81.040 - Glass
ICS 81.040 Details
Glass
Glas
Verre
Steklo
General Information
Frequently Asked Questions
ICS 81.040 is a classification code in the International Classification for Standards (ICS) system. It covers "Glass". The ICS is a hierarchical classification system used to organize international, regional, and national standards, facilitating the search and identification of standards across different fields.
There are 1133 standards classified under ICS 81.040 (Glass). These standards are published by international and regional standardization bodies including ISO, IEC, CEN, CENELEC, and ETSI.
The International Classification for Standards (ICS) is a hierarchical classification system maintained by ISO to organize standards and related documents. It uses a three-level structure with field (2 digits), group (3 digits), and sub-group (2 digits) codes. The ICS helps users find standards by subject area and enables statistical analysis of standards development activities.
e-Library Subscription
Create subscription and get permanent access to documents within 81.040 - Glass
Currently subscription includes documents marked with .We are working on making all documents available within the subscription.
This document specifies a method to evaluate, by means of impactors described in ISO 29584:2015, safe breakage characteristics of vacuum insulating glass (VIG) products intended to reduce cutting and piercing injuries to persons through accidental impact. This document does not specify the intended use of the products, but provides a method of classification in terms of the performance of the products being tested. The impact energy used for the various levels of classification are designed to provide the intended user or the legislator with the information to assist in defining the level of safety and protection required relative to the intended location at which the selected safety glass is to be used. The products to which this document is applicable are: VIG without further processing (Group 2); VIG processed into a laminated glass (Group 1); VIG backed with an adhesive (safety) film (Group 1). Insulating glass units incorporating VIG are excluded from this document.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document defines terms relating to safety glazing materials for road vehicles.
- Standard5 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a calculation method to determine the thermal transmittance of glass with flat and parallel surfaces.
This document applies to uncoated glass (including glass with structured surfaces, e.g. patterned glass), coated glass and materials not transparent in the far infrared which is the case for soda lime glass products, borosilicate glass, glass ceramic, alkaline earth silicate glass and alumino silicate glass. It applies also to multiple glazing comprising such glasses and/or materials. It does not apply to multiple glazing which include in the gas space sheets or foils that are far infrared transparent.
The procedure specified in this document determines the U value (thermal transmittance) in the central area of glazing.
The edge effects due to the thermal bridge through the spacer of an insulating glass unit or through the window frame are not included. Furthermore, energy transfer due to solar radiation is not taken into account. The effects of Georgian and other bars are excluded from the scope of this document.
NOTE EN ISO 10077 1:2017 provides a methodology for calculating the overall U value of windows, doors and shutters [1], taking account of the U value calculated for the glass components according to this document.
Also excluded from the calculation methodology are any effects due to gases that absorb infrared radiation in the 5 to 50 µm range.
The primary purpose of this document is product comparison, for which a vertical position of the glazing is specified. In addition, U values are calculated using the same procedure for other purposes, in particular for predicting:
- heat loss through glass;
- conduction heat gains in summer;
- condensation on glass surfaces;
- the effect of the absorbed solar radiation in determining the solar factor [2].
Reference can be made to [3], [4] and [5] or other European Standards dealing with heat loss calculations for the application of glazing U values determined by this standard.
Reference can be made to [6] for detailed calculations of U values of glazing, including shading devices.
Vacuum Insulating Glass (VIG) is excluded from the scope of this document. For determination of the U value of VIG, please refer to EN 674 or ISO 19916-1.
A procedure for the determination of emissivity is given in EN 12898.
The rules have been made as simple as possible consistent with accuracy.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives precisions on the mounting and fixing rules for testing glass products and provides guidance. It defines procedures for extended application of test results obtained in accordance with EN ISO 1716, EN ISO 11925 2, EN ISO 1182 and EN 13823 and classified according to EN 13501 1.
The extended application rules in this document are not applicable to laminated glass comprising plastic glazing sheet material.
This document is not applicable to joints and cables, junction boxes, glues, mounting seals and any fixing devices used to install the glass product.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a method for testing the resistance of raw optical glasses to attack by aqueous alkaline phosphate-containing detergent solutions (phosphate solutions) at 50 °C and a classification of optical glasses according to the aqueous alkaline phosphate-containing detergent resistance (phosphate resistance) determined by this method. This document is applicable to samples of raw optical glasses.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard12 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a procedure for determining the emissivity at room temperature of the surfaces of glass and coated glass. The emissivity is necessary for taking into account heat transfer by radiation from surfaces at the standard temperature of 283 K in the determination of the U value and of the total solar transmittance of glazing according to REF [5] \r \h ISO 9050[5] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000040000005B0035005D000000 , REF [6] \r \h ISO 10291[6] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000040000005B0036005D000000 , REF [7] \r \h ISO 10292[7] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000040000005B0037005D000000 , and REF [8] \r \h ISO 10293[8] 08D0C9EA79F9BACE118C8200AA004BA90B0200000008000000040000005B0038005D000000 . The procedure, being based on spectrophotometric specular reflectance measurements at near normal incidence on materials that are non-transparent in the infrared region, is not applicable to glazing components with at least one of the following characteristics: a) with rough or structured surfaces where the incident radiation is diffusely reflected; b) with curved surfaces where the incident radiation is regularly reflected at angles unsuitable to reach the detector while using specular reflectance accessories; c) infrared transparent. However, it can be applied with caution to any glazing component provided its surfaces are flat and non-diffusing (see non-diffusing glazing component) and it is non-transparent in the infrared region (see glazing component non-transparent in the infrared region). Although transmittance measurements are included in this document, they are only necessary to check if the specimen is non-transparent in the infrared region in the context of this document (see glazing component non-transparent in the infrared region). If the specimen is transparent in the infrared region, this document is not applicable.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a test method for determining the mechanical viscoelastic properties of interlayer materials. The interlayers under examination are those used in the production of laminated glass or laminated safety glass. The shear characteristics of interlayers are needed to design laminated glass in accordance with EN 16612:2019 and EN 19100 (all parts).
Parameters of the Prony series, widely used in numerical simulation, can be derived from the measurements in Annex C.
- Standard34 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document gives precisions on the mounting and fixing rules for testing glass products and provides guidance. It defines procedures for extended application of test results obtained in accordance with EN ISO 1716, EN ISO 11925 2, EN ISO 1182 and EN 13823 and classified according to EN 13501 1.
The extended application rules in this document are not applicable to laminated glass comprising plastic glazing sheet material.
This document is not applicable to joints and cables, junction boxes, glues, mounting seals and any fixing devices used to install the glass product.
- Standard13 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies the composition, tolerances and characteristics, i.e. mechanical, acoustic, optical and thermal properties, of folio interlayers for the manufacturing of laminated glass and laminated safety glass for use in buildings and construction works and it defines their general quality criteria.
