D22.05 - Indoor Air

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Some PFAS have been implicated in adverse human health impacts (4, 5, 6). Therefore, quantifying PFAS concentrations in indoor air is important for accurate and meaningful exposure analysis and risk assessments.  
5.2 PFAS found in air can have a wide range of chemical characteristics that will impact sampling practice selection. For example, estimated vapor pressure values can vary by ten orders of magnitude, while estimated Henry’s Law constants can vary by five orders of magnitude (Table 1). This means that sampling and analytical methods that are appropriate for one PFAS compound may not be appropriate for other PFAS compounds. Hence, prior to sampling and selecting analytic methods for PFAS measurement in indoor air, it is critical to establish that the chosen PFAS sampling method(s) is appropriate for the target compound(s), the sampling location, and the environmental conditions.  
5.3 The measurement of PFAS in indoor air is an active and growing research topic. Understanding of PFAS properties, sampling and analytic approaches and techniques is constantly evolving. This includes the determination of physical-chemical properties of many PFAS, which may not even have been measured experimentally or which have a wide range of experimentally determined properties (that is, 8:2 FTOH in Table 1). This guide describes methods that are in use at the time of publication.  
5.4 PFAS in indoor air may come from a wide range of sources, including consumer products, building materials, food packaging, outdoor air, and other miscellaneous sources. PFAS is also commonly quantified in indoor dust. There are several methods that quantify these chemicals in solid and liquid media including, but not limited to Guide E3302, Test Method D7968, Test Method D7979, Test Method D8421, Test Method D8535, US EPA 533, and US EPA 537.1. US EPA OTM-45 quantifies some PFAS in the combined gas and particle phases of stationary sources, such as incinerator stack sampling.  
5.5 Thi...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes methods for determining Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) concentrations in indoor air.  
1.2 This guide is focused on PFAS measurement technologies applicable to indoor air (including in vehicles and indoor workplaces) and other relevant air volumes such as, air in chambers, bags, or both. The described technologies were developed for indoor air; they may or may not be applicable to other types of air samples.  
1.3 This guide describes available technologies and methods that can be used to measure indoor air PFAS concentrations in the gaseous or particulate phases, or both, in indoor air.  
1.4 This guide describes each method and its advantages and limitations.  
1.5 This guide does not attempt to differentiate between the effectiveness of the methods nor determine equivalence of the methods.  
1.6 The sorbent-based sampling strategies addressed in this guide are for PFAS compounds with a molecular mass greater than 200 g mol-1 (1, 2, 3).2 Compounds less than 200 g mol-1, such as CF4, C2F6, or PFAS degradation products may require real-time analytical methods described in this guide or other methods that are not presented here.  
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice may be used to estimate the potential for human exposure to pesticide residues that may be dislodged from residential floor surfaces by dermal contact. The sampling device employed is designed to approximately replicate the pressure applied by a 9 kg child crawling or walking on the floor.  
5.2 Laboratory tests and field studies have shown that the transfer coefficient of the sampling device for collection of dried pesticide residues from nylon plush carpets is two to three times higher than that of a dry hand (palm only) pressed ten times at 7300 Pa over the same area of carpet (2, 4, 5).  
5.3 This practice has been found suitable for use on plush and level loop carpets and vinyl flooring  (2, 3).  
5.4 This practice does not describe procedures for evaluation of the safety of floor surfaces or the potential for human exposure to dislodgeable pesticide residues. It is the user's responsibility to evaluate the data collected by this practice and make such determinations in consideration of other available information.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for collection of dislodgeable pesticide residues from indoor floor surfaces.  
1.2 This practice and the sampling methodology described are applicable to bare floors or covered floor surfaces, for example, carpeting and vinyl flooring.  
1.3 This practice and the sampling methodology described are applicable to all pesticides listed in Practice D4861 whether applied directly to the floor surface or transported there by migration within the room or tracked in from outdoors.  
1.4 Floor surfaces for which this practice has been successfully applied include nylon plush carpeting, polypropylene level-loop carpeting, and vinyl flooring.  
1.5 Sample analysis will be dependent upon the nature of the pesticides targeted and is beyond the scope of this practice; however, the analytical procedures discussed in Practice D4861 are applicable to this practice.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 SPF insulation is applied and formed onsite, which creates unique challenges for measuring product emissions. This test method provides a way to measure post-application chemical emissions from SPF insulation.  
6.2 This test method can be used to identify compounds that emit from SPF insulation products, and the emission factors may be used to compare emissions at the specified sampling times and test conditions.  
6.3 Emission data may be used in product development, manufacturing quality control and comparison of field samples.  
6.4 This test method is used to determine chemical emissions from freshly applied SPF insulation samples. The utility of this test method for investigation of odors in building scale environments has not been demonstrated at this time.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to identify and to measure the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from samples of cured spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation using micro-scale environmental test chambers combined with specific air sampling and analytical methods for VOCs.  
1.2 Specimens prepared from product samples are maintained at specified conditions of temperature, humidity, airflow rate, and elapsed time in micro-scale chambers that are described in Practice D7706. Air samples are collected periodically at the chamber exhaust at the flow rate of the micro-scale chambers.  
1.2.1 Samples for formaldehyde and other low-molecular weight carbonyl compounds are collected on treated silica gel cartridges and are analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described in Test Method D5197 and ISO 16000-3.  
1.2.2 Samples for other VOCs are collected on multi-sorbent samplers and are analyzed by thermal-desorption gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) as described in U.S. EPA Compendium Method TO-17 and ISO 16000-6.  
1.3 This test method is intended specifically for SPF insulation products. Compatible product types include two component, high pressure and two-component, low pressure formulations of open-cell and closed-cell SPF insulation.  
1.4 VOCs that can be sampled and analyzed by this test method generally include organic blowing agents such as 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds, residual solvents, and some amine catalysts. Emissions of some organic flame retardants can be measured after 24 h with this method, such as tris (chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP).  
1.5 This test method does not cover the sampling and analysis of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) or other isocyanates.  
1.6 Area-specific and mass-specific emission rates are quantified at the elapsed times and chamber conditions as specified in 13.2 and 13.3 of this test method.  
1.7 This test method is used to identify emitted compounds and to estimate their emission factors at specific times. The emission factors are based on specified conditions, therefore, use of the data to predict emissions in other environments may not be appropriate and is beyond the scope of this test method. The results may not be representative of other test conditions or comparable with other test methods.  
1.8 This test method is primarily intended for freshly applied, SPF insulation samples that are sprayed and packaged as described in Practice D7859. The measurement of emissions during spray application and within the first hour following application is outside of the scope of this test method.  
1.9 This test method can also be used to measure the emissions from SPF insulation samples that are collected from building sites where the insulation has already been applied. Potential uses of such measurements include investigations of odor complaints after product application. However, the specific details of odor investigations and other indoor air quality (IAQ) investigations are outside of the scope of this test method.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarde...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Studies of indoor air problems are often iterative in nature. A thorough engineering evaluation of a building (1-4)3 is sometimes sufficient to identify likely causes of indoor air problems. When these investigations and subsequent remedial measures are not sufficient to solve a problem, more intensive investigations may be necessary.  
5.2 This guide provides the basis for determining when probability sampling methods are needed to achieve statistically defensible inferences regarding the goals of a study of indoor air quality. The need for probability sampling methods in a study of indoor air quality depends on the specific objectives of the study. Such methods may be needed to select a sample of people to be asked questions, examined medically, or monitored for personal exposures. They may also be needed to select a sample of locations in space and time to be monitored for environmental contaminants.  
5.3 This guide identifies several potential obstacles to proper implementation of probability sampling methods in studies of indoor air quality in buildings and presents procedures that overcome those obstacles or at least minimize their impact.  
5.4 Although this guide specifically addresses sampling people or locations across time within a building, it also provides important guidance for studying populations of buildings. The guidance in this document is fully applicable to sampling locations to determine environmental quality or sampling people to determine environmental effects within each building in the sample selected from a larger population of buildings.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria for determining when probability sampling methods should be used to select locations for placement of environmental monitoring equipment in a building or to select a sample of building occupants for questionnaire administration for a study of indoor air quality. Some of the basic probability sampling methods that are applicable for these types of studies are introduced.  
1.2 Probability sampling refers to statistical sampling methods that select units for observation with known probabilities (including probabilities equal to one for a census) so that statistically defensible inferences are supported from the sample to the entire population of units that had a positive probability of being selected into the sample.  
1.3 This guide describes those situations in which probability sampling methods are needed for a scientific study of the indoor air quality in a building. For those situations for which probability sampling methods are recommended, guidance is provided on how to implement probability sampling methods, including obstacles that may arise. Examples of their application are provided for selected situations. Because some indoor air quality investigations may require application of complex, multistage, survey sampling procedures and because this standard is a guide rather than a practice, the references in Appendix X1 are recommended for guidance on appropriate probability sampling methods, rather than including expositions of such methods in this guide.  
1.4 This standard does not address non-probability sampling approaches. Non-probability sampling approaches may be needed, such as worst-case sampling, range finding sampling, and screening sampling as inputs to help guide and inform probability sampling methods.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Manufacturers increasingly are being asked or required to demonstrate that vapor-phase emissions of chemicals of concern from their products under normal use conditions comply with various voluntary or regulatory acceptance criteria. This process typically requires manufacturers to have their products periodically tested for VOC emissions by independent laboratories using designated reference test methods (for example, Test Method D6007, ISO 16000-9, and ISO 16000-10). To ensure continuing compliance, manufacturers may opt to, or be required to, implement screening tests at the production level.  
6.2 Reference methods for testing chemical emissions from products are rigorous and typically are too time-consuming and impractical for routine emission screening in a production environment.  
6.3 Micro-scale chambers are unique in that their small size and operation at moderately elevated temperatures facilitate rapid equilibration and shortened testing times. Provided a sufficiently repeatable correlation with reference test results can be demonstrated, appropriate control levels can be established and micro-scale chamber data can be used to monitor product manufacturing for likely compliance with reference acceptance criteria. Enhanced turnaround time for results allows for more timely adjustment of parameters to maintain consistent production with respect to vapor-phase chemical emissions.  
6.4 This practice can also be used to monitor the quality of raw materials for manufacturing processes.  
6.5 The use of elevated temperatures additionally facilitates screening tests for emissions of semi-volatile VOCs (SVOCs) such as some phthalate esters and other plasticizers.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a micro-scale chamber apparatus and associated procedures for rapidly screening materials and products for their vapor-phase emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds. It is intended to complement, not replace reference methods for measuring chemical emissions for example, small-scale chamber tests (Guide D5116) and emission cell tests (Practice D7143).  
1.2 This practice is suitable for use in and outside of laboratories, in manufacturing sites and in field locations with access to electrical power.  
1.3 Compatible material/product types that may be tested in the micro-scale chamber apparatus include rigid materials, dried or cured paints and coatings, compressible products, and small, irregularly-shaped components such as polymer beads.  
1.4 This practice describes tests to correlate emission results obtained from the micro-scale chamber with results obtained from VOC emission reference methods (for example, Guide D5116, Test Method D6007, Practice D7143, and ISO 16000-9 and ISO 16000-10).  
1.5 The micro-scale chamber apparatus operates at moderately elevated temperatures, 30 °C to 60 °C, to eliminate the need for cooling, to reduce test times, boost emission rates, and enhance analytical signals for routine emission screening, and to facilitate screening of semi-volatile VOC (SVOC) emissions such as emissions of some phthalate esters and other plasticizers.  
1.6 Gas sample collection and chemical analysis are dependent upon the nature of the VOCs targeted and are beyond the scope of this practice. However, the procedures described in Test Method D7339, Practice D6196 and ISO 16000-6 for analysis of VOCs and in Test Method D5197 and ISO 16000-3 for analysis of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds are applicable to this practice.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicabilit...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice may be used to collect dust from carpeted or bare floor surfaces for gravimetric or chemical analysis. The collected sample is substantially unmodified by the sampling procedure.  
5.2 This practice provides for a reproducible dust removal rate from level loop and plush carpets, as well as bare floors. It has the ability to achieve relatively constant removal efficiency at different loadings of floor dust.  
