D04.20 - Mechanical Tests of Asphalt Mixtures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used to prepare specimens for determining the volumetric and physical properties of compacted asphalt mix.  
4.2 This test method is useful for monitoring the density of test specimens during the compaction process. This test method is suited for the laboratory design, field control of asphalt mix, forensics, imaging, and visualization of compacted asphalt mix.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the compaction of an asphalt mix into cylindrical specimens using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). This standard also refers to the determination of the relative density of the compacted specimens at any point in the compaction process. Compacted specimens are suitable for volumetric, physical property, and mechanical testing. Smaller specimens may be cut from the compacted cylindrical specimen for specific test specimen geometry requirements. The compaction procedures apply to Laboratory Mixed Laboratory Compacted (LMLC) and Plant Mixed Laboratory Compacted (PMLC) asphalt mix.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in degrees for the angle of gyration, gyrations per minute, and hardness are mathematical conversions from the SI units and are provided for information regarding the commonly used units of degree, rotations per minute, and Rockwell hardness, respectfully.  
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Asphalt slabs compacted with the rolling compactor can be used to obtain specimens for further testing, including bulk specific gravity following Test Methods D1188/D1188M, D2726/D2726M, and D6752/D6752M, fatigue performance characteristics following Test Methods D7460 and D8237 or AASHTO T 321, and Hamburg wheel-track testing following AASHTO T 324.  
5.2 Specimens to perform other standard tests could also be obtained, as long as their volume is contained within the volume of a slab.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline that provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of slabs of asphalt mix using an automated laboratory rolling compactor (RC). Compacted specimens are suitable for volumetric and physical property testing. This practice should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material or for purchasing purposes.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Marshall stability and flow values along with density, air voids in the total mix, voids in the mineral aggregate, or voids filled with asphalt binder, or both, filled with asphalt binder are used for laboratory mix design and evaluation of asphalt mixtures. In addition, Marshall stability and flow can be used to monitor the plant process of producing asphalt mixture. Marshall stability and flow may also be used to relatively evaluate different mixes and the effects of conditioning such as with water.  
4.1.1 Marshall stability and flow are asphalt mixture characteristics determined from tests of compacted specimens of a specified geometry. The Marshall Test can be conducted with two different types of equipment: (1) Method A—using a loading frame with a load ring and a dial gauge for deformation or flow meter (Traditional Method); or (2) Method B—using a load-deformation recorder in conjunction with a load cell and linear variable differential transducer (LVDT) or other automatic recording device (Automated Method).  
4.1.2 Typically, Marshall stability is the peak resistance load obtained during a constant rate of deformation loading sequence. However, depending on the composition and behavior of the mixture, a less defined type of failure has been observed, as illustrated in Fig. 1. As an alternative method, Marshall stability can also be defined as the load obtained when the rate of loading increase begins to decrease such that the curve starts to become horizontal, as shown in the bottom graph of Fig. 1. The magnitude of Marshall stability varies with aggregate type and grading and bitumen type, grade, and amount. Various agencies have criteria for Marshall stability.
FIG. 1 Flow Determination for Two Types of Specimen Failure  
4.1.3 Marshall flow is a measure of deformation (elastic plus plastic) of the asphalt mixture determined during the stability test. In both types of failure, the Marshall flow is the total sample deformation from the point whe...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of resistance to plastic flow of 4 in. (102 mm) cylindrical specimens of asphalt mixture loaded in a direction perpendicular to the cylindrical axis by means of the Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with dense-graded asphalt mixtures prepared with asphalt binder (modified and unmodified) with maximum size aggregate up to 1 in. (25 mm) in size (passing 1 in. (25 mm) sieve).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is used in the laboratory mix design of bituminous mixtures. Specimens are prepared in accordance with the method and tested for maximum load and flow. Density and voids properties may also be determined on specimens prepared in accordance with the method. The testing section of this method can also be used to obtain maximum load and flow for bituminous paving specimens cored from pavements or prepared by other methods. These results may differ from values obtained on specimens prepared by this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded on the lateral surface by means of the Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with mixtures containing asphalt cement and aggregate up to 11/2 in. (37.5 mm) nominal maximum size.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard except for reference to sieve sizes and size of aggregate as measured by testing sieves in which SI units are standard according to Specification E11. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test method is developed for determining the rutting and moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. The rutting and moisture damage resistance can help differentiate mixtures whose service life might be compromised by permanent deformation or by moisture damage. The test method is valid for specimens that are tested at temperatures of 60 ± 0.5 °C [140 ± 0.9 °F]. Test specimen geometry is a diameter of 150 mm [5.9 in.] and a height of 115 ± 5 mm [4.5 ± 0.2 in.]. Specimens are prepared using a Superpave gyratory compactor.
Note 9: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for testing the rutting and moisture susceptibility of asphalt specimens using the Rotary Wheel Tester (RWT). Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) specimens (Test Method D6925) are wrapped, conditioned, submerged in water, and confined between three metal wheels in continuous synchronized rotation with each wheel applying a fixed load around the periphery of the specimen. The system records the number of load cycles applied to the specimen, the deformation of the specimen (rut depth), the loading rate, the temperature of the water, and Sigma, which is an indication of specimen roundness.  
