D22.01 - Quality Control

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Choice of method depends primarily on which equipment is available. Higher accuracy is possible with the gasometer. The accuracies of the methods of atmospheric analysis, for which the calibration procedure is intended, do not warrant the very highest possible accuracy in flow measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of variable-area flowmeters (rotameters) used to determine air sample volumes at or close to ambient conditions of pressure and temperature, in the analysis of atmospheres for pollutant content.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 A primary use intended for this practice is for qualifying ASTM International Standards as Standard Test Methods. In the past, a “Precision and Bias” report has been required. However, recently a statement of uncertainty has become an acceptable alternative to Guide D3670. Inclusion of such a statement with a method description simplifies comparison of ASTM Test Methods to analogous ISO and Committee for European Normalization (CEN) standards, now required to have uncertainty statements.  
6.2 Standardizing the characterization of sampling/analytical method performance is expected to be useful in other applications as well. For example, performance details are a necessity for justifying compliance decisions based on experimental air quality assessments (7). Documented uncertainty can form a basis for specific criteria defining acceptable sampling/analytical method performance.  
6.3 Furthermore, high quality atmospheric measurements are vital for making decisions as to how hazardous substances are to be controlled. Valid data are required for drawing reasonable epidemiological conclusions, for making sound decisions as to acceptable limits, as well as for determining the efficacy of a hazard control system.  
6.4 Finally, because of developing world-wide acceptance of ISO GUM for detailing measurements when statistics are simple, the practice should be useful in comparing ASTM International Test Methods to other published methods. The codification of statistical procedures may in fact minimize the difficulty in interpreting a plethora of individual, albeit possibly valid, approaches.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is for assisting developers and users of air quality methods for sampling concentrations of both airborne and settled materials in characterizing measurements as to uncertainty. Where possible, analysis into uncertainty components as recommended in the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (ISO GUM, (1)2) is suggested. Aspects of uncertainty estimation particular to air quality measurement are emphasized. For example, air quality assessment is often complicated by: the difficulty of taking replicate measurements owing to the large spatio-temporal variation in concentration values to be measured; systematic error or bias, both corrected and uncorrected; and the (rare) non-normal distribution of errors. This practice operates mainly through example. Background and mathematical development are relegated to appendices for optional reading.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most analytical methods used in air pollutant measurements are comparative in nature and require calibration or standardization, or both, often with known blends of the gas of interest. Since many of the important air pollutants are reactive and unstable, it is difficult to store them as standard mixtures of known concentration for extended calibration purposes. An alternative is to prepare dynamically standard blends as required. This procedure is simplified if a constant source of the gas of interest can be provided. Permeation tubes provide this constant source, if properly calibrated and if maintained at constant temperature. Permeation tubes have been specified as reference calibration sources, for certain analytical procedures, by the Environmental Protection Agency (3).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a means for using permeation tubes for dynamically calibrating instruments, analyzers, and analytical procedures used in measuring concentrations of gases or vapors in atmospheres (1, 2).2  
1.2 Typical materials that may be sealed in permeation tubes include: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, ammonia, propane, and butane (1).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this standard is to provide guidelines to Committee D22 for the evaluation of the precision and bias, or both, of ASTM standard methods and practices at the time of their development. Such an evaluation is necessary to assure that a cross section of interested laboratories could perform the test and achieve satisfactory results, using the method as written. It also provides guidance to the user as to what levels of precision and accuracy may be expected in such usage.  
5.2 The write-up of the method describes the media for which the test method is believed to be appropriate. The collaborative test corroborates the write-up within the limitations of the test design. A collaborative test can only use representative media so that universal applicability cannot be implied from the results.  
5.3 The fundamental assumption of the collaborative test is that the media tested, the concentrations used, and the participating laboratories are representative and provide a fair evaluation of the scope and applicability of the test method as written.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance to task groups of Committee D22 on Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres in planning and conducting collaborative testing of candidate methods.  
1.2 It is intended for use with other ASTM practices for the determination of precision and bias.  
1.3 It is applicable to most manual and automated methods and to most components of monitoring systems. It is recognized that the evaluation of monitoring systems may provide special problems. Practice D3249 should be considered for general guidance in this respect.  
1.4 It is directly applicable to chemical methods and in principle to most physical methods, sampling methods, and calibration procedures.  
1.5 The processes described are for the general validation of methods of test. A user has the obligation and responsibility to validate any method it uses for a specific application and to demonstrate its own competence in the use of validated methods.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.  
