C14 - Glass and Glass Products

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for silvered flat glass mirrors of rectangular shape supplied as cut sizes, stock sheets or as lehr ends and to which no further processing (such as edgework or other fabrication) has been done. The quality requirements of silvered annealed monolithic clear and tinted flat glass mirrors up to a certain thickness are also discussed. The mirrors are intended to be used indoors for mirror glazing, for components of decorative accessories or for similar uses. The mirrors are not intended for use in environments where high humidity or airborne corrosion promoters, or both, are consistently present (such as swimming pool areas, ocean-going vessels, chemical laboratories and other corrosive environments). The classification of mirrors are according to the following properties: grades, cut size, stock sheet, lehr end, select quality, glazing quality, color (clear or tinted), and thickness. Different test methods shall be performed in order to determine or measure the following properties: reflectance, silver coating appearance, coating resistance, blemish (point and linear blemishes), dimension, and squareness.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for silvered flat glass mirrors of rectangular shape supplied as cut sizes, stock sheets, or as lehr ends and to which no further processing (such as edgework or other fabrication) has been done.  
1.2 This specification covers the quality requirements of silvered annealed monolithic clear and tinted flat glass mirrors only, up to 6 mm (1/4 in.) thick. The mirrors are intended to be used indoors for mirror glazing, for components of decorative accessories or for similar uses.  
1.3 This specification does not address safety glazing materials nor requirements for mirror applications. Consult model building codes and other applicable standards for safety glazing applications.  
1.4 Mirrors covered in this specification are not intended for use in environments where high humidity or airborne corrosion promoters, or both, are consistently present (such as swimming pool areas, ocean-going vessels, chemical laboratories, and other corrosive environments).  
1.5 The dimensional values stated in metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the quality requirements for cut sizes of architectural flat glass clad polycarbonate (GCP) for use in buildings as security, detention, hurricane/cyclic wind-resistant, and blast and ballistic-resistant glazing applications. Architectural polycarbonates furnished under this specification shall be of the following kinds: Kind GCP, single core (SC); Kind GCP, multiple core (MC); and Kind GCP, others (O). The polycarbonates shall be examined by means of the following: security test; impact test for safety glazing; missile impact and cyclic pressure test; security glazing test; airblast loading test; detention glazing test; bullet resisting glazing test; burglary resisting test; visual inspection; and transmittance test. The materials shall also adhere to specified size and dimensional requirements, and maximum allowable blemishes in form of bubbles, edge boil blow-ins, fuses, single strand lint hairs, inside dirt spots, areas of concentrated lint, delamination and discoloration, short interlayer and unlaminated area chips, streaks and scuffs, white scratches, carbon specks, and crizzles.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the quality requirements for cut sizes of glass clad polycarbonate (GCP) for use in buildings as security, detention, hurricane/cyclic wind-resistant, blast and ballistic-resistant glazing applications.  
1.2 Optical distortion and the evaluation thereof are not currently within the scope of the standard. Mockups are recommended as a method to evaluate glass. (See Appendix X3.)  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The strength and performance of heat-strengthened and fully-tempered glass is greatly affected by the surface and edge stress induced during the heat-treating process.  
5.2 The edge and surface stress levels are specified in Specification C1048, in the Engineering Standards Manual3 of GANA Tempering Division and in foreign specifications.  
5.3 This test method offers a direct and convenient way to non-destructively determine the residual state of stress on the surface and at the edge of annealed and heat-treated glass.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of edge stresses and surface stresses in annealed, heat-strengthened, and fully tempered flat glass products.  
1.2 This test method is non-destructive.  
1.3 This test method uses transmitted light and is, therefore, applicable to light-transmitting glasses.  
1.4 The test method is not applicable to chemically-tempered glass.  
1.5 Using the procedure described, surface stresses can be measured only on the “tin” side of float glass.  
1.6 Surface-stress measuring instruments are designed for a specific range of surface index of refraction.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 For the purpose of this test, glasses and glass-ceramics are considered brittle (perfectly elastic) and to have the property that fracture normally occurs at the surface of the test specimen from the principal tensile stress. The flexural strength is considered a valid measure of the tensile strength subject to the considerations that follow.  
4.2 The flexural strength for a group of test specimens is influenced by variables associated with the test procedure. Such factors are specified in the test procedure or required to be stated in the report. These include but are not limited to the rate of stressing, the test environment, and the area of the specimen subjected to stress.  
4.2.1 In addition, the variables having the greatest effect on the flexural strength value for a group of test specimens are the condition of the surfaces and glass quality near the surfaces in regard to the number and severity of stress-concentrating discontinuities or flaws, and the degree of prestress existing in the specimens. Each of these can represent an inherent part of the strength characteristic being determined or can be a random interfering factor in the measurement.  
4.2.2 Test Method A is designed to include the condition of the surface of the specimen as a factor in the measured strength. Therefore, subjecting a fixed and significant area of the surface to the maximum tensile stress is desirable. Since the number and severity of surface flaws in glass are primarily determined by manufacturing and handling processes, this test method is limited to products from which specimens of suitable size can be obtained with minimal dependence of measured strength upon specimen preparation techniques. This test method is therefore designated as a test for flexural strength of flat glass.  
4.2.3 Test Method B describes a general procedure for test, applicable to specimens of rectangular or elliptical cross section. This test method is based on the assumption that a comparative ...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the flexural strength (the modulus of rupture in bending) of glass and glass-ceramics.  
1.2 These test methods are applicable to annealed and prestressed glasses and glass-ceramics available in varied forms. Alternative test methods are described; the test method used shall be determined by the purpose of the test and geometric characteristics of specimens representative of the material.  
1.2.1 Test Method A is a test for flexural strength of flat glass.  
1.2.2 Test Method B is a comparative test for flexural strength of glass and glass-ceramics.  
1.3 The test methods appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Test Method A  
7 to 10  
Test Method B  
11 to 16  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Measurement—The refractive index at any wavelength of a piece of homogeneous glass is a function, primarily, of its composition, and secondarily, of its state of annealing. The index of a glass can be altered over a range of up to 1×10-4 (that is, 1 in the fourth decimal place) by the changing of an annealing schedule. This is a critical consideration for optical glasses, that is, glasses intended for use in high performance optical instruments where the required value of an index can be as exact as 1×10-6. Compensation for minor variations of composition are made by controlled rates of annealing for such optical glasses; therefore, the ability to measure index to six decimal places can be a necessity; however, for most commercial and experimental glasses, standard annealing schedules appropriate to each are used to limit internal stress and less rigorous methods of test for refractive index are usually adequate. The refractive indices of glass ophthalmic lens pressings are held to 5×10-4 because the tools used for generating the figures of ophthalmic lenses are made to produce curvatures that are related to specific indices of refraction of the lens materials.  