1.2 The test method is used to determine the premature rutting susceptibility of asphalt mixtures by measuring rut depth as a function of number of load cycles throughout the test.  
1.3 This test method also measures the potential for moisture damage effects because the specimens are submerged in temperature-controlled water during preconditioning and for the duration of the test.  
1.4 The parameters of the test are shown in Table 1. See an example of the test parameters used in Appendix X1.  
Note 1: This test uses a typical specimen produced by a Superpave gyratory compactor.
Note 2: The ruggedness study identified air void content as the most influential factor evaluated and recommended a tolerance of ±0.25 % to minimize the effect of air void content on the test results. The precision study evaluated three asphalt mixtures with specimen air void contents ranging from 2.87 % to 3.23 %, from 4.28 % to 4.64 %, and from 5.77 % to 6.19 %. Precision statements covering the air void content ranges of 2.75 % to 4.75 % and 5.75 % to 6.25 % can be found in Section 10. Lemke and Bahia (2019) found that an asphalt mixture with 7 % air void content was more susceptible to rutting than a mixture with 3 % air void content and that the test results for the 7 % AV mixture did not differentiate between control factors such as test temperature and mixture source like the mixture with 3 % air void content did.
Note 3: The University of Wisconsin at Madison Modified Asphalt Research Center (2017) reported that the City of LA selected the test temperature of 60 °C [140 °F] because “(1) it approximates the observed high average temperature of most pavements, (2) it is close to the high temperature performance grade classification of the asphalt binder used in most local applications, (3) it allows a test to be performed in an accelerated time frame (about 2 h excluding preconditioning time), and (4) research on rut testing has shown [that] the asphalt binder seems to have the most control over the test results at lower test temperatures.” The ruggedness study was comple...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 SGCs are used to produce asphalt mixture specimens in the laboratory to assess volumetric properties and predict pavement performance. In the fabrication of an SGC specimen in accordance with Test Method D6925, loose asphalt mixture is placed inside a metal mold, which is then placed into an SGC. A constant consolidation pressure is applied to the sample while the mold gyrates at a nominally constant angle (referred to as the internal angle of gyration) and rate. Consistency in the density of the asphalt specimens produced as measured by Test Method D2726/D2726M or D6752/D6752M is very important to the validity of the tests performed. Specimens of a consistent density are produced when an SGC maintains a constant pressure and a known constant internal angle of gyration during the compaction process.  
5.2 There are several manufacturers and models of SGC. Each model employs a unique method of setting, inducing, and maintaining the internal angle of gyration. Each model also employs a unique calibration system to measure the external angle of gyration. These existing calibration systems cannot be used universally on all of the different SGC models commercially available. Inconsistencies in asphalt specimens produced on different SGC models have been at least partially attributed to variations in the angle of gyration.  
5.3 This method describes instruments and processes that can be used to independently measure the internal angle of gyration of any manufacturer’s SGC model under simulated loading conditions. The external shape of the instrument chassis ensures that the points of physical contact between the mold end plates and the instrument occur at a fixed and known distance away from the axis of gyration. As a result, the vertical load is applied at these fixed points, creating tilting moments at each end of the mold.  
5.4 Unless otherwise specified, a tilting moment of 466.5 N-m shall be applied to the SGC by the instrument while making this measurement....
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the measurement of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) internal angle of gyration using an instrument capable of simulating loading conditions similar to those created by an asphalt mixture specimen.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. The value given in rotations per minute is provided for information regarding commonly used units.  
1.2.1 IEEE/ASTM SI 10, American National Standard for Metric Practice, offers guidance where use of decimal degrees for plane angles (versus radians) and revolutions per minute for rate of gyration (versus radians per second) is acceptable within the IEEE/ASTM SI 10 system when used on a minimal basis.  
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Asphalt prisms compacted with the shear box compactor can be used to obtain specimens for further testing, including bulk specific gravity following Test Methods D6752/D6752M and D2726/D2726M; dynamic modulus following AASHTO T 342; dynamic modulus, flow number, and flow time following AASHTO T 378; and fatigue performance characteristics following AASHTO T 321.  
5.2 Specimens to perform other standard tests could also be obtained, as long as their volume is contained within the volume of a prism having maximum width, length, and height (W × L × H) of 150 mm, 450 mm, and 185 mm, respectively. The maximum prism height depends on the mix type, the target air voids, and the equipment limitations.
Note 1: The aggregate orientation in the samples produced by this method may be different from samples produced by other laboratory compaction methods. This should be considered when comparing mechanical test results from different compaction methods.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors. Following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of prismatic specimens of asphalt mixture using the shear box compactor (SBC). Compacted specimens are suitable for volumetric and physical property testing. This standard practice should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material or for purchasing purposes.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard with exception of degrees (°) where angle is specified.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures the permanent deformation behavior and rutting resistance of an asphalt mixture specimen.  