This document does not apply to interlayers for laminated glass which are achieved by pouring the interlayer material in liquid state on or between the plies of glass or plastic glazing sheet material generally followed by drying or by chemical or ultraviolet curing.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a test method for determining the mechanical viscoelastic properties of interlayer materials. The interlayers under examination are those used in the production of laminated glass or laminated safety glass. The shear characteristics of interlayers are needed to design laminated glass in accordance with EN 16612:2019 and EN 19100 (all parts).
Parameters of the Prony series, widely used in numerical simulation, can be derived from the measurements in Annex C.
- Standard34 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies dimensional and minimum quality requirements (in respect of optical and visual quality) for float glass for use in building, as defined in ISO 16293-1. This document applies to float glass supplied in stock sizes, oversize, and final cut sizes.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies the composition, tolerances and characteristics, i.e. mechanical, acoustic, optical and thermal properties, of folio interlayers for the manufacturing of laminated glass and laminated safety glass for use in buildings and construction works and it defines their general quality criteria.
This document does not apply to interlayers for laminated glass which are achieved by pouring the interlayer material in liquid state on or between the plies of glass or plastic glazing sheet material generally followed by drying or by chemical or ultraviolet curing.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document specifies a calculation method to determine the thermal transmittance of glass with flat and parallel surfaces.
This document applies to uncoated glass (including glass with structured surfaces, e.g. patterned glass), coated glass and materials not transparent in the far infrared which is the case for soda lime glass products, borosilicate glass, glass ceramic, alkaline earth silicate glass and alumino silicate glass. It applies also to multiple glazing comprising such glasses and/or materials. It does not apply to multiple glazing which include in the gas space sheets or foils that are far infrared transparent.
The procedure specified in this document determines the U value (thermal transmittance) in the central area of glazing.
The edge effects due to the thermal bridge through the spacer of an insulating glass unit or through the window frame are not included. Furthermore, energy transfer due to solar radiation is not taken into account. The effects of Georgian and other bars are excluded from the scope of this document.
NOTE EN ISO 10077 1:2017 provides a methodology for calculating the overall U value of windows, doors and shutters [1], taking account of the U value calculated for the glass components according to this document.
Also excluded from the calculation methodology are any effects due to gases that absorb infrared radiation in the 5 to 50 µm range.
The primary purpose of this document is product comparison, for which a vertical position of the glazing is specified. In addition, U values are calculated using the same procedure for other purposes, in particular for predicting:
- heat loss through glass;
- conduction heat gains in summer;
- condensation on glass surfaces;
- the effect of the absorbed solar radiation in determining the solar factor [2].
Reference can be made to [3], [4] and [5] or other European Standards dealing with heat loss calculations for the application of glazing U values determined by this standard.
Reference can be made to [6] for detailed calculations of U values of glazing, including shading devices.
Vacuum Insulating Glass (VIG) is excluded from the scope of this document. For determination of the U value of VIG, please refer to EN 674 or ISO 19916-1.
A procedure for the determination of emissivity is given in EN 12898.
The rules have been made as simple as possible consistent with accuracy.
- Standard21 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
(1) This document provides guidance for the development or improvement of rules deemed to help with the choosing of appropriate glazing for protection against injuries and falling, hereafter called "the Specifications". The Specifications to be written or revised can be a national regulation, a national standard, recommendations from a professional association, requirements for a particular project, etc.
(2) This document deals with the choice of the mode of breakage (see 5.2) with regard to the safety of people against:
- the risk of injury in the event of a collision with a glazed element, e.g. a partition,
- the risk of falling through or over a glazed element, e.g. a balustrade, and
- the risk of accidental falling of glass fragments on people not having caused the breakage, e.g. an overhead glazing.
(3) These risks can be evaluated in the function of a normal use of the building or construction work. This includes use by the elderly, children and people with disabilities, but excludes deliberate risk taking. It presupposes a rational and responsible behaviour of the users or, in case of children, of those responsible for supervising them.
(4) The information contained in this document can be used to define minimum glass configuration. It does not exempt from the verification according to CEN/TS 19100-1 and CEN/TS 19100-2 and where appropriate CEN/TS 19100-3.
(5) Safety against burglary, vandalism, bullet attack, explosion, exposition to fire and seismic actions are not covered in this document. Preventing these risks needs further appropriate requirements.
(6) This document does not apply to the following glass products:
- glass blocks and paver units;
- channel-shaped glass.
(7) It also does not apply to the following applications:
- escalators and moving walkway;
- lifts;
- accesses to machinery;
- animal enclosures and aquariums;
- greenhouses and agricultural installations;
- temporary scaffolds.
- Technical specification55 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard provides a procedure to validate a calculation tool of spectrophotometric and thermal characteristics of the glass products following EN 410 or EN 673. It provides also the methodology to correctly use measured data in the calculation tool.
The following characteristics are included in the scope of this standard:
- light transmittance (tv)
- light reflectance - both sides (rv, r'v)
- solar direct transmittance (te)
- solar direct reflectance – both sides (re, r'e)
- total solar energy transmittance (solar factor or g value) (g)
- thermal transmittance (U value) in the vertical position
The following characteristics are excluded from the scope of this standard:
- UV transmittance (tuv)
- shading coefficient (SC)
- general colour rendering index (Ra)
- thermal transmittance (U value) at angles other than vertical
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This standard provides a procedure to validate a calculation tool of spectrophotometric and thermal characteristics of the glass products following EN 410 or EN 673. It provides also the methodology to correctly use measured data in the calculation tool.
The following characteristics are included in the scope of this standard:
- light transmittance (tv)
- light reflectance - both sides (rv, r'v)
- solar direct transmittance (te)
- solar direct reflectance – both sides (re, r'e)
- total solar energy transmittance (solar factor or g value) (g)
- thermal transmittance (U value) in the vertical position
The following characteristics are excluded from the scope of this standard:
- UV transmittance (tuv)
- shading coefficient (SC)
- general colour rendering index (Ra)
- thermal transmittance (U value) at angles other than vertical
- Standard12 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
(1) This document provides guidance for the development or improvement of rules deemed to help with the choosing of appropriate glazing for protection against injuries and falling, hereafter called "the Specifications". The Specifications to be written or revised can be a national regulation, a national standard, recommendations from a professional association, requirements for a particular project, etc.
(2) This document deals with the choice of the mode of breakage (see 5.2) with regard to the safety of people against:
- the risk of injury in the event of a collision with a glazed element, e.g. a partition,
- the risk of falling through or over a glazed element, e.g. a balustrade, and
- the risk of accidental falling of glass fragments on people not having caused the breakage, e.g. an overhead glazing.
(3) These risks can be evaluated in the function of a normal use of the building or construction work. This includes use by the elderly, children and people with disabilities, but excludes deliberate risk taking. It presupposes a rational and responsible behaviour of the users or, in case of children, of those responsible for supervising them.