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.  
3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.  
3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.  (A) For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.  
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The accuracy of air pollution measurements is directly dependent upon accurate calibrations.  
5.2 Such measurements gain accuracy and can be intercompared when the measurement procedures are traceable to national measurement standards.  
5.3 This guide describes procedures for enhancing the accuracy of air pollution measurements which may be specified by those organizations requiring traceability to national standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers two procedures for establishing the permeation rate of a permeation tube and defining the uncertainty of the rate by comparison to National Institute of Standards and Technology's Standard Reference Materials (SRM).  
1.2 Procedure A consists of a direct comparison of the permeation rate of the device undergoing calibration with that of an SRM.  
1.3 Procedure B consists of a gravimetric calibration process in which a certified permeation tube is used as a quality control for the measurements.  
1.4 Both procedures are limited to the case where a suitable certified permeation device is available.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.2 on Safety Precautions.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for use in laboratories using labware for the preparation and analysis of samples collected for analysis for metals or metalloids, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice uses dilute nitric acid to clean glass and plastic labware used in laboratories preparing and analyzing samples for metal and metalloid content.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Data on the composition and characteristics of environmental atmospheres, such as ambient or work space air, are frequently used to evaluate the health and safety of humans. Data on the composition of atmospheric deposition samples are often used for environmental impact assessment.  
5.2 These data are frequently used to ascertain compliance with regulatory statutes that place limits on acceptable compositions and characteristics of these atmospheres.  
5.3 Laboratories that produce environmental sampling and analysis data and those who have the responsibility of selecting a laboratory to perform air quality studies need to know what criteria, practices, and recommendations have been accepted by consensus within this field of endeavor.  
5.4 Demonstration and documentation by a laboratory that there is judicious selection and control of organizational factors, facilities, resources, and operations enhance the reliability of the data produced and promote the acceptance of these data.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria to be used by those responsible for the selection, evaluation, operation, and control of laboratory organizations engaged in sampling and analysis of environmental atmospheres, including ambient, work space, and source emissions, as well as atmospheric deposition samples. For details specific to stack gases, see Practice D7036, which covers administrative issues in full; several specifics in this guide regarding laboratory operations may yet be helpful and do not overlap with Practice D7036.  
1.2 This guide presents features of organizations, facilities, resources, and operations which by their selection and control affect the reliability and credibility of the data generated.  
1.3 This guide presents the criteria for the selection and control of the features listed in 1.2 so that acceptable performance may be attained and sustained. Also, this guide presents recommendations for the correction of unacceptable performance.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to general interest, it contains most of the standard terms, definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Committee D22.  
1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (with attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section 2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right margin of the applicable definition.  
1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise multiple concepts are included herein with the definition specific to standards and practices of Committee D22.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to general interest, it contains most of the standard terms, definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Committee D22.  
1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (with attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section 2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right margin of the applicable definition.  
1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise multiple concepts are included herein with the definition specific to standards and practices of Committee D22.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to general interest, it contains most of the standard terms, definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Committee D22.  
1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (with attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section 2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right margin of the applicable definition.  
1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise multiple concepts are included herein with the definition specific to standards and practices of Committee D22.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 A primary use intended for this practice is for qualifying ASTM International Standards as Standard Test Methods. In the past, a “Precision and Bias” report has been required. However, recently a statement of uncertainty has become an acceptable alternative to D3670 – 91: Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of Methods of Committee D22. Inclusion of such a statement with a method description simplifies comparison of ASTM Test Methods to analogous ISO and CEN standards, now required to have uncertainty statements.  
6.2 Standardizing the characterization of sampling/analytical method performance is expected to be useful in other applications as well. For example, performance details are a necessity for justifying compliance decisions based on experimental air quality assessments (7). Documented uncertainty can form a basis for specific criteria defining acceptable sampling/analytical method performance.  
6.3 Furthermore, high quality atmospheric measurements are vital for making decisions as to how hazardous substances are to be controlled. Valid data are required for drawing reasonable epidemiological conclusions, for making sound decisions as to acceptable limits, as well as for determining the efficacy of a hazard control system.  