5.3 This practice also provides for the efficient capture of semivolatile organic chemicals associated with the dust. The test system can be fitted with special canisters downstream of the cyclone for the capture of specific semivolatile organic chemicals that may volatilize from the dust particles during collection.  
5.4 This practice does not describe procedures for evaluation of the safety of floor surfaces or the potential human exposure to floor dust. It is the user's responsibility to evaluate the data collected by this practice and make such determinations in the light of other available information.  
5.5 This practice provides per-event dust chemical concentration and chemical loading. Advantages and trade-offs of different sampling approaches have been discussed (7).  
5.6 This practice uses a removable, cleanable dropout jar that facilitates per-event sampling. Other per-event vacuum attachments are commercially available. These are not directly comparable with composite sampling done using whole vacuum cleaner bags.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the collection of a sample of dust from carpets and bare floors that can be analyzed for inorganic metals such as lead and organic compounds such as pesticides and other semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs).  
1.2 This practice is applicable to a variety of carpeted and bare floor surfaces. It has been tested for level loop and plush pile carpets and bare wood floors, specifically. This practice is not applicable to elevated, non-floor surfaces.  
1.3 This practice is not intended for the collection and evaluation of dust for the presence of asbestos fibers.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This practice describes use of a sampling device, the High-Volume Small Surface Sampler (HVS3). Other event-based sampling devices that use commercially available vacuum attachments are not in scope. Composite sampling using whole vacuum cleaner bags is not in scope. Other approaches for floor or non-floor surface sampling (Practices D6966, D6661, D7144) are not within the scope.  
1.6 This practice only applies to the HVS3. Other dust sampling methods may or may not be directly comparable. Method evaluation for other dust sampling approaches is encouraged. This could be done by comparison with methods outlined in this standard practice for HVS3 or through independent evaluation using field spikes and certified reference materials.  
1.7 This practice provides information on dust loading, chemical dust concentration, and chemical dust loading. Information on the type of floor, the floor surface area sampled, and amount of dust collected is required (see Fig. 2). Cleaning the vacuum attachments in between sampling events is also required (see Section 13).  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is recommended for use primarily for non-occupational exposure monitoring in domiciles, public access buildings, and offices.  
5.2 The methods described in this practice have been successfully applied to measurement of pesticides and PCBs in outdoor air and for personal respiratory exposure monitoring.  
5.3 A broad spectrum of pesticides are commonly used in and around the house and for insect control in public and commercial buildings. Other semivolatile organic chemicals, such as PCBs, are also often present in indoor air, particularly in large office buildings. This practice promotes needed precision and bias in the determination of many of these airborne chemicals.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of air for a variety of common pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and provides guidance on the selection of appropriate analytical measurement methods. Other compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated naphthalenes may be efficiently collected from air by this practice, but guidance on their analytical determination is not covered by this practice.  
1.2 The sampling and analysis of PCBs in air can be more complicated than sampling PCBs in solid media (for example, soils, building materials) or liquids (for example, transformer fluids). PCBs in solid or liquid material are typically analyzed using Aroclor2 distillation groups in chromatograms. In contrast, recent research has shown that analysis of PCBs in air samples by GC-ECD has also been found to exhibit potential uncertainties due to changes in the PCB patterns, differences in responses in distillation groups, peak co-elutions and differences in response factors within a homolog group (1, 2).3 As such it is recommended that PCBs in air not be quantified using AroclorTM distillation groups. In addition, it is recommended that analysis of PCBs in air be done using GC-MS rather than GC-ECD. Any mention, to outdated practices for “Aroclor” and GC-ECD analysis of PCBs herein are retained solely for historical perspective.  
1.3 A complete listing of pesticides and other semivolatile organic chemicals for which this practice has been tested is shown in Table 1.  
1.4 This practice is based on the collection of chemicals from air onto polyurethane foam (PUF) or a combination of PUF and granular sorbent (for example, diphenyl oxide, styrene-divinylbenzene), or a granular sorbent alone.  
1.5 This practice is applicable to multicomponent atmospheres, 0.001 μg/m3 to 50 μg/m3 concentrations, and 4 h to 24 h sampling periods. The limit of detection will depend on the nature of the analyte and the length of the sampling period.  
1.6 The analytical method(s) recommended will depend on the specific chemical(s) sought, the concentration level, and the degree of specificity required.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see 10.24 and A1.1.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is recommended for use in measuring the concentration of VOCs in ambient, indoor, and workplace atmospheres. It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers for material emission testing or human exposure assessment.  
5.2 Such measurements in ambient air are of importance because of the known role of VOCs as ozone precursors, and in some cases (for example, benzene), as toxic pollutants in their own right.  
5.3 Such measurements in indoor air are of importance because of the association of VOCs with air quality problems in indoor environments, particularly in relation to sick building syndrome and emissions from building materials. Many volatile organic compounds have the potential to contribute to air quality problems in indoor environments and in some cases toxic VOCs may be present at such elevated concentrations in home or workplace atmospheres as to prompt serious concerns over human exposure and adverse health effects (5).  
5.4 Such measurements in workplace air are of importance because of the known toxic effects of many such compounds.
Note 1: While workplace air monitoring has traditionally been carried out using disposable sorbent tubes, typically packed with charcoal and extracted using chemical desorption (solvent extraction) prior to GC analysis – for example following NIOSH and OSHA reference methods – routine thermal desorption (TD) technology was originally developed specifically for this application area. TD overcomes the inherent analyte dilution limitation of solvent extraction improving method detection limits by 2 or 3 orders of magnitude and making methods easier to automate. Relevant international standard methods include ISO 16017-1 and ISO 16017-2. For a detailed history of the development of analytical thermal desorption and a comparison with solvent extraction methods see Ref (6).  
5.5 In order to protect the environment as a whole and human health in part...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient (1),2 indoor (2), and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment.  
1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled conditions, onto the sorbent surface at the sampling end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.  
1.3 This practice applies to three basic types of samplers that are compatible with thermal desorption: (1) pumped sorbent tubes containing one or more sorbents; (2) axial passive (diffusive) samplers (typically of the same physical dimensions as standard pumped sorbent tubes and containing only one sorbent); and (3) radial passive (diffusive) samplers.  
1.4 This practice recommends a number of sorbents that can be packed in sorbent tubes for use in the sampling of vapor-phase organic chemicals; including volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds which, generally speaking, boil in the range 0 °C to 400 °C (v.p. 15 kPa to 0.01 kPa at 25 °C).  
1.5 This practice can be used for the measurement of airborne vapors of these organic compounds over a wide concentration range.  
1.5.1 With pumped sampling, this practice can be used for the speciated measurement of airborne vapors of VOCs in a concentration range of approximately 0.1 μg/m3 to 1 g/m3, for individual organic compounds in 1 L to 10 L air samples. Quantitative measurements are possible when using validated procedures with appropri...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Emissions of VOCs are typically controlled by internal mass-transfer limitations (for example, diffusion through the material), while emissions of SVOCs are typically controlled by external mass-transfer limitations (migration through the air immediately above the material). The emission of some chemicals may be controlled by both internal and external mass-transfer limitations. In addition, due to their lower vapor pressure, SVOCs generally adsorb to different media (chamber walls, building materials, particles, and other surfaces) at greater rates than VOCs. This sorption can increase the amount of time required to reach steady-state SVOC concentrations using conventional VOC emission test methods to months for a single test (2).  
4.2 Thus, existing methods for characterizing emissions of VOCs may not be appropriate or practical to properly characterize emission rates of SVOCs for use in modeling SVOC concentrations in indoor environments. A mass-transfer framework is needed to accurately assess emission rates of SVOCs when predicting the SVOC indoor air concentrations in indoor environments. The SVOC mass-transfer framework includes SVOC emission characteristics and its partition to multimedia including sorption to indoor surfaces, airborne particles, and settled dust. Once the SVOC emission parameters and partitioning coefficients have been determined, these values can be used to modeling SVOC indoor concentrations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to serve as a foundation for understanding when to use emission testing methods designed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to determine area-specific emission rates that are typically used in modeling indoor air VOC concentrations and when to use emission testing methods designed for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) to determine mass transfer emission parameters that are typically used to model indoor air, dust, and surface SVOC concentrations.  
1.2 This guide discusses how organic chemicals are conventionally categorized with respect to volatility.  
1.3 This guide presents a simplified mass-transfer model describing organic chemical emissions from a material to bulk air. The values of the model parameters are shown to be specific to material/chemical/chamber combinations.  
1.4 This guide shows how to use a mass-transfer model to estimate whether diffusion of the chemical within the material or convective mass transfer of the chemical from the surface of the material to the overlying air limits chemical emissions from the material surface.  
1.5 This guide describes the range of different chambers that are available for emission testing. The chambers are classified as either dynamic or static and either conventional or sandwich. The chambers are categorized as being optimal to determine either the area-specific emission rate or mass-transfer emission parameters.  
1.6 This guide discusses the roles sorption and convective mass-transfer coefficients play in selecting the appropriate emission chamber and analysis method to accurately and efficiently characterize emissions from indoor materials for use in modeling indoor chemical concentrations.  
1.7 This guide recommends when to choose an emission test method that is optimized to determine either the area-specific emission rate or mass-transfer emission parameters. For chemicals where the controlling mass-transfer process is unknown, the guide outlines a procedure to determine if the chemical emission is controlled by convective mass transfer of the chemical from the material.  
1.8 This guide does not provide specific guidance for measuring emission parameters or conducting indoor exposure modeling.  
1.9 Mechanisms controlling emissions from wet and dry materials and products are different. This guide considers the emission of chemicals from dry materials and products. Examples of functional uses of VOCs and SVOCs that this guide applies to include blowing agents, ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The demand for SPF insulation in homes and commercial buildings has increased as emphasis on energy efficiency increases. In an effort to protect the health and safety of both trade workers and building occupants due to the application of SPF, it is essential that reentry/reoccupancy-times into the structure where SPF has been applied, be established.  
5.2 Concentrations of chemical emissions determined in large-scale ventilated enclosure studies conducted by this practice may be used to generate source emission terms for IAQ models.  
5.3 The emission factors determined using this practice may be used to evaluate comparability and scalability of emission factors determined in other environments.  
5.4 This practice was designed to determine emission factors for chemicals emitted by SPF insulation in a controlled room environment.  
5.5 New or existing formulations may be sprayed, and emissions may be evaluated by this practice. The user of this practice is responsible for ensuring analytical methods are appropriate for novel compounds present in new formulations (see Appendix X1 for target compounds and generic formulations).  
5.6 This practice may be useful for testing variations in emissions from non-ideal applications. Examples of non-ideal applications include those that are off-ratio, applied outside of recommended range of temperature and relative humidity, or applied outside of manufacturer recommendations for thickness.  
5.7 The determined emission factors are not directly applicable to all potential real-world applications of SPF. While this data can be used for VOCs to estimate indoor environmental concentrations beyond three days, the uncertainty in the predicted concentrations increases with increasing time. Estimating longer term chemical concentrations (beyond three days) for SVOCs is not recommended unless additional data (beyond this practice) is used, see (1).4  
5.8 During the application of SPF, chemicals deposited on the non-applie...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for measuring the chemical emissions of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs) from spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation samples in a large-scale ventilated enclosure.  
1.2 This practice is used to identify emission rates and factors during SPF application and up to three days following application.  
1.3 This practice can be used to generate emissions data for research activities or modeled for the purpose to inform potential reentry and reoccupancy times. Potential reentry and re-occupancy times only apply to the applications that meet manufacturer guidelines and are specific to the tested formulation.  
1.4 This practice describes emission testing at ambient room and substrate temperature and relative humidity conditions recognizing chemical emissions may differ at different room and substrate temperatures and relative humidity.  
1.5 This practice does not address all SPF chemical emissions. This practice addresses specific chemical compounds of potential health and regulatory concern including methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), polymeric MDI (MDI oligomeric polyisocyanates mixture), flame retardants, aldehydes, and VOCs including blowing agents, and catalysts. Although specific chemicals are discussed in this practice, other chemical compounds of interest can be quantified (see target compound and generic formulation list in Appendix X1). Other chemical compounds used in SPF such as polyols, emulsifiers, and surfactants are not addressed by this practice. Particulate sizing and distribution are also outside the scope of this practice.  