4.2 Dispersion—Dispersion-values aid optical designers in their selection of glasses (Note 1). Each relative partial dispersion-number is calculated for a particular set of three wavelengths, and several such numbers, representing different parts of the spectrum might be used when designing more complex optical systems. For most glasses, dispersion increases with increasing refractive index. For the purposes of this standard, it is sufficient to describe only two reciprocal relative partial dispersions that are commonly used for characterizing glasses. The longest established practice has been to cite the Abbe-number (or Abbe ν-value), calculated by:
where vD is defined in 3.2 and nD, nF, and nC are the indices of refraction at the emission lines defined in 3.2.  
4.2.1 Some modern usage sp...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide identifies and describes seven test methods for measuring the index of refraction of glass, with comments relevant to their uses such that an appropriate choice of method can be made. Four additional methods are mentioned by name, and brief descriptive information is given in Annex A1. The choice of a test method will depend upon the accuracy required, the nature of the test specimen that can be provided, the instrumentation available, and (perhaps) the time required for, or the cost of, the analysis. Refractive index is a function of the wavelength of light; therefore, its measurement is made with narrow-bandwidth light. Dispersion is the physical phenomenon of the variation of refractive index with wavelength. The nature of the test-specimen refers to its size, form, and quality of finish, as described in each of the methods herein. The test methods described are mostly for the visible range of wavelengths (approximately 400 μm to 780 μm); however, some methods can be extended to the ultraviolet and near infrared, using radiation detectors other than the human eye.  
1.1.1 List of test methods included in this guide:
1.1.1.1 Becke line (method of central illumination),
1.1.1.2 Apparent depth of microscope focus (the method of the Duc de Chaulnes),
1.1.1.3 Critical Angle Refractometers (Abbe type and Pulfrich type),
1.1.1.4 Metricon2 system,
1.1.1.5 Vee-block refractometers,
1.1.1.6 Prism spectrometer, and
1.1.1.7 Specular reflectance.  
1.1.2 Test methods presented by name only (see Annex A1):
1.1.2.1 Immersion refractometers,
1.1.2.2 Interferometry,
1.1.2.3 Ellipsometry, and
1.1.2.4 Method of oblique illumination.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of re...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This practice is useful in determining the viscosity-temperature relationships for glasses and corresponding useful working ranges. See Terminology C162.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the viscosity of glass above the softening point through the use of a platinum alloy spindle immersed in a crucible of molten glass. Spindle torque, developed by differential angular velocity between crucible and spindle, is measured and used to calculate viscosity. Generally, data are taken as a function of temperature to describe the viscosity curve for the glass, usually in the range from 1 to 106 Pa·s.  
1.2 Two procedures with comparable precision and accuracy are described and differ in the manner for developing spindle torque. Procedure A employs a stationary crucible and a rotated spindle. Procedure B uses a rotating crucible in combination with a fixed spindle.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The solubility of glass in contact with food, beverages, or pharmaceutical products is an important consideration for the safe packaging and storage of such materials. Autoclave conditions are specified since sterilization is often employed for the packaging of the product. It also represents one of the most extreme conditions, particularly of temperature, that containers will ordinarily experience. Any of the three test methods described may be used to establish specifications for conformity to standard values, either as specified by a customer, an agency, or “The United States Pharmacopeia:”  
3.1.1 Test Method B-A  is intended particularly for testing glass containers primarily destined for containment of products with a pH under 5.  
3.1.2 Test Method B-W  is intended particularly for testing glass containers to be used for products with a pH of 5.0 or over.  
3.1.3 Test Method P-W  is a hydrolytic autoclave test primarily intended for evaluating samples from untreated glass containers. It is often useful for testing the resistance of containers of too small capacity to permit measurements of solubility on the unbroken article by the B-W test method. Yielding the water resistance of the bulk glass, it can also be used in conjunction with the B-W test method to distinguish whether the internal surface of a container has been treated to improve its durability.  
3.2 All three test methods are suitable for specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the evaluation of the resistance of glass containers to chemical attack. Three test methods are presented, as follows:  
1.1.1 Test Method B-A  covers autoclave tests at 121 °C on bottles partially filled with dilute acid as the attacking medium.  
1.1.2 Test Method B-W  covers autoclave tests at 121 °C on bottles partially filled with distilled water as the attacking medium.  
1.1.3 Test Method P-W  covers autoclave tests at 121 °C on powdered samples with pure water as the attacking medium.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods can be used to ensure that the chemical composition of the glass meets the compositional specification required for the finished glass product.  
3.2 These test methods do not preclude the use of other methods that yield results within permissible variations. In any case, the analyst should verify the procedure and technique employed by means of a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material having a component comparable with that of the material under test. A list of standard reference materials is given in the NIST Special Publication 260,3 current edition.  
3.3 Typical examples of products manufactured using soda-lime silicate glass are containers, tableware, and flat glass.  
3.4 Typical examples of products manufactured using borosilicate glass are bakeware, labware, and fiberglass.  
3.5 Typical examples of products manufactured using fluoride opal glass are containers, tableware, and decorative glassware.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the quantitative chemical analysis of soda-lime and borosilicate glass compositions for both referee and routine analysis. This would be for the usual constituents present in glasses of the following types: (1) soda-lime silicate glass, (2) soda-lime fluoride opal glass, and (3) borosilicate glass. The following common oxides, when present in concentrations greater than indicated, are known to interfere with some of the determinations in this method: 2 % barium oxide (BaO), 0.2 % phosphorous pentoxide (P2O5), 0.05 % zinc oxide (ZnO), 0.05 % antimony oxide (Sb2O3), 0.05 % lead oxide (PbO).  
