ASTM D2130-90(2001)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D 2130 – 90 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Diameter of Wool and Other Animal Fibers by
Microprojection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2130; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
D 2252 Specification for Fineness of Types of Alpaca
1.1 This test method covers a procedure, using the micro-
D 2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
projector, for the determination of the average fiber diameter
D 2816 Test Method for Cashmere Coarse-Hair Content in
and the fiber diameter variation on wool and other animal
Cashmere
fibers, such as mohair, cashmere, alpaca, camel’s hair, etc.
D 2968 Test Method for Med and Kemp Fibers inWool and
(Note 1) in their various forms.
Other Animal Fibers by Microprojection
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
D 3510 Test Method for Diameter of Wool and Other
as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units
Animal Fibers by Image Analyzer
may be approximate.
D 3991 Specification for Fineness of Wool or Mohair and
NOTE 1—This test method may also be applied to any fibers having a 4
Assignment of Grade
round cross section and accordingly may be used many times for
D 3992 Specification for Fineness of Wool Top or Mohair
melt-spunman-madefiberssuchaspolyamides,polyesters,andglass;also
Top and Assignment of Grade
it may be applied to a limited number of polyacrylics and regenerated
E 380 Practice for Use of the International System of Units
cellulose type fibers. The values given in Appendix X1 for density and
correctionfactors,however,applyonlytowoolandshouldnotbeusedfor (SI) (the Modernized Metric System)
other fibers. For suitable values for the density of other fibers, see Table
2.2 Other Standards:
5 in Test Methods D 629, Quantitative Analysis of Textiles.
Federal Standard, Official Standard of the United States for
NOTE 2—In subsequent sections of this test method, the term “wool”
Grades of Wool, Section 31.0, Measurement Method for
also signifies mohair or other fibers if the circumstances are applicable.
Determining Grade of Wool, Section 31.204
NOTE 3—Forfinenessspecificationsforwool,wooltop,mohair,mohair
IWTO-8-66(E) Method of Determining Wool Fiber Diam-
top, alpaca, and cashmere, refer to Specifications D 3991 and D 3992,
eter by the Projection Microscope
Specification D 2252, Test Method D 2816.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address the safety
3. Terminology
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
3.1 Definitions:
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
3.1.1 average fiber diameter, n— in wool and other animal
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
fibers,theaveragewidthofagroupoffiberswhenmeasuredon
limitations prior to use.
a projected image.
3.1.2 grade, n—in wool and mohair, a numerical designa-
2. Referenced Documents
tion used in classifying wool and mohair in their raw, semi-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
processed, and processed forms based on average fiber diam-
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
eter and variation of fiber diameter.
D 584 Test Method for Wool Content of Raw Wool—
3.1.3 For definitions of other textile terms used in this test
Laboratory Scale
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D 1060 Practice for Core Sampling of Raw Wool in Pack-
ages for Determination of Percentage of Clean Wool Fiber
Present
Discontinued, see 1986 Annual Book of ASTM Standards , Vol 07.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
1 5
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.13 on Wool and Felt Service and Regulatory Announcement, No. 135, U. S. Department ofAgricul-
Current edition approved April 10, 2001. Published May 1990. Originally ture, C & MS, April 1966.
published as D 2130 – 61. Last previous edition D 2130 – 88. International Wool Textile Organization, International Wool Secretariat, Raw
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. Wool Services, Valley Drive, Ilkley, Yorkshire LS29 8PB, England.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 2130 – 90 (2001)
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method describes procedures for sampling
various forms of wool and other animal fibers, the reduction of
the sample to small test specimens, and the measurement, at
high magnification, of the diameter of a number of fibers from
the test specimens. From the observed data, computations are
made to obtain the average fiber diameter, a measure of
variation of fiber diameter and the percentage of medullated
and kemp fibers, if present, as directed inTest Method D 2968.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method specifies a sampling and testing pro-
cedure for the measurement of average fiber diameter and
FIG. 1 Heavy-Duty Cross-Section Device
variation in diameter of animal fibers as required in Test
Method D 2968.