5.2 This method can also measure moisture susceptibility of an asphalt mixture specimen if required by the agency.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for testing permanent deformation behavior and rutting resistance of compacted asphalt mixtures using a modified version of a loaded wheel tracker device2 utilizing controlled confining pressure. The test specimen is tested either dry or moisture conditioned. A laboratory roller compactor or its equivalent is used to prepare test slabs of 305 mm by 305 mm [12 in. by 12 in.] and thickness 50 mm, 75 mm, or 100 mm [2 in., 3 in., or 4 in.] depending on the nominal maximum aggregate size. The thickness of the specimen must be at least two and half times the nominal maximum aggregate size. Alternatively, saw-cut slab specimens with dimensions 305 mm by 305 mm [12 in. by 12 in.] and thickness 50 mm to 100 mm [2 in. to 4 in.] may be secured from the field.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 Since a precision estimate for this standard has not been fully developed, the test method is to be used for research and informational purposes only. Therefore, this standard should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material for purchasing purposes.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compacted asphalt mixture specimens molded by this procedure are used for various physical tests such as stability, flow, indirect tensile strength, fatigue, creep, and modulus. Density and void analysis are also conducted on specimens for mixture design and evaluation of field compaction.
Note 3: Uncompacted mixtures are used for determination of theoretical maximum specific gravity.
Note 4: The quality of the results produced by this practice are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers preparation and compaction of 4 in. (101.6 mm) diameter by nominal 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) high cylindrical asphalt paving mixture specimens. This practice is intended for use with laboratory and plant-produced asphalt mixtures with aggregate up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) maximum size and for recompaction of asphalt paving mixture samples.
Note 1: Historically, 35, 50, and 75 blows per face has been practiced for this test.
Note 2: Manufacturers do not recommend applying an excessive number of blows per face of a sample. This practice has been known to cause fatigue and damage to machine components.  
1.2 There are three types of Marshall compaction apparatus in use. The following types of hammer arrangements are included in this practice:  
1.2.1 Manually held hammer handle (Type 1) is attached to a flat compaction foot through a spring-loaded swivel and is hand operated (see 5.3.1) (original standard developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers).  
1.2.2 Hammer handle restrained laterally (fixed) but not vertically (Type 2), attached to a flat compaction foot through a spring-loaded swivel and is either mechanically or hand operated (see 5.3.2). There may or may not be a constant surcharge on top of the hammer handle. Mechanical hammers (Type 2) are available that operate at a range of 55 to 68 blows per minute.  
1.2.3 Hammer handle restrained laterally (fixed) with or without constant surcharge on top of hammer, is attached to a slanted compaction foot on a rotating mold base (Type 3), and is mechanically operated (see 5.3.3). This method must be used as a referee method.  
1.3 Although the mass and height of mass drop for each apparatus are the same, density achieved in compacted specimens with the same number of blows will be different. It is up to the owner or specifier to establish the specific required number of blows to be used for compaction of the specimen in relation to the field.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Compacted asphalt mixture specimens molded by this procedure are used for various physical tests such as stability, flow, indirect tensile strength, fatigue, creep, and modulus. Density and void analysis are also conducted on specimens for mixture design and evaluation of field compaction.
Note 1: Uncompacted mixtures are used for determination of theoretical maximum specific gravity.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this practice are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers preparation and compaction of 4 in. (101.6 mm) diameter by nominal 2.5 in. (63.5 mm) high cylindrical asphalt paving mixture specimens. This practice is intended for use with laboratory and plant-produced asphalt mixtures with aggregate up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) maximum size and for recompaction of asphalt paving mixture samples.  
1.2 There are three types of Marshall compaction apparatus in use. The following types of hammer arrangements are included in this practice:  
1.2.1 Manually held hammer handle is attached to a flat compaction foot through a spring-loaded swivel and is hand operated (original standard developed by the United States Army Corps of Engineers).  
1.2.2 Hammer handle restrained laterally (fixed) but not vertically, attached to a flat compaction foot through a spring-loaded swivel and is either mechanically or hand operated. There may or may not be a constant surcharge on top of the hammer handle. Mechanical hammers are available that operate at (1) nominal 55 blows per minute or (2) equal to or greater than 75 blows per minute.  
1.2.3 Hammer handle restrained laterally (fixed) with constant surcharge on top of hammer, is attached to a slanted compaction foot on a rotating mold base, and is mechanically operated. This method must be used as a referee method.  
1.3 Although the mass and height of mass drop for each apparatus are the same, density achieved in compacted specimens with the same number of blows will be different. It is up to the owner or specifier to establish the specific required number of blows to be used for compaction of the specimen in relation to the field.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Asphalt slabs compacted with the rolling compactor can be used to obtain specimens for further testing, including bulk specific gravity following Test Methods D1188, D2726, and D6752, fatigue performance characteristics following Test Method D7460 or AASHTO T 321, and Hamburg wheel-track testing following AASHTO T 324.  