6.4 Finally, because of developing world-wide acceptance of ISO GUM for detailing measurements when statistics are simple, the practice should be useful in comparing ASTM International Test Methods to others’ published methods. The codification of statistical procedures may in fact minimize the difficulty in interpreting a plethora of individual, albeit possibly valid, approaches.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is for assisting developers and users of air quality methods for sampling concentrations of both airborne and settled materials in characterizing measurements as to uncertainty. Where possible, analysis into uncertainty components as recommended in the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (ISO GUM, (1)2) is suggested. Aspects of uncertainty estimation particular to air quality measurement are emphasized. For example, air quality assessment is often complicated by: the difficulty of taking replicate measurements owing to the large spatio-temporal variation in concentration values to be measured; systematic error or bias, both corrected and uncorrected; and the (rare) non-normal distribution of errors. This practice operates mainly through example. Background and mathematical development are relegated to appendices for optional reading.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Choice of method depends primarily on which equipment is available. Higher accuracy is possible with the gasometer. The accuracies of the methods of atmospheric analysis, for which the calibration procedure is intended, do not warrant the very highest possible accuracy in flow measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of variable-area flowmeters (rotameters) used to determine air sample volumes at or close to ambient conditions of pressure and temperature, in the analysis of atmospheres for pollutant content.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The accuracy of air pollution measurements is directly dependent upon accurate calibrations.  
5.2 Such measurements gain accuracy and can be intercompared when the measurement procedures are traceable to national measurement standards.  
5.3 This guide describes procedures for enhancing the accuracy of air pollution measurements which may be specified by those organizations requiring traceability to national standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers two procedures for establishing the permeation rate of a permeation tube and defining the uncertainty of the rate by comparison to National Institute of Standards and Technology's Standard Reference Materials (SRM).  
1.2 Procedure A consists of a direct comparison of the permeation rate of the device undergoing calibration with that of an SRM.  
1.3 Procedure B consists of a gravimetric calibration process in which a certified permeation tube is used as a quality control for the measurements.  
1.4 Both procedures are limited to the case where a suitable certified permeation device is available.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.2 on Safety Precautions.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.  
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
3.3 The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.  
3.4 The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.  
3.5 Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.  (A) For specific applications and exceptions, see Terminology D1356.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.  
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most analytical methods used in air pollutant measurements are comparative in nature and require calibration or standardization, or both, often with known blends of the gas of interest. Since many of the important air pollutants are reactive and unstable, it is difficult to store them as standard mixtures of known concentration for extended calibration purposes. An alternative is to prepare dynamically standard blends as required. This procedure is simplified if a constant source of the gas of interest can be provided. Permeation tubes provide this constant source, if properly calibrated and if maintained at constant temperature. Permeation tubes have been specified as reference calibration sources, for certain analytical procedures, by the Environmental Protection Agency (3).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a means for using permeation tubes for dynamically calibrating instruments, analyzers, and analytical procedures used in measuring concentrations of gases or vapors in atmospheres (1, 2).2  
1.2 Typical materials that may be sealed in permeation tubes include: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, ammonia, propane, and butane (1).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
0

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this standard is to provide guidelines to Committee D22 for the evaluation of the precision and bias, or both, of ASTM standard methods and practices at the time of their development. Such an evaluation is necessary to assure that a cross section of interested laboratories could perform the test and achieve satisfactory results, using the method as written. It also provides guidance to the user as to what levels of precision and accuracy may be expected in such usage.  
5.2 The write-up of the method describes the media for which the test method is believed to be appropriate. The collaborative test corroborates the write-up within the limitations of the test design. A collaborative test can only use representative media so that universal applicability cannot be implied from the results.  
5.3 The fundamental assumption of the collaborative test is that the media tested, the concentrations used, and the participating laboratories are representative and provide a fair evaluation of the scope and applicability of the test method as written.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance to task groups of Committee D22 on Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres in planning and conducting collaborative testing of candidate methods.  
1.2 It is intended for use with other ASTM practices for the determination of precision and bias.  
1.3 It is applicable to most manual and automated methods and to most components of monitoring systems. It is recognized that the evaluation of monitoring systems may provide special problems. Practice D3249 should be considered for general guidance in this respect.  
1.4 It is directly applicable to chemical methods and in principle to most physical methods, sampling methods, and calibration procedures.  
1.5 The processes described are for the general validation of methods of test. A user has the obligation and responsibility to validate any method it uses for a specific application and to demonstrate its own competence in the use of validated methods.

SCOPE
0

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Data on the composition and characteristics of environmental atmospheres, such as ambient or work space air, are frequently used to evaluate the health and safety of humans. Data on the composition of atmospheric deposition samples are often used for environmental impact assessment.  