1.6 Emission rates during application are determined from air phase concentration measurements that may include particle bound chemicals. SVOC deposition to floors and ceilings is also quantified for post application modeling inputs. SVOC emission rates should only be used for modeling purposes for the durati...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In order to estimate ETS concentrations, there needs to be a marker or tracer for ETS that is unique or highly specific to tobacco smoke, in sufficient concentrations in air to be measured easily at realistic smoking rates, and in constant proportion to the other components of ETS for a variety of tobacco blends and environmental conditions. Nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine have been used as tracers of the vapor phase of ETS. Nicotine is the major alkaloid of tobacco and a major constituent of ETS. The determination of nicotine concentration has often been used to estimate the concentration of ETS; however, due to its unpredictable decay kinetics, nicotine may not be an ideal tracer. Because nicotine readily adsorbs to building materials and room furnishings and is depleted from ETS at a rate faster than most other components, some have suggested that nicotine concentrations underestimate ETS concentrations. Although this is true in many environments during the generation of smoke, the converse is true in environments with a recent past history of smoking. The adsorbed nicotine slowly desorbs over time, resulting in an overestimation of ETS concentrations. Thus, measured concentrations of nicotine precisely assess only airborne nicotine and indicate only that smoking has taken place; they do not necessarily indicate the presence, and certainly not the concentrations, of other ETS constituents. 3-Ethenylpyridine, on the other hand, has been shown to track exactly the vapor phase of ETS as measured by CO and FID response (3). It is for these reasons that 3-ethenylpyridine may be a better tracer of ETS (1, 4, 5). The ETS at high concentrations is known to be annoying and irritating to individuals, and concerns over potential health effects have also been expressed. There is a definite need to have reliable methods for the estimation of ETS levels in order to evaluate its effect. The NIOSH has previously set a recommended exposure limit (REL) for nicotine in the workp...
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1.1 This test method covers the sampling/analysis of nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) in indoor air. This test method is based upon the collection of nicotine and 3-EP by adsorption on a sorbent resin, extraction of nicotine and 3-EP from the sorbent resin, and determination by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen selective detection  (1).2  
1.2 The active samplers consist of an macroreticular polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (for example, XAD-4) sorbent tube attached to a sampling pump. Macroreticular polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer is referred to “sorbent resin” throughout this method. This test method is applicable to personal or area sampling.  
1.3 This test method is limited in sample duration by the capacity of the sorbent tube for nicotine (about 300 μg). This test method has been evaluated up to 24-h sample duration; however, samples are typically acquired for  at least  1 h (sometimes  only  1 h) (2).  
1.4 For this test method, limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for nicotine at a sampling rate of 1.5 L/min are, respectively, 0.11 μg/m3  and 0.37 μg/m 3  for 1-h sample duration and 0.01 μg/m3  and 0.05 μg/m3  for 8-h sample duration. The LOD and LOQ for 3-EP at a sampling rate of 1.5 L/min are, respectively, 0.06 μg/m 3  and 0.19 μg/m3  for 1-h sample duration and 0.01 μg/m3  and 0.02 μg/m3  for 8-h sample duration (2). Both LOD and LOQ can be reduced by increasing the sensitivity of the thermionic specific detector.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary infor...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an analytical procedure for measuring formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor, workplace, ambient air or for emission testing.
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1.1 This test method presents a procedure for the determination of formaldehyde (HCHO) and other carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) in air. Other carbonyl compounds that have been successfully quantified by this method include acetaldehyde, acetone, propanal (propionaldehyde), 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone), butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, valeraldehyde, o-tolualdehyde, m-tolualdehyde, p-tolualdehyde, hexanal, and 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde.  
1.2 This test method involves drawing air through a cartridge containing silica gel coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) reagent. Carbonyl compounds readily form stable derivatives with the acidified DNPH reagent. The DNPH derivatives are analyzed for parent aldehydes and ketones using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). UHPLC systems use higher pressures and smaller particle sizes in columns compared to HPLC systems. The sampling procedure is a modification of U.S. EPA Method TO-11A (see 2.2).  
1.3 This test method is based on the reaction of carbonyl compounds with DNPH in the presence of an acid to form stable derivatives according to the reaction shown in Fig. 1, (where: both R and R1 are alkyl or aromatic groups (ketones), or either, or both R or R1 is a hydrogen atom (aldehydes)). The determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds, as DNPH derivatives, is similar to that of U.S. EPA Method TO-11A in that it uses HPLC or UHPLC for separation of carbonyl compounds followed by UV adsorption or photodiode array detection. This test method exceeds the stated applicability of TO-11A to include other carbonyl compounds that can be determined as stated in 10.2.4. This test method is suitable for determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in the airborne concentration range from approximately 10 ppbv/v (12 μg/m3), requires sampling for 1 h at 1 L/min) to 1 ppmv/v (1.2 mg/m3). Lower concentrations in air may be determined using higher sampling volume and with control of contamination, appropriate selection of flow rate and sampling duration.
FIG. 1 Reaction of Carbonyl Compounds  
1.4 The sampling method gives a time-weighted average (TWA) sample. It can be used for long-term (1 to 24 h) or short-term (5 to 60 min) sampling of air for formaldehyde. Shorter sampling times or low flow rates will result in higher detection limits and may result in greater variation in co-located sampler results. Tests should be performed over a duration and a flow rate that allows the data quality objective of the project to be achieved. Sample times for other carbonyls, such as acetaldehyde, may be limited to short term (1).2 The data provides total concentrations of carbonyl compounds from which time weighted average concentrations can be calculated.  
1.5 This test method instructs the user on how to prepare sampling cartridges from commercially available chromatographic grade silica gel cartridges3 by the application of acidified DNPH to each cartridge.  
1.6 The sampling flow rate, as described in this test method, has been validated for sampling rates up to 1.5 L/min for formaldehyde. This flow rate limitation is principally due to the high pressure drop (>8 kPa at 1.0 L/min) across user prepared silica gel cartridges which have a particle size of 55 to 105 µm. These cartridges are not generally compatible with battery-powered pumps used in personal sampling equipment (for example, those used by industrial hygienists).  
1.7 Alternatively, pre-coated DNPH silica gel cartridges are commercially available and may be substituted provided they can be demonstrated to meet blank and analyte trapping acceptance criteria (2). Some of these use silica gel of a larger parti...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this guide is to provide the user with an information base on commercially available instruments and technologies that can be used to measure indoor air formaldehyde concentrations.  
5.2 This guide is intended as a repository for formaldehyde measurement technologies that other approved ASTM methods can reference to meet ASTM indoor air formaldehyde quantification needs.  
5.3 This guide does not discuss the equivalency of the technologies presented. Each technology may have positive or negative interferences that are unique to that technology. When using a new method, equivalence with old methods should be demonstrated for each matrix, measuring environment and media (that is, each type of wood for formaldehyde emission testing in chamber environments). This is especially true when the method is intended to generate regulatory compliance data. Demonstrating equivalence or compliance, or both, is beyond the scope of this method. For guidance equivalence see references such as 40 CFR § 136.6 and CEN Guide to the Demonstration of Equivalence of Ambient Air Monitoring Methods (1).5
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1.1 This guide describes analytical methods for determining formaldehyde concentrations in air.  
1.2 The guide is primarily focused on formaldehyde measurement technologies applicable to indoor (including in vehicle and workplace) air and associated environments (that is, chambers or bags, or both, used for formaldehyde emission testing). The described technologies may be applicable to other environments (ambient outdoor).  
1.3 This guide reviews a range of commercially available technologies that can be used to measure indoor air formaldehyde concentrations. These technologies typically can measure airborne formaldehyde concentrations with detection limits in the range of 0.04 ppbv (0.05 µg m-3) to 10 ppbv (12 µg m-3). The described technologies are typically applied to research or regulatory applications and not consumer level uses.  
1.4 This guide describes the principles behind each method and their advantages and limitations.  
1.5 This guide does not attempt to differentiate between the effectiveness of the methods nor determine equivalence of the methods.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides information on testing systems and their components used for measuring responses of CO alarms or detectors subjected to gases, vapors, and their mixtures. Components of a testing system include a chamber, clean air supply module, humidification module, gas and vapor delivery module, and verification and control instrumentation.  
5.2 The CO detector is tested by sequential exposure to CO and interference gases at the specified challenge concentrations. A properly functioning alarm/detector will sound upon sufficient exposure to CO but will not sound upon any exposure to interference gases consistent with applicable standards (for example, IAS 6-96 (1),5 L 2034).
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1.1 This guide describes testing systems used for measuring responses of carbon monoxide (CO) alarms or detectors subjected to gases, vapors, and their mixtures.  
1.2 The systems are used to evaluate responses of CO detectors to various CO concentrations, to verify that the detectors alarm at certain specified CO concentrations, and to verify that CO detectors do not alarm at certain other specified CO concentrations.  
1.3 The systems are used for evaluating CO detector responses to gases and vapors that may interfere with the ability of detectors to respond to CO.  
1.4 Major components of such a testing system include a chamber, clean air supply module, humidification module, gas and vapor delivery module, and verification and control instrumentation.  
1.5 For each component, this guide provides a comparison of different approaches and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.  
1.6 The guide also presents recommendations for a minimum configuration of a testing system.  
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific safety precautionary information, see 6.2.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Poor indoor air quality has been implicated in significant adverse acute and chronic impacts on occupant health and performance. The ability to assess the components contributing to poor indoor air quality is critical for determining best practices for improving indoor air quality.  
5.2 Measurement of pollutants in indoor environments using sensors and sensor systems provides information needed to improve indoor air quality through pollutant source control, ventilation, filtration or other treatments.  
5.3 This method uses a test characterization chamber system equipped with reference monitor(s) to evaluate the response of test sensors or test sensor systems to specific types of particles (for example, salt, polystyrene latex, or dust). To facilitate reproducible results, the test particles used within this method are standardized and have known properties. The user is cautioned that a single particle type is not representative of all particles found indoors. The relative response of test sensors or test sensor systems to a reference monitor can vary by a factor of two for different particle types (for example, primary or secondary, organic or inorganic, outdoor or indoor origin; see 6.11.3 for further discussion). Furthermore, the user is cautioned that the lower limit of particle size detection for optical test sensors and test sensor systems is generally 0.3 μm in diameter; particles below this size are generally undetected and may represent a significant health concern as well.
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1.1 This test method uses a chamber system to evaluate the performance of stationary PM2.5 sensors (sensors) and particle sensor systems (sensor systems) subjected to various test conditions, including temperature, relative humidity, PM2.5 concentration, and coarse PM interferent concentration.  
1.1.1 This test method covers sensors and sensor systems that can be continuously powered and continuously operated for the duration of any test described in this method through line power or an internal battery of sufficient output. This test method is not meant to evaluate sensors or sensor systems without these capabilities.  
1.1.2 This test method evaluates the performance of sensors and sensor systems that allow users to collect data in a systemic manner to assess the capabilities and limitations of these devices.  
1.1.3 This test method is not meant to evaluate sensors or sensor systems without data storage and recording capabilities.  
1.1.4 This test method is not intended to evaluate indoor air quality sensors and sensor systems for purposes of regulation of outdoor air, homeland security, law enforcement or forensic activity.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 IAQ-based complaints and problems include discomfort/medical symptoms and unacceptable indoor environmental conditions such as odors that exist in residential buildings. The frequency of the occurrence of IAQ complaints and problems may be unknown.  
5.2 Characterization of IAQ concerns and identification of their underlying causes require systematic observations and measurements of the indoor air and environment, its occupants and potential contaminant sources. This practice provides background and procedures for the investigation of IAQ concerns.  
5.3 Where the dwelling is not owner-occupied, formal permission to access certain areas of the property and to collect information essential to the IAQ investigation is often required.  
5.4 The stepwise and phased approach described in this practice allows for an investigation that is commensurate with the nature of the problem and the level of resources available for the investigation.
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1.1 This standard practice describes procedures for evaluating indoor air quality (IAQ) concerns in residential buildings.  
1.2 The practice primarily addresses IAQ concerns encountered in single-family detached and attached (for example, townhouse or duplex design) residential buildings. Limited guidance is also provided for low- and high-rise multifamily dwellings, such as condominiums and apartments.  