5.2 Specimens to perform other standard tests could also be obtained, as long as their volume is contained within the volume of a slab.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing, sampling, inspection, etc. Users of this practice are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline that provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of slabs of asphalt mix using an automated laboratory rolling compactor (RC). Compacted specimens are suitable for volumetric and physical property testing. This practice should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material or for purchasing purposes.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 SGCs are used to produce hot-mix asphalt (HMA) specimens in the laboratory to assess volumetric properties and predict pavement performance. In the fabrication of an SGC specimen in accordance with Test Method D6925, loose HMA is placed inside a metal mold, which is then placed into an SGC. A constant consolidation pressure is applied to the sample while the mold gyrates at a nominally constant angle (referred to as the angle of gyration) and rate. Consistency in the density of the asphalt specimens produced as measured by Test Methods D2726 or D6752 is very important to the validity of the tests performed. Specimens of a consistent density are produced when an SGC maintains a constant pressure and a known constant angle of gyration during the compaction process.  
5.2 There are several manufacturers and models of SGC. Each model employs a unique method of setting, inducing, and maintaining the angle of gyration. Each model also employs a unique calibration system to measure the external angle of gyration. These existing calibration systems can not be used universally on all of the different SGC models commercially available. Inconsistencies in asphalt specimens produced on different SGC models have been at least partially attributed to variations in the angle of gyration.  
5.3 This method describes instruments and processes that can be used to independently measure the internal angle of gyration of any manufacturers’ SGC model under simulated loading conditions. The external shape of the instrument chassis assures that the points of physical contact between the mold end plates and the instrument occur at a fixed and known distance away from the axis of gyration. As a result, the vertical load is applied at these fixed points, creating tilting moments at each end of the mold.  
5.4 Unless otherwise specified, a tilting moment of 466.5 N-m shall be applied to the SGC by the instrument while making this measurement.
Note 1: The quality of the results produce...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the measurement of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) internal angle of gyration using an instrument capable of simulating loading conditions similar to those created by a hot mix asphalt specimen.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 IEEE/ASTM SI 10, American National Standard for the Use of International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, offers guidance where use of decimal degrees for plane angles (versus radians) and revolutions per minute for rate of gyration (versus radians per second) is acceptable within the IEEE/ASTM SI 10 system when used on a minimal basis.  
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Asphalt prisms compacted with the Shear Box Compactor can be used to obtain specimens for further testing, including bulk specific gravity following Test Methods D6752 and D2726, Dynamic modulus following AASHTO T342, dynamic modulus, flow number, and flow time following AASHTO TP79, and fatigue performance characteristics following AASHTO T321.  
5.2 Specimens to perform other standard tests could also be obtained, as long as their volume is contained within the volume of a prism having maximum width, length and height (W×L×H) of 150 mm, 450 mm, and 185 mm, respectively.
Note 1: The aggregate orientation in the samples produced by this method maybe different from samples produced by other laboratory compaction methods. This should be considered when comparing mechanical test results from different compaction methods.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors chr(59). Following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the fabrication of prismatic specimens of asphalt mixture using the Shear Box Compactor (SBC). Compacted specimens are suitable for volumetric and physical property testing. This standard practice should not be used for acceptance or rejection of a material or for purchasing purposes.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard with exception of degrees (°) where angle is specified.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Marshall stability and flow values along with density; air voids in the total mix, voids in the mineral aggregate, or voids filled with asphalt, or both, filled with asphalt are used for laboratory mix design and evaluation of asphalt mixtures. In addition, Marshall stability and flow can be used to monitor the plant process of producing asphalt mixture. Marshall stability and flow may also be used to relatively evaluate different mixes and the effects of conditioning such as with water.  
4.1.1 Marshall stability and flow are asphalt mixture characteristics determined from tests of compacted specimens of a specified geometry. The Marshall Test can be conducted with two different types of equipment: (1) Method A—using a loading frame with a load ring and a dial gauge for deformation or flow meter (Traditional Method) or (2) Method B—using a load-deformation recorder in conjunction with a load cell and linear variable differential transducer (LVDT) or other automatic recording device (Automated Method).  
4.1.2 Typically, Marshall stability is the peak resistance load obtained during a constant rate of deformation loading sequence. However, depending on the composition and behavior of the mixture, a less defined type of failure has been observed, as illustrated in Fig. 1. As an alternative method, Marshall stability can also be defined as the load obtained, when the rate of loading increase begins to decrease, such that the curve starts to become horizontal, as shown in the bottom graph of Fig. 1. The magnitude of Marshall Stability varies with aggregate type and grading and bitumen type, grade and amount. Various agencies have criteria for Marshall stability.  
4.1.3 Marshall flow is a measure of deformation (elastic plus plastic) of the asphalt mix determined during the stability test. In both types of failure, the Marshall flow is the total sample deformation from the point where the projected tangent of the linear part of the curve intersects the x-axis (...
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1.1 This test method covers measurement of resistance to plastic flow of 4 in. (102 mm) cylindrical specimens of asphalt paving mixture loaded in a direction perpendicular to the cylindrical axis by means of the Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with dense graded asphalt mixtures prepared with asphalt cement (modified and unmodified), cutback asphalt, tar, and tar-rubber with maximum size aggregate up to 1 in. (25 mm) in size (passing 1 in. (25 mm) sieve).  
1.2 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used to prepare specimens for determining the volumetric and physical properties of compacted asphalt mix.  
