91.080.10 - Metal structures
ICS 91.080.10 Details
Metal structures
Metallbau
Structures métalliques
Kovinske konstrukcije
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 91.080.10 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Metal structures". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 166 standards classified under ICS 91.080.10 (Metal structures). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The parameters KEAC or KIEAC determined by this test method characterize the resistance to crack growth of a material with a sharp crack in specific environments under loading conditions in which the crack-tip plastic region is small compared with the crack depth and the uncracked ligament. The less restrictive thickness requirements of KEAC are intended for those conditions in which the results are a strong function of the thickness of the specimen and the application requires the testing of specimens with thickness representative of the application. Since the chemical and mechanical influences cannot be separated, in some material/environment combinations, the thickness must be treated as a variable. A KEAC or KIEAC value is believed to represent a characteristic measurement of environment-assisted cracking resistance in a precracked specimen exposed to an environment under sustained tensile loading. A KEAC or KIEAC value may be used to estimate the relationship between failure stress and defect size for a material under any service condition, where the combination of crack-like defects, sustained tensile loading and the same specific environment would be expected to occur. (Background information concerning the development of this test method can be found in Refs (3-18).
5.1.1 The apparent KEAC or KIEAC of a material under a given set of chemical and electrochemical environmental conditions is a function of the test duration. It is difficult to furnish a rigorous and scientific proof for the existence of a threshold (4, 5). Therefore, application of KEAC or KIEAC data in the design of service components should be made with awareness of the uncertainty inherent in the concept of a true threshold for environment-assisted cracking in metallic materials (6, 18). A measured KEAC or KIEAC value for a particular combination of material and environment may, in fact, represent an acceptably low rate of crack growth rather than an absolute upper limit f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the environment-assisted cracking threshold stress intensity factor parameters, KIEAC and KEAC, for metallic materials from constant-force testing of fatigue precracked beam or compact fracture specimens and from constant-displacement testing of fatigue precracked bolt-load compact fracture specimens.
1.2 This test method is applicable to environment-assisted cracking in aqueous or other aggressive environments.
1.3 Materials that can be tested by this test method are not limited by thickness or by strength as long as specimens are of sufficient thickness and planar size to meet the size requirements of this test method.
1.4 A range of specimen sizes with proportional planar dimensions is provided, but size may be variable and adjusted for yield strength and applied force. Specimen thickness is a variable independent of planar size.
1.5 Specimen configurations other than those contained in this test method may be used, provided that well-established stress intensity calibrations are available and that specimen dimensions are of sufficient size to meet the size requirements of this test method during testing.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers rolled steel structural shapes for use in building framing or bridges, or for general structural purposes. Heat analysis shall be used to determine the percentage of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, vanadium, titanium, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, columbium, and copper for the required chemical composition. Tension test shall be used to evaluate the required tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield strength and elongation.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers rolled steel structural shapes for use in building framing or bridges, or for general structural purposes.
1.2 Supplementary requirements are provided for use where additional testing or additional restrictions are required by the purchaser. Such requirements apply only when specified in the purchase order.
1.3 When the steel is to be welded, a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service is to be utilized. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.5 The text of this specification contains notes or footnotes, or both, that provide explanatory material; such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This document gives guidelines and recommendations for the general principles of design appropriate to articles to be hot dip galvanized after fabrication (e.g. in accordance with ISO 1461) for the corrosion protection of, for example, articles that have been manufactured in accordance with EN 1090-2.
This document does not apply to hot dip galvanized coatings applied to continuous wire or sheet (e.g. to EN 10346).
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This document gives guidelines and recommendations for the general principles of design appropriate to articles to be hot dip galvanized after fabrication (e.g. in accordance with ISO 1461) for the corrosion protection of, for example, articles that have been manufactured in accordance with EN 1090-2.
This document does not apply to hot dip galvanized coatings applied to continuous wire or sheet (e.g. to EN 10346).
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This document describes the general principles for the implementation and management of a system of cathodic protection against corrosive attacks on structures which are buried or in contact with soils, surface fresh waters or underground waters, with and without the interference of external electrical sources. It specifies the protection criteria to be achieved to demonstrate the cathodic protection effectiveness.
For structures that cannot be electrically isolated from neighbouring influencing structures, it may be impossible to use the criteria defined in the present document. In this case, EN 14505 will be applied (see 9.4 "Electrical continuity/discontinuity").
To assist in forming a decision whether or not to apply cathodic protection the corrosion likelihood can be evaluated using Annex A. Annex A summarizes the requirements of EN 12501-1 [2] and EN 12501-2 [3].
Cathodic protection of structures immersed in seawater is covered by EN 12473 and a series of standards more specific for various applications.
Cathodic protection for reinforced concrete structures is covered by EN ISO 12696.
This document is applicable in conjunction with:
- EN ISO 15589-1 for application for buried or immersed cathodically pipelines,
- EN 50162 to manage d.c. stray currents,
- EN ISO 18086 to manage corrosion due to a.c. interference from high voltage power sources and a.c. traction systems,
- EN 13509 for cathodic protection measurement techniques
- EN 50443 to manage protection for touch and step voltage.
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This document specifies requirements for the execution of aluminium structural components and structures made from:
a) rolled sheet, strip and plate;
b) extrusions;
c) cold drawn rod, bar and tube;
d) forgings;
e) castings.
NOTE 1 The execution of structural components is referred to as manufacturing, in accordance with EN 1090-1.
This document specifies requirements independent of the type and shape of the aluminium structure, and this document is applicable to structures under predominantly static loads as well as structures subject to fatigue. It specifies requirements related to the execution classes that are linked with consequence classes.
NOTE 2 Consequence classes are defined in EN 1990.
NOTE 3 Recommendations for selection of execution class in relation to consequence class are given in EN 1999-1-1.
This document covers components made of constituent products with thickness not less than 0,6 mm for welded components not less than 1,5 mm.
For components made from cold formed profiled sheeting that are within the scope of EN 1090-5, the requirements of EN 1090-5 take precedence over corresponding requirements in this document.
This document applies to structures designed according to the relevant parts of EN 1999. If this document is used for structures designed according to other design rules or used for other alloys and tempers not covered by EN 1999, a judgement of the reliability elements in these design rules is intended to be made.
This document specifies requirements for surface preparation prior to application of a protective treatment, and gives guidelines for application for such treatment in an informative annex.