1.2 The analytical procedures, divided into two general groups, those for referee analysis, and those for routine analysis, appear in the following order:    
Sections  
Procedures for Referee Analysis:  
Silica  
10  
BaO, R2O2 (Al2O3 + P2O5), CaO, and MgO  
11 – 15  
Fe2O3, TiO2, ZrO2 by Photometry and Al2O3 by Com-
plexiometric Titration  
16 – 22  
Cr2O3 by Volumetric and Photometric Methods  
23 – 25  
MnO by the Periodate Oxidation Method  
26 – 29  
Na2O by the Zinc Uranyl Acetate Method and K2O by
the Tetraphenylborate Method  
30 – 33  
SO3 (Total Sulfur)  
34 – 35  
As2O3 by Volumetric Method  
36 – 40  
Procedures for Routine Analysis:  
Silica by the Single Dehydration Method  
42 – 44  
Al2O3, CaO, and MgO by Complexiometric Titration,
and BaO, Na2O, and K2O by Gravimetric Method  
45 – 51  
BaO, Al2O3, CaO, and MgO by Atomic Absorption; and
Na2O and K2O by Flame Emission Spectroscopy  
52 – 59  
SO3 (Total Sulfur)  
60  
B2O3  
61 – 62  
Fluorine by Pyrohydrolysis Separation and Specific Ion
Electrode Measurement  
63 – 66  
P2O5 by the Molybdo-Vanadate Method  
67 – 70  
Colorimetric Determination of Ferrous Iron Using 1,10
Phenanthroline  
71 – 76  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These two test methods are provided for evaluating the quality of annealing. These test methods can be used in the quality control of glass containers or other products made of similar glass compositions, where the degree of annealing must be verified to ensure quality products. These test methods apply to glass containers manufactured from commercial soda-lime-silica glass compositions.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe the determination of relative optical retardation associated with the state of anneal of glass containers. Two alternative test methods are covered as follows:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Comparison with Reference Standards
Using a Polariscope  
6 – 9  
Test Method B—Determination with Polarimeter  
10 – 12  
1.2 Test Method A is useful in determining retardations less than 150 nm, while Test Method B is useful in determining retardations less than 565 nm.  
Note 1: The apparent temper number as determined by these test methods depends primarily on (1) the magnitude and distribution of the residual stress in the glass, (2) the thickness of the glass (optical path length at the point of grading), and (3) the composition of the glass. For all usual soda-lime silica bottle glass compositions, the effect of the composition is negligible. In an examination of the bottom of a container, the thickness of glass may be taken into account by use of the following formula, which defines a real temper number, TR, in terms of the apparent temper number, TA, and the bottom thickness, t:
This thickness should be measured at the location of the maximum apparent retardation. Interpretation of either real or apparent temper number requires practical experience with the particular ware being evaluated.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Many of the low-silica technical glasses which contain soluble or reactive oxides require processing or involve applications that require cleaning. Very often these cleaning procedures have evolved over several decades and are considered an art. They usually contain numerous steps, some of questionable validity. It is the premise of this practice that cleaning glass can be more scientific. Design of a cleaning procedure should involve (1) a definition of the soil to be removed, (2) an awareness of the constraints imposed by the glass composition, and (3) a rational selection of alternative methods that will remove the soil and leave the glass in a condition suitable for its intended application. This practice provides information to assist in step (3). General references on glass cleaning and on various methods of evaluating cleanliness and associated information has been published.2
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers information that will permit design of a rational cleaning procedure that can be used with a glass that is somewhat soluble in many aqueous chemical solutions. Typically, this type of glass is used in applications such as optical ware, glass-to-metal seals, low dielectric loss products, glass fibers, infrared transmitting products, and products resistant to metallic vapors.  
1.2 In most cases, this type of glass contains high concentrations of oxides that tend to react with a number of aqueous chemicals. Such oxides include B2O3, Al2O3, R2O, RO, La2O3, ZnO, PbO, P2O5, and Fe2O3. The more conventional high-silica glasses are usually more chemically resistant, but the cleaning principles outlined here also apply to them.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 4 and Table 1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The sink-float comparator method of test for glass density provides the most accurate (yet convenient for practical applications) method of evaluating the density of small pieces or specimens of glass. The data obtained are useful for daily quality control of production, acceptance or rejection under specifications, and for special purposes in research and development.  
4.2 Although this test scope is limited to a density range from 1.1 g/cm3 to 3.3 g/cm3, it may be extended (in principle) to higher densities by the use of other miscible liquids (Test Method F77) such as water and thallium malonate-formate (approximately 5.0 g/cm3). The stability of the liquid and the precision of the test may be reduced somewhat, however, at higher densities.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of glass or nonporous solids of density from 1.1 g/cm 3 to 3.3 g/cm 3. It can be used to determine the apparent density of ceramics or solids, preferably of known porosity.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is well suited for measuring the viscosity of glasses between the range within which rotational viscometry (see Practice C965) is useful and the range within which beam bending viscometry is useful (see Test Method C1350M). It can be used to determine the viscosity/temperature curve in the region near the softening point (see Test Method C338). This test method is useful for providing information related to the behavior of glass as it is formed into an object of commerce, and in research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the viscosity of glass from 104 Pa·s to 108 Pa·s by measuring the rate of viscous compression of a small, solid cylinder.2  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These practices are useful for determining the maximum temperature at which crystallization will form in a glass, and a minimum temperature at which a glass can be held, for extended periods of time, without crystal formation and growth.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices cover procedures for determining the liquidus temperature (Note 1) of a glass (Note 1) by establishing the boundary temperature for the first crystalline compound, when the glass specimen is held at a specified temperature gradient over its entire length for a period of time necessary to obtain thermal equilibrium between the crystalline and glassy phases.  
Note 1: These terms are defined in Terminology C162.  
1.2 Two methods are included, differing in the type of sample, apparatus, procedure for positioning the sample, and measurement of temperature gradient in the furnace. Both methods have comparable precision. Method B is preferred for very fluid glasses because it minimizes thermal and mechanical mixing effects.  
1.2.1 Method A employs a trough-type platinum container (tray) in which finely screened glass particles are fused into a thin lath configuration defined by the trough.  
