ASTM D5581-07a(2013)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D5581 − 07a (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Resistance to Plastic Flow of Bituminous Mixtures Using
Marshall Apparatus (6 inch-Diameter Specimen)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5581; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.2 AASTHO Standards:
T 316 Viscosity Determination of Asphalt Binder Using
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resis-
Rotational Viscometer
tance to plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminous
paving mixture loaded on the lateral surface by means of the
3. Significance and Use
Marshall apparatus. This test method is for use with mixtures
3.1 This test method is used in the laboratory mix design of
containing asphalt cement and aggregate up to 1 ⁄2 in. (37.5
bituminous mixtures. Specimens are prepared in accordance
mm) nominal maximum size.
with the method and tested for maximum load and flow.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Density and voids properties may also be determined on
as standard except for reference to sieve sizes and size of
specimenspreparedinaccordancewiththemethod.Thetesting
aggregate as measured by testing sieves in which SI units are
section of this method can also be used to obtain maximum
standard according to Specification E11. The values given in
load and flow for bituminous paving specimens cored from
parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are
pavements or prepared by other methods. These results may
provided for information only and are not considered standard. differ from values obtained on specimens prepared by this test
method.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Apparatus
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 SpecimenMoldAssembly—Mold cylinders nominal 6.5-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
in. (165.1-mm) outside diameter steel tubing with
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
6.000 6 0.008 in. (152.4 6 0.2 mm) inside diameter by 4.5 in.
(114.3 mm) in height, base plates, and extension collars shall
2. Referenced Documents
conform to the details shown in Fig. 1. Nine mold cylinders are
2.1 ASTM Standards:
recommended.
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements
4.2 Specimen Extractor—steel, in the form of a disk with a
for Test Methods for Construction Materials
diameter from 5.950 to 5.990 in. (151.1 to 152.1 mm) and 0.5
D2493 Standard Viscosity-Temperature Chart for Asphalts
in. (13 mm) thick for extracting the compacted specimen from
D6926 Practice for Preparation of Bituminous Specimens
the specimen mold with the use of the mold collar. A suitable
Using Marshall Apparatus
bar is required to transfer the load from the ring dynamometer
D6927 Test Method for Marshall Stability and Flow of
adapter to the extension collar while extracting the specimen.
Asphalt Mixtures
4.3 Mechanical Compactor and Compaction Hammer—
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Compactor with ⁄3 hp (250W) minimum motor, chain lift,
Sieves
frame, and automatic sliding weight release. The compaction
hammer (Fig. 2) shall have a flat, circular tamping face 5.88 in.
(149.4 mm) in diameter and a 22.50 6 0.02 lb (10.21 6 0.01
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road
kg) sliding weight with a free fall of 18.0 6 0.1 in.
and Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.20 on
(457.2 6 2.5 mm). Two compaction hammers are recom-
Mechanical Tests of Asphalt Mixtures.
Current edition approved June 1, 2013. Published September 2013. Originally
mended.
ε1
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D5581 – 07a . DOI:
10.1520/D5581-07AR13.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from American Association of State Highway and Transportation
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Officials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001,
the ASTM website. http://www.transportation.org.
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D5581 − 07a (2013)
FIG. 2 Compaction Hammer (Generic)
FIG. 1 Compaction Mold
block is placed between the two segments, the inside diameters
and the gaps between the segments shall conform to Fig. 4.All
steel components shall be plated.
4.4 Compaction Pedestal—The compaction pedestal shall
consist of an 8 by 8 by 18-in. (203.2 by 203.2 by 457.2-mm) 4.7 LoadingJack—The loading jack (Fig. 5) shall consist of
wooden post capped with a 12 by 12 by 1-in. (304.8 by 304.8 a screw jack mounted in a test frame and shall produce a
by25.4-mm)steelplate.Thewoodenpostshallbeoak,pine,or uniform vertical movement of 2 in. (50.8 mm)/min.An electric
other wood having an average dry weight of 42 to 48 lb/ft motor may be attached to the jacking mechanism.
(0.67 to 0.77 g/cm ).The wooden post shall be secured by four
NOTE 1—Instead of the loading jack, a mechanical or hydraulic testing
angle brackets to a solid concrete slab. The steel cap shall be
machine may be used provided the rate of movement can be maintained
firmly fastened to the post. The pedestal assembly shall be
at 2 in. (50.8 mm)/min while the load is applied.
installed so that the post is plumb and the cap is level.