(4) The information contained in this document can be used to define minimum glass configuration. It does not exempt from the verification according to CEN/TS 19100-1 and CEN/TS 19100-2 and where appropriate CEN/TS 19100-3.
(5) Safety against burglary, vandalism, bullet attack, explosion, exposition to fire and seismic actions are not covered in this document. Preventing these risks needs further appropriate requirements.
(6) This document does not apply to the following glass products:
- glass blocks and paver units;
- channel-shaped glass.
(7) It also does not apply to the following applications:
- escalators and moving walkway;
- lifts;
- accesses to machinery;
- animal enclosures and aquariums;
- greenhouses and agricultural installations;
- temporary scaffolds.
- Technical specification55 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This practice is used to determine the LR of specified glass types and constructions exposed to uniform lateral loads.
6.2 Use of this practice assumes:
6.2.1 The glass is free of edge damage and is properly glazed.
6.2.2 The glass has not been subjected to abuse.
6.2.3 The surface condition of the glass is typical of glass that has been in service for several years, and is weaker than freshly manufactured glass due to minor abrasions on exposed surfaces.
6.2.4 The glass edge support system is sufficiently stiff to limit the lateral deflections of the supported glass edges to no more than 1/175 of their lengths. The specified design load shall be used for this calculation.
6.2.5 The deflection of glass or support system, or both, shall not result in loss of glass edge support. The glass bite reduction or pullout shall be considered using the method referenced in (1).3
Note 2: Glass deflections are to be reviewed. This practice does not address aesthetic issues caused by glass deflection.
Note 3: This practice does not consider the effects of deflection on insulating glass unit seal performance.
Note 4: The designer/engineer must determine what constitutes sufficient glass edge support based on Annex A1, Non-Factored Load Charts.
6.3 Many other factors shall be considered in glass type and thickness selection. These factors include but are not limited to: thermal stresses, spontaneous breakage of tempered glass, the effects of windborne debris, excessive deflections, behavior of glass fragments after breakage, blast, seismic effects, building movement, heat flow, edge bite, noise abatement, and potential post-breakage consequences. In addition, considerations set forth in building codes along with criteria presented in safety-glazing standards and site-specific concerns may control the ultimate glass type and thickness selection.
6.4 For situations not specifically addressed in this standard, the design professional shall use enginee...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures to determine the load resistance (LR) of specified glass types, including combinations of glass types used in a sealed insulating glass (IG) unit, exposed to a uniform lateral load of short or long duration, for a specified probability of breakage.
1.2 This practice applies to vertical and sloped glazing in buildings for which the specified design loads consist of wind load, snow load and self-weight with a total combined magnitude less than or equal to 15 kPa (315 psf). This practice shall not apply to other applications including, but not limited to, balustrades, glass floor panels, aquariums, structural glass members, and glass shelves.
1.3 This practice applies only to monolithic and laminated glass constructions of rectangular shape with continuous lateral support along one, two, three, or four edges. This practice assumes that (1) the supported glass edges for two, three, and four-sided support conditions are simply supported and free to slip in plane; (2) glass supported on two sides acts as a simply supported beam; and (3) glass supported on one side acts as a cantilever. For insulating glass units, this practice only applies to insulating glass units with four-sided edge support.
1.4 This practice does not apply to any form of wired, patterned, sandblasted, drilled, notched, or grooved glass. This practice does not apply to glass with surface or edge treatments that reduce the glass strength.
Note 1: Ceramic enamel is known to affect glass load resistance. Consult the manufacturer for guidance.
1.5 This practice addresses only the determination of the resistance of glass to uniform lateral loads. The final thickness and type of glass selected also depends upon a variety of other factors (see 6.3).
1.6 Charts in this practice provide a means to determine approximate maximum lateral glass deflection. Appendix X1 provides additional procedures to determine maximu...
- Standard65 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard65 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the classification, design and performance requirements, and test methods for glass in permanent railing systems, guards, and balustrades installed in agricultural, assembly, commercial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings. This specification considers that the overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings, and establishes the basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal and anticipated building uses, and not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed. Also, this specification does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and regulatory agencies.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
11.1 The significance and use of the test methods is contained in Test Methods E2353.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers glass in permanent railing systems, guards, and balustrades, including components such as rails and swing gates or other forms of required guardrail opening protection installed in agricultural, assembly, comme-
rcial, educational, industrial, institutional, recreational, and residential buildings, and other structures such as towers or elevated platforms.
1.2 This specification is intended to be applied to permanent glass or other glazing railing systems for buildings and to such railing systems, rails, guards, and balustrades having major structural components made of glass or other glazing material, or the secondary components such as infill or balusters made of glass or other glazing material.
1.3 This specification considers that the overall outlook is based on the health and safety of all potential users of buildings. The criteria incorporated in this specification provide for normal and anticipated building uses, but not for abuses for which the building and its components are not designed.
1.4 This specification establishes basic minimum requirements and criteria that lead to satisfactory products under normal use conditions and does not give consideration to design criteria for specific field conditions, the establishment of which is the prerogative and responsibility of the designer, specification writer, and regulatory agencies.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Technical specification6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a procedure to validate a calculation tool based on simulation, analytical calculation and/or interpolation of airborne sound insulation characteristics of glass products.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
ABSTRACT
This specification covers the glasses commonly used to manufacture laboratory glass apparatus. Three types of glasses are included: Type I, Class A which is a low-expansion borosilicate glass, Type I, Class B which is an alumino-borosilicate glass, and Type II which is a soda-lime glass. Different tests shall be conducted in order to determine the following properties of glasses: linear coefficient of expansion, annealing point, softening point, density, and chemical durability.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the glasses commonly used to manufacture laboratory glass apparatus.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document establishes a method to determine and assess sound insulation performances of all transparent, translucent and opaque glass products, for basic, special basic or processed glass products, when intended to be used in glazed assemblies in buildings, and which exhibit properties of acoustic protection, either as a prime or supplementary characteristic. This document refers to laboratory measurement method described in ISO 10140-1:2021, Annex D and defines extension rules that can be applied without further testing. It also provides typical performance data for a range of common glass products that can be used in the absence of measured data. All the considerations of this document relate to panes of glass or glass products alone. Incorporation of them into windows can cause changes in acoustic performance as a result of other influences, e.g. frame design, frame material, glazing material or method, mounting method, air tightness. Measurements of the sound insulation of complete windows (glass and frame) can be undertaken to resolve such issues.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a test method of light transmittance for the laminated solar photovoltaic glass for use in building. This document is applicable to flat modules with light transmittance in the visible range (wavelengths from 380 nm to 780 nm). This document does not cover the assessment method of total solar energy transmittance of the flat module.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for the determination of elemental concentrations in the range of approximately 0.1 µgg-1 to 10 percent (%) (See Table X1.1) in soda-lime glass samples (7 and 8). A standard test method can aid in the interchange of data between laboratories and in the creation and use of glass databases.