1.2.2 Method B employs a perforated platinum tray on which larger screened particles are positioned one per hole on the plate and are therefore melted separately from each other.2  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method provides a means for determining the durability of decorated returnable glass beverage containers which may be a prerequisite in product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the alkali resistance of ceramic labels (hereafter referred to as ACL (Applied Color Label) on returnable beverage bottles (hereafter referred to as ware) to ensure the necessary durability of the label. A number of states require the cleaning and sanitizing of this ware by washing in hot alkali solutions. Accelerated tests are needed to ensure that the ACL will withstand the anticipated number of washings and still present an acceptable ware identification and appearance.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pummel adhesion of laminated glass is a method used to measure the relative adhesive bond strength between the interlayer and glass substrate interface. The interlayer to substrate adhesion has a great effect on the impact resistance of laminates as well as long term stability. This test method is intended to provide three levels of grading. This test method is not intended to provide more precision. The laminate bond strength, in most applications, must be controlled to avoid potential problems of delamination at low adhesion and impact failures or undesirable post breakage characteristics at high adhesion.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the relative strength of the adhesive bond between interlayer and glass, inks, coatings, frit or other materials adhered to the glass surface to which interlayers may bond (hereinafter, glass substrate).  
1.2 This test method outlines a test method to be used on laminated architectural glass with two layers of glass substrate bonded by an interlayer. Glass substrate can be undecorated, decorated, uncoated, coated, annealed or strengthened, flat or patterned. One or more of the surfaces of glass may have a surface with ink, coatings, frit, patterns, a low-e type coating etc.  
1.3 This test method is a qualitative test which covers manual and semi-automatic mechanical pummel testing and visual rating of tested specimens.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides accurate data for evaluation of the optical properties of the glass being inspected.  
5.2 The procedure described is useful for observing the roll wave introduced during the tempering process of flat architectural glass. (1)  
5.3 This test method is also useful for inspection of laminated and tempered automotive glass in transmitted light, in both flat and curved geometries.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of optical distortion of heat-strengthened and fully tempered architectural glass substrates which have been processed in a heat controlled continuous or oscillating conveyance oven. See Specifications C1036 and C1048 for discussion of the characteristics of glass so processed. In this test method the reflected image of processed glass is photographed and the photographic image analyzed to quantify the distortion due to surface waviness. The test method is also useful to quantify optical distortion observed in transmitted light in laminated glass assemblies.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 There is no known ISO equivalent to this test method.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the optical and aesthetic quality requirements for coatings applied to glass for use in building glazing. The coatings covered are applied to the glass using either pyrolytic or vacuum (sputtering) deposition methods and are typically applied to control solar heat gain, energy performance, comfort level, and condensation and enhance the aesthetic of the building. This specification groups coated glass according to application. These groups are: vision, spandrel/nonvision, and overhead. Coated flat glass furnished under this specification shall be of the following kinds: Kind CV; Kind CO; and Kind CS.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the optical and aesthetic quality requirements for pyrolytic and vacuum deposition coatings applied on flat glass for use in building glazing.  
1.2 The coatings are applied on the glass using either pyrolytic or vacuum sputtering deposition methods to control solar heat gain, energy performance, comfort level, and condensation and to enhance the aesthetic of the building.  
1.3 This specification addresses blemishes related to the coating only. It does not address glass blemishes, applied ceramic frits to spandrel glass, and organic film opacifiers.  
1.4 The Nonuniformity for Coated Glass requirements, given in 6.10, pertain to glazing units of vertical and sloped orientations as installed in the building exterior.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standard for bent glass proposed for use in general building construction, furniture, display, and various other non-automotive applications. When the glass is specified as chemically strengthened, heat-strengthened, or fully tempered, the fabrication processes must be completed prior to the strengthening. The glass specimen shall also undergo impact testing for safety glazing.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for bent glass used in general building construction, furniture, display, and various other non-automotive applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 8, of this specification.  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Color measurement quantifies the transmitted color for glass. The user defines an acceptable range of color appropriate for the end use. A typical quality concern for transmittance color measurement of glass products is verification of lot-to-lot color consistency for end-user acceptance.  
4.2 If the transmitted color of a glass product is consistent from lot-to-lot and within agreed supplier-buyer acceptance criteria, the product’s color is expected to be consistent and acceptable for end-use.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for the instrumental transmittance measurement of the color of coated and uncoated transparent glass. (See Terminology E284.)  
1.2 The practice specifically excludes fluorescent and iridescent samples.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is generally recognized that excess moisture and air within an interlayer will cause bubble formation in a laminate when exposed to heat or UV radiation, or both. These may be caused by initial moisture and air in the interlayer and be generated by thermal exposure. The purpose of this test method is to measure quantitatively the laminate stability under controlled conditions, specifically in relation to the formation of bubbles in the body of the laminate.  
5.2 Subjecting the laminated glazing to extended heat at a controlled temperature and time provides the excess moisture and air which are forced into the interlayer during processing to surface as bubbles. This occurs only if there are excess moisture and air trapped in between the glass. Therefore, making these thermal tests efficient to determine proper de-airing of laminated glass products.  
5.3 This test method provides a means to visually determine if discoloration has or is occurring and serves as a pass/fail test for some aspects of lamination quality.  
5.4 This test method can be performed after natural or accelerated exposure to determine if there are changes to the polymer such as the stability with high temperature which is useful for understanding the visual stability of installed glazing.  
5.5 This test method does not provide an indication of laminated glass capability for impact resistance, glass shard retention on breakage or edge stability of laminated glass.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this test method is to measure quantitatively the laminate stability under controlled conditions, specifically in relation to the formation of bubbles in a laminate with heat exposure.  
1.2 This test method can be performed on laminates which have been exposed to weathering or as manufactured samples to determine the amount of excess air dissolved in the interlayer.  
1.3 This test method determines the stability of laminated glass when subjected to high heat environments.  
1.4 This test method outlines a procedure to be used on laminated glass with two or more layers of glass bonded by an interlayer.  
1.5 This test method covers visual rating of tested specimens.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Color measurement quantifies the coating color for glass and is often related to coating thickness and composition as well as tinting used in the substrate glass. The user of this document defines an acceptable range of color appropriate for the end use. Typical quality concerns for the reflected color measurement of coated glass products are an indication of consistency in the coating process and verification of lot-to-lot color consistency for end-user acceptance.  
4.2 If the reflected color of a glass product is consistent from lot-to-lot and within agreed supplier-buyer acceptance criteria, that product color is expected to be consistent and acceptable for end-use.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides guidelines for the instrumental reflectance measurement of the color of flat, coated and uncoated glass. (See Terminology E284.)  
