ASTM D2130-90(1995)e1

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
e1
Designation: D 2130 – 90 (Reapproved 1995)
Standard Test Method for
Diameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers by
Microprojection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2130; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Editorial changes made throughout in June 1995.
1. Scope D 2252 Specification for Fineness of Types of Alpaca
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the micro-
D 2816 Test Method for Cashmere Coarse-Hair Content in
projector, for the determination of the average fiber diameter
Cashmere
and the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animal
D 2968 Test Method for Med and Kemp Fibers in Wool and
fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camel’s hair, etc.
Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection
(Note 1) in their various forms.
D 3510 Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Animal Fibers by Image Analyzer
as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units
D 3991 Specification for Fineness of Wool or Mohair and
may be approximate.
Assignment of Grade
NOTE 1—This test method may also be applied to any fibers having a
D 3992 Specification for Fineness of Wool Top or Mohair
round cross section and accordingly may be used many times for
Top and Assignment of Grade
melt-spun man-made fibers such as polyamides, polyesters, and glass; also
E 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units
it may be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated
(SI) (the Modernized Metric System)
cellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density and
correction factors, however, apply only to wool and should not be used for 2.2 Other Standards:
other fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table
Federal Standard, Official Standard of the United States for
5 in Test Methods D 629, Quantitative Analysis of Textiles.
Grades of Wool, Section 31.0, Measurement Method for
NOTE 2—In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool”
Determining Grade of Wool, Section 31.204
also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable.
IWTO-8-66(E) Method of Determining Wool Fiber Diam-
NOTE 3—For fineness specifications for wool, wool top, mohair, mohair
eter by the Projection Microscope
top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D 3991 and D 3992,
Specification D 2252, Test Method D 2816.
3. Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety
3.1 Definitions:
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
3.1.1 average fiber diameter, n— in wool and other animal
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
fibers, the average width of a group of fibers when measured on
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
a projected image.
limitations prior to use.
3.1.2 grade, n—in wool and mohair, a numerical designa-
tion used in classifying wool and mohair in their raw, semi-
2. Referenced Documents
processed, and processed forms based on average fiber diam-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
eter and variation of fiber diameter.
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
3.1.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
D 584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw Wool—
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
Laboratory Scale
D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
4. Summary of Test Method
D 1060 Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Pack-
4.1 This test method describes procedures for sampling
ages for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber
various forms of wool and other animal fibers, the reduction of
Present
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
Discontinued, see 1986 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
1 5
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Wool Felt. Service and Regulatory Announcement, No. 135, U. S. Department of Agricul-
Current edition approved Jan. 26, 1990. Published May 1990. Originally ture, C & MS, April 1966.
published as D 2130 – 61. Last previous edition D 2130 – 88. International Wool Textile Organization, International Wool Secretariat, Raw
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. Wool Services, Valley Drive, Ilkley, Yorkshire LS29 8PB, England.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 2130
the sample to small test specimens, and the measurement, at
high magnification, of the diameter of a number of fibers from
the test specimens. From the observed data, computations are
made to obtain the average fiber diameter, a measure of
variation of fiber diameter and the percentage of medullated
and kemp fibers, if present, as directed in Test Method D 2968.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method specifies a sampling and testing pro-
cedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and
variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test
Method D 2968.
5.2 Test Method D 2130 for testing wool and other animal
FIG. 1 Heavy-Duty Cross-Section Device
fibers for average fiber diameter is considered satisfactory for
acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current
estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and 6.4 Microscope Slides, 1 by 3 in. (25 by 75 mm).
the method has been used extensively in the trade for accep- 6.5 Cover Glasses, No. 1 thickness, ⁄8 by 2 in. (22 by 50
tance testing. In cases of disagreement arising from differences mm).
in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using 6.6 Mounting Medium —Colorless immersion oil with a
this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any, refractive index of 1.480 6 0.005 at 68°F (20°C), and a
between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of viscosity of 78.81 SUS at 100°F (37.8°C).
the seller should be determined with each comparison being 6.7 Wedge Scale —Strips of heavy paper or Bristol board,
based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one imprinted with a wedge for use at a magnification of 5003
sample of material of the type being evaluated. (Fig. 3).