1.3 The IAQ evaluation procedures are comprised of interviews with the homeowner or resident(s) (including telephone interviews and face-to-face meetings) and on-site investigations (including walk-through, assessment, and measurements). For application practicality, these procedures are divided into three separate phases, which may occur over one or more site visits.  
1.4 The procedures described in this standard practice are aimed at identifying potential causes contributing to an IAQ issue or concern. Such findings can be the basis for recommending corrective measures. This standard practice does not describe problem resolution or corrective measures, and the standard is not intended to evaluate the impact of corrective measures.  
1.5 This practice describes a pathway for characterizing indoor air, though using this practice does not guarantee that an investigator will be able to identify or resolve an IAQ complaint for one or more of the following reasons: (1) the diversity of sources and contaminants in indoor air; (2) other factors that may affect occupant perception and acceptance of indoor air quality, such as air temperature, humidity, noise, lighting, and psychological stress; (3) the range of susceptibility in the population.  
1.6 Implementation of procedures given in this standard requires the investigator (or investigative team) to have adequate background in several areas: general principles of IAQ; interviewing techniques; building design and construction practices; basic understanding of heating and cooling systems and appliances; use of IAQ measurement equipment; interpretation of IAQ data; and technical report writing.  
1.7 Although many elements described in this standard practice may be useful in training of IAQ investigators, it should not be used as the sole basis for specifying or conducting such training.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For additional safety precautionary information, see Section 6.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method provides a relatively simple method for determination of the concentration of RDP without the need for specialty equipment built expressly for such purposes.  
5.2 Using this test method will afford investigators of radon in dwellings a technique by which the RDP can be determined. The use of the results of this test method are generally for diagnostic purposes and are not necessarily indicative of results that might be obtained by longer term measurement methods.  
5.3 An improved understanding of the frequency of elevated radon in buildings and the health effect of exposure has increased the importance of knowledge of actual exposures. The measurement of RDP, which are the direct cause of potential adverse health effects, should be conducted in a manner that is uniform and reproducible; it is to this end that this test method is addressed.
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1.1 This test method provides instruction for using the grab sampling filter technique to determine accurate and reproducible measurements of indoor radon decay product (RDP) concentrations and of the working level (WL) value corresponding to those concentrations.  
1.2 Measurements made in accordance with this test method will produce RDP concentrations representative of closed-building conditions. Results of measurements made under closed-building conditions will have a smaller variability and are more reproducible than measurements obtained when building conditions are not controlled. This test method may be utilized under non-controlled conditions, but a greater degree of variability in the results will occur. Variability in the results may also be an indication of temporal variability present at the sampling site.  
1.3 This test method utilizes a short sampling period and the results are indicative of the conditions only at the place and time of sampling. The results obtained by this test method are not necessarily indicative of longer terms of sampling and should not be confused with such results. The averaging of multiple measurements over hours and days can, however, provide useful screening information. Individual measurements are generally obtained for diagnostic purposes.  
1.4 The range of the test method may be considered from 0.0005 WL to unlimited working levels, and from 40 Bq/m3 to unlimited for each individual radon decay product.  
1.5 This test method provides information on equipment, procedures, and quality control. It provides for measurements within typical residential or building environments and may not necessarily apply to specialized circumstances, for example, clean rooms.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for additional precautions  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 VOCs are emitted into ambient, indoor, and workplace air from many different sources. These VOCs are of interest for a variety of reasons including participation in atmospheric chemistry and contributing to air toxics with their associated acute or chronic health impacts.  
5.2 Canisters are particularly well suited for the collection and analysis of very volatile and volatile organic compounds because they collect whole gas samples.  
5.3 Chemically stable selected VOCs have been successfully collected in passivated stainless steel canisters. Collection of atmospheric samples in canisters provides for: (1) convenient integration of air samples over a specific time period (for example, 8 to 24 h), (2) remote sampling and central laboratory analysis, (3) ease of storing and shipping samples, (4) unattended sample collection, (5) analysis of samples from multiple sites with one analytical system, (6) dilution or additional sample concentration to keep the sample size introduced into the analytical instrument within the calibration range, (7) collection of sufficient sample volume to allow assessment of measurement precision through replicate analyses of the same sample by one or several analytical systems, (8) sample collection using a vacuum regulator flow controller if electricity is not available, and (9) grab sample collection for survey or screening purposes.  
5.4 Interior surfaces of the canisters may be treated by any of several proprietary passivation processes including an electropolishing process to remove or cover reactive metal sites on the interior surface of the vessel and a fused silica coating process.  
5.5 For this test method, VOCs are defined as organic compounds that can be quantitatively recovered from the canisters having a vapor pressure greater than 10-2 kPa at 25ºC (see Table 1 for examples).  
5.6 Target compound polarity is also a factor in compound recovery. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons from C1 to C13 have been successfull...
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1.1 This test method describes a procedure for sampling and analysis of selected volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ambient, indoor, and workplace atmospheres. The test method is based on the collection of whole air samples in stainless steel canisters with specially treated (passivated) interior surfaces.  
1.2 For sample analysis, a portion of the sample is subsequently removed from the canister and the collected VOCs are selectively concentrated by adsorption or condensation onto a trap, subsequently released by thermal desorption, separated by gas chromatography, and measured by a low resolution mass spectrometric detector. This test method describes procedures for sampling into canisters to final pressures both above and below atmospheric pressure (respectively referred to as pressurized and subatmospheric pressure sampling).2  
1.3 This test method is applicable to specific VOCs that have been determined to be stable when stored in canisters (see Table 1). Numerous compounds, many of which are chlorinated VOCs, have been successfully tested for storage stability in pressurized canisters (1-4).3 Information on storage stability is also available for polar compounds (5-7). This test method has been documented for the compounds listed in Table 1 and performance results apply only to those compounds. A laboratory may determine other VOCs by this test method after completion of verification studies that include measurement of recovery as specified in 5.7 and that are as extensive as required to meet the performance needs of the customer and the given application.  
1.4 The procedure for collecting the sample involves the use of inlet lines, air filters, flow rate regulators for obtaining time-integrated samples, and in the case of pressurized samples, an air pump. Typical long-term fixed location canister samplers have been designed to automatically start and stop the sample collection process using electronically...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The conventional approach for characterizing VOC emissions from building materials and products (for example, Test Methods D6007 and D8142; Practices D6177, D6330, D6670, D6803, D7143; Guide D5116; and ISO 16000-6 standards) results in modeling VOC emissions in the indoor environment using area-specific emission rates (µg h-1 m-2). These approaches work for most chemicals classified as VOCs, because most VOC emissions are controlled by the internal mass transfer processes (diffusion of the chemical through the material) and most VOCs sorb to minimal extent to chamber walls. Hence, chamber area-specific emission rates can be directly applied to models of indoor environments.  
5.2 In contrast, chemicals classified as SVOCs will sorb strongly to chamber walls and are controlled by the external mass transfer process (migration through the air boundary layer on the material surface). When used for the equilibrium gas phase concentration of certain SVOCs above source materials, conventional chamber emission characterization approaches are typically time-consuming taking up to several months due to sorption of analytes to chamber walls. Due to SVOC’s external mass transfer limitation, the SVOC area-specific emission rate (µg h-1 m-2) measured in a test chamber can be different from that for the same material in a real indoor environment. To accurately model SVOC concentrations in indoor environments, a mass transfer approach to determine gas phase concentrations in equilibrium with the material phase is needed.  
5.3 Modeling emissions in a real environment using a mass transfer framework requires knowledge of the convective mass transfer coefficient (hm), the initial SVOC concentration in the material (Co), the diffusion coefficient in the material (D), and the concentration in the air immediately above the material surface (y0). Typically, the convective mass transfer coefficient, hm, and diffusion coefficient, D, can be estimated. The initial concentration in the...
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1.1 Planar polyvinyl chloride (vinyl) indoor materials can contain semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs), such as phthalate esters and other non-phthalate plasticizers, that can emit into indoor air. Phthalate esters and other non-phthalate plasticizers that have been measured using this standard are listed in Table 1 and are referred to as SVOCs in the remainder of this document.  
1.2 The SVOCs listed in Table 1 are present in a wide range of products and not limited to planar polyvinyl chloride (vinyl) indoor materials. This standard discusses specific planar polyvinyl chloride materials due to method development and associated quality control data produced from testing these materials. The materials inclusion in this standard does not indicate the SVOC source strength of specific polyvinyl chloride planar materials relative to other products.  
1.3 This method describes the design of a 1 L environmental chamber with minimal exposed chamber walls.  
1.4 This method measures the steady-state gas phase concentration of SVOCs in the chamber. Samples of products are tested at specified conditions of temperature, airflow rate, and elapsed time in a specially designed chamber with dry air. Air samples are collected periodically using sorbent sampling tubes at the chamber exhausts at controlled flow rates, and then analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS).  
1.5 This method determines the SVOC convective gas-phase mass transfer coefficient across the material surface, hm, from the known dimethyl phthalate mass transfer coefficient in the chamber (1).2  
1.6 Using the steady-state gas phase concentration and mass transfer coefficient, the method estimates the gas-phase concentration of SVOC in equilibrium with the material phase (y0) at a specified temperature. The obtained y0 data can be used to predict emissions in real indoor environments. However, exposure modeling is beyond t...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The effects of VOC sources on the indoor air quality in buildings have not been well established. One basic requirement that has emerged from indoor air quality studies is the need for well-characterized test data on the emission factors of VOCs from building materials. Standard test method and procedure are a requirement for the comparison of emission factor data from different products.  
4.2 This practice describes a procedure for using a small environmental test chamber to determine the emission factors of VOCs from wood-based panels over a specified period of time. A pre-screening analysis procedure is also provided to identify the VOCs emitted from the products, to determine the appropriate GC-MS or GC-FID analytical procedure, and to estimate required sampling volume for the subsequent environmental chamber testing.  
4.3 Test results obtained using this practice provide a basis for comparing the VOC emission characteristics of different wood-based panel products. The emission data can be used to inform manufacturers of the VOC emissions from their products. The data can also be used to identify building materials with reduced VOC emissions over the time interval of the test.  
4.4 While emission factors determined by using this practice can be used to compare different products, the concentrations measured in the chamber shall not be considered as the resultant concentrations in an actual indoor environment.
SCOPE
1.1 The practice measures the volatile organic compounds (VOC), excluding formaldehyde, emitted from manufactured wood-based panels. A pre-screening analysis is used to identify the VOCs emitted from the panel. Emission factors (that is, emission rates per unit surface area) for the VOCs of interest are then determined by measuring the concentrations in a small environmental test chamber containing a specimen. The test chamber is ventilated at a constant air change rate under the standard environmental conditions. For formaldehyde determination, see Test Method D6007.  
1.2 This practice describes a test method that is specific to the measurement of VOC emissions from newly manufactured individual wood-based panels, such as particleboard, plywood, and oriented strand board (OSB), for the purpose of comparing the emission characteristics of different products under the standard test condition. For general guidance on conducting small environmental chamber tests, see Guide D5116.  
1.3 VOC concentrations in the environmental test chamber are determined by adsorption on an appropriate single adsorbent tube or multi-adsorbent tube, followed by thermal desorption and combined gas chromatograph/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or gas chromatograph/flame ionization detection (GC-FID). The air sampling procedure and the analytical method recommended in this practice are generally valid for the identification and quantification of VOCs with saturation vapor pressure between 500 and 0.01 kPa at 25°C, depending on the selection of adsorbent(s).
Note 1: VOCs being captured by an adsorbent tube depend on the adsorbent(s) and sampling procedure selected (see Practice D6196). The user should have a thorough understanding of the limitations of each adsorbent used. Although canisters can be used to sample VOCs, this standard is limited to sampling VOCs from the chamber air using adsorbent tubes.  
1.4 The emission factors determined using the above procedure describe the emission characteristics of the specimen under the standard test condition. These data can be used directly to compare the emission characteristics of different products and to estimate the emission rates up to one month after the production. They shall not be used to predict the emission rates over longer periods of time (that is, more than one month) or under different environmental conditions.  