This document gives options for specifying requirements to match project specific requirements.
This document is also applicable to temporary aluminium structures.
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This document specifies requirements for the execution of aluminium structural components and structures made from:
a) rolled sheet, strip and plate;
b) extrusions;
c) cold drawn rod, bar and tube;
d) forgings;
e) castings.
NOTE 1 The execution of structural components is referred to as manufacturing, in accordance with EN 1090-1.
This document specifies requirements independent of the type and shape of the aluminium structure, and this document is applicable to structures under predominantly static loads as well as structures subject to fatigue. It specifies requirements related to the execution classes that are linked with consequence classes.
NOTE 2 Consequence classes are defined in EN 1990.
NOTE 3 Recommendations for selection of execution class in relation to consequence class are given in EN 1999-1-1.
This document covers components made of constituent products with thickness not less than 0,6 mm for welded components not less than 1,5 mm.
For components made from cold formed profiled sheeting that are within the scope of EN 1090-5, the requirements of EN 1090-5 take precedence over corresponding requirements in this document.
This document applies to structures designed according to the relevant parts of EN 1999. If this document is used for structures designed according to other design rules or used for other alloys and tempers not covered by EN 1999, a judgement of the reliability elements in these design rules is intended to be made.
This document specifies requirements for surface preparation prior to application of a protective treatment, and gives guidelines for application for such treatment in an informative annex.
This document gives options for specifying requirements to match project specific requirements.
This document is also applicable to temporary aluminium structures.
- Standard127 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies requirements for the execution, i.e. the manufacture and the installation, of cold-formed structural steel members and sheeting and cold-formed structures for roof, ceiling, floor, wall and cladding applications.
This European Standard applies to structures designed according to the EN 1993 series.
This European Standard applies to structural members and sheeting to be designed according to EN 1993 1 3.
This European Standard may be used for structures designed according to other design rules provided that conditions for execution comply with them and any necessary additional requirements are specified.
This European Standard also specifies requirements for the execution i.e. the manufacture and the installation of structures made from cold formed profiled sheeting for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications under predominately static loading or seismic loading conditions and their documentation.
This European Standard covers sheeting of structural classes I and II according to EN 1993 1 3 used in structures.
This European Standard covers structural members of all structural classes according to EN 1993 1 3.
Structural sheeting are understood here to be:
- profiled sheet, such as trapezoidal, sinusoidal or liner trays (Figure 1), or
Structural members are understood here to be:
- members (linear profiled cross sections) that are produced by cold forming (Figure 2).
This European Standard also covers:
- not welded built-up sections (Figure 2b and 2c);
- cold-formed hollow sections including the welding of the longitudinal seam, not covered by EN 10219 1;
- perforated, punctured and micro profiled sheeting and members;
NOTE 1 Welded built-up sections, are not covered, the execution provisions are given in EN 1090–2.
This European Standard also covers spacer constructions between the outer and inner or upper and lower skins for roofs, walls and ceilings made from cold-formed profiled sheeting and the connections and attachments of the afore mentioned elements as long as all are involved in load transfer.
This European Standard covers steel profiled sheeting for composite floors, e.g. during installation and in stage of pouring concrete.
Composite structural members where the interaction between dissimilar materials are an integral part of the structural behaviour such as sandwich panels and composite floors are not covered by this standard.
This European Standard does not cover the necessary analyses and detailing and execution rules for thermal insulation, moisture protection, noise control and fire protection.
This European Standard does not cover regulations of roof cladding and wall cladding, produced by traditional plumber methods or tinsmith methods.
Annex B of this standard concerns provisions which are not yet included in EN 1993 1 3. The guidelines in this annex may be wholly or partially superseded by future guidelines added to EN 1993.
This European Standard does not cover detailed requirements for water tightness or air permeability resistance and thermal aspects of sheeting.
NOTE 2 The structures covered in this standard can be for example
- single- or multi-skin roofs, whereby the load-bearing structure (lower skin) or the actual roof covering (upper skin) or both consist of cold-formed structural members and sheeting;
- single- or multi-skin walls whereby the load-bearing structure (inner skin), the actual cladding (outer skin) or both consist of cold-formed structural members and sheeting, or
- trusses from cold formed members.
NOTE 3 Structures can consist of an assembly of structural members and sheeting made of steel according to EN 1090–4 and of aluminium according to EN 1090-5.
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers two grades, 36 [250] and 50 [345] of rolled steel structural shapes and plates with low yield to tensile ratio for use in building framing or for general structural purposes.
1.2 All shape profiles with a flange width of 6 in. [150 mm] and greater described in Specification A6/A6M, Annex A2, and plates up to and including 5 in. [125 mm] thick are included in this specification.
1.3 Supplementary requirements are provided for use where additional testing or additional restrictions are required by the purchaser. Such requirements apply only when specified in the purchase order.
1.4 When the steel is to be welded, a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service is to be utilized. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.
1.5 The text of this specification contains notes or footnotes, or both, that provide explanatory material; such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.
1.6 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ISO 12944-9:2018 specifies the performance requirements for protective paint systems for offshore and related structures (i.e. those exposed to the marine atmosphere, as well as those immersed in sea or brackish water). Such structures are exposed to environments of corrosivity category CX (offshore) and immersion category Im4 as defined in ISO 12944‑2.
ISO 12944-9:2018 describes paint systems for high durability according to ISO 12944‑1.
ISO 12944-9:2018 is applicable to structures made of carbon steel and does not cover Cd/Bi Cr and Zn/Bi Cr surfaces. It is not applicable to surfaces under insulation or concrete.
This document is applicable for paint systems intended for a service temperature range between −20 °C and +80 °C, and the performance testing is aimed at verifying suitability of the paint systems for this temperature range.
ISO 12944-9:2018 is applicable for paint systems for submerged service (Im4) which are intended for ambient operating temperatures up to a maximum of 50 °C.
ISO 12944-9:2018 specifies:
- the test methods to be used to determine the composition of the separate components of the protective paint system;
- the laboratory performance test methods for the assessment of the likely durability of the protective paint system;
- the criteria to be used to evaluate the results of performance tests.
ISO 12944-9:2018 covers the requirements for new work and any repairs necessary before start-up. It can also be used in relation to maintenance where complete refurbishment is carried out and the underlying metal substrate is completely exposed by abrasive blast-cleaning.