4.2 This test method is useful for monitoring the density of test specimens during the compaction process. This test method is suited for the laboratory design, field control of asphalt mix, forensics, imaging, and visualization of compacted asphalt mix.
Note 1: The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Specification D3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Specification D3666 alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Specification D3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
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1.1 This test method covers the compaction of asphalt mix into cylindrical specimens using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). This standard also refers to the determination of the relative density of the compacted specimens at any point in the compaction process. Compacted specimens are suitable for volumetric, physical property, and mechanical testing. Smaller specimens may be cut from the compacted cylindrical specimen for specific test specimen geometry requirements. The compaction procedures apply to Laboratory Mix Laboratory Compacted (LMLC) and Plant Mix Laboratory Compacted (PMLC) asphalt mix.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The value given in degrees for the angle of gyration is a mathematical conversion from the SI units and is provided for information regarding the commonly used unit of degree.  
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is used in the laboratory mix design of bituminous mixtures. Specimens are prepared in accordance with the method and tested for maximum load and flow. Density and voids properties may also be determined on specimens prepared in accordance with the method. The testing section of this method can also be used to obtain maximum load and flow for bituminous paving specimens cored from pavements or prepared by other methods. These results may differ from values obtained on specimens prepared by this test method.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded on the lateral surface by means of the Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with mixtures containing asphalt cement and aggregate up to 11/2 in. (37.5 mm) nominal maximum size.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard except for reference to sieve sizes and size of aggregate as measured by testing sieves in which SI units are standard according to Specification E11. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Compacted bituminous mixture specimens molded by this procedure are used for various physical tests such as stability, flow, indirect tensile strength, fatigue, creep, and modulus. Density and voids analysis are also conducted on specimens for mixture design and evaluation of field compaction.
Note 1—Uncompacted mixtures are used for determination of theoretical maximum specific gravity.
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Compacted bituminous mixture specimens molded by this procedure are used for various physical tests such as stability, flow, indirect tensile strength, fatigue, creep, and modulus. Density and voids analysis are also conducted on specimens for mixture design and evaluation of field compaction.
Note 1—Uncompacted mixtures are used for determination of theoretical maximum specific gravity.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
SGCs are used to produce hot-mix asphalt (HMA) specimens in the laboratory to assess volumetric properties and predict pavement performance. In the fabrication of an SGC specimen in accordance with Test Method D6925, loose HMA is placed inside a metal mold, which is then placed into an SGC. A constant consolidation pressure is applied to the sample while the mold gyrates at a nominally constant angle (referred to as the angle of gyration) and rate. Consistency in the density of the asphalt specimens produced as measured by Test Methods D2726 or D6752 is very important to the validity of the tests performed. Specimens of a consistent density are produced when an SGC maintains a constant pressure and a known constant angle of gyration during the compaction process.
There are several manufacturers and models of SGC. Each model employs a unique method of setting, inducing, and maintaining the angle of gyration. Each model also employs a unique calibration system to measure the external angle of gyration. These existing calibration systems can not be used universally on all of the different SGC models commercially available. Inconsistencies in asphalt specimens produced on different SGC models have been at least partially attributed to variations in the angle of gyration.
This method describes instruments and processes that can be used to independently measure the internal angle of gyration of any manufacturers’ SGC model under simulated loading conditions. The external shape of the instrument chassis assures that the points of physical contact between the mold end plates and the instrument occur at a fixed and known distance away from the axis of gyration. As a result, the vertical load is applied at these fixed points, creating tilting moments at each end of the mold.
Unless otherwise specified, a tilting moment of 466.5 N-m shall be applied to the SGC by the instrument while making this measurement.
Note 1—The quality of the results produced by this test meth...
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1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the measurement of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) internal angle of gyration using an instrument capable of simulating loading conditions similar to those created by a hot mix asphalt specimen.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2.1 , American National Standard for the Use of International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System, offers guidance where use of decimal degrees for plane angles (versus radians) and revolutions per minute for rate of gyration (versus radians per second) is acceptable within the  system when used on a minimal basis.  
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results of the deformation and cohesion tests can be used for specification purposes or for mix design purposes, or both. For example, these values can be used for specification compliance testing of aggregate properties. They can also be used for specification compliance testing of the mix. The cohesion test is sometimes used for fine mixes such as sand mixes wherein cohesion, or tensile strength, is of major or primary importance. The cohesion test is also sometimes used for the design of cold mixes containing emulsified asphalt.
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1.1 These test methods cover the determination of (1) the resistance to deformation of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the lateral pressure developed when applying a vertical load by means of the Hveem stabilometer and (2) the cohesion of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the force required to break or bend the sample as a cantilever beam by means of the Hveem cohesiometer.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to prepare specimens for determining the volumetric and physical properties of compacted HMA mix.
This test method is useful for monitoring the density of test specimens during the compaction process. This test method is suited for the laboratory design and field control of HMA.