6.8 Box for Compressing Loose Fibers—A box 12 by 6 by
6. Apparatus and Material
15 in. (300 by 150 by 375 mm) deep, inside dimensions,
6.1 Microprojector —The microscope shall be equipped equipped with a floating top which has 16 randomly spaced
with a fixed body tube, a focusable stage responsive to coarse holes 0.75 in. (20 mm) in diameter over its area. The wool may
and fine adjustments, a focusable substage with condenser and be firmly compressed by applying pressure on the top. The top
iris diaphragm, and a vertically installed adequate light source is held in place by two rods extending through holes in the side
to give a precise magnification of 5003, that is, a 12.53 of the box and over the top. The coring tube is thrust through
eyepiece and a 213, 0.50 numerical aperture objective. the holes in the top to sample the wool.
9 1
6.2 Stage Micrometer , —calibrated in intervals of 0.01 mm 6.9 Pressure Coring Tube —A ⁄2-in. (13-mm) inside-
for accurate setting and control of the magnification. diameter metal tube, approximately 30 in. (760 mm) long,
3 1
6.3 Fiber Sectioning Apparatus: reamed and tapped on one end to hold a sharp ⁄8 or ⁄2-in. (10
6.3.1 Heavy-Duty Sectioning Device —An instrument or 13-mm) cutting tip. The tube is fitted with a “T” cross bar
comprised of a metal plate with slot and compressing key and about 20 in. (500 mm) long.
6.10 Core Extruder— A 0.25-in. (6-mm) wood dowel or
equipped with a propulsion mechanism by which the fiber
bundle may be extruded for sectioning. The instrument (Fig. 1) aluminum rod slightly longer than the coring tube to extrude
wool from tube.
is designed to hold a sliver of top or equivalent bulk of fibers,
yarn, or fabric.
7. Sampling
6.3.2 Safety Razor Blades—Single-edge or double-edge
blades (if used with blade holder).
7.1 Loose Fibers— The method of obtaining a representa-
6.3.3 FRL Fiber Cutter —A device comprised of two razor
tive sample of wool will differ according to circumstances. The
blades, a threaded pin and an assemblage that will hold the
sampling procedures and major circumstances encountered are
blades rigidly in position. The device (Fig. 2), which is
as follows:
operated by applying pressure vertically downward, cuts fibers
7.1.1 Lots of Packaged, Grease, Pulled, or Scoured Wool—
approximately 250 μm (Note 4) in length.
Take core samples as directed in Practice D 1060. Clean or
scour the raw wool sample as directed in Test Method D 584.
NOTE 4—A description of the Swiss Fiber Cutting device described in
If a representative portion of the scoured wool core sample
earlier editions can be found in Part 25 of the Annual Book of ASTM
resulting from the test for clean wool fiber present is available,
Standards, issued in 1971 and previous volumes.
8 12
Obtainable from R and B Instruments, Leeds, Wortly. Low Mills, 318 Whitehall Obtainable from YoCOM-McColl Testing Laboratories, Inc., 540 West Elk
Rd., Leeds L512 4RJ England. Place, Denver, CO 80216.
9 13
Obtainable from most scientific laboratory instrument supply companies. Obtainable from E. J. Powers Press, 201 South St., Boston, MA 02111 and
Obtainable from Joe Opheikens, 426 Adams, Ogden, UT 84404 and MICO Visual Inspection Products, 50 High St., Lynn, MA 01902.
Instruments, 1944 Main St. P.O. Box 451, Marshfield Hills, MA 02051-0451. Obtainable from YoCOM-McColl Testing Laboratories, Inc., 540 W. Elk
Obtainable from Albany International Research Co., 1000 Providence High- Place, Denver, CO 80216 and Aero Associates, Inc., 163 Merrimac St., Woburn, MA
way, Dedham, MA 02026. 01801.
