HVAC system in the building, giving
5.2.5 Domestic Hot Water System:
the fuel type, number and type of equipment, its location,
5.2.5.1 The core time-series data set consists of four param-
distribution system (that is description of ductwork insulation)
eters for the DHW system: energy consumption, hot water
thermostat controls, and the overall condition of the system.
consumption, cold water temperature, and hot water tempera-
Photograph the main components of the HVAC system.
ture.
5.3.2.2 Nameplate information includes the manufacturer,
5.2.5.2 The specific time series data for DHW includes
model number, and rated input capacity, output capacity, and
ambient air temperature at the boiler in order to normalize for
operating efficiency. Note the type, location, and operation
standby losses.
(including set-back cycle) of the heating and cooling controls;
5.2.6 Weather Data:
also note any modifications or previous retrofits to the system.
5.2.6.1 The core data set for weather conditions consists of
Obtain the gas heating value from previous fuel bills for the
outdoor dry-bulb temperature, outdoor humidity and wind
site or from the gas utility company. Calculate a yearly average
speed. Set up an on-site weather station if hourly data are
if possible. Record the source of the air to all combustion
collected, or there is known to be a substantial variation
devices.
between the nearest weather station and the test site. If weekly
5.3.2.3 Record the presence of auxiliary sources of heating
data are sufficient, obtain data from the local weather station.
and cooling, including fireplaces (noting condition and pres-
5.2.6.2 Thespecificdatasetforweatherparametersincludes
ence of any controls), wood stoves, space heaters, room air
outdoor humidity and on-site wind direction. If solar systems,
conditioners, and so forth. Determine the use of auxiliary
either active or passive, are to be evaluated, collect solar
heating and cooling in the occupant surveys.
insolation data as well. Set up an on-site weather station if
5.3.2.4 The specific data set for HVAC description includes
hourly solar data are collected, or there is known to be a
ameasurementoftheheatingandcoolingsystemefficiency.As
substantial variation between the nearest weather station and
no standards exist for field measurements of seasonal
the test site.
efficiency, perform these measurements following ANSI/
5.3 One-time Measurements—One-time measurements are
ASHRAE Standard 103 and 116, respectively, as guidelines.
used to aid in the evaluation of the time series data. The core
Make one-time measurements of the steady-state efficiency of
data set includes important physical parameters concerning
gas- and oil-fired furnaces by flue gas analysis. For air
four areas: the building envelope, the heating, ventilation and
distribution systems, measure the supply and return air
air conditioning (HVAC) system, the domestic hot water
temperatures, supply air flow rate, fuel input rate, and fan
(DHW) system, and the building occupants. Collect data by
power once the system has reached a steady-state operating
visual inspection, by su
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