4.8 Ring Dynamometer Assembly—One ring dynamometer
4.5 Specimen Mold Holder—mounted on the compaction (Fig. 5) of 10 000-lb. (4536-kg) capacity and sensitivity of 10
pedestal so as to center the compaction mold over the center of lb (4.536 kg) up to 1000 lb (453.6 kg) and 25 lb (11.340 kg)
the post as shown in Fig. 3 or equivalent arrangement. It shall between 1000 and 10 000 lb (453.6 and 4536 kg) shall be
hold the compaction mold, collar, and base plate securely in equipped with a micrometer dial. The micrometer dial shall be
position during compaction of the specimen. graduated on 0.0001 in. (0.0025 mm). Upper and lower ring
dynamometer attachments are required for fastening the ring
4.6 Breaking Head—The breaking head (Fig. 4) shall con-
dynamometer to the testing frame and transmitting the load to
sist of upper and lower cylindrical segments or test heads
the breaking head.
having an inside radius of curvature of 3 in. (76.2 mm)
accurately machined. The lower segment shall be mounted on
NOTE 2—Instead of the ring dynamometer assembly, any suitable
load-measuring device may be used provided the capacity and sensitivity
a base having two perpendicular guide rods or posts extending
meet the above requirements.
upward. Guide sleeves in the upper segments shall be in such
a position as to direct the two segments together without 4.9 Flowmeter—The flowmeter shall consist of a guide
appreciable binding or loose motion on the guide rods. When sleeve and a gage. The activating pin of the gage shall slide
a 6.000 in. (152.4 mm) diameter by 4 in. (100 mm) thick metal inside the guide sleeve with a slight amount of frictional
D5581 − 07a (2013)
FIG. 5 Compression Testing Machine
4.10 Ovens or Hot Plates—Ovens or hot plates shall be
provided for heating aggregates, bituminous material, speci-
men molds, compaction hammers, and other equipment to the
required mixing and molding temperatures. It is recommended
that the heating units be thermostatically controlled so as to
maintain the required temperature within 5°F (2.8°C). Suitable
shields, baffle plates or sand baths shall be used on the surfaces
of the hot plates to minimize localized overheating.
4.11 Mixing Apparatus—Mechanical mixing is recom-
FIG. 3 Specimen Mold Holder
mended. Any type of mechanical mixer may be used provided
it can be maintained at the required mixing temperature and
will provide a well-coated, homogeneous mixture of the
required amount in the allowable time, and further provided
that essentially all of the batch can be recovered. A metal pan
or bowl of sufficient capacity (such as standard 13 qt. size
approximately 6 ⁄4 in. deep) and hand mixing may also be
used.
4.12 Water Bath—The water bath shall be at least 9 in.
(228.6 mm) deep and shall be thermostatically controlled so as
to maintain the bath at 140 6 1.8°F (60 6 1.0°C). The tank
shallhaveaperforatedfalsebottomorbeequippedwithashelf
for supporting specimens 2 in. (50.8 mm) above the bottom of
the bath.
4.13 Miscellaneous Equipment:
4.13.1 Containers for heating aggregates, flat-bottom metal
pans or other suitable containers.
4.13.2 Containers for heating bituminous material, either
gill-type tins, beakers, pouring pots, or saucepans may be used.
FIG. 4 Breaking Head
4.13.3 Mixing Tool, either a steel trowel (garden type) or
spatula, for spading and hand mixing.
4.13.4 Thermometers for determining temperatures of
resistance. The guide sleeve shall slide freely over the guide
aggregates, bitumen, and bituminous mixtures. Armored-glass
rod of the breaking head. The flowmeter gauge shall be
or dial-type thermometers with metal stems are recommended.
adjusted to zero when placed in position on the breaking head
A range from 50 to 400°F (9.9 to 204°C), with sensitivity of
when each individual test specimen is inserted between the
5°F (2.8°C) is required.
breaking head segments. Graduations of the flowmeter gage
4.13.5 Thermometers for water and air baths with a range
shall be in 0.01-in. (0.25-mm) divisions.
from 68 to 158°F (20 to 70°C) sensitive to 0.4°F (0.2°C).
4.13.6 Balance, 10-kg capacity, sensitive to 1.0 g.
NOTE 3—Instead of the flowmeter, a micrometer dial or stress-strain
recorder graduated in 0.001 in. (0.025-mm) may be used to measure flow. 4.13.7 Gloves for handling hot equipment.
D5581 − 07a (2013)
4.13.8 Rubber Gloves for removing specimens from water 5.5.1 Thoroughly clean the specimen mold assembly and
bath. the face of the compaction hammer and heat them either in
boiling water or on the hot plate to a temperature between 200
4.13.9 Marking Crayons for identifying specimens.
and 300°F (93.3 and 148.9°C). Place
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