5.2 The determination of elemental concentrations in glass provides high discriminating value in the forensic comparison of glass fragments.
5.3 This test method produces minimal destruction of the sample. Microscopic craters of 50 µm to 100 µm in diameter by 80 µm to 150 µm deep are left in the glass fragment after analysis. The mass removed per replicate is approximately 0.4 µg to 3 µg (6).
5.4 Appropriate sampling techniques shall be used to account for natural heterogeneity of the materials at a microscopic scale.
5.5 The precision, bias, and limits of detection of the method (for each element measured) shall be established during validation of the method. The measurement uncertainty of any concentration value used for a comparison shall be recorded with the concentration.
5.6 Acid digestion of glass followed by either Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) or Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) can also be used for trace elemental analysis of glass, and offer similar detection levels and the ability for quantitative analysis. However, these methods are destructive, and require larger sample sizes and more sample preparation (Test Method E2330).
5.7 Micro X-Ray Fluorescence (µ-XRF) uses comparable sample sizes to those used for LA-ICP-MS with the advantage of being non-destructive of the sample. Some of the drawbacks of µ-XRF include lower sensitivity and precision, and longer analysis time (Test Method E2926).
5.8 Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS) is also available for elemental analysis, but it is of limited use for forensic glass source d...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for the quantitative elemental analysis of the following seventeen elements: lithium (Li), magnesium (Mg), aluminum (Al), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), titanium (Ti), manganese (Mn), rubidium (Rb), strontium (Sr), zirconium (Zr), barium (Ba), lanthanum (La), cerium (Ce), neodymium (Nd), hafnium (Hf) and lead (Pb) through the use of laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for the forensic comparison of glass fragments. The potential of these elements to provide the best discrimination among different sources of soda-lime glasses has been published elsewhere (1-5).2 Silicon (Si) is also monitored for use as a normalization standard. Additional elements may be added as needed, for example, tin (Sn) can be used to monitor the orientation of float glass fragments.
1.2 The method only consumes approximately 0.4 µg to 3 µg of glass per replicate and is suitable for the analysis of full thickness samples as well as irregularly shaped fragments as small as 0.1 mm by 0.1 mm by 0.2 mm (6) in dimension. The concentrations of the elements listed above range from the low parts per million (µgg-1) to percent (%) levels in soda-lime glass, the most common type encountered in forensic cases. This standard method can be applied for the quantitative analysis of other glass types; however, some modifications in the reference standard glasses and the element menu may be required.
1.3 This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite formal education, discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform forensic casework.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the respo...
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard8 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies a procedure to validate a calculation tool based on simulation, analytical calculation and/or interpolation of airborne sound insulation characteristics of glass products.
- Standard18 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For the purpose of this test, glasses and glass-ceramics are considered brittle (perfectly elastic) and to have the property that fracture normally occurs at the surface of the test specimen from the principal tensile stress. The flexural strength is considered a valid measure of the tensile strength subject to the considerations that follow.
4.2 The flexural strength for a group of test specimens is influenced by variables associated with the test procedure. Such factors are specified in the test procedure or required to be stated in the report. These include but are not limited to the rate of stressing, the test environment, and the area of the specimen subjected to stress.
4.2.1 In addition, the variables having the greatest effect on the flexural strength value for a group of test specimens are the condition of the surfaces and glass quality near the surfaces in regard to the number and severity of stress-concentrating discontinuities or flaws, and the degree of prestress existing in the specimens. Each of these can represent an inherent part of the strength characteristic being determined or can be a random interfering factor in the measurement.
4.2.2 Test Method A is designed to include the condition of the surface of the specimen as a factor in the measured strength. Therefore, subjecting a fixed and significant area of the surface to the maximum tensile stress is desirable. Since the number and severity of surface flaws in glass are primarily determined by manufacturing and handling processes, this test method is limited to products from which specimens of suitable size can be obtained with minimal dependence of measured strength upon specimen preparation techniques. This test method is therefore designated as a test for flexural strength of flat glass.
4.2.3 Test Method B describes a general procedure for test, applicable to specimens of rectangular or elliptical cross section. This test method is based on the assumption that a comparative ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flexural strength (the modulus of rupture in bending) of glass and glass-ceramics.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to annealed and prestressed glasses and glass-ceramics available in varied forms. Alternative test methods are described; the test method used shall be determined by the purpose of the test and geometric characteristics of specimens representative of the material.
1.2.1 Test Method A is a test for flexural strength of flat glass.
1.2.2 Test Method B is a comparative test for flexural strength of glass and glass-ceramics.
1.3 The test methods appear in the following order:
Sections
Test Method A
7 to 10
Test Method B
11 to 16
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard10 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The strength and performance of heat-strengthened and fully-tempered glass is greatly affected by the surface and edge stress induced during the heat-treating process.
5.2 The edge and surface stress levels are specified in Specification C1048, in the Engineering Standards Manual3 of GANA Tempering Division and in foreign specifications.
5.3 This test method offers a direct and convenient way to non-destructively determine the residual state of stress on the surface and at the edge of annealed and heat-treated glass.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of edge stresses and surface stresses in annealed, heat-strengthened, and fully tempered flat glass products.
1.2 This test method is non-destructive.
1.3 This test method uses transmitted light and is, therefore, applicable to light-transmitting glasses.
1.4 The test method is not applicable to chemically-tempered glass.
1.5 Using the procedure described, surface stresses can be measured only on the “tin” side of float glass.
1.6 Surface-stress measuring instruments are designed for a specific range of surface index of refraction.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard11 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
ABSTRACT
This specification covers performance requirements to ensure the use of safety glass when employed as an unenclosed horizontal surface under 44 in. (1118 mm) in height in a desk or table. It is intended to minimize the likelihood of serious cutting and piercing injuries that may occur due to the breakage of glass used as a horizontal surface in desks and dining, coffee, end, display, mobile, outdoor, and other types of tables. Glass shall be laminated safety glass or tempered safety glass that complies with the following: performance criteria of ANSI Z97.1-2009 and the use of monolithic annealed, monolithic chemically strengthened or monolithic wired glass shall not be permitted with the exception of glass fully-supported by and bonded to a non-glass material and glass surfaces incorporating or constituting display screens.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers performance requirements of glass used as an unenclosed horizontal surface under 44 in. (1118 mm) in height in a desk or table.
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods referenced in this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Technical specification2 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document provides the specifications and specifies the requirements for the designation of three types of glass namely crystal glass, crystal, and lead crystal, according to their chemical composition, density and refractive index. This document also describes the test methods to measure the respective characteristics of these crystal glass types. Given the potential lead contamination concerns in crystal glass and crystal, this document additionally stipulates a maximum permissible limit for lead content. This document is applicable to the designated crystal glass types used as tableware, containers (e.g. bottles, decanters, perfume jars), giftware, home decor and any decorative components in consumer goods (e.g. glass components and/or parts used in jewellery, textile applications, and electrical and electronic equipment), furniture and luminaries. This document does not apply to crystal glass types used within the areas of construction, healthcare and laboratories, and other technical uses of glass.