1.2 The practice specifically excludes fluorescent and iridescent samples.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test system has advantages in certain respects over the use of static loading systems in the measurement of glass and glass-ceramics:  
4.1.1 Only minute stresses are applied to the specimen, thus minimizing the possibility of fracture.  
4.1.2 The period of time during which stress is applied and removed is of the order of hundreds of microseconds, making it feasible to perform measurements at temperatures where delayed elastic and creep effects proceed on a much-shortened time scale, as in the transformation range of glass, for instance.  
4.2 The test is suitable for detecting whether a material meets specifications, if cognizance is given to one important fact: glass and glass-ceramic materials are sensitive to thermal history. Therefore the thermal history of a test specimen must be known before the moduli can be considered in terms of specified values. Material specifications should include a specific thermal treatment for all test specimens.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the elastic properties of glass and glass-ceramic materials. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonance frequencies which are defined by the elastic moduli, density, and geometry of the test specimen. Therefore the elastic properties of a material can be computed if the geometry, density, and mechanical resonance frequencies of a suitable test specimen of that material can be measured. Young's modulus is determined using the resonance frequency in the flexural mode of vibration. The shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonance vibrations. Young's modulus and shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio, the factor of lateral contraction.  
1.2 All glass and glass-ceramic materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic may be tested by this test method.2 The test method is not satisfactory for specimens that have cracks or voids that represent inhomogeneities in the material; neither is it satisfactory when these materials cannot be prepared in a suitable geometry. Non-glass and glass-ceramic materials should reference Test Method E1875 for non-material specific methodology to determine resonance frequencies and elastic properties by sonic resonance.
Note 1: Elastic here means that an application of stress within the elastic limit of that material making up the body being stressed will cause an instantaneous and uniform deformation, which will cease upon removal of the stress, with the body returning instantly to its original size and shape without an energy loss. Glass and glass-ceramic materials conform to this definition well enough that this test is meaningful.
Note 2: Isotropic means that the elastic properties are the same in all directions in the material. Glass is isotropic and glass-ceramics are usually so on a macroscopic scale, because of random distribution and orientation of crystallites.  
1.3 A cryogenic cabinet and high-temperature furnace are described for measuring the elastic moduli as a function of temperature from –195 to 1200 °C.  
1.4 Modification of the test for use in quality control is possible. A range of acceptable resonance frequencies is determined for a piece with a particular geometry and density. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside this frequency range is rejected. The actual modulus of each piece need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonance frequency that the piece must possess if its geometry and density are within specified tolerances.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to determine the particle size distribution of the glass raw materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sieve analysis of common raw materials for glass manufacture, such as sand, soda-ash, limestone, alkali-alumina silicates, and other granular materials used in glass batch.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods can be used to ensure that the chemical composition of the glass sand meets the compositional specification required for this raw material.  
3.2 These test methods do not preclude the use of other methods that yield results within permissible variations. In any case, the analyst should verify the procedure and technique used by means of a National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) standard reference material or other similar material of known composition having a component comparable with that of the material under test. A list of standard reference materials is given in the NIST Special Publication 260, current edition.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the chemical analysis of glass sands. They are useful for either high-silica sands (99 % + silica (SiO2)) or for high-alumina sands containing as much as 12 to 13 % alumina (Al2O3). Generally nonclassical, these test methods are rapid and accurate. They include the determination of silica and of total R2O3 (see 11.2.4), and the separate determination of total iron as iron oxide (Fe2O3), titania (TiO2), chromium oxide (Cr2O3), zirconia (ZrO2), and ignition loss. Included are procedures for the alkaline earths and alkalies. High-alumina sands may contain as much as 5 to 6 % total alkalies and alkaline earths. It is recommended that the alkalies be determined by flame photometry and the alkaline earths by absorption spectrophotometry.  
1.2 These test methods, if followed in detail, will provide interlaboratory agreement of results.  
Note 1: For additional information, see Test Methods C169 and Practices E50.  
1.3 These test methods appear in the following order:    
Procedures for Referee Analysis:  
Section  
Silica (SiO2)—Double Dehydration  
10  
Total R2O3—Gravimetric  
11  
Fe2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, Cr2O3, by Photometric Methods and
Al2O3 by Complexiometric Titration  
12 – 17  
Preparation of the Sample for Determination of Iron
Oxide, Titania, Alumina, and Zirconia  
12  
Iron Oxide (as Fe2O3) by 1,10-Phenanthroline Method  
13  
Titania (TiO2) by the Tiron Method  
14  
Alumina (Al2O3) by the CDTA Titration Method  
15  
Zirconia (ZrO2) by the Pyrocatechol Violet Method  
16  
Chromium Oxide (Cr2O3) by the 1,5-Diphenylcarbo-
hydrazide Method  
17  
Procedures for Routine Analysis:  
Silica (SiO2)—Single Dehydration  
19  
Al2O3, CaO, and MgO—Atomic Absorption Spec-
trophotometry  
20–25  
Na2O and K2O—Flame Emission Spectrophotometry  
26-27  
Loss on Ignition (LOI)  
28  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the quality requirements of flat, transparent, clear, and tinted glass. This glass is intended to be used primarily for architectural glazing products including: coated glass, insulating glass units, laminated glass, mirrors, spandrel glass, or similar uses. The monolithic flat glass shall be supplied as cut sizes or stock sheets. Two types of glasses shall be used: Type I which is a transparent flat glass and Type II which is a patterned and wired flat glass. Type II glass shall have clear and tinted classes while Type I glass shall only have the clear class. Different test methods for Type I glass shall be performed in order to determine the following properties: point blemish and linear blemish content, ream distortion, string distortion, line distortion, dimension, squareness, reflectance, and transmittance. As for the type II glass the following properties shall be determined after different tests: associated distortion and blemish appraisal, dimension, point blemish, reflectance, and transmittance.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for annealed, monolithic flat soda-lime glass supplied as cut sizes or stock sheets.  
1.2 This specification is focused upon the quality of flat glass as produced. The specification is applicable for laboratory and field evaluation only to the extent that such evaluation can be carried out in accordance with the test method(s) prescribed herein.  
1.3 This specification covers the quality requirements of flat, transparent, clear, low-iron, and tinted glass. This glass is intended to be used primarily for architectural glazing products such as coated glass, insulating glass units, laminated glass, mirrors, and spandrel glass.