5.2 These data are frequently used to ascertain compliance with regulatory statutes that place limits on acceptable compositions and characteristics of these atmospheres.  
5.3 Laboratories that produce environmental sampling and analysis data and those who have the responsibility of selecting a laboratory to perform air quality studies need to know what criteria, practices, and recommendations have been accepted by consensus within this field of endeavor.  
5.4 Demonstration and documentation by a laboratory that there is judicious selection and control of organizational factors, facilities, resources, and operations enhance the reliability of the data produced and promote the acceptance of these data.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria to be used by those responsible for the selection, evaluation, operation, and control of laboratory organizations engaged in sampling and analysis of environmental atmospheres, including ambient, work space, and source emissions, as well as atmospheric deposition samples. For details specific to stack gases, see Practice D7036, which covers administrative issues in full; several specifics in this guide regarding laboratory operations may yet be helpful and do not overlap with Practice D7036.  
1.2 This guide presents features of organizations, facilities, resources, and operations which by their selection and control affect the reliability and credibility of the data generated.  
1.3 This guide presents the criteria for the selection and control of the features listed in 1.2 so that acceptable performance may be attained and sustained. Also, this guide presents recommendations for the correction of unacceptable performance.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The accuracy of air pollution measurements is directly dependent upon accurate calibrations.
Such measurements gain accuracy and can be intercompared when the measurement procedures are traceable to national measurement standards.
This guide describes procedures for enhancing the accuracy of air pollution measurements which may be specified by those organizations requiring traceability to national standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers two procedures for establishing the permeation rate of a permeation tube and defining the uncertainty of the rate by comparison to National Institute of Standards and Technology's Standard Reference Materials (SRM).
1.2 Procedure A consists of a direct comparison of the permeation rate of the device undergoing calibration with that of an SRM.
1.3 Procedure B consists of a gravimetric calibration process in which a certified permeation tube is used as a quality control for the measurements.
1.4 Both procedures are limited to the case where a suitable certified permeation device is available.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.2 on Safety Precautions.)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Choice of method depends primarily on which equipment is available. Higher accuracy is possible with the gasometer. The accuracies of the methods of atmospheric analysis, for which the calibration procedure is intended, do not warrant the very highest possible accuracy in flow measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of variable-area flowmeters (rotameters) used to determine air sample volumes at or close to ambient conditions of pressure and temperature, in the analysis of atmospheres for pollutant content.
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.
does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements .  
The values reported here were obtained from a number of standard publications. They were adjusted to five figures and organized in a rational order. All values reflect the latest information from the 16th General Conference on Weights and Measurements held in 1979.
The factors in Table 1 are provided to change units of measurement from one system to related units in other systems, as well as to smaller or larger units in the same system.
Values of units in the left column may be converted to values of units in the right column merely by multiplying by the conversion factor provided in the center column.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.
1.2 This practice is used together with , which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Most analytical methods used in air pollutant measurements are comparative in nature and require calibration or standardization, or both, often with known blends of the gas of interest. Since many of the important air pollutants are reactive and unstable, it is difficult to store them as standard mixtures of known concentration for extended calibration purposes. An alternative is to prepare dynamically standard blends as required. This procedure is simplified if a constant source of the gas of interest can be provided. Permeation tubes provide this constant source, if properly calibrated and if maintained at constant temperature. Permeation tubes have been specified as reference calibration sources, for certain analytical procedures, by the Environmental Protection Agency (3).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a means for using permeation tubes for dynamically calibrating instruments, analyzers, and analytical procedures used in measuring concentrations of gases or vapors in atmospheres (1,2).  
1.2 Typical materials that may be sealed in permeation tubes include: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, ammonia, propane, and butane (1).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
A primary use intended for this practice is for qualifying ASTM International Standards as Standard Test Methods. In the past, a “Precision and Bias” report has been required. However, recently a statement of uncertainty has become an acceptable alternative to D 3670 – 91: Guide for Determination of Precision and Bias of Methods of Committee D-22. Inclusion of such a statement with a method description simplifies comparison of ASTM Test Methods to analogous ISO and CEN standards, now required to have uncertainty statements.
Standardizing the characterization of sampling/analytical method performance is expected to be useful in other applications as well. For example, performance details are a necessity for justifying compliance decisions based on experimental air quality assessments (6). Documented uncertainty can form a basis for specific criteria defining acceptable sampling/analytical method performance.