- Standardization document6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standardization document6 pagesFrench languagesale 15% off
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard19 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method will generally distinguish between HTFs that are definitely deleterious from the corrosion standpoint and those that are suitable for further evaluation. However, the results of this test method cannot stand alone as evidence of satisfactory corrosion inhibition. The actual service value of an HTF formulation can be determined by more comprehensive evaluation and field tests, agreed between customer and supplier.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a simple beaker-type procedure for evaluating the effects of heat transfer fluids (HTF) on metal specimens under controlled laboratory conditions. Fluids tested under this method are specifically designed for heating and air conditioning (HVAC) systems.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards statements are given in 10.1.7.2, 10.1.7.3, 10.1.7.4, and A1.1.6.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This European Standard assigns sound insulation values to all transparent, translucent and opaque glass products, described in the European Standards for basic, special basic or processed glass products, when intended to be used in glazed assemblies in buildings, and which exhibit properties of acoustic protection, either as a prime intention or as a supplementary characteristic.
This document outlines the procedure, by which glass products may be rated, according to their acoustic performance which enables assessment of compliance with the acoustic requirements of buildings.
Rigorous technical analysis of measurement data remains an option, but this standard is intended to enable the derivation of simpler indices of performance, which can be adopted with confidence by non-specialists.
By adopting the principles of this standard the formulation of acoustic requirements in Building Codes and for product specification to satisfy particular needs for glazing is simplified.
It is recognised that the acoustic test procedures contained within EN ISO 140-1 and EN ISO 140-3 relate only to glass panes and their combinations. Although the same principles should be followed as closely as possible, it is inevitable that some compromises are necessary, because of the bulkier construction of other glazing types, e.g. glass blocks, paver units, channel-shaped glass, structural glazing and structural sealant glazing. Guidelines on how to adapt the test procedures for these glazing types are offered in Clause 4.
All the considerations of this standard relate to panes of glass/glazing alone. Incorporation of them into windows may cause changes in acoustic performance as a result of other influences, e.g. frame design, frame material, glazing material/method, mounting method, air tightness, etc. Measurements of the sound insulation of complete windows (glass and frame) may be undertaken to resolve such issues.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to locate the glass transition region and assign a glass transition temperature of amorphous and semi-crystalline materials.
5.2 Dynamic mechanical analyzers monitor changes in the viscoelastic properties of a material as a function of temperature and frequency, providing a means to quantify these changes. In ideal cases, the temperature of the onset of the decrease in storage modulus marks the glass transition.
5.3 The glass transition takes place over a temperature range. This method assigns a single temperature (Tg) to represent that temperature range as measured by dynamic mechanical analysis. Tg may be determined by a variety of techniques and may vary according to that technique.
5.4 A glass transition temperature (Tg) is useful in characterizing many important physical attributes of thermoplastic, thermosets, and semi-crystalline materials including their thermal history, processing conditions, physical stability, progress of chemical reactions, degree of cure, and both mechanical and electrical behavior.
5.5 This test method is useful for quality control, specification acceptance, and research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the assignment of a glass transition temperature (Tg) of materials using dynamic mechanical analyzers.
1.2 This test method is applicable to thermoplastic polymers, thermoset polymers, and partially crystalline materials which are thermally stable in the glass transition region.
1.3 The applicable range of temperatures for this test method is dependent upon the instrumentation used, but, in order to encompass all materials, the minimum temperature should be about −150 °C.
1.4 This test method is intended for materials having an elastic modulus in the range of 0.5 MPa to 100 GPa.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document specifies two methods for testing the resistance of raw optical glasses to attack by aqueous acidic solutions and defines a classification of optical glasses according to the acid resistance determined by these methods. The surface method tests the resistance of the polished plate-shaped optical glass to attack by aqueous acidic solutions at 25 °C for a specified time and indicates the class determined by this method as “SR-S”. The powder method tests the resistance of crushed granular optical glass to attack by an acidic aqueous solution at above 98 °C for 1 h, and indicates the class determined by this method as “SR-P”.
- Standard17 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Measurement—The refractive index at any wavelength of a piece of homogeneous glass is a function, primarily, of its composition, and secondarily, of its state of annealing. The index of a glass can be altered over a range of up to 1×10-4 (that is, 1 in the fourth decimal place) by the changing of an annealing schedule. This is a critical consideration for optical glasses, that is, glasses intended for use in high performance optical instruments where the required value of an index can be as exact as 1×10-6. Compensation for minor variations of composition are made by controlled rates of annealing for such optical glasses; therefore, the ability to measure index to six decimal places can be a necessity; however, for most commercial and experimental glasses, standard annealing schedules appropriate to each are used to limit internal stress and less rigorous methods of test for refractive index are usually adequate. The refractive indices of glass ophthalmic lens pressings are held to 5×10-4 because the tools used for generating the figures of ophthalmic lenses are made to produce curvatures that are related to specific indices of refraction of the lens materials.
4.2 Dispersion—Dispersion-values aid optical designers in their selection of glasses (Note 1). Each relative partial dispersion-number is calculated for a particular set of three wavelengths, and several such numbers, representing different parts of the spectrum might be used when designing more complex optical systems. For most glasses, dispersion increases with increasing refractive index. For the purposes of this standard, it is sufficient to describe only two reciprocal relative partial dispersions that are commonly used for characterizing glasses. The longest established practice has been to cite the Abbe-number (or Abbe ν-value), calculated by:
where vD is defined in 3.2 and nD, nF, and nC are the indices of refraction at the emission lines defined in 3.2.
4.2.1 Some modern usage sp...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies and describes seven test methods for measuring the index of refraction of glass, with comments relevant to their uses such that an appropriate choice of method can be made. Four additional methods are mentioned by name, and brief descriptive information is given in Annex A1. The choice of a test method will depend upon the accuracy required, the nature of the test specimen that can be provided, the instrumentation available, and (perhaps) the time required for, or the cost of, the analysis. Refractive index is a function of the wavelength of light; therefore, its measurement is made with narrow-bandwidth light. Dispersion is the physical phenomenon of the variation of refractive index with wavelength. The nature of the test-specimen refers to its size, form, and quality of finish, as described in each of the methods herein. The test methods described are mostly for the visible range of wavelengths (approximately 400 μm to 780 μm); however, some methods can be extended to the ultraviolet and near infrared, using radiation detectors other than the human eye.