D 2130
FIG. 2 FRL Fiber Cutter
it may be used for fiber diameter determination. If core 7.1.4 Card Sliver— Sample the wool card sliver by drawing
sampling is not feasible, take at random, by hand, at least 50 at random from the lot, preferably during the carding operation,
handfuls of wool from not less than 10 % of the packages. The ten 2-ft (600-mm) lengths of sliver.
aggregate mass of the sample shall be at least 3 lb (1.5 kg). 7.1.5 Top—Sample the top by drawing from each 20 000 lb
7.1.2 Major Sort—Packaged grease wool in fleece form for (9072 kg) or fraction thereof, four sections of sliver, each of
which a diameter test is desired for only the major sort of the which shall be at least 1 yd (1 m) in length and taken from
fleece, hand sample by drawing one or more handfuls of wool different balls of top selected at random. Take only one ball
from the major sort portion of at least 50 fleeces taken at from any one bale or carton. For broken top, take an equivalent
random from the lot. The aggregate mass of the sample shall be aggregate length of sliver at random.
at least 3 lb (1.5 kg). 7.2 Yarns and Fabrics—Take a yarn sample as directed in
7.1.3 Piles of Graded or Sorted Wool—Sample piles of Practice D 2258. Cut an approximately 3-yd (3-m) length of
graded or sorted wool by taking from random locations in the yarn sample into at least 20 sections of woolen-spun yarn, or
pile at least 50 handfuls of wool, the aggregate mass of which 50 sections if worsted-spun yarn. For fabric, take two samples
shall be at least 3 lb (1.5 kg). If the wool is in fleece form and at least 2 by 2 in. (50 by 50 mm) from areas at least 2 in. from
a test is desired for only the major sort, take the sample as a selvage and at a sufficient distance apart to represent filling
directed in 7.1.2. yarn taken from at least two different bobbins. Remove 20 (if
D 2130
FIG. 3 Wedge Scale
woolen-spun) or 50 (if worsted-spun) warp yarns from each 8.4 Yarn—The yarn sections (see 7.2) constitute the test
sample. Remove 10 (if woolen-spun) and 25 (if worsted-spun) specimen.
filling yarns from each sample. 8.5 Fabric—The undisturbed piece of fabric or the teased
out yarns of the fabric (see 7.2) constitute the test specimen.
8. Test Specimens
9. Calibration of Microprojector
8.1 Grease Wool, Pulled Wool, Scoured Wool:
8.1.1 Sub-Coring—Randomly pack the core or hand sample
9.1 Adjust the microprojector to produce a magnification of
(see 7.1.1-7.1.3), into a suitable container (see 6.8) and
5003 in the plane of the projected image. Do this by placing
compress to approximately 2 psi (14 kPa) by loading a weight
a stage micrometer on the stage of the microprojector and
of 150 lbf (667 N) on the floating top. By means of a ⁄8 or
bringing the microscope into such adjustment that the lines of
⁄2-in. (10 or 13-mm) tube with sharp tip, extract a sufficient
the micrometer are sharply focused in the center of the image
number of cores (at least five) to provide a test specimen of at
plane. An interval of 0.20 mm on the stage micrometer will
least 20 g of scoured wool. Scour or otherwise clean the test
then measure 100 mm on the image plane, or 0.01 mm on the
specimen if it is grease wool or pulled wool as directed in Test
micrometer will measure 5 mm on the image plane. All
Method D 584.
measurements must be made with the specimen in a plane at
8.1.2 Gridding—Core Test Residue—If the sample com-
the same distance from the stage as the lines on the stage
prises an adequate amount of scoured wool resulting from the
micrometer.
core testing of a lot for clean fiber content (see 7.1.1), divide
10. Conditioning
the sample into 40 portions of approximately equal size. From
each portion, draw at random at least 0.5 g. Mix or blend these
10.1 Precondition all test specimens to approximate equi-
40 portions to form the test specimen. Test specimens from
librium in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of 10 to
samples obtained by means of 1.25 in. (30 mm) and larger
25 % and a temperature of not over 122°F (50°C), then
coring tubes may be carded for homogenization; but do not
condition the samples for at least4hinthe standard atmo-
card those from coring tubes smaller than 1.25 in. (30 mm)
sphere for testing textiles, 65 6 2 % relative humidity and 70
since loss of fiber may occur.
6 2°F (21 6 1°C), as directed in Practice D 1776.
8.1.3 Gridding and Machine Blending—For samples other
11. Test Provisions
than those specified in 8.1.1 and 8.1.2, divide the sample into
40 portions of approximatel
...