Furthermore, high quality atmospheric measurements are vital for making decisions as to how hazardous substances are to be controlled. Valid data are required for drawing reasonable epidemiological conclusions, for making sound decisions as to acceptable limits, as well as for determining the efficacy of a hazard control system.
Finally, because of developing world-wide acceptance of ISO GUM for detailing measurements when statistics are simple, the practice should be useful in comparing ASTM International Test Methods to others’ published methods. The codification of statistical procedures may in fact minimize the difficulty in interpreting a plethora of individual, albeit possibly valid, approaches.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is for assisting developers and users of air quality methods for sampling concentrations of both airborne and settled materials in characterizing measurements as to uncertainty. Where possible, analysis into uncertainty components as recommended in the ISO Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (1, ISO GUM) is suggested. Aspects of uncertainty estimation particular to air quality measurement are emphasized. For example, air quality assessment is often complicated by: the difficulty of taking replicate measurements owing to the large spatio-temporal variation in concentration values to be measured; systematic error or bias, both corrected and uncorrected; and the (rare) non-normal distribution of errors. This practice operates mainly through example. Background and mathematical development are relegated to appendices for optional reading.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Data on the composition and characteristics of environmental atmospheres, such as ambient or work space air, are frequently used to evaluate the health and safety of humans. Data on the composition of atmospheric deposition samples are often used for environmental impact assessment.
These data are frequently used to ascertain compliance with regulatory statutes that place limits on acceptable compositions and characteristics of these atmospheres.
Laboratories that produce environmental sampling and analysis data and those who have the responsibility of selecting a laboratory to perform air quality studies need to know what criteria, practices, and recommendations have been accepted by consensus within this field of endeavor.
Demonstration and documentation by a laboratory that there is judicious selection and control of organizational factors, facilities, resources, and operations enhance the reliability of the data produced and promote the acceptance of these data.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria to be used by those responsible for the selection, evaluation, operation, and control of laboratory organizations engaged in sampling and analysis of environmental atmospheres, including ambient, work space, and source emissions, as well as atmospheric deposition samples. For details specific to stack gases, see Practice D 7036, which covers administrative issues in full; several specifics in this guide regarding laboratory operations may yet be helpful and do not overlap with Practice D 7036.
1.2 This guide presents features of organizations, facilities, resources, and operations which by their selection and control affect the reliability and credibility of the data generated.
1.3 This guide presents the criteria for the selection and control of the features listed in so that acceptable performance may be attained and sustained. Also, this guide presents recommendations for the correction of unacceptable performance.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The objective of this standard is to provide guidelines to Committee D22 for the evaluation of the precision and bias, or both, of ASTM standard methods and practices at the time of their development. Such an evaluation is necessary to assure that a cross section of interested laboratories could perform the test and achieve satisfactory results, using the method as written. It also provides guidance to the user as to what levels of precision and accuracy may be expected in such usage.
The write-up of the method describes the media for which the test method is believed to be appropriate. The collaborative test corroborates the write-up within the limitations of the test design. A collaborative test can only use representative media so that universal applicability cannot be implied from the results.
The fundamental assumption of the collaborative test is that the media tested, the concentrations used, and the participating laboratories are representative and provide a fair evaluation of the scope and applicability of the test method as written.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance to task groups of Committee D22 on Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres in planning and conducting collaborative testing of candidate methods.
1.2 It is intended for use with other ASTM practices for the determination of precision and bias.
1.3 It is applicable to most manual and automated methods and to most components of monitoring systems. It is recognized that the evaluation of monitoring systems may provide special problems. Practice D 3249 should be considered for general guidance in this respect.
1.4 It is directly applicable to chemical methods and in principle to most physical methods, sampling methods, and calibration procedures.
1.5 The processes described are for the general validation of methods of test. A user has the obligation and responsibility to validate any method it uses for a specific application and to demonstrate its own competence in the use of validated methods.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Most analytical methods used in air pollutant measurements are comparative in nature and require calibration or standardization, or both, often with known blends of the gas of interest. Since many of the important air pollutants are reactive and unstable, it is difficult to store them as standard mixtures of known concentration for extended calibration purposes. An alternative is to prepare dynamically standard blends as required. This procedure is simplified if a constant source of the gas of interest can be provided. Permeation tubes provide this constant source, if properly calibrated and if maintained at constant temperature. Permeation tubes have been specified as reference calibration sources, for certain analytical procedures, by the Environmental Protection Agency (3).