Note 1: Reflective distortion is not addressed in this specification.  
1.4 This specification covers the quality requirements of patterned or wired glasses intended to be used primarily for decorative and general glazing applications.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The Knoop indentation hardness is one of many properties that is used to characterize glasses. Attempts have been made to relate Knoop indentation hardness to tensile strength, grinding speeds, and other hardness scales, but no generally accepted methods are available. Such conversions are limited in scope and should be used with caution, except for special cases where a reliable basis for the conversion has been obtained by comparison tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the Knoop indentation hardness of glass and the verification of Knoop indentation hardness testing machines using standard glasses.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Stress may be applied intentionally through a heat treatment or tempering process to increase mechanical strength and improve safety characteristics of glass sheets. The process itself makes it practically impossible to achieve a homogenous residual stress profile over a full glass panel. These variations are due to variations in type of glass (clear, tinted, coated, etc.), the fabrication, sheet geometry, heating, quenching, and cooling. Even though the level of inhomogeneity may not interfere with the global mechanical property of the glass sample, it can produce optical patterns called anisotropy (often commonly referred to as leopard spots). Today to evaluate this stress homogeneity people may use the subjective, non-standardized method of viewing through a polarized filter or employing a polariscope. The present test method provides guidelines for measuring a physical parameter, the optical retardation, directly linked to the local residual stress, at many locations on each heat-treated glass sheet.  
5.2 Through this test method one can obtain in a non-destructive manner, on-line to the tempering furnace equipment, a map of the retardation value of all glasses. That information can then be used:  
5.2.1 By the tempering operator to adjust the settings of the heat treatment process to optimize/tune both the levels optical retardations and its homogeneity on heat treated glass sheets.  
5.2.2 To provide a standardized way to measure optical retardation values for each glass panel that can be archived and communicated when desired.  
5.2.3 By customers and other stakeholders to develop/write specifications for the optical retardation values (not the visibility of the pattern) that are independently verifiable.  
5.3 This test method can also be used off-line to evaluate the optical retardation level and homogeneity of any heat-treated glass, for quality assurance or other purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method addresses the measurement of optical anisotropy in architectural glass.  
1.2 This test method is a test method for measuring optical retardation. It is not an architectural glazing specification.  
1.3 The optical retardation values may be used to calculate/predict the amount of visible pattern, commonly known as anisotropy or iridescence, present in heat-treated glass.  
1.4 This test method applies to monolithic heat-treated (heat-strengthened and fully tempered) clear, tinted and coated glass.  
1.5 This test method does not apply to:  
1.5.1 Glass that diffuse light (that is, patterned glass, sand blasted glass, acid etched, etc.), or  
1.5.2 Glass that is not optically transparent (that is, mirrors, enameled or fritted glass).  
1.6 The optical measurement is integrated through the glass thickness, and therefore cannot be used to assess the level of tempering. It does not give information on the surface stress or center tension.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The contact angle test is nondestructive and may be used for control and evaluation of processes for the removal of hydrophobic contaminants. The test may also be used for the detection and control of hydrophobic contaminants in processing ambients. For this application, a surface free of hydrophobic films is exposed to the ambient conditions and is subsequently tested.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the detection of hydrophobic contamination on glass surfaces by means of contact angle measurements. When properly conducted, this test method will enable detection of fractions of monomolecular layers of hydrophobic organic contaminants. Very rough or porous surfaces may significantly decrease the sensitivity of this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the standards for the verification and calibration of polarimeters required to maintain these instruments and ensure that the optical setup is within specification for satisfactory measurements. Verification and calibration procedures are performed using two types of procedures: Procedure A (verification) and Procedure B (calibration). Procedure A is done by measuring individual components and their orientation to ensure that they comply accordingly. Procedure B is done by determining the accuracy of the polarimeter using a calibrated gage or retarder.
SCOPE
1.1 Polarimeters and polariscopes used for measuring stress in glass are described in Test Methods F218, C148, and C978. These instruments include a light source and several optical elements (polarizers, optical retarders, filters, and so forth) that require occasional cleaning, realigning, and calibration. The objective of these practices is to describe the calibration and verification procedures required to maintain these instruments in calibration and ensure that the optical setup is within specification for satisfactory measurements.  
1.2 It is mandatory throughout these practices that both verification and calibration are carried out by qualified personnel who fully understand the concepts used in measurements of stress retardation and are experienced in the practices of measuring procedures described in Test Methods F218, C148, and C978.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This practice covers the standard for sampling of glass bottles, jars, and other containers intended for use in testing mechanical strength, dimensions, and other measurable characteristics. Sampling from a continuous manufacturing process shall be in accordance with a time schedule. When testing for annealing affected characteristics, samples shall be taken from the exit of the lehr (or from packed cases whose continuity in point of time is known). For characteristics not affected by the degree of annealing, quickly cooled samples may be taken ahead of the lehr. Sample may come from the lot as a whole or it may be necessary to sort the lot before sampling. Sorting may be based on style, color, size, manufacturer, or mold designation. Containers packed in cases shall be removed from the lot at random. The minimum number of cases to be selected shall be in accordance with the military standard prescribed herein.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of glass containers (for example, bottles, jars, and so forth) for performing such tests as mechanical strength, dimensions, and other measurable characteristics, and for visual examination.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the relative thermal shock resistance of commercial bottles and jars and is intended to apply to all types of glass containers that are required to withstand sudden changes in temperature in service. The test apparatus consists essentially of a basket for holding the glassware upright, a hot water tank, a cold water tank, and a timed means for immersing and transferring the basket from the hot to the cold bath. Indicating controllers or dial thermometers should be used to maintain the temperatures of the baths. Test procedures included in this specification include pass tests, progressive tests to a predetermined percent of breakage, total progressive tests, and high-level tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the relative resistance of commercial glass containers (bottles and jars) to thermal shock and is intended to apply to all types of glass containers that are required to withstand sudden temperature changes (thermal shock) in service such as in washing, pasteurization, or hot pack processes, or in being transferred from a warm to a colder medium or vice versa.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Tests conducted in accordance with this practice are used to evaluate the stability of laminated glazing materials when they are exposed outdoors or used indoors. The relative durability of glazing in outdoor use can be very different depending on the location of the exposure because of differences in ultraviolet (UV) radiation, time of wetness, temperature, pollutants, and other factors. It cannot be assumed, therefore, that results from one exposure in a single location will be useful for determining relative durability in a different location. When comparing exposure results, at a minimum, the locations of exposure are to be as similar as possible with regard to critical factors such as the amount and rate of solar radiation deposited on the specimens, temperature and humidity levels during exposure. Exposures in several locations with different climates that represent a broad range of anticipated service conditions may be necessary.  