ISO 12944-9:2018 does not address maintenance in general where methods of surface preparation other than abrasive blast-cleaning are typically used.
ISO 12944-9:2018 deals with structures, made of carbon steel of not less than 3 mm thickness, which are designed using an approved strength calculation.
The following are not covered by this document:
- structures built of stainless steel as well as those built of copper, titanium or aluminium or their alloys;
- steel cables;
- buried structures;
- pipelines;
- the interiors of storage tanks.
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ISO 12944-8:2017 covers the development of specifications for corrosion protection of steel structures using protective paint systems. It relates to new work and maintenance in the workshop or on site and is also applicable to the corrosion protection of individual components. ISO 12944-8:2017 covers the corrosion protection of steel structures exposed to different corrosion stresses by environments such as indoors, open-air and immersion in water or burial in soil, as well as special stresses, due for example, to medium or high temperatures. The need for different durability ranges is considered.
Steel surfaces that have been hot-dip-galvanized, metal-sprayed, zinc-electroplated or sherardized, and previously painted steel surfaces, are also covered by ISO 12944-8:2017.
In ISO 12944-8:2017, reference areas for assessing the quality of the corrosion protection work and the performance of the protective paint systems used are dealt with. ISO 12944-8:2017 provides detailed flow charts for planning new work and maintenance, which are taken into account when writing a specification.
ISO 12944-8:2017 can also be used as a guide if extreme corrosion stresses or high temperatures occur, or if the protective paint systems are to be used on other substrates, such as non-ferrous metals or concrete, to define suitable specifications.
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ISO 12944-7:2017 deals with the execution and supervision of paint work on steel structures in the workshop or on site.
ISO 12944-7:2017 does not apply to
- the preparation of surfaces to be painted (see ISO 12944‑4) and the supervision of such work,
- the application of metallic coatings, and
- pre-treatment methods, such as phosphating and chromating, and paint application methods, such as dipping, powder coating or coil coating.
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ISO 12944-3:2017 deals with the basic criteria for the design of steel structures to be coated by protective paint systems in order to avoid premature corrosion and degradation of the coating or the structure. It gives examples of appropriate and inappropriate design, indicating how problems of application, inspection and maintenance of paint systems can be avoided. Design measures which facilitate handling and transport of the steel structures are also considered.
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ISO 12944-1:2017 defines the overall scope of ISO 12944 (all parts). It gives some basic terms and definitions and a general introduction to the other parts of ISO 12944. Furthermore, it includes a general statement on health, safety and environmental protection, and guidelines for using ISO 12944 (all parts) for a given project.
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ISO 12944-4:2017 covers the following types of surfaces of steel structures consisting of carbon or low-alloy steel, and their preparation:
- uncoated surfaces;
- surfaces thermally sprayed with zinc, aluminium or their alloys;
- hot-dip-galvanized surfaces;
- zinc-electroplated surfaces;
- sherardized surfaces;
- surfaces painted with prefabrication primer;
- other painted surfaces.
ISO 12944-4:2017 defines a number of surface preparation grades but does not specify any requirements for the condition of the substrate prior to surface preparation.
Highly polished surfaces and work-hardened surfaces are not covered by ISO 12944-4:2017.
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ISO 12944-2:2017 deals with the classification of the principal environments to which steel structures are exposed, and the corrosivity of these environments. ISO 12944-2:2017
- defines atmospheric-corrosivity categories, based on mass loss (or thickness loss) by standard specimens, and describes typical natural atmospheric environments to which steel structures are exposed, giving advice on the estimation of the corrosivity,
- describes different categories of environment for structures immersed in water or buried in soil, and
- gives information on some special corrosion stresses that can cause a significant increase in corrosion rate or place higher demands on the performance of the protective paint system.
The corrosion stresses associated with a particular environment or corrosivity category represent one essential parameter governing the selection of protective paint systems.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coil-coated metals are subjected to a wide range of environmental stresses. Corrosion at cut edges, damage points, and fabricated areas can occur and lead to premature failure. Proper preparation and rating of test panels produces meaningful test results that allows comparisons between metal substrates and their pretreatments as well as between coating systems.
5.2 Laboratory-prepared test panels give a relative comparison of the substrates and coating systems under test, but may not duplicate all of the stresses imposed on manufactured components. Validation of results on a manufactured product is recommended.
5.3 Laboratory accelerated corrosion testing is useful in evaluating relative performance of new and existing metal coatings, pretreatments, and paints. It is up to the participating parties to agree on the significance of these tests to actual use.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide has been written specifically for coil-coated metal building products.
1.2 This guide applies to preparation, testing, and rating of line-coated and laboratory-coated test panels for the purpose of comparing and ranking the panels for corrosion resistance and other related properties.
1.3 Testing may include accelerated laboratory corrosion tests and outdoor exposure tests.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ISO 14713-1:2017 provides guidelines and recommendations regarding the general principles of design which are appropriate for articles to be zinc coated for corrosion protection and the level of corrosion resistance provided by zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles, exposed to a variety of environments. Initial protection is covered in relation to
- available standard processes,
- design considerations, and
- environments for use.
ISO 14713-1:2017 applies to zinc coatings applied by the following processes:
a) hot dip galvanized coatings (applied after fabrication);
b) hot dip galvanized coatings (applied onto continuous sheet);
c) sherardized coatings;
d) thermal sprayed coatings;
e) mechanically plated coatings;
f) electrodeposited coatings.
These guidelines and recommendations do not deal with the maintenance of corrosion protection in service for steel with zinc coatings. Guidance on this subject can be found in ISO 12944‑5 and ISO 12944‑8.
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ISO 14713-3:2017 provides guidelines and recommendations regarding the general principles of design that are appropriate for articles to be sherardized for corrosion protection.
The protection afforded by the sherardized coating to the article will depend upon the method of application of the coating, the design of the article and the specific environment to which the article is exposed. The sherardized article can be further protected by application of additional coatings (outside the scope of this document), such as organic coatings (wet paints or powder coatings). When applied to sherardized articles, this combination of coatings is often known as a "duplex system".
General guidance on this subject can be found in ISO 12944‑5 and EN 13438.
The maintenance of corrosion protection in service for steel with sherardized coatings is outside the scope of this document.
Specific product-related requirements (e.g. for sherardized coatings on fasteners or tubes, etc.) will take precedence over these general recommendations.