Note 1—The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Standard Practice D 3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3666 alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Practice D 3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the compaction of cylindrical specimens of hot mix asphalt (HMA) using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). This standard also refers to the determination of the relative density of the compacted specimens at any point in the compaction process. Compacted specimens are suitable for volumetric and physical property testing.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results of the deformation and cohesion tests can be used for specification purposes or for mix design purposes, or both. For example, these values can be used for specification compliance testing of aggregate properties. They can also be used for specification compliance testing of the mix. The cohesion test is sometimes used for fine mixes such as sand mixes wherein cohesion, or tensile strength, is of major or primary importance. The cohesion test is also sometimes used for the design of cold mixes containing emulsified asphalt.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of (1) the resistance to deformation of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the lateral pressure developed when applying a vertical load by means of the Hveem stabilometer and (2) the cohesion of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the force required to break or bend the sample as a cantilever beam by means of the Hveem cohesiometer.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
SGCs are used to produce hot-mix asphalt (HMA) specimens in the laboratory to assess volumetric properties and predict pavement performance. In the fabrication of an SGC specimen in accordance with Test Method D 6925, loose HMA is placed inside a metal mold, which is then placed into an SGC. A constant consolidation pressure is applied to the sample while the mold gyrates at a nominally constant angle (referred to as the angle of gyration) and rate. Consistency in the density of the asphalt specimens produced as measured by Test Methods D 2726 or D 6752 is very important to the validity of the tests performed. Specimens of a consistent density are produced when an SGC maintains a constant pressure and a known constant angle of gyration during the compaction process.
There are several manufacturers and models of SGC. Each model employs a unique method of setting, inducing, and maintaining the angle of gyration. Each model also employs a unique calibration system to measure the external angle of gyration. These existing calibration systems can not be used universally on all of the different SGC models commercially available. Inconsistencies in asphalt specimens produced on different SGC models have been at least partially attributed to variations in the angle of gyration.
This method describes instruments and processes that can be used to independently measure the internal angle of gyration of any manufacturers’ SGC model under simulated loading conditions. The external shape of the instrument chassis assures that the points of physical contact between the mold end plates and the instrument occur at a fixed and known distance away from the axis of gyration. As a result, the vertical load is applied at these fixed points, creating tilting moments at each end of the mold.
Unless otherwise specified, a tilting moment of 466.5 N-m shall be applied to the SGC by the instrument while making this measurement.
Note 1—The quality of the results produced by this test m...
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1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the measurement of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) internal angle of gyration using an instrument capable of simulating loading conditions similar to those created by a hot mix asphalt specimen.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to prepare specimens for determining the volumetric and physical properties of compacted HMA mix.
This test method is useful for monitoring the density of test specimens during the compaction process. This test method is suited for the laboratory design and field control of HMA.
Note 1—The quality of the results produced by this standard are dependent on the competence of the personnel performing the procedure and the capability, calibration, and maintenance of the equipment used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Standard Practice D 3666 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3666 alone does not completely assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; following the suggestions of Practice D 3666 or some similar acceptable guideline provides a means of evaluating and controlling some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the compaction of cylindrical specimens of hot mix asphalt (HMA) using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). This standard also refers to the determination of the relative density of the compacted specimens at any point in the compaction process. Compacted specimens are suitable for volumetric and physical property testing.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 The text of this test method references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used in the laboratory mix design of bituminous mixtures. Specimens are prepared in accordance with the method and tested for maximum load and flow. Density and voids properties may also be determined on specimens prepared in accordance with the method. The testing section of this method can also be used to obtain maximum load and flow for bituminous paving specimens cored from pavements or prepared by other methods. These results may differ from values obtained on specimens prepared by this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded on the lateral surface by means of the Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with mixtures containing asphalt cement and aggregate up to 1½ in. (37.5 mm) nominal maximum size.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard except for reference to sieve sizes and size of aggregate as measured by testing sieves in which SI units are standard according to Specification E 11. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used in the laboratory mix design of bituminous mixtures. Specimens are prepared in accordance with the method and tested for maximum load and flow. Density and voids properties may also be determined on specimens prepared in accordance with the method. The testing section of this method can also be used to obtain maximum load and flow for bituminous paving specimens cored from pavements or prepared by other methods. These results may differ from values obtained on specimens prepared by this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded on the lateral surface by means of the Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with mixtures containing asphalt cement and aggregate up to 11/2 in. (37.5 mm) nominal maximum size.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard except for reference to sieve sizes and size of aggregate as measured by testing sieves in which SI units are standard according to Specification E 11. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method is used to prepare specimens for determining the volumetric and physical properties of compacted HMA mix.