1.1.1 List of test methods included in this guide:
1.1.1.1 Becke line (method of central illumination),
1.1.1.2 Apparent depth of microscope focus (the method of the Duc de Chaulnes),
1.1.1.3 Critical Angle Refractometers (Abbe type and Pulfrich type),
1.1.1.4 Metricon2 system,
1.1.1.5 Vee-block refractometers,
1.1.1.6 Prism spectrometer, and
1.1.1.7 Specular reflectance.
1.1.2 Test methods presented by name only (see Annex A1):
1.1.2.1 Immersion refractometers,
1.1.2.2 Interferometry,
1.1.2.3 Ellipsometry, and
1.1.2.4 Method of oblique illumination.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of re...
- Guide15 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This European Standard assigns sound insulation values to all transparent, translucent and opaque glass products, described in the European Standards for basic, special basic or processed glass products, when intended to be used in glazed assemblies in buildings, and which exhibit properties of acoustic protection, either as a prime intention or as a supplementary characteristic.
This document outlines the procedure, by which glass products may be rated, according to their acoustic performance which enables assessment of compliance with the acoustic requirements of buildings.
Rigorous technical analysis of measurement data remains an option, but this standard is intended to enable the derivation of simpler indices of performance, which can be adopted with confidence by non-specialists.
By adopting the principles of this standard the formulation of acoustic requirements in Building Codes and for product specification to satisfy particular needs for glazing is simplified.
It is recognised that the acoustic test procedures contained within EN ISO 140-1 and EN ISO 140-3 relate only to glass panes and their combinations. Although the same principles should be followed as closely as possible, it is inevitable that some compromises are necessary, because of the bulkier construction of other glazing types, e.g. glass blocks, paver units, channel-shaped glass, structural glazing and structural sealant glazing. Guidelines on how to adapt the test procedures for these glazing types are offered in Clause 4.
All the considerations of this standard relate to panes of glass/glazing alone. Incorporation of them into windows may cause changes in acoustic performance as a result of other influences, e.g. frame design, frame material, glazing material/method, mounting method, air tightness, etc. Measurements of the sound insulation of complete windows (glass and frame) may be undertaken to resolve such issues.
- Standard16 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
This document covers the requirements for, and testing of sealants for use in one or more of the following applications:
a) Manufacturing of insulating glass units where direct ultraviolet resistance and mechanical resistance (bonding use) of the insulating glass edge seal are required;
b) Manufacturing of factory-made bonded sealant glazing elements when referred to by the relevant European Standards and/or European Technical Approval Guidelines;
c) Assembling of glass products into or onto supports, where also direct ultraviolet resistance and/or mechanical resistance (bonding use) of the seal are required, under controlled environmental conditions as described in EN 13022-2.
This document covers the evaluation of conformity and the factory production control with respect to the production of sealants in conformity with this document.
This document describes the role of sealants that are in conformity with this document, with respect to sealing and bonding.
This document does not apply to sealants for the manufacture of insulating glass units where the seal is fully protected, i.e. by a frame, from ultraviolet radiation.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is useful in determining the viscosity-temperature relationships for glasses and corresponding useful working ranges. See Terminology C162.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the viscosity of glass above the softening point through the use of a platinum alloy spindle immersed in a crucible of molten glass. Spindle torque, developed by differential angular velocity between crucible and spindle, is measured and used to calculate viscosity. Generally, data are taken as a function of temperature to describe the viscosity curve for the glass, usually in the range from 1 to 106 Pa·s.
1.2 Two procedures with comparable precision and accuracy are described and differ in the manner for developing spindle torque. Procedure A employs a stationary crucible and a rotated spindle. Procedure B uses a rotating crucible in combination with a fixed spindle.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Solar-energy transmittance and reflectance are important factors in the heat admission through fenestration, most commonly through glass or plastics. (See Appendix X3.) These methods provide a means of measuring these factors under fixed conditions of incidence and viewing. While the data may be of assistance to designers in the selection and specification of glazing materials, the solar-energy transmittance and reflectance are not sufficient to define the rate of heat transfer without information on other important factors. The methods have been found practical for both transparent and translucent materials as well as for those with transmittances reduced by highly reflective coatings. Method B is particularly suitable for the measurement of transmittance of inhomogeneous, patterned, or corrugated materials since the transmittance is averaged over a large area.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of solar energy transmittance and reflectance (terrestrial) of materials in sheet form. Method A, using a spectrophotometer, is applicable for both transmittance and reflectance and is the referee method. Method B is applicable only for measurement of transmittance using a pyranometer in an enclosure and the sun as the energy source. Specimens for Method A are limited in size by the geometry of the spectrophotometer while Method B requires a specimen 0.61 m2 (2 ft2). For the materials studied by the drafting task group, both test methods give essentially equivalent results.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard6 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document covers the requirements for, and testing of sealants for use in one or more of the following applications:
a) Manufacturing of insulating glass units where direct ultraviolet resistance and mechanical resistance (bonding use) of the insulating glass edge seal are required;
b) Manufacturing of factory-made bonded sealant glazing elements when referred to by the relevant European Standards and/or European Technical Approval Guidelines;
c) Assembling of glass products into or onto supports, where also direct ultraviolet resistance and/or mechanical resistance (bonding use) of the seal are required, under controlled environmental conditions as described in EN 13022-2.
This document covers the evaluation of conformity and the factory production control with respect to the production of sealants in conformity with this document.
This document describes the role of sealants that are in conformity with this document, with respect to sealing and bonding.
This document does not apply to sealants for the manufacture of insulating glass units where the seal is fully protected, i.e. by a frame, from ultraviolet radiation.
- Standard36 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Sampling of decorated glass containers for the TCLP can vary greatly, resulting from the size and shape of the article relative to the amount of ceramic decoration on the ware. Breaking the glass can cause some of the pieces to have no decoration on them, and others to be heavily decorated and more likely to leach lead and cadmium under the TCLP test. This method provides an effective tool to homogenize the glass containers so that reproducible results can be attained from the TCLP test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines the way in which container glassware should be prepared before performing the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP). The method covers the homogenization of the sample, and the selection of a representative portion of the sample to test and get reproducible results.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard3 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a description of the design of the Stirred Reactor Coupon Analysis (SRCA) apparatus and identifies aspects of the performance of the SRCA tests and interpretation of the test results that must be addressed by the experimenter to provide confidence in the measured dissolution rate.
5.2 The SRCA methods described in this test method can be used to characterize several aspects of glass corrosion that can be included in mechanistic models of long-term durability of glasses, including nuclear waste glasses.
5.3 Depending on the test parameters investigated, the SRCA results can be used to measure the intrinsic dilute glass dissolution rate, as well as the effects of conditions such as temperature, pH, and solution chemistry on the dissolution rate.
5.4 Due to the scalable nature of the method, it is particularly applicable to studies of the impact of glass composition on dilute-condition corrosion. Models of glass behavior can be parameterized by testing glass composition matrices and establishing quantitative structure-property relationships.