NOTE 4—A description of the Swiss Fiber Cutting device described in
5.2 Test Method D 2130 for testing wool and other animal
earlier editions can be found in Part 25 of the Annual Book of ASTM
fibers for average fiber diameter is considered satisfactory for
Standards, issued in 1971 and previous volumes.
acceptance testing of commercial shipments since current
6.4 Microscope Slides, 1 by 3 in. (25 by 75 mm).
estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and
6.5 Cover Glasses, No. 1 thickness, ⁄8 by 2 in. (22 by 50
the method has been used extensively in the trade for accep-
mm).
tance testing. In cases of disagreement arising from differences
6.6 Mounting Medium —Colorless immersion oil with a
in values reported by the purchaser and the seller when using
refractive index of 1.480 6 0.005 at 68°F (20°C), and a
this method for acceptance testing, the statistical bias, if any,
viscosity of 78.81 SUS at 100°F (37.8°C).
between the laboratory of the purchaser and the laboratory of
6.7 Wedge Scale —Strips of heavy paper or Bristol board,
the seller should be determined with each comparison being
imprinted with a wedge for use at a magnification of 5003
based on the testing of specimens randomly drawn from one
(Fig. 3).
sample of material of the type being evaluated.
6.8 Box for Compressing Loose Fibers—A box 12 by 6 by
6. Apparatus and Material 15 in. (300 by 150 by 375 mm) deep, inside dimensions,
8 equipped with a floating top which has 16 randomly spaced
6.1 Microprojector —The microscope shall be equipped
holes 0.75 in. (20 mm) in diameter over its area.The wool may
with a fixed body tube, a focusable stage responsive to coarse
be firmly compressed by applying pressure on the top. The top
and fine adjustments, a focusable substage with condenser and
is held in place by two rods extending through holes in the side
iris diaphragm, and a vertically installed adequate light source
of the box and over the top. The coring tube is thrust through
to give a precise magnification of 5003, that is, a 12.53
the holes in the top to sample the wool.
eyepiece and a 213, 0.50 numerical aperture objective.
6.9 Pressure Coring Tube —A ⁄2-in. (13-mm) inside-
6.2 Stage Micrometer , —calibratedinintervalsof0.01mm
diameter metal tube, approximately 30 in. (760 mm) long,
for accurate setting and control of the magnification.
3 1
reamed and tapped on one end to hold a sharp ⁄8 or ⁄2-in. (10
6.3 Fiber Sectioning Apparatus:
or 13-mm) cutting tip. The tube is fitted with a “T” cross bar
6.3.1 Heavy-Duty Sectioning Device —An instrument
about 20 in. (500 mm) long.
comprised of a metal plate with slot and compressing key and
6.10 Core Extruder— A 0.25-in. (6-mm) wood dowel or
equipped with a propulsion mechanism by which the fiber
aluminum rod slightly longer than the coring tube to extrude
bundle may be extruded for sectioning.The instrument (Fig. 1)
wool from tube.
is designed to hold a sliver of top or equivalent bulk of fibers,
yarn, or fabric.
7. Sampling
6.3.2 Safety Razor Blades—Single-edge or double-edge
7.1 Loose Fibers— The method of obtaining a representa-
blades (if used with blade holder).
tivesampleofwoolwilldifferaccordingtocircumstances.The
6.3.3 FRLFiber Cutter —Adevicecomprisedoftworazor
sampling procedures and major circumstances encountered are
blades, a threaded pin and an assemblage that will hold the
as follows:
blades rigidly in position. The device (Fig. 2), which is
7.1.1 Lots of Packaged, Grease, Pulled, or Scoured Wool—
operated by applying pressure vertically downward, cuts fibers
Take core samples as directed in Practice D 1060. Clean or
approximately 250 µm (Note 4) in length.
8 12
ObtainablefromRandBInstruments,Leeds,Wortly.LowMills,318Whitehall Obtainable from YoCOM-McColl Testing Laboratories, Inc., 540 West Elk
Rd., Leeds L512 4RJ England. Place, Denver, CO 80216.
9 13
Obtainable from most scientific laboratory instrument supply companies. Obtainable from E. J. Powers Press, 201 South St., Boston, MA 02111 and
Obtainable from Joe Opheikens, 426 Adams, Ogden, UT 84404 and MICO Visual Inspection Products, 50 High St., Lynn, MA 01902.
Instruments, 1944 Main St. P.O. Box 451, Marshfield Hills, MA 02051-0451. Obtainable from YoCOM-McColl Testing Laboratories, Inc., 540 W. Elk
Obtainable from Albany International Research Co., 1000 Providence High- Place,Denver,CO80216andAeroAssociates,Inc.,163MerrimacSt.,Woburn,MA
way, Dedham, MA 02026. 01801.