1.5 Emission data from chamber tests can be used for predicting the impact of wood-based panels on the VOC concentrations...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Whole-air sampling vessels are cited and utilized throughout a variety of internationally, nationally, and regionally applied documents and test methods, yet the methods generally fail to uniformly specify criteria used to qualify the use and re-use of sample containers. This practice describes a set of best practices for reusable containers and canister media cleaning, quality control (QC) objectives, and corrective actions necessary to ensure equipment that meets cleanliness needs of their intended use.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures to clean and verify the cleanliness of reusable sample containers used in air sampling and analysis applications, which includes but is not limited to passivated stainless steel canisters and rigid containers of other material specifically designed for whole-air sampling. This practice describes the steps used to clean volatile substance from canister interiors and document cleanliness prior to re-use.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide procedures for estimation of human inhalation exposure to VOCs emitted from bedding sets in homes. The estimated inhalation exposure can be used as an input for characterization of health risks from short-term VOC exposures.  
5.2 The results of exposure estimation for specific raw materials and components, or processes used in manufacturing different bedding sets, can be used to compare their relative impacts on exposures.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedures for estimation of short-term human inhalation exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from bedding sets when a new bedding set is first brought into a bedroom.  
1.2 The estimated exposure is based on an estimated emission profile of VOCs from bedding sets.  
1.3 The VOC emission from bedding sets, as in the case of other household furnishings, usually are highest when the products are new. Procedures described in this practice are applicable to both new and used bedding sets.  
1.4 Exposure to airborne VOC emissions in a residence is estimated for a household member, based on location and activity patterns.  
1.5 The estimated exposure may be used for characterization of health risks that could result from short-term exposures to VOC emissions.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Chamber testing is a globally-accepted method for measuring the emissions of VOCs from building materials and products. Chamber emission test data have a variety of uses including identification and labeling of products as low-VOC emitting for improved indoor air quality, manufacturing quality control, and development of new and improved products for reduced VOC emissions.  
5.2 Currently, an inter-laboratory study (ILS) is the most frequently used method for assessing the bias of a laboratory’s VOC emission test results. An ILS typically relies on a VOC source with an uncharacterized emission rate. Consequently, a large number of participants (Practice E691 recommends 30, with a minimum requirement of six) are needed to produce the data required to calculate a laboratory’s performance relative to the central tendency and distribution of the results for all participants. Due to the participant size requirement and other logistical issues, an ILS involves significant planning and coordination to achieve useful results.  
5.3 Inter-laboratory studies have often shown significant variations in measured VOC emission rates among participating laboratories for a given source. Variability in the emission rate from the source often is suspected to be a contributing factor, but it is difficult to be certain of the cause. Thus, better characterized sources are needed for evaluating the ability of laboratories to generate VOC emission test results with acceptable bias as discussed in 8.6.  
5.4 Proficiency tests (PT) for VOC emission testing typically focus on a laboratory’s analytical capabilities. For example, an analytical PT relies on a certified standard prepared by an accredited vendor as a reference. A laboratory analyzes the PT sample without knowledge of its concentration value. Acceptance of the results is judged by the deviation from the known value. Use of reference materials can expand analytical PT schemes to also include the impacts of test sample handlin...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides procedures for using a reference material with a known emission rate of a volatile organic compound (VOC) to estimate the bias associated with a VOC emission chamber test.  
1.2 This guide may be used to assess measurements of VOC emissions conducted in a variety of environmental chambers, such as small-scale chambers, full-scale chambers, emission cells, and micro-scale chambers.  
1.3 This guide may be used to assess measurements of VOC emissions from a variety of sources including “dry” materials (for example, carpet, floor tile and particleboard) and “wet” materials (for example, paint and cleaning products).  
1.4 This guide can be used to support quality control efforts by emissions testing laboratories, third party accreditation of testing laboratories participating in emissions testing programs, and quality control efforts by manufacturers of building and other materials.  
1.5 This guide may be used to support the determination of precision and bias of other commonly used VOC emission standards including Guide D5116, Test Method D6007, ISO 16000-9, ANSI/BIFMA M7.1, and CDPH/EHLB/Standard Method V1.2.  
1.6 This guide also describes the attributes of a suitable emission reference material and the different methods available to independently determine the reference material’s VOC emission rate.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this practice is to provide procedures for estimating emission profiles of VOCs from bedding sets. These profiles can then be used to estimate human inhalation exposures to VOCs emitted from bedding sets. The estimated inhalation exposures ultimately can be used as an input to characterization of health risks from short–term VOC exposures.  
5.2 The results of emissions testing for specific raw materials and components, or processes used in manufacturing different bedding sets, can be used to compare their relative impacts on airborne concentrations.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedures for estimating emission profiles of volatile organic chemicals (VOCs) from bedding sets when a new bedding set is first brought into a house, based on emissions testing in environmental chambers.  
1.2 Emission profiles from bedding sets are determined from air concentrations measured in environmental chambers.  
1.3 VOC emissions from bedding sets, as in the case of other household furnishings, usually are highest when the products are new. Procedures described in this practice also are applicable to used bedding sets.  
1.4 The practice is applicable to VOCs and not to semi-volatile organic chemicals or nonvolatile organic chemicals.  
1.5 This practice summarizes procedures for sample selection and handling. This practice also refers to pertinent sampling procedures and analytical methods for emission testing, but does not include technical details on selection of appropriate collection media and analytical methods or on sampling and analytical equipment and associated procedures.  
1.6 Emission profiles based on this practice may be used for estimating human exposures to VOCs.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Latex paints, alkyd paints, and primers are used as coatings for walls, wooden trim, and furnishings in occupied buildings. Paint may be applied to large surface areas and may be applied repeatedly during the lifetime of a building. VOCs are emitted from paint after application to surfaces.  
5.2 Many other types of architectural coatings may be used in large quantities indoors in buildings. In particular, many different types of coatings are used for floors including wood floor stains and finishes and concrete sealers, hardeners, and stains. Two component finishes are often mixed on site and are applied to floors and other surfaces to create a finished surface.  
5.3 There is a need for standardized procedures for measuring the emissions of VOCs from paint and coating samples that can be reproduced by different laboratories and that can used for the assessment of the acceptability of VOC emissions from paints and coatings that are intended for use indoors in occupied spaces. This practice describes standardized procedures that can be incorporated into test methods used for the purpose of estimating the impacts of cured paints and coatings on indoor air quality. Different procedures are required for the estimation of VOC exposures to workers applying such products.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for testing the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), formaldehyde, and other carbonyl compounds, from alkyd paint, latex paint, primer, and other architectural coating samples using a small-scale environmental chamber test facility.  
1.2 This practice describes the requirements for the chamber test facility, the small-scale test chamber, the clean air supply system, the environmental controls, the environmental monitoring and data acquisition system, and the chamber air sampling system.  
1.3 This practice describes procedures for documenting the paint and coating samples and for the handling and storage of these samples including splitting of samples into smaller containers for storage and subsequent testing.  
1.4 This practice identifies appropriate substrates to be used for the preparation of test specimens of paints and coatings, as well as procedures for preparing substrates for use.  
1.5 This practice provides detailed procedures for preparing test specimens of paint and coating samples.  
1.6 This practice generally describes chamber test procedures and chamber air sampling procedures. The details of these procedures are dependent upon the objectives of the test.  
1.7 This practice does not recommend specific methods for sampling and analysis of VOCs, formaldehyde, and other carbonyl compounds. The appropriate methods are dependent upon the objectives of the test.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Using the tools described in this guide, an individual seeking to apply an IAQ model should be able to (1) assess the performance of the model for a specific situation or (2) recognize or assess its advantages and limitations.  
4.2 This guide can also be used for identifying specific areas of model deficiency that require further development or refinement.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides quantitative and qualitative tools for evaluation of indoor air quality (IAQ) models. These tools include methods for assessing overall model performance as well as identifying specific areas of deficiency. Guidance is also provided in choosing data sets for model evaluation and in applying and interpreting the evaluation tools. The focus of the guide is on end results (that is, the accuracy of indoor concentrations predicted by a model), rather than operational details such as the ease of model implementation or the time required for model calculations to be performed.  
1.2 Although IAQ models have been used for some time, there is little guidance in the technical literature on the evaluation of such models. Evaluation principles and tools in this guide are drawn from past efforts related to outdoor air quality or meteorological models, which have objectives similar to those for IAQ models and a history of evaluation literature (1).2 Some limited experience exists in the use of these tools for evaluation of IAQ models.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Increasing attention is being paid to human exposure to airborne chemicals from products or materials used indoors, for two reasons:  
5.1.1 Individuals spend substantial fractions of their time indoors.  
5.1.2 Such exposures can occur repeatedly throughout one’s lifetime.  
5.2 The primary objectives of this practice are as follows:  
5.2.1 To list the elements that need to be considered in developing a scenario to describe how exposure occurs to chemicals emitted from alkyd or latex interior paints.  
5.2.2 To discuss procedures and alternatives for choosing and describing these elements.  
5.3 Elements of an exposure scenario, in turn, are used to inform a subsequent step of estimating exposures through monitoring studies or computer modeling exercises.  
5.4 Once exposures have been estimated, the results can be used to assess the potential impacts of a specific paint formulation on the health of exposed individuals, or to compare the relative impacts of alternative formulations.  
5.5 Estimation of exposures, or comparisons of estimated exposures across alternative paint formulations, can lead to development of environmentally preferable products by minimizing adverse health effects for exposed individuals.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides procedures for constructing scenarios for assessment of inhalation exposure to airborne emissions of chemicals released from alkyd or latex paints that are used indoors.  
1.2 The indoor environments covered in this practice, in terms of considerations for developing exposure scenarios, are residences and office buildings.  
1.3 Elements of the exposure scenarios include the product and chemical(s) to be assessed, the indoor environment where the product is applied, application of the product, chemical emissions during and after product application, and location/activity patterns of individuals who may be exposed to the airborne chemical emissions.  
1.4 Steps to be performed after developing exposure scenarios, such as monitoring, modeling and exposure/risk assessment, also are described.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Manufacturers of SPF insulation may need to test their products for vapor-phase emissions of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds in order to comply with voluntary standards, purchase specifications, or other requirements.  
5.2 Since SPF insulation is formed by chemical reaction when combining a two-component mixture during spraying, specialized equipment and procedures are needed to reproducibly create representative samples suitable for emission testing.  
5.3 SPF insulation product manufacturer’s specifications and instructions must be followed carefully and detailed information regarding the spraying process must be recorded (see 7.3). Other precautions regarding handling and shipping are needed to ensure that the chemical integrity of the samples is preserved to the extent possible by practical means (see 7.5).  
5.4 Laboratories must prepare representative test specimens from samples of SPF insulation in a consistent manner so that emission tests can be reproduced and reliable comparisons can be made between test data for different samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes standardized procedures for the preparation, spraying, packaging, and shipping of fresh spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation product samples to be tested for their emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). These procedures are applicable to both closed-cell and open-cell SPF insulation products. Potential chemical emissions of interest include blowing agents, solvents, aldehydes, amine catalysts, diisocyanates, and flame retardants.  
1.2 Typically, SPF insulation samples are prepared at one location, such as a chemical manufacturing facility or a field product installation site. The newly prepared samples are preserved in a sealed bag, placed in a secondary container, and then shipped to a laboratory for testing.  
1.3 The spraying of SPF insulation products is only to be performed by trained individuals using professional spraying equipment under controlled conditions. The details of the spraying equipment and spraying procedures are based on industry practice and are outside of the scope of this practice.  
1.4 This practice also describes procedures for the laboratory preparation of test specimens from open-cell and closed-cell SPF insulation product samples. These specimens are prepared for testing in small-scale chambers following Guide D5116 and in micro-scale chambers that are described in Test Method D8142.  
1.5 Procedures for VOC and SVOC emission testing, gas sample collection and chemical analysis are outside of the scope of this practice. Such procedures will need to address the potential for emissions of some SVOCs, for example, amine catalysts, flame retardant and isocyanates, to adhere to the chamber walls.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 VOCs emitted from materials/products affect indoor air quality (IAQ) in buildings. To determine the impact of these emissions on IAQ, it is necessary to know their emission rates over time. This practice provides guidelines for using a full-scale environmental chamber for testing large materials and full-scale material systems/assemblies.  