Note—This system has the advantage of smaller uncertainty of the temperature of the permeation tube. FIG. 1 Optional System for Laboratory Use of a Permeation Tube
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a means for using permeation tubes for dynamically calibrating instruments, analyzers, and analytical procedures used in measuring concentrations of gases or vapors in atmospheres  (,).
1.2 Typical materials that may be sealed in permeation tubes include: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, ammonia, propane, and butane ().
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to general interest, it contains most of the standard terms, definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Committee D22.
1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (with attribution) from standards of origin referenced in Section 2. The standard of origin are noted in bold type at the right margin of the applicable definition.
1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise multiple concepts are included herein with the definition specific to standards and practices of Committee D22.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The Type S pitot tube (Fig. 1) is often used to measure the velocity of flowing gas streams in industrial smokestacks and ducts. Before a Type S pitot tube is used for this purpose, its coefficients must be determined by calibration against a standard pitot tube (2).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of Type S pitot tube coefficients in the gas velocity range from 305 to 1524 m/min or 5.08 to 25.4 m/s [1000 to 5000 ft/min]. The method applies both to the calibration of isolated Type S pitot tubes (see ), and pitobe assemblies.
1.2 This practice outlines procedures for obtaining Type S pitot tube coefficients by calibration at a single-velocity setting near the midpoint of the normal working range. Type S pitot coefficients obtained by this method will generally be valid to within 3 % over the normal working range. If a more precise correlation between Type S pitot tube coefficient and velocity is desired, multivelocity calibration technique () should be used.
1.3 This practice may be used for the calibration of thermal anemometers for gas velocities in excess of 3 m/s [10 ft/s].
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Choice of method depends primarily on which equipment is available. Higher accuracy is possible with the gasometer. The accuracies of the methods of atmospheric analysis, for which the calibration procedure is intended, do not warrant the very highest possible accuracy in flow measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of variable-area flowmeters (rotameters) used to determine air sample volumes at or close to ambient conditions of pressure and temperature, in the analysis of atmospheres for pollutant content.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The accuracy of air pollution measurements is directly dependent upon accurate calibrations.
Such measurements gain accuracy and can be intercompared when the measurement procedures are traceable to national measurement standards.
This guide describes procedures for enhancing the accuracy of air pollution measurements which may be specified by those organizations requiring traceability to national standards.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers two procedures for establishing the permeation rate of a permeation tube and defining the uncertainty of the rate by comparison to National Institute of Standards and Technology's Standard Reference Materials (SRM).
1.2 Procedure A consists of a direct comparison of the permeation rate of the device undergoing calibration with that of an SRM.
1.3 Procedure B consists of a gravimetric calibration process in which a certified permeation tube is used as a quality control for the measurements.
1.4 Both procedures are limited to the case where a suitable certified permeation device is available.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See on Safety Precautions.)

SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.
1.2 This practice is used together with IEEE/ASTM SI-10, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a collective vocabulary relating to sampling and analysis of atmospheres. As a convenience to general interest, it contains most of the standard terms, definitions, and nomenclature under the jurisdiction of Committee D22.
1.2 Many of the entries in this terminology are copied (with attribution) from the standards of origin referenced in Section 2. The standards of origin are noted in bold type at the right margin of the applicable definition.  
1.3 Certain terms in the common language that comprise multiple concepts are included herein with the definition specific to standard and practices of Committee D22.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a means for utilizing permeation tubes for dynamically calibrating instruments, analyzers, and analytical procedures used in measuring concentrations of gases or vapors in atmospheres (1, 2).  
1.2 Typical materials that may be sealed in permeation tubes include: sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, ammonia, propane, and butane (1).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers two procedures for establishing the permeation rate of a permeation tube and defining the uncertainty of the rate by comparison to National Institute of Standards and Technology's Standard Reference Materials (SRM).  
1.2 Procedure A consists of a direct comparison of the permeation rate of the device undergoing calibration with that of an SRM.  
1.3 Procedure B consists of a gravimetric calibration process in which a certified permeation tube is used as a quality control for the measurements.  
1.4 Both procedures are limited to the case where a suitable certified permeation device is available.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See 8.2 on Safety Precautions.)

SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.