4.2 Because of year-to-year climatological variations, results from a single exposure test cannot be used to predict the absolute rate at which a material degrades. Several years of repeat exposures are needed to get an average test result for a given location.  
4.3 The results of short-term natural and accelerated exposure tests can provide an indication of relative outdoor performance, but they should not be used to predict the absolute long-term performance of a material. The results of tests conducted under natural exposure for less than twelve months will depend on the particular season of the year in which they begin.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to cover procedures for the exposure of laminated glass materials to natural and accelerated weather.  
1.2 This practice is limited to the method by which the material is to be exposed and the general procedure to be followed. It is intended for use with finished articles of commerce as well as with all sizes and shapes of test specimens.  
1.3 Means of evaluation of the effects of weathering will depend on the intended use for the test material.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The performance of glass products may be affected by presence of residual stresses due to process, differential thermal expansion between fused components, and by inclusions. This test method provides means of quantitative evaluation of stresses.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the analysis of stress in glass by means of a polarimeter based on the principles developed by Jessop and Friedel (1, 2).2 Stress is evaluated as a function of optical retardation, that is expressed as the angle of rotation of an analyzing polarizer that causes extinction in the glass.  
1.2 There is no known ISO equivalent to this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The dilatometer method of measuring linear thermal expansion of vitreous glass enamels and glass enamel frits has the advantage of simplicity, lends itself to automatic, self-recording arrangements, and requires test specimens of simple configuration.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of vitreous glass enamels and glass enamel frit specimens for the measurement of linear thermal expansion using Test Method E228.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 6.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
These test methods cover the determination of the breaking strength of glass containers when subjected to internal pressure. These test methods are intended to determine the pressure strength of containers manufactured to contain products reasonably expected to develop a sustained pressure after processing. Two test methods are covered as follows: Test Method A - application of uniform internal pressure for a predetermined period and Test Method B - Application of internal pressure increasing at a predetermined constant rate.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the breaking strength of glass containers when subjected to internal pressure. These test methods are intended to determine the pressure strength of containers manufactured to contain products reasonably expected to develop a sustained pressure of 138 kPa (20 psi) or greater, after processing. Two test methods are covered as follows:    
Sections  
Test Method A—Application of Uniform Internal Pressure
for a Predetermined Period  
5 – 7  
Test Method B—Application of Internal Pressure Increasing
at a Predetermined Constant Rate  
8 – 10  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for chemically strengthened glass products that are used in general building construction, transportation, solar, and other electronic applications, such as PC screens, notebooks, tablets, smart phones, and E-readers, as well as copy machine scanners, computer disks, and flat glass screens for television monitors. The technique covered in this specification usually involves conducting ion exchange of constituent alkali ions in a glass product by immersing it in a bath of molten salt containing larger alkali ions. Penetration of the larger ions into smaller host sites produces a layer of compression on the surface which strengthens the glass. Techniques such as ion implantation, dealkalization, etch-strengthening, and glaze coatings are specifically excluded from this specification.  
1.2 Classification of chemically strengthened glass products is based on the laboratory measurements of surface compression and case depth (depth of compression) and not on the modulus of rupture (MOR). This specification does not purport to address end-use performance.  
1.3 A test method for the measurement of case depth and surface compression is included in Section 8. Another test method for similar measurement using optically guided-wave equipment is included in Section 9.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The term “reference” as employed in this practice implies that either the glass or the metal of the reference glass-metal seal will be a “standard reference material” such as those supplied for other physical tests by the National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST), or a secondary reference material whose sealing characteristics have been determined by seals to a standard reference material (see NIST SP 260). Until standard reference materials for seals are established by the NIST, secondary reference materials may be agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation and testing of reference glass-metal butt seals of two general configurations, one applicable to determining stress in the glass and the other applicable to determining the degree of mismatch of thermal expansion (or contraction). Tests are in accordance with Test Method F218, Subsection 1.1.  
1.2 This practice applies to all glass and metal (or alloy) combinations normally sealed together in the production of electronic components. It should not be attempted with glass-metal combinations having widely divergent thermal expansion (or contraction) properties.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides data useful for (1) estimating stress release, (2) the development of proper annealing schedules, and (3) estimating setting points for seals. Accordingly, its usage is widespread throughout manufacturing, research, and development. It can be utilized for specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the annealing point and the strain point of a glass by measuring the viscous elongation rate of a fiber of the glass under prescribed condition.  
1.2 The annealing and strain points shall be obtained by following the specified procedure after calibration of the apparatus using fibers of standard glasses having known annealing and strain points, such as those specified and certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)2 (see Appendix X1).  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Stress-optical coefficients are used in the determination of stress in glass. They are particularly useful in determining the magnitude of thermal residual stresses for annealing or pre-stressing (tempering) glass. As such, they can be important in specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers procedures for determining the stress-optical coefficient of glass, which is used in photoelastic analyses. In Procedure A the optical retardation is determined for a glass fiber subjected to uniaxial tension. In Procedure B the optical retardation is determined for a beam of glass of rectangular cross section when subjected to four-point bending. In Procedure C, the optical retardation is measured for a beam of glass of rectangular cross-section when subjected to uniaxial compression.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method evaluates the quality and serviceability of a ceramic decoration on architectural type glass. The degree of attack is determined using an acidic solution both quantitatively and qualitatively.  
4.2 This test method provides a convenient control test during the manufacture of the ware.  
4.3 This test method is suitable for specification acceptance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers qualitative determination of the acid resistance of the ceramic decoration on architectural glass.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers Type 101 sealing glass for use in electronic applications. The glass shall have a finish that ensures smooth, even surfaces and freedom from cracks, checks, bubbles, and other laws of a character detrimental to the strength or life of the component or device for which its use is intended. Different test methods shall be performed in order to determine the following properties of the sealing glass: softening point, annealing point, thermal expansion coefficient, contraction coefficient, and bead seal.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers Type 101 sealing glass for use in electronic applications.  