This test method is useful for monitoring the density of test specimens during the compaction process. This test method is suited for the laboratory design and field control of HMA.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the compaction of cylindrical specimens of hot mix asphalt (HMA) using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). This standard also refers to the determination of the relative density of the compacted specimens at any point in the compaction process. Compacted specimens are suitable for volumetric and physical property testing.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded on the lateral surface by means of the Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with mixtures containing asphalt cement and aggregate up to 11/2 in. (37.5 mm) nominal maximum size.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard except for reference to sieve sizes and size of aggregate as measured by testing sieves in which SI units are standard according to Specification E 11. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the compaction of cylindrical specimens of hot mix asphalt (HMA) using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). This standard also refers to the determination of the relative density of the compacted specimens at any point in the compaction process. Compacted specimens are suitable for volumetric and physical property testing.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded on the lateral surface by means of the Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with mixtures containing asphalt cement and aggregate up to 11/2 in. (37.5 mm) nominal maximum size.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard except for reference to sieve sizes and size of aggregate as measured by testing sieves in which SI units are standard according to Specification E 11. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of resistance to plastic flow of 102 mm (4 in.) cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded in a direction perpendicular to the cylindrical axis by means of the Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with dense graded bituminous mixtures prepared with asphalt cement (modified and unmodified), cutback asphalt, tar, and tar-rubber with maximum size aggregate up to 25 mm (1 in.) in size (passing 25 mm (1 in.) sieve).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of (1) the resistance to deformation of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the lateral pressure developed when applying a vertical load by means of the Hveem stabilometer and (2) the cohesion of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the force required to break or bend the sample as a cantilever beam by means of the Hveem cohesiometer.²
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 The practice covers the preparation of test specimens of bituminous paving mixtures by means of a mechanical compactor that imparts a kneading action to the test specimens by a series of individual impressions made with a ram.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The specimens are compacted to simulate the density, aggregate degradation, and structural characteristics possible in the actual road surface when proper construction procedure is used in the placement of the material. The specimens may be used to determine stability, density, strength, water susceptibility, etc., of bituminous mixtures by specified test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of 10-cm or 4-in. diameter test specimens of bituminous mixtures containing 22.4-mm (7/8-in.) aggregate.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The results of the deformation and cohesion tests can be used for specification purposes or for mix design purposes, or both. For example, these values can be used for specification compliance testing of aggregate properties. They can also be used for specification compliance testing of the mix. The cohesion test is sometimes used for fine mixes such as sand mixes wherein cohesion, or tensile strength, is of major or primary importance. The cohesion test is also sometimes used for the design of cold mixes containing emulsified asphalt.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of (1) the resistance to deformation of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the lateral pressure developed when applying a vertical load by means of the Hveem stabilometer and (2) the cohesion of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the force required to break or bend the sample as a cantilever beam by means of the Hveem cohesiometer.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice can be used to prepare cylindrical specimens of bituminous mix for subsequent testing. The procedure incorporates the use of the California Kneading Compactor in an attempt to duplicate the kneading action that is provided by the equipment now being used for the compaction of asphalt concrete pavement.
SCOPE
1.1 The practice covers the preparation of test specimens of bituminous paving mixtures by means of a mechanical compactor that imparts a kneading action to the test specimens by a series of individual impressions made with a ram.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of resistance to plastic flow of 102 mm (4 in.) cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded in a direction perpendicular to the cylindrical axis by means of the Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with dense graded bituminous mixtures prepared with asphalt cement (modified and unmodified), cutback asphalt, tar, and tar-rubber with maximum size aggregate up to 25 mm (1 in.) in size (passing 25 mm (1 in.) sieve).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of resistance to plastic flow of 102 mm (4 in.) cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded in a direction perpendicular to the cylindrical axis by means of the Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with dense graded bituminous mixtures prepared with asphalt cement (modified and unmodified), cutback asphalt, tar, and tar-rubber with maximum size aggregate up to 25 mm (1 in.) in size (passing 25 mm (1 in.) sieve).
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
SGCs are used to produce hot-mix asphalt (HMA) specimens in the laboratory to assess volumetric properties and predict pavement performance. In the fabrication of an SGC specimen in accordance with Test Method D 6925, loose HMA is placed inside a metal mold, which is then placed into an SGC. A constant consolidation pressure is applied to the sample while the mold gyrates at a nominally constant angle (referred to as the angle of gyration) and rate. Consistency in the density of the asphalt specimens produced as measured by Test Method D 2726 or D 6752 is very important to the validity of the tests performed. Specimens of a consistent density are produced when an SGC maintains a constant pressure and a known constant angle of gyration during the compaction process.
There are several manufacturers and models of SGC. Each model employs a unique method of setting, inducing, and maintaining the angle of gyration. Each model also employs a unique calibration system to measure the external angle of gyration. These existing calibration systems can not be used universally on all of the different SGC models commercially available. Inconsistencies in asphalt specimens produced on different SGC models have been at least partially attributed to variations in the angle of gyration.
This method describes instruments and processes that can be used to independently measure the internal angle of gyration of any manufacturers’ SGC model under simulated loading conditions. The external shape of the instrument chassis assures that the points of physical contact between the mold end plates and the instrument occur at a fixed and known distance away from the axis of gyration. As a result, the vertical load is applied at these fixed points, creating tilting moments at each end of the mold.