5.2 While this practice is developed for measuring VOC emissions, the chamber facilities and methods of evaluation presented in this practice are also useful for a variety of purposes including: (1) testing the emissions during the application process (for example, painting), or other related sources; (2) developing scaleup methods (for example, from small chamber results to a full-scale scenario); (3) studying the interaction between sources and sinks, and validating source/sink models which are the basis for IAQ prediction; (4) testing interactions between source emissions and other compounds in the air (for example, NOx, ozone, SOx); and (5) evaluating the performance of air cleaning devices intended to remove contaminants from indoor air.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for determining volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and products (building materials, material systems, furniture, consumer products, etc.) and equipment (printers, photocopiers, air cleaners, etc.) under environmental and product usage conditions that are typical of those found in office and residential buildings.  
1.2 This practice is for identifying VOCs emitted and determining their emission rates over a period of time.  
1.3 This practice describes the design, construction, performance evaluation, and use of full-scale chambers for VOC emission testing.  
1.4 While this practice is limited to the measurement of VOC emissions, many of the general principles and procedures (such as methods for evaluating the general performance of the chamber system) may also be useful for the determination of other chemical emissions (for example, ozone, nitrogen dioxide). Determination of aerosol and particle emissions is beyond the scope of this document.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Indoor CO2 concentrations have been described and used by some people as an indicator of indoor air quality. These uses have included both appropriate and inappropriate interpretations of indoor CO2 concentrations. Appropriate uses include estimating expected levels of occupant comfort in terms of human body odor, studying occupancy patterns, investigating the levels of contaminants that are related to occupant activity, and screening for the sufficiency of ventilation rates relative to occupancy. Inappropriate uses include the application of simple relationships to determine outdoor air ventilation rates per person from indoor CO2 concentrations without verifying the assumptions upon which these relationships are based, and the interpretation of indoor CO2 concentrations as a comprehensive indicator of indoor air quality.  
5.2 Outdoor air ventilation rates affect contaminant levels in buildings and building occupants' perception of the acceptability of the indoor environment. Minimum rates of outdoor air ventilation are specified in building codes and indoor air quality standards, for example, ASHRAE Standard 62. The compliance of outdoor air ventilation rates with relevant codes and standards are often assessed as part of indoor air quality investigations in buildings. The outdoor air ventilation rate of a building depends on the size and distribution of air leakage sites, pressure differences induced by wind and temperature, mechanical system operation, and occupant behavior. Given all of this information, ventilation rates are predictable; however, many of these parameters are difficult to determine in practice. Therefore, measurement is required to determine outdoor air change rates reliably.  
5.3 The measurement of CO2 concentrations has been promoted as a means of determining outdoor air ventilation rates per person. This approach, referred to in this guide as equilibrium analysis, is based on a steady-state, single-zone mass balance of CO2 in the bui...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes how measured values of indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations can be used in evaluations of indoor air quality and building ventilation.  
1.2 This guide describes the determination of CO2 generation rates from people as a function of body size and level of physical activity.  
1.3 This guide describes the experimentally-determined relationship between CO2 concentrations and the acceptability of a space in terms of human body odor.  
1.4 This guide describes the following uses of indoor CO2 concentrations to evaluate building ventilation–mass balance analysis to determine the percent outdoor air intake at an air handler, the tracer gas decay technique to estimate whole building air change rates, and the constant injection tracer gas technique at equilibrium to estimate whole building air change rates.  
1.5 This guide discusses the use of continuous monitoring of indoor and outdoor CO2 concentrations as a means of evaluating building ventilation and indoor air quality.  
1.6 This guide discusses some concentration measurement issues, but it does not include or recommend a method for measuring CO2 concentrations.  
1.7 This guide does not address the use of indoor CO2 to control outdoor air intake rates.  
1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by th...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although cabin air quality has been measured on numerous occasions and in many studies, there is very little guidance available for interpreting such data. Guidance for identifying contaminants and associated exposure levels that would cause concern in aircraft cabins is very limited. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Airworthiness Standards (14 CFR 25) provide regulatory guidance that explicitly applies to the aircraft cabin environment. The FAA standards, however, define acceptable exposure limits for a limited number of chemical contaminants (ozone, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide). Another limitation of the FAA standards is that these are design standards only and are not operational standards; thus, once an aircraft is put in service these standards are not strictly applicable.  
5.2 Measurements of aircraft cabin air quality often lead to a much larger list of volatile and semi-volatile organic chemicals of potential concern. Exposures to these chemicals, however, are largely unregulated outside of the industrial workplace.  
5.3 An important feature of the aircraft cabin environment is that both passengers (public) and flight attendants (worker population) occupy it simultaneously. Therefore, workplace exposure guidelines cannot simply be extended to address exposures in aircraft cabin environment. Also, the length of flights and work shifts can vary considerably for flight attendants.  
5.4 Contaminant levels of concern for the general public must account for the non-homogeneity of the population (for example, address sensitive individuals, the differences between passenger and crew activity levels, location, health status, personal microenvironment). Levels of concern associated with industrial workplace exposures typically consider a population of healthy adults exposed for 40 h per week (1).4 Consequently, exposure criteria developed to protect public health typically are more stringent than those for workers.  
5.4.1 Given that the aircra...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides methodology to assist in interpreting results of air quality measurements conducted in aircraft cabins. In particular, the guide describes methodology for deriving acceptable concentrations for airborne chemical contaminants, based on health and comfort considerations.  
1.2 The procedures for deriving acceptable concentrations are based on considerations of comfort and health effects, including odor and irritant effects, of individual chemical contaminants being evaluated. The guide does not provide specific benchmark or guidance values for individual chemicals to compare with results of air quality measurements.  
1.3 Chemical contaminant exposures under both routine and episodic conditions for passengers and crew are considered.  
1.4 This guide does not address airborne microbiological contaminants, which are also important in consideration of aircraft cabin air quality. This guide also does not address methodologies for investigations of air quality complaints.  
1.5 This guide assumes that a list of chemical contaminants of potential concern has been developed based on existing concentration, emission, or material composition data.  
1.6 The primary information resources for developing acceptable concentrations are databases and documents maintained or published by cognizant authorities or organizations concerned with health effects of exposure to contaminants.  
1.7 Acceptable concentrations developed through this guide may be used as a basis for selecting test methods with adequate reliability and sensitivity to assess the acceptability of aircraft cabin environments.  
1.8 Procedures described in this guide should be carried out in consultation with qualified toxicologists and health effects specialists to ensure that acceptable concentrations developed are consistent with the current scientific understanding and knowledge base.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regard...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide may be used to identify instruments and methods for measuring air quality in aircraft cabins. Such measurements may be undertaken to:  
5.1.1 Conduct monitoring surveys to characterize the aircraft cabin environment and to assess environmental conditions. Results of such measurements could then be compared with relevant standards or guidelines for assessment of health and comfort of passengers and flight attendants.  
5.1.2 Investigate passenger and flight attendant complaints; or  
5.1.3 Measure and compare the performance of new materials and systems for the aircraft cabin environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information and guidance for the selection of instrumentation and test methods for measuring air quality in aircraft passenger cabins as well as in areas limited to flightcrew access.  
1.2 This guide assumes that a list of pollutants to be measured, or analytes of interest, which are present, or may be present, in aircraft cabins is available.  
1.3 This guide provides information and guidance to identify levels of concern pertaining to public and occupational exposures to relevant air pollutants. This guide does not address levels of concern, if any, related to degradation of materials or aircraft components because of the presence of air pollutants.  
1.4 Based on levels of concern for public and occupational exposures for each pollutant of interest, this guide provides recommendations for developing three aspects of data quality objectives (a) detection limit; (b) precision; and (c) bias.  
1.5 This guide summarizes information on technologies for measurement of different groups or classes of air pollutants to provide a basis for selection of instruments and methods. The guide also identifies information resources on types of available measurement systems.  
1.6 This guide provides general recommendations for selection of instruments and methods. These recommendations are based on concepts associated with data quality objectives discussed in this guide and the information on available instruments and methods summarized in this guide.  
1.7 This guide is specific to chemical contaminants and does not address bioaerosols, which may be present in the cabin environment.  
1.8 This guide does not provide details on use or operation of instruments or methods for the measurement of cabin air quality.  
1.9 This guide does not provide information on the design of a monitoring strategy, including issues such as frequency of measurement or placement of samplers.  
1.10 Users of this guide should be familiar with, or have access to, individuals who have a background in (a) use of instruments and methods for measurement of air pollutants and (b) principles of toxicology and health-effects of environmental exposure to air pollutants.  
1.11 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.12 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.13 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Manufacturers of carpet need to monitor emissions of VOCs to assess the environmental impact of their products indoors. These results are also used to demonstrate compliance with VOC emission limits for individual VOCs.  
5.2 These data are also used to understand which VOCs are emitted from a product or material and to measure the magnitude of those emissions.  
5.3 Emission data may be used to compare different lots of carpet of the same materials of construction, or carpets composed of different materials of construction, in order to develop products with lower emissions and lower potential environmental impact.  
5.4 This test method should be used in conjunction with practices/guidelines for emissions testing such as Guide D5116, Practice D7143, Practice D7706, ISO 16000-9, and ISO 16000-10. These detail how to select and prepare samples and how and when to carry out emissions tests such that the concentration and profile of vapors in the exhaust air of the emission chamber/cell are representative of the product under test. This test method covers the sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds in the exhaust gas from the chamber/cell using thermal desorption—compatible sorbent tubes and will provide the necessary analytical consistency to ensure that reproducible data is obtained for the analysis of identical vapor samples by different laboratories.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes an analytical procedure for identifying and quantifying the masses of individual volatile organic compounds (individual VOCs or IVOCs) that are emitted into a flow of air from carpet specimens and collected on sorbent sampling tubes during emissions testing.  
1.2 This test method will be used in conjunction with a standard practice for sampling and preparing carpet specimens for emissions testing. If a specific chamber practice is not available for the carpet specimens, this test method should be used in conjunction with approved standard practices for emissions testing and sample preparation.  
1.3 When used in conjunction with standard practices for carpet specimen preparation and collection of vapor-phase emissions , this test method will provide a standardized means of determining the levels of IVOC in the exhaust stream of the emissions test chamber/cell. If this test method is used with a reliable practice for emissions testing, these IVOC levels can be used to determine the emission rate from a unit quantity (usually surface area) of the sample material under test.  
1.4 VOCs in the exhaust stream of an emissions test device are collected on thermal desorption tubes packed with a specific combination of sorbents using active (pumped) sampling. (See Practice D6196 for a more general description of vapor collection using pumped sampling onto sorbent tubes.) The samples are analyzed by thermal desorption (TD) with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry detection (GC/MS) and/or flame ionization detection (FID) depending upon the requirements of the specific materials emissions testing/certification protocol.  
1.5 This test method can be used for the measurement of most GC-compatible organic vapors ranging from the approximate volatility from n-hexane to n-hexadecane (that is, compounds with vapor pressures ranging from 16 kPa to 4 × 10-4 kPa at 25°C). Properties other than a compound’s vapor pressure such as affinity for the sorbent may need to be taken into account. Compounds with vapor pressures outside this range may or may not be quantifiable by this test method. However, qualitative data concerning the identity of a compound(s), outside the stated volatility range for quantitation, may still be useful to the user. This test method can be applied to analytes over a wide concentration range—typically 1 μg/m3 to 1 mg/m3 concentration of vapor in the exhaust air from the emission cell or chamber.  
1.6 This test method is not capable of quantifying all compounds which are emit...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Objectives—The use of small chambers to evaluate VOC emissions from indoor materials has several objectives:  
4.1.1 Develop techniques for screening of products for VOC emissions;  
4.1.2 Determine the effect of environmental variables (that is, temperature, humidity, air speed, and air change rate) on emission rates;  
4.1.3 Rank various products and product types with respect to their emissions profiles (for example, emission factors, specific organic compounds emitted);  
4.1.4 Provide compound-specific data on various organic sources to guide field studies and assist in evaluating indoor air quality in buildings;  
4.1.5 Provide emissions data for the development and verification of models used to predict indoor concentrations of organic compounds; and  
4.1.6 Develop data useful to stakeholders and other interested parties for assessing product emissions and developing control options or improved products.  