5.5 The step heights present on the corroded sample can be measured by a variety of techniques including profilometry (optical or stylus), atomic force microscopy, interferometry or other techniques capable of determining relative depths on a sample surface. The sample can also be interrogated with other techniques such as scanning electron microscopy to characterize the corrosion behavior. These further analyses can determine if the sample corroded homogenously and possible formation of secondary phases or leached layers. Occurrence of these features may impact the accuracy of glass dissolution. This test method does not address these solid-state characterizations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a test method in which the dissolution rate of a homogenous silicate glass is measured through corrosion of monolithic samples in stirred dilute conditions.
1.2 Although the test method was designed for simulated nuclear waste glass compositions per Guide C1174, the method is applicable to glass compositions for other applications including, but not limited to, display glass, pharmaceutical glass, bioglass, and container glass compositions.
1.3 Various test solutions can be used at temperatures less than 100 °C. While the durability of the glass can be impacted by dissolving species from the glass, and thus the test can be conducted in dilute conditions or concentrated condition to determine the impact of such species, care must be taken to avoid, acknowledge, or account for the production of alteration layers which may confound the step height measurements.
1.4 The dissolution rate measured by this test is, by design, an average of all corrosion that occurs during the test. In dilute conditions, glass is assumed to dissolve congruently and the dissolution rate is assumed to be constant.
1.5 Tests are carried out via the placement of the monolithic samples in a large well-mixed volume of solution, achieving a high volume to surface area ratio resulting in dilute conditions with agitation of the solution.
1.6 This test method excludes test methods using powdered glass samples, or in which the reactor solution saturates with time. Glass fibers may be used without a mask if the diameter is known to high accuracy before the test.
1.7 Tests may be conducted with ASTM Type I water (see Specification D1193 and Terminology D1129), buffered water or other chemical solutions, simulated or actual groundwaters, biofluids, or other dissolving solutions.
1.8 Tests are conducted with monolithic glass samples with at least a single flat face. Although having two plane-parallel faces is helpful for certain step height measurements, it is not required. The geometric dimensions of the monolith are not required to be known. The reacted monolithic sample is to be analyzed following the reaction to measure a corroded d...
- Standard9 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 It should be realized that the design of an IG unit edge seal for use in SSG systems is a collaborative effort of at least the IG unit fabricator, sealant manufacturer, and design professional, among others.
4.2 This guide provides information on silicone sealants that are used for the secondary seal of IG units that are glazed into SSG systems.
4.3 Information is also provided on the other major components of the IG unit edge seal, compatibility of components, durability, and quality assurance (QA).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers design and fabrication considerations for the edge seal of conventionally sealed insulating glass units, herein referred to as IG units. The IG units described are used in structural silicone sealant glazing systems, herein referred to as SSG systems. SSG systems typically are either two or four sided, glazed with a structural sealant. Other conditions such as one, three, five, six sided may be used.
1.2 This guides does not cover the IG units of other than conventional edge seal design (Fig. 1); however, the information contained herein may be of benefit to the designers of such IG units.
FIG. 1 Sealed IG Edge Seal: Basic Components
1.3 In an SSG system, IG units are retained to a metal framing system by a structural seal (Fig. 2). The size and shape of that seal, as well as numerous other SSG system design considerations, are not addressed in this guide.
FIG. 2 Typical A-Side SSG System Mullion: Horizontal Section (Vertical Joint)
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 The committee with jurisdiction for this standard is not aware of any comparable standard guides published by other organizations.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Guide13 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document gives test methods to assess the shatter properties of different types of monolithic flat glass for use in building and construction works, for which a specific fragmentation pattern is required when tested under defined conditions.
NOTE Thermally treated monolithic glass is a product for which such a requirement exists.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard procedure facilitates determination of the thickness of a glass construction required to resist a specified design load with a selected probability of breakage.
5.2 For optical purposes, ATCT cab glass typically utilize only annealed glass products. For this reason, some specifying authorities mandate its use and prohibit heat-strengthened and tempered glass in control cabs. This standard procedure therefore addresses the following glass constructions: annealed monolithic, annealed laminated, and insulating glass fabricated with annealed monolithic or annealed laminated glass, or both. In cases where the specifying authority approves the use of heat-strengthened or fully tempered glass in the control cab or in areas where optical characteristics do not apply but are deemed critical to the facility operation, the NFL values obtained from standard may be adjusted using appropriate Glass Type Factors (GTF) and procedures for their use as specified in Practice E1300.
5.3 Use of these procedures assume:
5.3.1 The glass is free of edge damage and is properly glazed,
5.3.2 The glass has not been subjected to abuse,
5.3.3 The surface condition of the glass is typical of glass that has been in service for several years and is significantly weaker than freshly manufactured glass due to minor abrasions on exposed surfaces,
5.3.4 The glass edge support system is sufficiently stiff to limit the lateral deflections of the supported glass edges to less than 1/175 of their lengths. The specified design load shall be used for this calculation, and
5.3.5 The center of glass deflection shall not result in loss of edge support. Typically maintaining center of glass deflection at or below the magnitude of three times the nominal glass thickness assures that no loss of edge support will occur.
5.4 Many other factors affect the selection of glass type and thickness. These factors include but are not limited to: thermal stresses, the effects of win...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the thickness of glass installed in airport traffic control towers (ATCT) to resist a specified design loading with a selected probability of breakage less than or equal to either 1 lite per 1000 or 4 lites per 1000 at the first occurrence of the design wind loading.
1.2 The procedures apply to common outward sloping cab glass designs for which the specified loads do not exceed 15 kPa (313 psf).
1.3 The procedures assume control tower cab glass has an aspect ratio no greater than 3.
1.4 The procedures assume control tower cab glass has an area no less than 1.86 m2 (20 ft2).
1.5 The use of the procedures assumes the following:
1.5.1 Monolithic and laminated glass installed in ATCTs shall have continuous lateral support along two parallel edges, along any three edges, or along all four edges;
1.5.2 Insulating glass shall have continuous lateral support along all four edges; and
1.5.3 Supported glass edges are simply supported and free to slip in plane.
1.6 The procedures do not apply to any form of wired, patterned, etched, sandblasted, or glass types with surface treatments that reduce the glass strength.
1.7 The procedures do not apply to drilled, notched, or grooved glass.
1.8 The procedures address the determination of thickness and construction type to resist a specified design wind load at a selected probability of breakage. The final glass thickness and construction determined also depends upon a variety of other factors (see 5.4).
1.9 These procedures do not address blast loading on glass.
1.10 These procedures do not apply to triple-glazed insulating glass units.
1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, assoc...
- Standard98 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
- Standard98 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
This document gives test methods to assess the shatter properties of different types of monolithic flat glass for use in building and construction works, for which a specific fragmentation pattern is required when tested under defined conditions.