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This European Standard specifies requirements for the execution i.e. the manufacture and the installation of cold-formed structural aluminium components made from profiled sheeting for roof, ceiling, floor and wall applications under predominately static loading conditions or seismic loading conditions and their documentation. It does cover products of structural class I and II according to EN 1999-1-4 used in structures.
Structural elements are understood here to mean profiled sheeting, such as trapezoidal, sinusoidal, liner trays or cassette profiles (Figure 1), that are produced by cold forming. Perforated and micro profiled sheeting are also covered by this part.
Welded sections are excluded from this part and are covered by EN 1090-3 except seal welding in low-stress areas.
This standard also covers spacer constructions between the outer and inner or upper and lower skins as well as supporting members for roofs, walls and ceilings made from cold-formed profiled sheeting and the connections and attachments of the afore mentioned elements as long as they are involved in load transfer, it also covers connections and attachments of these elements.
A combination of steel and aluminium structural elements are permitted, e.g. liner trays made of steel, stiffened by profiles made of aluminium. In this case, EN 1090-4 and this document apply.
Composite structural elements where the interaction between dissimilar materials are an integral part of the structural behaviour such as sandwich panels and composite floors are not covered by this standard.
NOTE The structures covered in this standard can be for example
- single- or multi-skin roofs, whereby the load-bearing structure (lower skin) as well as the actual roof covering (upper skin) or both consist of structural elements;
- single- or multi-skin walls whereby the load-bearing structure (inner skin) as well as the actual cladding (outer skin) or both consist of structural elements; or
- suspended ceilings for interior fitting.
- Standard61 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ISO 14713-1:2017 provides guidelines and recommendations regarding the general principles of design which are appropriate for articles to be zinc coated for corrosion protection and the level of corrosion resistance provided by zinc coatings applied to iron or steel articles, exposed to a variety of environments. Initial protection is covered in relation to
- available standard processes,
- design considerations, and
- environments for use.
ISO 14713-1:2017 applies to zinc coatings applied by the following processes:
a) hot dip galvanized coatings (applied after fabrication);
b) hot dip galvanized coatings (applied onto continuous sheet);
c) sherardized coatings;
d) thermal sprayed coatings;
e) mechanically plated coatings;
f) electrodeposited coatings.
These guidelines and recommendations do not deal with the maintenance of corrosion protection in service for steel with zinc coatings. Guidance on this subject can be found in ISO 12944‑5 and ISO 12944‑8.
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ISO 14708-3:2017 provides guidelines and recommendations regarding the general principles of design that are appropriate for articles to be sherardized for corrosion protection.
The protection afforded by the sherardized coating to the article will depend upon the method of application of the coating, the design of the article and the specific environment to which the article is exposed. The sherardized article can be further protected by application of additional coatings (outside the scope of this document), such as organic coatings (wet paints or powder coatings). When applied to sherardized articles, this combination of coatings is often known as a "duplex system".
General guidance on this subject can be found in ISO 12944‑5 and EN 13438.
The maintenance of corrosion protection in service for steel with sherardized coatings is outside the scope of this document.
Specific product-related requirements (e.g. for sherardized coatings on fasteners or tubes, etc.) will take precedence over these general recommendations.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
The scope of EN 1090-1:2009+A1:2011 states that the standard covers structural components and kits which are referred to as structural construction products in this document. This Technical Report gives information that clarifies when a structural construction product is covered by the scope of EN 1090-1:2009+A1:2011 and lists examples of products covered and not covered.
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This European Standard specifies a test and assessment method for determining the contribution made by fire protection systems to the fire resistance of structural steel beam I and H members in the horizontal plane containing openings in the web which may affect the structural performance of the beam. This European Standard applies to beams subject to 3 or 4 sided fire exposure.
For any beam with a single web opening or where the web openings are considered to be of small diameter in relation to the web depth the applicability of this European Standard needs to be determined by a structural engineer.
This European Standard applies to fire protection materials that have already been tested and assessed in accordance with EN 13381 4 or EN 13381-8. i.e. this European Standard cannot be used in isolation. Use of this European Standard requires the multi-temperature analysis (MTA) derived from EN 13381 4 or EN 13381 8 as the basis for determining thickness for beams with web openings. This MTA needs to be carried out on the web and bottom flange separately generating an elemental multi-temperature analysis (EMTA). The bottom flange EMTA may be used as the top flange EMTA when a beam is subject to 4 sided exposure.
This European Standard contains the fire test methodology, which specifies the tests which need to be carried out to provide data on the thermal characteristics of the fire protection system, when exposed to the standard temperature/time curve specified in EN 1363 1.
This European standard also contains the assessment, which prescribes how the analysis of the test data should be made and gives guidance on the procedures which should be undertaken.
The assessment procedure is used to establish:
a) on the basis of the temperature data derived from testing unloaded steel sections, the thermal response of the fire protection system on cellular beams (the thermal performance);
b) the temperature ratio between the web post and the web reference temperature, which will vary depending on the web post width;
c) the temperature ratio between points around the web openings and the web reference area.
d) The elemental multi temperature analysis from either EN 13381 4 or EN 13381 8 needs to be reassessed and reported against elemental A/V for each fire resistance period.
e) A structural model needs to be used to derive limiting temperatures for cellular beams using the data from b), c) and d) above.
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This European Standard specifies requirements and test methods for the characterisation of anaerobic adhesives intended for the general assembly of co-axial metallic elements in building and civil engineering structures including fasteners- threaded and otherwise, pipes and tubes. It is applicable to single adhesives and systems (kits) comprising adhesives, activators and/or primers for both internal and external construction elements.
This European Standard only applies to metallic substrates.
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This European Standard specifies a test method for determining the contribution made by applied passive fire protection systems to the fire resistance of structural steel members, which can be used as beams or columns. It considers only sections without openings in the web. It is not directly applicable to structural tension members without further evaluation. Results from analysis of I or H -sections are directly applicable to angles, channels and T-sections for the same section factor, whether used as individual elements or as bracing. This European Standard does not apply to solid bar or rod.
This European Standard covers fire protection systems that involve only passive materials and not to reactive fire protection materials as defined in this document.
The evaluation is designed to cover a range of thicknesses of the applied fire protection material, a range of steel sections, characterised by their section factors, a range of design temperatures and a range of valid fire protection classification periods.