4.2 Mass Transfer Considerations—Small chamber evaluation of emissions from indoor materials requires consideration of the relevant mass transfer processes. Three fundamental processes control the rate of emissions of organic vapors from indoor materials; evaporative mass transfer from the surface of the material to the overlying air, desorption of adsorbed compounds, and diffusion within the material.  
4.2.1 The evaporative mass transfer of a given VOC from the surface of the material to the overlying air can be expressed as:  
   where:  
  ER  =  emission rate, mg/h,   A  =  source area, m2,   km  =  mass transfer coefficient, m/h,   VPs  =  vapor pressure at the surface of the material, Pa,   VPa  =  vapor pressure in the air above the surface, Pa,   MW  =  molecular weight, mg/mol,   R  =  gas constant, 8.314 J/mol-K or Pa m3/mol-K, and   T  =  temperature, K.  
Thus, the emission rate is proportional to the difference in vapor pressure between the surface and the overlying air. Since the vapor pressure is directly related to...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides direction on the measurement of the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from indoor materials and products using small-scale environmental test chambers.  
1.2 This guide pertains to chambers that fully enclose a material specimen to be tested and does not address other emission chamber designs such as emission cells (see instead Practice D7143).  
1.3 As an ASTM standard, this guide describes options, but does not recommend specific courses of action. This guide is not a standard test method and must not be construed as such.  
1.4 The use of small environmental test chambers to characterize the emissions of VOCs from indoor materials and products is still evolving. Modifications and variations in equipment, testing procedures, and data analysis are made as the work in the area progresses. For several indoor materials, more detailed ASTM standards for emissions testing have now been developed. Where more detailed ASTM standard practices or methods exist, they supersede this guide and should be used in its place. Until the interested parties agree upon standard testing protocols, differences in approach will occur. This guide will continue to provide assistance by describing equipment and techniques suitable for determining organic emissions from indoor materials. Specific examples are provided to illustrate existing approaches; these examples are not intended to inhibit alternative approaches or techniques that will produce equivalent or superior results.  
1.5 Small chambers have obvious limitations. Normally, only samples of larger materials (for example, carpet) are tested. Small chambers are not applicable for testing complete assemblages (for example, furniture). Small chambers are also inappropriate for testing combustion devices (for example, kerosene heaters) or activities (for example, use of aerosol spray products). For some products, small chamber testing may provide onl...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Diffusive samplers provide a useful sampling option for studying time-weighted average indoor air concentrations of vapor-phase pollutants. They are easy and cost-effective to deploy enabling the collection of relatively large data sets.  
5.2 The objective of this guide is to provide guidance for the placement and use of diffusive samplers that when uniformly applied enables the user to eliminate many potential interferences that may occur in diffusive sampling of indoor air. Since the analysis of the indoor environment by diffusive sampling is influenced by many factors other than the method of sampling, efforts are made to minimize interfering factors and maintain the air at conditions typical of the measurement location within the vicinity of the diffusive sampler. However, when performing certain diagnostic or special measurements, non-typical indoor air environmental conditions may be desirable or required. Thus, the objectives of a sampling study determine the conditions needed for sampling.  
5.3 Diffusive sampling provides for time integrated measurements. Diffusive samplers are usually placed in an indoor environment over a time period to obtain a time weighted average concentration; hence, interfering factors potentially occurring over this period should be anticipated and eliminated where possible. Diffusive samplers often lack the sensitivity to measure short-term peak concentrations.  
5.4 With suitable instruction regarding placement of diffusive samplers, placement, and retrieval of the samplers can be performed by unskilled personnel (for example, occupants).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the placement and use of diffusive samplers in an indoor environment.  
1.2 The primary use of diffusive samplers is to measure the exposure concentrations of specific gaseous air contaminants for occupants in a variety of indoor environments.  
1.3 Diffusive samplers within this guide are used to measure concentrations of air contaminants in residences, public buildings, offices, and other non-industrial environments. A diffusive sampler is any air sampler that does not utilize electrical or mechanical power in order to supply air to the sorbent media or chemical reactant within the sampler and that samples according to Fick’s first law of diffusion.  
1.4 The purpose of this guide is to ensure uniformity of sampling within a variety of indoor environments and to facilitate comparison of results.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Indoor materials/products are products or materials used for construction works or in the indoor environment. The area specific emission rates of volatile organic compounds from an indoor material/product may be used to estimate the expected contribution of emissions from that material/product to the atmosphere of a given indoor environment.  
5.2 Emission data may also be used to compare and categorize different indoor materials/products of similar function.  
5.3 Emission cell testing of area specific emissions may alternatively be used for studying secondary interactions (for example, sink effects (absorption and re-emission of volatile organics by the indoor material/product) or emissions generated by chemical degradation of the indoor material/product caused by specific atmospheric agents such as water, ozone or NOx).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for determining volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and products using emission cells. It can be applied in principle to most construction materials and many products used indoors. Objectives include:  
1.1.1 To provide manufacturers, builders, and end users with emission data useful for evaluating the impact of building products, new or old, on indoor air concentrations in a model room.  
1.1.2 To promote the development of products with lower VOC emissions.  
1.2 This practice is for identifying emitted VOCs and for determining the area specific emission rate of VOCs from newly produced building products under defined climate conditions. The method can also be applied to aged products.  
1.3 In accordance with the definition of an emission cell, it is also possible to perform nondestructive emission measurements on building products on-site in buildings. However, the procedure for such measurements is not described in this practice.  
1.4 This practice describes the design, construction, performance evaluation and use of emission cells for VOC emission testing. Sampling, transport and storage of materials to be tested, and preparation of test specimens are also described.  
1.5 Air sampling and analytical methods for the determination of VOCs are described in Practice D6196. Alternative sampling and analytical approaches for formaldehyde and other carbonyls are described in Test Method D5197.
Note 1: All volatile (vapor-phase) carbonyls except formaldehyde can be analyzed by either Practice D6196 or by Test Method D5197.
Note 2: Direct-reading instruments can also be applied for specific objectives.
Note 3: Some volatile inorganic compounds can, in principle, also be analyzed (for example, ammonia).  
1.6 An example of an emission cell is described in Appendix X2 of this practice.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The demand for SPF insulation in homes and commercial buildings has increased as emphasis on energy efficiency increases. In an effort to protect the health and safety of both trade workers and building occupants due to the application of SPF, it is essential that reentry/reoccupancy-times into the structure where SPF has been applied, be established.  
5.2 Concentrations of chemical emissions determined in large-scale ventilated enclosure studies conducted by this practice may be used to generate source emission terms for IAQ models.  
5.3 The emission factors determined using this practice may be used to evaluate comparability and scalability of emission factors determined in other environments.  
5.4 This practice was designed to determine emission factors for chemicals emitted by SPF insulation in a controlled room environment.  
5.5 New or existing formulations may be sprayed, and emissions may be evaluated by this practice. The user of this practice is responsible for ensuring analytical methods are appropriate for novel compounds present in new formulations (see Appendix X1 for target compounds and generic formulations).  
5.6 This practice may be useful for testing variations in emissions from non-ideal applications. Examples of non-ideal applications include those that are off-ratio, applied outside of recommended range of temperature and relative humidity, or applied outside of manufacturer recommendations for thickness.  
5.7 The determined emission factors are not directly applicable to all potential real-world applications of SPF. While this data can be used for VOCs to estimate indoor environmental concentrations beyond three days, the uncertainty in the predicted concentrations increases with increasing time. Estimating longer term chemical concentrations (beyond three days) for SVOCs is not recommended unless additional data (beyond this practice) is used, see (1).4  
5.8 During the application of SPF, chemicals deposited on the non-applie...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for measuring the chemical emissions of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs) from spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation samples in a large-scale ventilated enclosure.  
1.2 This practice is used to identify emission rates and factors during SPF application and up to three days following application.  
1.3 This practice can be used to generate emissions data for research activities or modeled for the purpose to inform potential reentry and reoccupancy times. Potential reentry and re-occupancy times only apply to the applications that meet manufacturer guidelines and are specific to the tested formulation.  
1.4 This practice describes emission testing at ambient room and substrate temperature and relative humidity conditions recognizing chemical emissions may differ at different room and substrate temperatures and relative humidity.  
1.5 This practice does not address all SPF chemical emissions. This practice addresses specific chemical compounds of potential health and regulatory concern including methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), polymeric MDI (MDI oligomeric polyisocyanates mixture), flame retardants, aldehydes, and VOCs including blowing agents, and catalysts. Although specific chemicals are discussed in this practice, other chemical compounds of interest can be quantified (see target compound and generic formulation list in Appendix X1). Other chemical compounds used in SPF such as polyols, emulsifiers, and surfactants are not addressed by this practice. Particulate sizing and distribution are also outside the scope of this practice.  
1.6 Emission rates during application are determined from air phase concentration measurements that may include particle bound chemicals. SVOC deposition to floors and ceilings is also quantified for post application modeling inputs. SVOC emission rates should only be used for modeling purposes for the durati...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is recommended for use primarily for non-occupational exposure monitoring in domiciles, public access buildings, and offices.  
5.2 The methods described in this practice have been successfully applied to measurement of pesticides and PCBs in outdoor air and for personal respiratory exposure monitoring.  
5.3 A broad spectrum of pesticides are commonly used in and around the house and for insect control in public and commercial buildings. Other semivolatile organic chemicals, such as PCBs, are also often present in indoor air, particularly in large office buildings. This practice promotes needed precision and bias in the determination of many of these airborne chemicals.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the sampling of air for a variety of common pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and provides guidance on the selection of appropriate analytical measurement methods. Other compounds such as polychlorinated dibenzodioxins/furans, polybrominated biphenyls, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and polychlorinated naphthalenes may be efficiently collected from air by this practice, but guidance on their analytical determination is not covered by this practice.  
1.2 The sampling and analysis of PCBs in air can be more complicated than sampling PCBs in solid media (for example, soils, building materials) or liquids (for example, transformer fluids). PCBs in solid or liquid material are typically analyzed using Aroclor2 distillation groups in chromatograms. In contrast, recent research has shown that analysis of PCBs in air samples by GC/ECD has also been found to exhibit potential uncertainties due to changes in the PCB patterns, differences in responses in distillation groups, peak co-elutions and differences in response factors within a homolog group (1, 2).3 As such it is recommended that PCBs in air not be quantified using AroclorTM distillation groups. In addition, it is recommended that analysis of PCBs in air be done using GC/MS rather than GC/ECD. Any mention, to outdated practices for “Aroclor” and GC/ECD analysis of PCBs herein are retained solely for historical perspective.  
1.3 A complete listing of pesticides and other semivolatile organic chemicals for which this practice has been tested is shown in Table 1. (A) GC = gas chromatography; ECD = electron capture detector; FPD = flame photometric detector; HPLC = high-performance liquid chromatography; NPD = nitrogen-phosphorus detector; UV = ultraviolet absorption detector. (GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry) is always recommended, if available.)(B) Using PUF/2,6-diphenyl-p-phenylene oxide “sandwich” trap.(C) Compound is very unstable in solution.(D) Derivatization necessary for free acid and salts.  
1.4 This practice is based on the collection of chemicals from air onto polyurethane foam (PUF) or a combination of PUF and granular sorbent (for example, diphenyl oxide, styrene-divinylbenzene), or a granular sorbent alone.  
1.5 This practice is applicable to multicomponent atmospheres, 0.001 to 50-μg/m3 concentrations, and 4 to 24-h sampling periods. The limit of detection will depend on the nature of the analyte and the length of the sampling period.  
1.6 The analytical method(s) recommended will depend on the specific chemical(s) sought, the concentration level, and the degree of specificity required.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazards statements, see 10.24 and A1.1.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationa...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Studies of indoor air problems are often iterative in nature. A thorough engineering evaluation of a building (1-4)3 is sometimes sufficient to identify likely causes of indoor air problems. When these investigations and subsequent remedial measures are not sufficient to solve a problem, more intensive investigations may be necessary.  
5.2 This guide provides the basis for determining when probability sampling methods are needed to achieve statistically defensible inferences regarding the goals of a study of indoor air quality. The need for probability sampling methods in a study of indoor air quality depends on the specific objectives of the study. Such methods may be needed to select a sample of people to be asked questions, examined medically, or monitored for personal exposures. They may also be needed to select a sample of locations in space and time to be monitored for environmental contaminants.  