NOTE Thermally treated monolithic glass is a product for which such a requirement exists.
- Standard14 pagesEnglish languagee-Library read for1 day
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods can be used to ensure that the chemical composition of the glass meets the compositional specification required for the finished glass product.
3.2 These test methods do not preclude the use of other methods that yield results within permissible variations. In any case, the analyst should verify the procedure and technique employed by means of a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material having a component comparable with that of the material under test. A list of standard reference materials is given in the NIST Special Publication 260,3 current edition.
3.3 Typical examples of products manufactured using soda-lime silicate glass are containers, tableware, and flat glass.
3.4 Typical examples of products manufactured using borosilicate glass are bakeware, labware, and fiberglass.
3.5 Typical examples of products manufactured using fluoride opal glass are containers, tableware, and decorative glassware.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the quantitative chemical analysis of soda-lime and borosilicate glass compositions for both referee and routine analysis. This would be for the usual constituents present in glasses of the following types: (1) soda-lime silicate glass, (2) soda-lime fluoride opal glass, and (3) borosilicate glass. The following common oxides, when present in concentrations greater than indicated, are known to interfere with some of the determinations in this method: 2 % barium oxide (BaO), 0.2 % phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5), 0.05 % zinc oxide (ZnO), 0.05 % antimony oxide (Sb2O3), 0.05 % lead oxide (PbO).
1.2 The analytical procedures, divided into two general groups, those for referee analysis, and those for routine analysis, appear in the following order:
Sections
Procedures for Referee Analysis:
Silica
10
BaO, R2O2 (Al2O3 + P2O5), CaO, and MgO
11 – 15
Fe2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 by Photometry and Al2O3 by Com-
plexiometric Titration
16 – 22
Cr2O3 by Volumetric and Photometric Methods
23 – 25
MnO by the Periodate Oxidation Method
26 – 29
Na2O by the Zinc Uranyl Acetate Method and K2O by
the Tetraphenylborate Method
30 – 33
SO3 (Total Sulfur)
34 – 35
As2O3 by Volumetric Method
36 – 40
Procedures for Routine Analysis:
Silica by the Single Dehydration Method
42 – 44
Al2O3, CaO, and MgO by Complexiometric Titration,
and BaO, Na2O, and K2O by Gravimetric Method
45 – 51
BaO, Al2O3, CaO, and MgO by Atomic Absorption; and
Na2O and K2O by Flame Emission Spectroscopy
52 – 59
SO3 (Total Sulfur)
60
B2O3
61 – 62
Fluorine by Pyrohydrolysis Separation and Specific Ion
Electrode Measurement
63 – 66
P2O5 by the Molybdo-Vanadate Method
67 – 70
Colorimetric Determination of Ferrous Iron Using 1,10
Phenanthroline
71 – 76
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard24 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These two test methods are provided for evaluating the quality of annealing. These test methods can be used in the quality control of glass containers or other products made of similar glass compositions, where the degree of annealing must be verified to ensure quality products. These test methods apply to glass containers manufactured from commercial soda-lime-silica glass compositions.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe the determination of relative optical retardation associated with the state of anneal of glass containers. Two alternative test methods are covered as follows:
Sections
Test Method A—Comparison with Reference Standards
Using a Polariscope
6 – 9
Test Method B—Determination with Polarimeter
10 – 12
1.2 Test Method A is useful in determining retardations less than 150 nm, while Test Method B is useful in determining retardations less than 565 nm.
Note 1: The apparent temper number as determined by these test methods depends primarily on (1) the magnitude and distribution of the residual stress in the glass, (2) the thickness of the glass (optical path length at the point of grading), and (3) the composition of the glass. For all usual soda-lime silica bottle glass compositions, the effect of the composition is negligible. In an examination of the bottom of a container, the thickness of glass may be taken into account by use of the following formula, which defines a real temper number, TR, in terms of the apparent temper number, TA, and the bottom thickness, t:
This thickness should be measured at the location of the maximum apparent retardation. Interpretation of either real or apparent temper number requires practical experience with the particular ware being evaluated.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard4 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Many of the low-silica technical glasses which contain soluble or reactive oxides require processing or involve applications that require cleaning. Very often these cleaning procedures have evolved over several decades and are considered an art. They usually contain numerous steps, some of questionable validity. It is the premise of this practice that cleaning glass can be more scientific. Design of a cleaning procedure should involve (1) a definition of the soil to be removed, (2) an awareness of the constraints imposed by the glass composition, and (3) a rational selection of alternative methods that will remove the soil and leave the glass in a condition suitable for its intended application. This practice provides information to assist in step (3). General references on glass cleaning and on various methods of evaluating cleanliness and associated information has been published.2
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers information that will permit design of a rational cleaning procedure that can be used with a glass that is somewhat soluble in many aqueous chemical solutions. Typically, this type of glass is used in applications such as optical ware, glass-to-metal seals, low dielectric loss products, glass fibers, infrared transmitting products, and products resistant to metallic vapors.
1.2 In most cases, this type of glass contains high concentrations of oxides that tend to react with a number of aqueous chemicals. Such oxides include B2O3, Al2O3, R2O, RO, La2O3, ZnO, PbO, P2O5, and Fe2O3. The more conventional high-silica glasses are usually more chemically resistant, but the cleaning principles outlined here also apply to them.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 4 and Table 1.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The solubility of glass in contact with food, beverages, or pharmaceutical products is an important consideration for the safe packaging and storage of such materials. Autoclave conditions are specified since sterilization is often employed for the packaging of the product. It also represents one of the most extreme conditions, particularly of temperature, that containers will ordinarily experience. Any of the three test methods described may be used to establish specifications for conformity to standard values, either as specified by a customer, an agency, or “The United States Pharmacopeia:”
3.1.1 Test Method B-A is intended particularly for testing glass containers primarily destined for containment of products with a pH under 5.
3.1.2 Test Method B-W is intended particularly for testing glass containers to be used for products with a pH of 5.0 or over.
3.1.3 Test Method P-W is a hydrolytic autoclave test primarily intended for evaluating samples from untreated glass containers. It is often useful for testing the resistance of containers of too small capacity to permit measurements of solubility on the unbroken article by the B-W test method. Yielding the water resistance of the bulk glass, it can also be used in conjunction with the B-W test method to distinguish whether the internal surface of a container has been treated to improve its durability.
3.2 All three test methods are suitable for specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the resistance of glass containers to chemical attack. Three test methods are presented, as follows:
1.1.1 Test Method B-A covers autoclave tests at 121 °C on bottles partially filled with dilute acid as the attacking medium.
1.1.2 Test Method B-W covers autoclave tests at 121 °C on bottles partially filled with distilled water as the attacking medium.
1.1.3 Test Method P-W covers autoclave tests at 121 °C on powdered samples with pure water as the attacking medium.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
- Standard7 pagesEnglish languagesale 15% off