This European Standard contains the fire test procedures, which specifies the tests which should be carried out to determine the ability of the fire protection system to remain coherent and attached to the steelwork, and to provide data on the thermal characteristics of the fire protection system, when exposed to the standard temperature/time curve specified in EN 1363-1.
The fire test methodology makes provision for the collection and presentation of data, which can be used as direct input to the calculation of fire resistance of steel structural members in accordance with the procedures given in EN 1993-1-2 and EN 1994-1-2.
This European Standard also contains the assessment, which prescribes how the analysis of the test data shall be made and gives guidance on the procedures by which interpolation should be undertaken.
The assessment procedure is used to establish:
a) on the basis of temperature data derived from testing loaded and unloaded sections, a correction factor and any practical constraints on the use of the fire protection system under fire test conditions, (the physical performance);
b) on the basis of the temperature data derived from testing short steel sections, the thermal properties of the fire protection system, (the thermal performance).
The limits of applicability of the results of the assessment arising from the fire test are defined, together with permitted direct application of the results, to different steel sections and grades and to the fire protection system.
The results of the test and assessment obtained according to this European Standard are directly applicable to steel sections of I and H cross sectional shape and hollow sections.
- Standard83 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This European Standard specifies requirements for conformity assessment of performance characteristics for structural steel and aluminium components as well as for kits placed on the market as construction products. The conformity assessment covers the manufacturing characteristics, and where appropriate the structural design characteristics.
This European Standard covers also the conformity assessment of steel components used in composite steel and concrete structures.
The components can be used directly or in construction works or as structural components in the form of kits.
This European Standard applies to series and non-series structural components including kits.
The components can be made of hot rolled or cold formed constituent products or constituent products produced with other technologies. They may be produced of sections/profiles with various shapes, flat products (plates, sheet, strip), bars, castings, forgings made of steel and aluminium materials, unprotected or protected against corrosion by coating or other surface treatment, e.g. anodising of aluminium.
This European Standard covers structural cold formed members and sheeting as defined in EN 1993-1-3 and EN 1999-1-4.
This European Standard does not cover conformity assessment of components for suspended ceilings, rails or sleepers for use in railway systems.
NOTE For certain steel and aluminium components, particular specifications for performance and other requirements have been developed. The particular specifications may be issued as an EN or as Clauses within an EN. An example is given in EN 13084-7 for single wall steel chimneys and steel liners. Such particular specifications will take precedence in case of non-compliance with the requirements of this European Standard.
- Standard43 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Standard – translation41 pagesSlovenian languagee-Library read for1 day
(1) This EN 1993-1-12 gives rules that can be used in conjunction with parts
- EN1993-1-1
- EN 1993-1-2
- EN 1993-1-3
- EN 1993-1-4
- EN 1993-1-5
- EN 1993-1-6
- EN 1993-1-7
- EN 1993-1-8
- EN 1993-1-9
- EN 1993-1-10
- EN 1993-1-11
- EN 1993-2
- EN 1993-3-1
- EN 1993-3-2
- EN 1993-4-1
- EN 1993-4-2
- EN 1993-4-3
- EN 1993-5
- EN 1993-6
to enable steel structures to be designed with steel of grades greater than S460 up to S700.
(2) Where it is necessary to alter a rule in other parts to enable up to S700 to be used, it is stated what needs to be done, either by noting that a rule is not to be used with steel grades greater than S460, then giving the one that is required, or by giving an additional rule or rules.
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
TC - Modifications to Clause 2 in the E mother reference version.
2013: Originator of XML version: first setup pilot of CCMC in 2012
- Corrigendum2 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
TC - Modification to scope
- Corrigendum2 pagesEnglish and German languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard specifies the structures, electrolytes, metals, surfaces which can be protected against corrosion by application of internal cathodic protection - specifies the conditions necessary to the application of internal cathodic protection - give guidances on realisation and operation of an efficient cathodic protection system of specific structures, namely - Domestic water heaters, appliances for heating and storage, feed tank with variable level, filtering tanks, internal surface of wells casing, internal surface of pipes, tubular heat exchangers.
- Standard39 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The parameters KEAC or KIEAC determined by this test method characterize the resistance to crack growth of a material with a sharp crack in specific environments under loading conditions in which the crack-tip plastic region is small compared with the crack depth and the uncracked ligament. The less restrictive thickness requirements of KEAC are intended for those conditions in which the results are a strong function of the thickness of the specimen and the application requires the testing of specimens with thickness representative of the application. Since the chemical and mechanical influences cannot be separated, in some material/environment combinations, the thickness must be treated as a variable. A KEAC or KIEAC value is believed to represent a characteristic measurement of environment-assisted cracking resistance in a precracked specimen exposed to an environment under sustained tensile loading. A KEAC or KIEAC value may be used to estimate the relationship between failure stress and defect size for a material under any service condition, where the combination of crack-like defects, sustained tensile loading and the same specific environment would be expected to occur. (Background information concerning the development of this test method can be found in Refs (3-18).
5.1.1 The apparent KEAC or KIEAC of a material under a given set of chemical and electrochemical environmental conditions is a function of the test duration. It is difficult to furnish a rigorous and scientific proof for the existence of a threshold (4, 5). Therefore, application of KEAC or KIEAC data in the design of service components should be made with awareness of the uncertainty inherent in the concept of a true threshold for environment-assisted cracking in metallic materials (6, 18). A measured KEAC or KIEAC value for a particular combination of material and environment may, in fact, represent an acceptably low rate of crack growth rather than an absolute upper limit f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the environment-assisted cracking threshold stress intensity factor parameters, KIEAC and KEAC, for metallic materials from constant-force testing of fatigue precracked beam or compact fracture specimens and from constant-displacement testing of fatigue precracked bolt-load compact fracture specimens.
1.2 This test method is applicable to environment-assisted cracking in aqueous or other aggressive environments.
1.3 Materials that can be tested by this test method are not limited by thickness or by strength as long as specimens are of sufficient thickness and planar size to meet the size requirements of this test method.
1.4 A range of specimen sizes with proportional planar dimensions is provided, but size may be variable and adjusted for yield strength and applied force. Specimen thickness is a variable independent of planar size.