Note 1: This specification is primarily intended to consider glass as most generally used, this is, glass in its transparent form as normally encountered in fabricating electronic devices. X1.3 lists sealing metals and alloys that are compatible with this glass. Type 101 glass in other forms such as powdered, crushed, sintered, fibrous, etc. are excluded. The requirements of this specification, as applied to these forms, must be established in the raw glass prior to its conversion.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The term “reference” as employed in this practice implies that either the glass or the metal of the reference glass-metal seal will be a “standard reference material” such as those supplied for other physical tests by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or a secondary reference material whose sealing characteristics have been determined by seals to a standard reference material (see NBS Special Publication 260). Until standard reference materials for seals are established by the NIST, secondary reference materials may be agreed upon between manufacturer and purchaser.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation and testing of a reference glass-metal sandwich seal for determining stress in the glass or for determining the degree of thermal expansion (or contraction) mismatch between the glass and metal. Tests are in accordance with Test Method F218 (Section 2).  
1.2 This practice applies to all glass and metal (or alloy) combinations normally sealed together in the production of electronic components.  
1.3 The practical limit of the test in deriving mismatch is approximately 300 ppm, above which the glass is likely to fracture.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The term reference as employed in this practice implies that both the glass and the metal of the reference glass-metal seal will be a standard reference material such as those supplied for other physical tests by the National Institute of Standards and Technology, or a secondary reference material whose sealing characteristics have been determined by seals to a standard reference material (see NIST Special Publication 260).4 Until standard reference materials for seals are established by the NIST, secondary reference materials may be agreed upon between producer and user.5
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for preparing and testing reference glass-to-metal bead-seals for determining the magnitude of thermal expansion (or contraction) mismatch between the glass and metal. Tests are in accordance with Test Method F218 (see Section 2).  
1.2 This practice applies to all glass-metal combinations, established or experimental, particularly those intended for electronic components.  
1.3 The practical limit of the test in devising mismatch is approximately 300 ppm, above which the glass is likely to fracture.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers type 58 borosilicate sealing glass for use in electronic applications. The glass material shall conform to the chemical composition requirements prescribed. The material shall conform to the physical and electrical properties prescribed. The glass shall have a finish that ensures smooth, even surfaces and freedom from cracks, checks, bubbles, and other flaws of a character detrimental to the strength or life of the component or device for which its use is intended. The softening point and annealing point shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. The thermal expansion coefficient of the glass material shall be determined using the required procedure. The contracting coefficient of the glass material shall be tested to meet the requirements prescribed. The thermal contraction match between the glass and a sealing alloy may be determined by preparing and testing an assembly to meet the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers Type 58 borosilicate sealing glass for use in electronic applications.  
Note 1: This specification is primarily intended to consider glass as most generally used, that is, glass in its transparent form as normally encountered in fabricating electronic devices. X1.3 refers to a sealing alloy that is compatible with this glass. Type 58 glass in other forms such as powdered, crushed, sintered, fibrous, etc., are excluded. The requirements of this specification, as applied to these forms, must be established in the raw glass prior to its conversion.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This experimental procedure yields meaningful data for the dc volume resistivity of glass. It is designed to minimize space charge, buildup polarization effects, and surface conductances. The temperature range is limited to room temperature to the annealing point of the specimen glass.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dc volume resistivity of a smooth, preferably polished, glass by measuring the resistance to passage of a small amount of direct current through the glass at a voltage high enough to assure adequate sensitivity. This current must be measured under steady-state conditions that is neither a charging current nor a space-charge, buildup polarization current.  
1.2 This test method is intended for the determination of resistivities less than 1016 Ω·cm in the temperature range from 25 °C to the annealing point of the glass.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 5.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is well suited for measuring the viscosity of glasses in ranges higher than those covered by parallel plate (see Test Method C1351M) and rotational viscometry (see Practice C965) methods. This test method is useful for providing information related to the behavior of glass after it has been formed into an object of commerce and in research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of glass viscosity from approximately 108 Pa·s to approximately 1013 Pa·s by measuring the rate of viscous bending of a simply loaded glass beam.2 Due to the thermal history of the glass, the viscosity may not represent conditions of thermal equilibrium at the high end of the measured viscosity range. Measurements carried out over extended periods of time at any temperature or thermal preconditioning will minimize these effects by allowing the glass to approach equilibrium structural conditions. Conversely, the method also may be used in experimental programs that focus on nonequilibrium conditions.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method offers an alternate procedure to Test Method C336 for determining the annealing and strain points of glass. It is particularly recommended for glasses not adaptable to flame working. Also fewer corrections are necessary in data reduction.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the annealing point and the strain point of a glass by measuring the rate of midpoint viscous bending of a simply loaded glass beam.2 However, at temperatures corresponding to the annealing and strain points, the viscosity of glass is highly time-dependent. Hence, any viscosities that might be derived or inferred from measurements by this procedure cannot be assumed to represent equilibrium structural conditions.  
1.2 The annealing and strain points shall be obtained following a specified procedure after direct calibration of the apparatus using beams of standard glasses having known annealing and strain points such as those supplied and certified by the National Institute of Standards and Technology.3  
1.3 This test method, as an alternative to Test Method C336 is particularly well suited for glasses that for one reason or another are not adaptable for flame working. It also has the advantages that thermal expansion and effective length corrections, common to the fiber elongation method, are eliminated.  
1.4 The values stated in metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Density as a fundamental property of glass has basic significance. It is useful in the physical description of the glass and as essential data for research, development, engineering, and production.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of glasses at or near 25 °C, by buoyancy.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fractography is often used to help identify the events that have resulted in the fracture of a glass object. This practice defines the appearance of various fracture surface features, as well as their method of formation. Thus, there can be a common understanding of their relationship to the fracture process as well as a common terminology.
SCOPE
1.1 Fracture features on the surface of a crack reflect the nature and course of the fracture event associated with the breakage of a glass object. This practice is a guide to the identification and interpretation of these fracture surface features.  
1.2 The practice describes the various fracture surface features as to their appearance, the process of formation and their significance.  
1.3 The practice does not provide the procedural information necessary for a complete fractographic analysis. Such information is available in the general literature. (See Glossary for suggested literature).  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.