1.2 This practice is used together with Practice E380, which discusses SI units and contains selected conversion factors for inter-relation of SI units and some commonly used non-metric units.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the calibration of variable-area flowmeters (rotameters) used to determine air sample volumes at or close to ambient conditions of pressure and temperature, in the analysis of atmospheres for pollutant content.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria to be used by those responsible for the selection, evaluation, operation, and control of laboratory organizations engaged in sampling and analysis of environmental atmospheres, including ambient, work space, and source emission (stack gas) atmospheres.
1.2 This guide presents features of organizations, facilities, resources, and operations which by their selection and control affect the reliability and credibility of the data generated.
1.3 This guide presents the criteria for the selection and control of the features listed in 1.2 so that acceptable performance may be attained and sustained. Also, this guide presents recommendations for the correction of unacceptable performance.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria to be used by those responsible for the selection, evaluation, operation, and control of laboratory organizations engaged in sampling and analysis of environmental atmospheres, including ambient, work space, and source emission (stack gas) atmospheres.
1.2 This guide presents features of organizations, facilities, resources, and operations which by their selection and control affect the reliability and credibility of the data generated.
1.3 This guide presents the criteria for the selection and control of the features listed in 1.2 so that acceptable performance may be attained and sustained. Also, this guide presents recommendations for the correction of unacceptable performance.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance to task groups of Committee D22 on Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres in planning and conducting collaborative testing of candidate methods.
1.2 It is intended for use with other ASTM practices for the determination of precision and bias.
1.3 It is applicable to most manual and automated methods and to most components of monitoring systems. It is recognized that the evaluation of monitoring systems may provide special problems. Practice D 3249 should be considered for general guidance in this respect.
1.4 It is directly applicable to chemical methods and in principle to most physical methods, sampling methods, and calibration procedures.
1.5 The processes described are for the general validation of methods of test. A user has the obligation and responsibility to validate any method it uses for a specific application and to demonstrate its own competence in the use of validated methods.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard provides guidance to task groups of Committee D22 on Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres in planning and conducting collaborative testing of candidate methods.
1.2 It is intended for use with other ASTM practices for the determination of precision and bias.
1.3 It is applicable to most manual and automated methods and to most components of monitoring systems. It is recognized that the evaluation of monitoring systems may provide special problems. Practice D 3249 should be considered for general guidance in this respect.
1.4 It is directly applicable to chemical methods and in principle to most physical methods, sampling methods, and calibration procedures.
1.5 The processes described are for the general validation of methods of test. A user has the obligation and responsibility to validate any method it uses for a specific application and to demonstrate its own competence in the use of validated methods.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of Type S pitot tube coefficients in the gas velocity range from 305 to 1524 m/min or 5.08 to 25.4 m/s (1000 to 5000 ft/min). The method applies both to the calibration of isolated Type S pitot tubes (see 5.1), and pitobe assemblies (see 5.2).  
1.2 This practice outlines procedures for obtaining Type S pitot tube coefficients by calibration at a single-velocity setting near the midpoint of the normal working range (see 5.3). Type S pitot coefficients obtained by this method will generally be valid to within +3% over the normal working range. If a more precise correlation between Type S pitot tube coefficient and velocity is desired, multivelocity calibration technique (Annex A1) should be used.
1.3 This practice may be used for the calibration of thermal anemometers for gas velocities in excess of 3 m/s (10 ft/s).  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 The dioctyl phthalate (DOP) smoke test is a highly sensitive and reliable technique for measuring the fine particle arresting efficiency of an air or gas cleaning system or device. It is especially useful for evaluating the efficiency of depth filters, membrane filters, and other particle-collecting devices used in air assay work.  
1.2 The technique was developed by the U.S. Government during World War II.  Its validity for use in evaluation of air sampling media has been well demonstrated.  
1.3 Although a little latitude is permissible in the associated equipment and in the operation method, experience has shown the desirability of operating within established design parameters and recognized test procedures.  
1.4 This practice describes the present DOP test method, typical equipment, calibration procedures, and test particles. It is applicable for use with commercially available equipment.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety precaution, see 6.1.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
The dioctyl phthalate (DOP) smoke test is a highly sensitive and reliable technique for measuring the fine particle arresting efficiency of an air or gas cleaning system or device. It is especially useful for evaluating the efficiency of depth filters, membrane filters, and other particle-collecting devices used in air assay work.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D22 on Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres, this practice was withdrawn in December 2004. This practice is being withdrawn because the procedure is 34 years-old and the apparatus identified (the Optical Owl) is no longer available.