1.5 Specimen configurations other than those contained in this test method may be used, provided that well-established stress intensity calibrations are available and that specimen dimensions are of sufficient size to meet the size requirements of this test method during testing.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The parameters KEAC or KIEAC determined by this test method characterize the resistance to crack growth of a material with a sharp crack in specific environments under loading conditions in which the crack-tip plastic region is small compared with the crack depth and the uncracked ligament. The less restrictive thickness requirements of KEAC are intended for those conditions in which the results are a strong function of the thickness of the specimen and the application requires the testing of specimens with thickness representative of the application. Since the chemical and mechanical influences cannot be separated, in some material/environment combinations, the thickness must be treated as a variable. A KEAC or KIEAC value is believed to represent a characteristic measurement of environment-assisted cracking resistance in a precracked specimen exposed to an environment under sustained tensile loading. A KEAC or KIEAC value may be used to estimate the relationship between failure stress and defect size for a material under any service condition, where the combination of crack-like defects, sustained tensile loading and the same specific environment would be expected to occur. (Background information concerning the development of this test method can be found in Refs (3-18).
5.1.1 The apparent KEAC or KIEAC of a material under a given set of chemical and electrochemical environmental conditions is a function of the test duration. It is difficult to furnish a rigorous and scientific proof for the existence of a threshold (4, 5). Therefore, application of KEAC or KIEAC data in the design of service components should be made with awareness of the uncertainty inherent in the concept of a true threshold for environment-assisted cracking in metallic materials (6, 18). A measured KEAC or KIEAC value for a particular combination of material and environment may, in fact, represent an acceptably low rate of crack growth rather than an absolute upper limit f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the environment-assisted cracking threshold stress intensity factor parameters, KIEAC and KEAC, for metallic materials from constant-force testing of fatigue precracked beam or compact fracture specimens and from constant-displacement testing of fatigue precracked bolt-load compact fracture specimens.
1.2 This test method is applicable to environment-assisted cracking in aqueous or other aggressive environments.
1.3 Materials that can be tested by this test method are not limited by thickness or by strength as long as specimens are of sufficient thickness and planar size to meet the size requirements of this test method.
1.4 A range of specimen sizes with proportional planar dimensions is provided, but size may be variable and adjusted for yield strength and applied force. Specimen thickness is a variable independent of planar size.
1.5 Specimen configurations other than those contained in this test method may be used, provided that well-established stress intensity calibrations are available and that specimen dimensions are of sufficient size to meet the size requirements of this test method during testing.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification covers rolled steel structural shapes for use in building framing or bridges, or for general structural purposes. Heat analysis shall be used to determine the percentage of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, vanadium, titanium, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, columbium, and copper for the required chemical composition. Tension test shall be used to evaluate the required tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield strength and elongation.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers rolled steel structural shapes for use in building framing or bridges, or for general structural purposes.
1.2 Supplementary requirements are provided for use where additional testing or additional restrictions are required by the purchaser. Such requirements apply only when specified in the purchase order.
1.3 When the steel is to be welded, a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service is to be utilized. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.5 The text of this specification contains notes or footnotes, or both, that provide explanatory material; such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- New design method to address a serious omission in the standard, leading to a mismatch with EN 1993-1-1
- Removal of ambiguity concerning plastic resistances and definitions of key parameters
- Resolving uncertainties about the use of GMNIA analyses
- Remedial measures to address mismatch with the stated scope
- Draft25 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Corrugated silos with vertical stiffeners
- Axially stiffened silos with isotropic walls
- Hopper buckling and transition junctions
- Anchorage and wind pressure combinations
- Internal ties in rectangular silos
- Elephant’s foot buckling and restrictions on all silos
- Draft24 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
- Revised scope and deletion of inappropriate sections
- Quantitative definitions for consequence classes
- Toughness and corrosion requirements
- Structural issues for nozzles
- Wind rings and anchorage under wind
- Draft13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ABSTRACT
This specification covers rolled steel structural shapes for use in building framing or bridges, or for general structural purposes. Heat analysis shall be used to determine the percentage of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, vanadium, titanium, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, columbium, and copper for the required chemical composition. Tension test shall be used to evaluate the required tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield strength and elongation.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers rolled steel structural shapes for use in building framing or bridges, or for general structural purposes.
1.2 Supplementary requirements are provided for use where additional testing or additional restrictions are required by the purchaser. Such requirements apply only when specified in the purchase order.
1.3 When the steel is to be welded, a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service is to be utilized. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 The text of this specification contains notes or footnotes, or both, that provide explanatory material; such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.
- Technical specification2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers two grades, 36 [250] and 50 [345] of rolled steel structural shapes and plates with low yield to tensile ratio for use in building framing or for general structural purposes.
1.2 All shape profiles with a flange width of 6 in. [150 mm] and greater described in Specification A6/A6M, Annex A2, and plates up to and including 5 in. [125 mm] thick are included in this specification.
1.3 Supplementary requirements are provided for use where additional testing or additional restrictions are required by the purchaser. Such requirements apply only when specified in the purchase order.
1.4 When the steel is to be welded, a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service is to be utilized. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.
1.5 The text of this specification contains notes or footnotes, or both, that provide explanatory material; such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.
1.6 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system is to be used independently of the other without combining values in any way.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coil-coated metals are subjected to a wide range of environmental stresses. Corrosion at cut edges, damage points, and fabricated areas can occur and lead to premature failure. Proper preparation and rating of test panels produces meaningful test results that allows comparisons between metal substrates and their pretreatments as well as between coating systems.
5.2 Laboratory-prepared test panels give a relative comparison of the substrates and coating systems under test, but may not duplicate all of the stresses imposed on manufactured components. Validation of results on a manufactured product is recommended.
5.3 Laboratory accelerated corrosion testing is useful in evaluating relative performance of new and existing metal coatings, pretreatments, and paints. It is up to the participating parties to agree on the significance of these tests to actual use.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide has been written specifically for coil-coated metal building products.
1.2 This guide applies to preparation, testing, and rating of line-coated and laboratory-coated test panels for the purpose of comparing and ranking the panels for corrosion resistance and other related properties.