D 2130 – 90 (2001)
FIG. 2 FRL Fiber Cutter
scour the raw wool sample as directed in Test Method D 584. shall be at least 3 lb (1.5 kg). If the wool is in fleece form and
If a representative portion of the scoured wool core sample a test is desired for only the major sort, take the sample as
resulting from the test for clean wool fiber present is available, directed in 7.1.2.
it may be used for fiber diameter determination. If core 7.1.4 Card Sliver— Sample the wool card sliver by drawing
sampling is not feasible, take at random, by hand, at least 50 atrandomfromthelot,preferablyduringthecardingoperation,
handfuls of wool from not less than 10 % of the packages. The ten 2-ft (600-mm) lengths of sliver.
aggregate mass of the sample shall be at least 3 lb (1.5 kg). 7.1.5 Top—Sample the top by drawing from each 20 000 lb
7.1.2 Major Sort—Packaged grease wool in fleece form for (9072 kg) or fraction thereof, four sections of sliver, each of
which a diameter test is desired for only the major sort of the which shall be at least 1 yd (1 m) in length and taken from
fleece, hand sample by drawing one or more handfuls of wool different balls of top selected at random. Take only one ball
from the major sort portion of at least 50 fleeces taken at from any one bale or carton. For broken top, take an equivalent
randomfromthelot.Theaggregatemassofthesampleshallbe aggregate length of sliver at random.
at least 3 lb (1.5 kg). 7.2 Yarns and Fabrics—Take a yarn sample as directed in
7.1.3 Piles of Graded or Sorted Wool—Sample piles of Practice D 2258. Cut an approximately 3-yd (3-m) length of
graded or sorted wool by taking from random locations in the yarn sample into at least 20 sections of woolen-spun yarn, or
pile at least 50 handfuls of wool, the aggregate mass of which 50 sections if worsted-spun yarn. For fabric, take two samples
D 2130 – 90 (2001)
FIG. 3 Wedge Scale
at least 2 by 2 in. (50 by 50 mm) from areas at least 2 in. from 8.2 Card Sliver— Strip off portions of each of the ten 2-ft
a selvage and at a sufficient distance apart to represent filling (600-mm) lengths of sliver (see 7.1.4). Combine these portions
yarn taken from at least two different bobbins. Remove 20 (if to form a composite sliver about 2 ft in length.This constitutes
woolen-spun) or 50 (if worsted-spun) warp yarns from each the test specimen.
sample. Remove 10 (if woolen-spun) and 25 (if worsted-spun) 8.3 Top—Each of the four sections of sliver comprising the
sample (see 7.1.5) constitutes a test specimen.
filling yarns from each sample.
8.4 Yarn—The yarn sections (see 7.2) constitute the test
specimen.
8. Test Specimens
8.5 Fabric—The undisturbed piece of fabric or the teased
8.1 Grease Wool, Pulled Wool, Scoured Wool:
out yarns of the fabric (see 7.2) constitute the test specimen.
8.1.1 Sub-Coring—Randomly pack the core or hand sample
9. Calibration of Microprojector
(see 7.1.1-7.1.3), into a suitable container (see 6.8) and
compress to approximately 2 psi (14 kPa) by loading a weight
9.1 Adjust the microprojector to produce a magnification of
of 150 lbf (667 N) on the floating top. By means of a ⁄8 or
5003 in the plane of the projected image. Do this by placing
⁄2-in. (10 or 13-mm) tube with sharp tip, extract a sufficient a stage micrometer on the stage of the microprojector and
number of cores (at least five) to provide a test specimen of at
bringing the microscope into such adjustment that the lines of
least 20 g of scoured wool. Scour or otherwise clean the test the micrometer are sharply focused in the center of the image
specimen if it is grease wool or pulled wool as directed in Test
plane. An interval of 0.20 mm on the stage micrometer will
Method D 584. then measure 100 mm on the image plane, or 0.01 mm on the
micrometer will measure 5 mm on the image plane. All
8.1.2 Gridding—Core Test Residue—If the sample com-
measurements must be made with the specimen in a plane at
prises an adequate amount of scoured wool resulting from the
the same distance from the stage as the lines on the stage
core testing of a lot for clean fiber content (see 7.1.1), divide
micrometer.
the sample into 40 portions of approximately equal size. From
each portion, draw at random at least 0.5 g. Mix or blend these
10. Conditioning
40 portions to form the test specimen. Test specimens from
10.1 Precondition all test specimens to approximate equi-
samples obtained by means of 1.25 in. (30 mm) and larger
librium in an atmosphere having a relative humidity of 10 to
coring tubes may be carded for homogenization; but do not
25 % and a temperature of not over 122°F (50°C), then
card those from coring tubes smaller than 1.25 in. (30 mm)
condition the samples for at least4hinthe standard atmo-
since loss of fiber may occu
...