Unless otherwise specified, tilting moments corresponding to an eccentricity of 22 mm shall be used to simulate the loading conditions of a standard SGC volumetric specimen.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the measurement of the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) internal angle of gyration using an instrument capable of simulating loading conditions similar to those created by a hot mix asphalt specimen.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of (1) the resistance to deformation of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the lateral pressure developed when applying a vertical load by means of the Hveem stabilometer and (2) the cohesion of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the force required to break or bend the sample as a cantilever beam by means of the Hveem cohesiometer.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of beams of bituminous paving mixtures by means of a mechanical compactor that imparts a kneading action compacting the beam by a series of individual impressions made with a ram.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers measurement of resistance to plastic flow of 102 mm (4 in.) cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded in a direction perpendicular to the cylindrical axis by means of the Marshall apparatus. This method is for use with dense graded bituminous mixtures prepared with asphalt cement (modified and unmodified), cutback asphalt, tar, and tar-rubber with maximum size aggregate up to 25 mm (1 in.) in size (passing 25 mm (1 in.) sieve).

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Compacted bituminous mixture specimens molded by this procedure are used for various physical tests such as stability, flow, indirect tensile strength, fatigue, creep, and modulus. Density and voids analysis are also conducted on specimens for mixture design and evaluation of field compaction.
Note 1—Uncompacted mixtures are used for determination of theoretical maximum specific gravity.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers preparation and compaction of 102 mm (4 in.) diameter by nominal 64 mm (2.5 in.) high cylindrical bituminous paving mixture specimens by means of the original manual Marshall method and subsequent variations of the method. This practice is intended for use with laboratory and plant produced bituminous mixtures with aggregate up to 25 mm (1 in.) maximum size and for recompaction of asphalt pavement samples.
1.2 There are three types of Marshall compaction apparatus in use. The following types of hammer arrangements are included in this practice:
1.2.1 Manually held hammer handle attached to a flat compaction foot through a spring loaded swivel and is hand operated (original standard developed by the Corps of Engineers).
1.2.2 Hammer handle restrained laterally (fixed) but not vertically attached to a flat compaction foot through a spring loaded swivel and is either mechanically or hand operated. There may or may not be a constant surcharge on top of the hammer handle. Mechanical hammers are available that operate at (1) nominal 55 blows per minute and (2) equal to or greater than 75 blows per minute.
1.2.3 Hammer handle restrained laterally (fixed) with constant surcharge on top of hammer, a slanted compaction foot, rotating mold base, and is mechanically operated.
1.3 Although the mass and height of mass drop for each apparatus are the same, density achieved in compacted specimens with the same number of blows will be different. It is up to the user to establish the specific required number of blows to be used for compaction of the specimen in relation to the field.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard concerns the compaction of cylindrical specimens of hot mix asphalt (HMA) using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC). This standard also refers to the determination of the relative density of the compacted specimens at any point in the compaction process. Compacted specimens are suitable for volumetric and physical property testing.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a method for measuring the compressive strength of compacted bituminous mixtures. It is for use with specimens weighed, batched, mixed, and fabricated in the laboratory, as well as for mixtures manufactured in a hot-mix plant.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The compressive strength of specimens prepared and tested by this test method along with density and voids properties are used for laboratory mix design of bituminous mixtures. One approach is described in ASTM STP 252.8  
3.1.1 This test method also describes the methods for molding, curing, and testing of specimens being evaluated by Test Method D 1075.
3.1.2 When used in conjunction with other mixture physical properties, the compressive strength may contribute to the overall mixture characterization and is one factor determining its suitability for use under given loading conditions and environment as a highway paving material.
Typical values of minimum compressive strengths for design of bituminous mixtures by this test method for different traffic densities are given in Table 401-1 of the “Standard Specifications for Construction of Roads and Bridges on Federal Highway Projects.”7 Some state departments of transportation and federal agencies have specific requirements of their own based on their experience with this test method. The agencies should be consulted for their specific requirements if work is to meet their standards.
Reheated mixtures are permissible in this test method, but the resulting compressive strengths will be higher than for newly prepared mixtures due to the change in the binder viscosity, an element of the compressive strength as measured under these loading conditions and temperature.9 See Note 1.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a method for measuring the compressive strength of compacted bituminous mixtures. It is for use with specimens weighed, batched, mixed, and fabricated in the laboratory, as well as for mixtures manufactured in a hot-mix plant.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resistance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded on the lateral surface by means of the Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with mixtures containing asphalt cement and aggregate up to 1 1/2 in. (37.5 mm) nominal maximum size.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard except for reference to sieve sizes and size of aggregate as measured by testing sieves in which SI units are standard according to Specification E11. The SI equivalent shown in parentheses may be approximate.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of beams of bituminous paving mixtures by means of a mechanical compactor that imparts a kneading action compacting the beam by a series of individual impressions made with a ram.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of (1) the resistance to deformation of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the lateral pressure developed when applying a vertical load by means of the Hveem stabilometer, and (2) the cohesion of compacted bituminous mixtures by measuring the force required to break or bend the sample as a cantilever beam by means of the Hveem cohesiometer.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 The practice covers the preparation of test specimens of bituminous paving mixtures by means of a mechanical compactor that imparts a kneading action to the test specimens by a series of individual impressions made with a ram.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>
1.3 The values stated in acceptable metric units are to be regarded as the standard.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation of 10-cm or 4-in. diameter test specimens of bituminous mixtures containing -22.4-mm (-7/8-in.) aggregate.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.