1.3 Testing may include accelerated laboratory corrosion tests and outdoor exposure tests.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Guide5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The parameters KEAC or KIEAC determined by this test method characterize the resistance to crack growth of a material with a sharp crack in specific environments under loading conditions in which the crack-tip plastic region is small compared with the crack depth and the uncracked ligament. The less restrictive thickness requirements of KEAC are intended for those conditions in which the results are a strong function of the thickness of the specimen and the application requires the testing of specimens with thickness representative of the application. Since the chemical and mechanical influences cannot be separated, in some material/environment combinations, the thickness must be treated as a variable. A KEAC or KIEAC value is believed to represent a characteristic measurement of environment-assisted cracking resistance in a precracked specimen exposed to an environment under sustained tensile loading. A KEAC or KIEAC value may be used to estimate the relationship between failure stress and defect size for a material under any service condition, where the combination of crack-like defects, sustained tensile loading and the same specific environment would be expected to occur. (Background information concerning the development of this test method can be found in Refs (3-18).
5.1.1 The apparent KEAC or KIEAC of a material under a given set of chemical and electrochemical environmental conditions is a function of the test duration. It is difficult to furnish a rigorous and scientific proof for the existence of a threshold (4, 5). Therefore, application of KEAC or KIEAC data in the design of service components should be made with awareness of the uncertainty inherent in the concept of a true threshold for environment-assisted cracking in metallic materials (6, 18). A measured KEAC or KIEAC value for a particular combination of material and environment may, in fact, represent an acceptably low rate of crack growth rather than an absolute upper limit f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the environment-assisted cracking threshold stress intensity factor parameters, KIEAC and KEAC, for metallic materials from constant-force testing of fatigue precracked beam or compact fracture specimens and from constant-displacement testing of fatigue precracked bolt-load compact fracture specimens.
1.2 This test method is applicable to environment-assisted cracking in aqueous or other aggressive environments.
1.3 Materials that can be tested by this test method are not limited by thickness or by strength as long as specimens are of sufficient thickness and planar size to meet the size requirements of this test method.
1.4 A range of specimen sizes with proportional planar dimensions is provided, but size may be variable and adjusted for yield strength and applied force. Specimen thickness is a variable independent of planar size.
1.5 Specimen configurations other than those contained in this test method may be used, provided that well-established stress intensity calibrations are available and that specimen dimensions are of sufficient size to meet the size requirements of this test method during testing.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The parameters KEAC or KIEAC determined by this test method characterize the resistance to crack growth of a material with a sharp crack in specific environments under loading conditions in which the crack-tip plastic region is small compared with the crack depth and the uncracked ligament. The less restrictive thickness requirements of KEAC are intended for those conditions in which the results are a strong function of the thickness of the specimen and the application requires the testing of specimens with thickness representative of the application. Since the chemical and mechanical influences cannot be separated, in some material/environment combinations, the thickness must be treated as a variable. A KEAC or KIEAC value is believed to represent a characteristic measurement of environment-assisted cracking resistance in a precracked specimen exposed to an environment under sustained tensile loading. A KEAC or KIEAC value may be used to estimate the relationship between failure stress and defect size for a material under any service condition, where the combination of crack-like defects, sustained tensile loading and the same specific environment would be expected to occur. (Background information concerning the development of this test method can be found in Refs (3-18).
5.1.1 The apparent KEAC or KIEAC of a material under a given set of chemical and electrochemical environmental conditions is a function of the test duration. It is difficult to furnish a rigorous and scientific proof for the existence of a threshold (4, 5). Therefore, application of KEAC or KIEAC data in the design of service components should be made with awareness of the uncertainty inherent in the concept of a true threshold for environment-assisted cracking in metallic materials (6, 18). A measured KEAC or KIEAC value for a particular combination of material and environment may, in fact, represent an acceptably low rate of crack growth rather than an absolute upper limit f...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the environment-assisted cracking threshold stress intensity factor parameters, KIEAC and KEAC, for metallic materials from constant-force testing of fatigue precracked beam or compact fracture specimens and from constant-displacement testing of fatigue precracked bolt-load compact fracture specimens.
1.2 This test method is applicable to environment-assisted cracking in aqueous or other aggressive environments.
1.3 Materials that can be tested by this test method are not limited by thickness or by strength as long as specimens are of sufficient thickness and planar size to meet the size requirements of this test method.
1.4 A range of specimen sizes with proportional planar dimensions is provided, but size may be variable and adjusted for yield strength and applied force. Specimen thickness is a variable independent of planar size.
1.5 Specimen configurations other than those contained in this test method may be used, provided that well-established stress intensity calibrations are available and that specimen dimensions are of sufficient size to meet the size requirements of this test method during testing.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This specifies the test methods for determining the contribution to the fire resistance of structural members for applied protection to steel members.
- Draft88 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ABSTRACT
This specification covers rolled steel structural shapes for use in building framing or bridges, or for general structural purposes. Heat analysis shall be used to determine the percentage of carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, vanadium, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, columbium, and copper for the required chemical composition. Tension test shall be used to evaluate the required tensile properties such as tensile strength, yield strength and elongation.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers rolled steel structural shapes for use in building framing or bridges, or for general structural purposes.
1.2 Supplementary requirements are provided for use where additional testing or additional restrictions are required by the purchaser. Such requirements apply only when specified in the purchase order.
1.3 When the steel is to be welded, a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service is to be utilized. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 The text of this specification contains notes or footnotes, or both, that provide explanatory material; such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This test method deals with the standard procedures for establishing the relative bond strength of Grade 270 prestressing steel strands of specified diameter in cement grout as used in prestressed ground anchors for evaluating the effects of manufacturing practices on bond strength. The bond strength values obtained shall not be used to design the bond strength of ground anchors that depend on field conditions. This test method is not intended to be used as a bond test for pretensioned concrete applications. The test specimen shall be cut from standard production coils and shall not be wiped or cleaned. Pull test shall be made in accordance with the method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes procedures to establish the relative bond strength of 0.600-in. [15.24-mm] diameter, Grade 270 [1860] steel prestressing strand in cement grout as used in prestressed ground anchors for the purpose of evaluating the effects of manufacturing practices on bond strength.
1.2 The bond strength values obtained are not intended to be used to design the bond length of ground anchors that depend on field conditions.
1.3 This test method is not intended to be used as a bond test for prestressed concrete applications.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound or SI units are to be regarded as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers two grades, 36 [250] and 50 [345] of rolled steel structural shapes and plates with low yield to tensile ratio for use in building framing or for general structural purposes.
1.2 All shape profiles with a flange width of 6 in. [150 mm] and greater described in Specification A6/A6M Annex A2 and plates up to and including 5 in. [125 mm] thick are included in this specification.
1.3 Supplementary requirements are provided for use where additional testing or additional restrictions are required by the purchaser. Such requirements apply only when specified in the purchase order.
1.4 When the steel is to be welded, a welding procedure suitable for the grade of steel and intended use or service is to be utilized. See Appendix X3 of Specification A6/A6M for information on weldability.
1.5 The text of this specification contains notes or footnotes, or both, that provide explanatory material; such notes and footnotes, excluding those in tables and figures, do not contain any mandatory requirements.
1.6 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system is to be used independently of the other without combining values in any way.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The parameters KEAC or KIEAC determined by this test method characterize the resistance to crack growth of a material with a sharp crack in specific environments under loading conditions in which the crack-tip plastic region is small compared with the crack depth and the uncracked ligament. The less restrictive thickness requirements of KEAC are intended for those conditions in which the results are a strong function of the thickness of the specimen and the application requires the testing of specimens with thickness representative of the application. Since the chemical and mechanical influences cannot be separated, in some material/environment combinations, the thickness must be treated as a variable. A KEAC or KIEAC value is believed to represent a characteristic measurement of environment-assisted cracking resistance in a precracked specimen exposed to an environment under sustained tensile loading. A KEAC or KIEAC value may be used to estimate the relationship between failure stress and defect size for a material under any service condition, where the combination of crack-like defects, sustained tensile loading and the same specific environment would be expected to occur. (Background information concerning the development of this test method can be found in Refs (3-18).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the environment-assisted cracking threshold stress intensity factor parameters, KIEAC and KEAC, for metallic materials from constant-force testing of fatigue precracked beam or compact fracture specimens and from constant-displacement testing of fatigue precracked bolt-load compact fracture specimens.
1.2 This test method is applicable to environment-assisted cracking in aqueous or other aggressive environments.
1.3 Materials that can be tested by this test method are not limited by thickness or by strength as long as specimens are of sufficient thickness and planar size to meet the size requirements of this test method.
1.4 A range of specimen sizes with proportional planar dimensions is provided, but size may be variable and adjusted for yield strength and applied force. Specimen thickness is a variable independent of planar size.
1.5 Specimen configurations other than those contained in this test method may be used, provided that well-established stress intensity calibrations are available and that specimen dimensions are of sufficient size to meet the size requirements of this test method during testing.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The parameters KEAC or KIEAC determined by this test method characterize the resistance to crack growth of a material with a sharp crack in specific environments under loading conditions in which the crack-tip plastic region is small compared with the crack depth and the uncracked ligament. The less restrictive thickness requirements of KEAC are intended for those conditions in which the results are a strong function of the thickness of the specimen and the application requires the testing of specimens with thickness representative of the application. Since the chemical and mechanical influences cannot be separated, in some material/environment combinations, the thickness must be treated as a variable. A KEAC or KIEAC value is believed to represent a characteristic measurement of environment-assisted cracking resistance in a precracked specimen exposed to an environment under sustained tensile loading. A KEAC or KIEAC value may be used to estimate the relationship between failure stress and defect size for a material under any service condition, where the combination of crack-like defects, sustained tensile loading and the same specific environment would be expected to occur. (Background information concerning the development of this test method can be found in Refs (3-18).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the environment-assisted cracking threshold stress intensity factor parameters, KIEAC and KEAC, for metallic materials from constant-force testing of fatigue precracked beam or compact fracture specimens and from constant-displacement testing of fatigue precracked bolt-load compact fracture specimens.
1.2 This test method is applicable to environment-assisted cracking in aqueous or other aggressive environments.
1.3 Materials that can be tested by this test method are not limited by thickness or by strength as long as specimens are of sufficient thickness and planar size to meet the size requirements of this test method.
1.4 A range of specimen sizes with proportional planar dimensions is provided, but size may be variable and adjusted for yield strength and applied force. Specimen thickness is a variable independent of planar size.
1.5 Specimen configurations other than those contained in this test method may be used, provided that well-established stress intensity calibrations are available and that specimen dimensions are of sufficient size to meet the size requirements of this test method during testing.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The parameters KEAC or KIEAC determined by this test method characterize the resistance to crack growth of a material with a sharp crack in specific environments under loading conditions in which the crack-tip plastic region is small compared with the crack depth and the uncracked ligament. The less restrictive thickness requirements of KEAC are intended for those conditions in which the results are a strong function of the thickness of the specimen and the application requires the testing of specimens with thickness representative of the application. Since the chemical and mechanical influences cannot be separated, in some material/environment combinations, the thickness must be treated as a variable. A KEAC or KIEAC value is believed to represent a characteristic measurement of environment-assisted cracking resistance in a precracked specimen exposed to an environment under sustained tensile loading. A KEAC or KIEAC value may be used to estimate the relationship between failure stress and defect size for a material under any service condition, where the combination of crack-like defects, sustained tensile loading and the same specific environment would be expected to occur. (Background information concerning the development of this test method can be found in Refs (3-18).
The apparent KEAC or KIEAC of a material under a given set of chemical and electrochemical environmental conditions is a function of the test duration. It is difficult to furnish a rigorous and scientific proof for the existence of a threshold (4, 5). Therefore, application of KEAC or KIEAC data in the design of service components should be made with awareness of the uncertainty inherent in the concept of a true threshold for environment-assisted cracking in metallic materials (6, 18). A measured KEAC or KIEAC value for a particular combination of material and environment may, in fact, represent an acceptably low rate of crack growth rather than an absolute upper limit for crack st...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the environment-assisted cracking threshold stress intensity factor parameters, KIEAC and KEAC, for metallic materials from constant-force testing of fatigue precracked beam or compact fracture specimens and from constant-displacement testing of fatigue precracked bolt-load compact fracture specimens.
1.2 This test method is applicable to environment-assisted cracking in aqueous or other aggressive environments.
1.3 Materials that can be tested by this test method are not limited by thickness or by strength as long as specimens are of sufficient thickness and planar size to meet the size requirements of this test method.
1.4 A range of specimen sizes with proportional planar dimensions is provided, but size may be variable and adjusted for yield strength and applied force. Specimen thickness is a variable independent of planar size.
1.5 Specimen configurations other than those contained in this test method may be used, provided that well-established stress intensity calibrations are available and that specimen dimensions are of sufficient size to meet the size requirements of this test method during testing.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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To amend the technical content of EN 1090-1 on issues agreed within the TC
- Draft5 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day