5.3 This guide identifies several potential obstacles to proper implementation of probability sampling methods in studies of indoor air quality in buildings and presents procedures that overcome those obstacles or at least minimize their impact.  
5.4 Although this guide specifically addresses sampling people or locations across time within a building, it also provides important guidance for studying populations of buildings. The guidance in this document is fully applicable to sampling locations to determine environmental quality or sampling people to determine environmental effects within each building in the sample selected from a larger population of buildings.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria for determining when probability sampling methods should be used to select locations for placement of environmental monitoring equipment in a building or to select a sample of building occupants for questionnaire administration for a study of indoor air quality. Some of the basic probability sampling methods that are applicable for these types of studies are introduced.  
1.2 Probability sampling refers to statistical sampling methods that select units for observation with known probabilities (including probabilities equal to one for a census) so that statistically defensible inferences are supported from the sample to the entire population of units that had a positive probability of being selected into the sample.  
1.3 This guide describes those situations in which probability sampling methods are needed for a scientific study of the indoor air quality in a building. For those situations for which probability sampling methods are recommended, guidance is provided on how to implement probability sampling methods, including obstacles that may arise. Examples of their application are provided for selected situations. Because some indoor air quality investigations may require application of complex, multistage, survey sampling procedures and because this standard is a guide rather than a practice, the references in Appendix X1 are recommended for guidance on appropriate probability sampling methods, rather than including expositions of such methods in this guide.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Emissions of VOCs are typically controlled by internal mass transfer limitations (for example, diffusion through the material), while emissions of SVOCs are typically controlled by external mass transfer limitations (migration through the air immediately above the material). The emission of some chemicals may be controlled by both internal and external mass transfer limitations. In addition, due to their lower vapor pressure, SVOCs generally adsorb to different media (chamber walls, building materials, particles, and other surfaces) at greater rates than VOCs. This sorption can increase the amount of time required to reach steady-state SVOC concentrations using conventional VOC emission test methods to months for a single test (2).  
4.2 Thus, existing methods for characterizing emissions of VOCs may not be practical to properly characterize emission rates of SVOCs for use in modeling SVOC concentrations in indoor environments. A mass transfer framework is needed to accurately assess emission rates of SVOCs when predicting the SVOC indoor air concentrations in indoor environments. The SVOC mass transfer framework includes SVOC emission characteristics and its partition to multimedia including sorption to indoor surfaces, airborne particles, and settled dust. Once the SVOC emission parameters and partitioning coefficients have been determined, these values can be used to modeling SVOC indoor concentrations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to serve as a foundation for understanding when to use emission testing methods designed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to determine area-specific emission rates that are typically used in modeling indoor VOC concentrations and when to use emission testing methods designed for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) to determine mass transfer emission parameters that are typically used to model indoor SVOC concentrations.  
1.2 This guide discusses how organic chemicals are conventionally categorized with respect to volatility.  
1.3 This guide presents a simplified mass transfer model describing organic chemical emissions from a material to bulk air. The values of the model parameters are shown to be specific to material/chemical/chamber combinations.  
1.4 This guide shows how to use a mass transfer model to estimate whether diffusion of the chemical within the material or convective mass transfer of the chemical from the surface of the material to the overlying air limits chemical emissions from the material surface.  
1.5 This guide describes the range of different chambers that are available for emission testing. The chambers are classified as either dynamic or static and either conventional or sandwich. The chambers are categorized as being optimal to determine either the area-specific emission rate or mass transfer emission parameters.  
1.6 This guide discusses the roles sorption and convective mass transfer coefficients play in selecting the proper emission chamber and analysis method to accurately and efficiently characterize emissions from indoor materials for use in modeling indoor chemical concentrations.  
1.7 This guide gives recommendations on when to choose an emission test method that is optimized to determine either the area-specific emission rate or mass transfer emission parameters. For chemicals where the controlling mass transfer process is unknown, the guide outlines a procedure to determine if the chemical emission is controlled by convective mass transfer of the chemical from the material.  
1.8 This guide does not provide specific guidance for measuring emission parameters.  
1.9 Mechanisms controlling emissions from wet and dry materials and products are different. This guide considers the emission of chemicals from dry materials and products. Examples of SVOCs that this guide applies to include flame retardants, plasticizers, antioxidants, preservatives, and coalescing agents (1).2 Emission estimations for ot...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 SPF insulation is applied and formed onsite, which creates unique challenges for measuring product emissions. This test method provides a way to measure post-application chemical emissions from SPF insulation.  
6.2 This test method can be used to identify compounds that emit from SPF insulation products, and the emission factors may be used to compare emissions at the specified sampling times and test conditions.  
6.3 Emission data may be used in product development, manufacturing quality control and comparison of field samples.  
6.4 This test method is used to determine chemical emissions from freshly applied SPF insulation samples. The utility of this test method for investigation of odors in building scale environments has not been demonstrated at this time.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to identify and to measure the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from samples of cured spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation using micro-scale environmental test chambers combined with specific air sampling and analytical methods for VOCs.  
1.2 Specimens prepared from product samples are maintained at specified conditions of temperature, humidity, airflow rate, and elapsed time in micro-scale chambers that are described in Practice D7706. Air samples are collected periodically at the chamber exhaust at the flow rate of the micro-scale chambers.  
1.2.1 Samples for formaldehyde and other low-molecular weight carbonyl compounds are collected on treated silica gel cartridges and are analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described in Test Method D5197 and ISO 16000-3.  
1.2.2 Samples for other VOCs are collected on multi-sorbent samplers and are analyzed by thermal-desorption gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) as described in U.S. EPA Compendium Method TO-17 and ISO 16000-6.  
1.3 This test method is intended specifically for SPF insulation products. Compatible product types include two component, high pressure and two-component, low pressure formulations of open-cell and closed-cell SPF insulation.  
1.4 VOCs that can be sampled and analyzed by this test method generally include organic blowing agents such as 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds, residual solvents, and some amine catalysts. Emissions of some organic flame retardants can be measured after 24 h with this method, such as tris (chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP).  
1.5 This test method does not cover the sampling and analysis of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) or other isocyanates.  
1.6 Area-specific and mass-specific emission rates are quantified at the elapsed times and chamber conditions as specified in 13.2 and 13.3 of this test method.  
1.7 This test method is used to identify emitted compounds and to estimate their emission factors at specific times. The emission factors are based on specified conditions, therefore, use of the data to predict emissions in other environments may not be appropriate and is beyond the scope of this test method. The results may not be representative of other test conditions or comparable with other test methods.  
1.8 This test method is primarily intended for freshly applied, SPF insulation samples that are sprayed and packaged as described in Practice D7859. The measurement of emissions during spray application and within the first hour following application is outside of the scope of this test method.  
1.9 This test method can also be used to measure the emissions from SPF insulation samples that are collected from building sites where the insulation has already been applied. Potential uses of such measurements include investigations of odor complaints after product application. However, the specific details of odor investigations and other indoor air quality (IAQ) investigations are outside of the scope of this test method.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarde...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide provides information on testing systems and their components used for measuring responses of CO alarms or detectors subjected to gases, vapors, and their mixtures. Components of a testing system include a chamber, clean air supply module, humidification module, gas and vapor delivery module, and verification and control instrumentation.  
5.2 The CO detector is tested by sequential exposure to CO and interference gases at the specified challenge concentrations. A properly functioning alarm/detector will sound upon sufficient exposure to CO but will not sound upon any exposure to interference gases consistent with applicable standards (for example, IAS 6-96 (1),5 L 2034).
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes testing systems used for measuring responses of carbon monoxide (CO) alarms or detectors subjected to gases, vapors, and their mixtures.  
1.2 The systems are used to evaluate responses of CO detectors to various CO concentrations, to verify that the detectors alarm at certain specified CO concentrations, and to verify that CO detectors do not alarm at certain other specified CO concentrations.  
1.3 The systems are used for evaluating CO detector responses to gases and vapors that may interfere with the ability of detectors to respond to CO.  
1.4 Major components of such a testing system include a chamber, clean air supply module, humidification module, gas and vapor delivery module, and verification and control instrumentation.  
1.5 For each component, this guide provides a comparison of different approaches and discusses their advantages and disadvantages.  
1.6 The guide also presents recommendations for a minimum configuration of a testing system.  
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific safety precautionary information, see 6.2.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 SPF insulation is applied and formed onsite, which creates unique challenges for measuring product emissions. This test method provides a way to measure post-application chemical emissions from SPF insulation.  
6.2 This test method can be used to identify compounds that emit from SPF insulation products, and the emission factors may be used to compare emissions at the specified sampling times and test conditions.  
6.3 Emission data may be used in product development, manufacturing quality control and comparison of field samples.  
6.4 This test method is used to determine chemical emissions from freshly applied SPF insulation samples. The utility of this test method for investigation of odors in building scale environments has not been demonstrated at this time.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to identify and to measure the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from samples of cured spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation using micro-scale environmental test chambers combined with specific air sampling and analytical methods for VOCs.  
1.2 Specimens prepared from product samples are maintained at specified conditions of temperature, humidity, airflow rate, and elapsed time in micro-scale chambers that are described in Practice D7706. Air samples are collected periodically at the chamber exhaust at the flow rate of the micro-scale chambers.  
1.2.1 Samples for formaldehyde and other low-molecular weight carbonyl compounds are collected on treated silica gel cartridges and are analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described in Test Method D5197 and ISO 16000-3.  
1.2.2 Samples for other VOCs are collected on multi-sorbent samplers and are analyzed by thermal-desorption gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) as described in U.S. EPA Compendium Method TO-17 and ISO 16000-6.  
1.3 This test method is intended specifically for SPF insulation products. Compatible product types include two component, high pressure and two-component, low pressure formulations of open-cell and closed-cell SPF insulation.  
1.4 VOCs that can be sampled and analyzed by this test method generally include organic blowing agents such as 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds, residual solvents, and some amine catalysts. Emissions of some organic flame retardants can be measured after 24 h with this method, such as tris (chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP).  
1.5 This test method does not cover the sampling and analysis of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) or other isocyanates.  
1.6 Area-specific and mass-specific emission rates are quantified at the elapsed times and chamber conditions as specified in 13.2 and 13.3 of this test method.  
1.7 This test method is used to identify emitted compounds and to estimate their emission factors at specific times. The emission factors are based on specified conditions, therefore, use of the data to predict emissions in other environments may not be appropriate and is beyond the scope of this test method. The results may not be representative of other test conditions or comparable with other test methods.  
1.8 This test method is primarily intended for freshly applied, SPF insulation samples that are sprayed and packaged as described in Practice D7859. The measurement of emissions during spray application and within the first hour following application is outside of the scope of this test method.  
1.9 This test method can also be used to measure the emissions from SPF insulation samples that are collected from building sites where the insulation has already been applied. Potential uses of such measurements include investigations of odor complaints after product application. However, the specific details of odor investigations and other indoor air quality (IAQ) investigations are outside of the scope of this test method.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarde...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 Manufacturers increasingly are being asked or required to demonstrate that vapor-phase emissions of chemicals of concern from their products under normal use conditions comply with various voluntary or regulatory acceptance criteria. This process typically requires manufacturers to have their products periodically tested for VOC emissions by independent laboratories using designated reference test methods (for example, Test Method D6007, ISO 16000-9, and ISO 16000-10). To ensure continuing compliance, manufacturers may opt to, or be required to, implement screening tests at the production level.  
6.2 Reference methods for testing chemical emissions from products are rigorous and typically are too time-consuming and impractical for routine emission screening in a production environment.  
6.3 Micro-scale chambers are unique in that their small size and operation at moderately elevated temperatures facilitate rapid equilibration and shortened testing times. Provided a sufficiently repeatable correlation with reference test results can be demonstrated, appropriate control levels can be established and micro-scale chamber data can be used to monitor product manufacturing for likely compliance with reference acceptance criteria. Enhanced turnaround time for results allows for more timely adjustment of parameters to maintain consistent production with respect to vapor-phase chemical emissions.  
6.4 This practice can also be used to monitor the quality of raw materials for manufacturing processes.  
6.5 The use of elevated temperatures additionally facilitates screening tests for emissions of semi-volatile VOCs (SVOCs) such as some phthalate esters and other plasticizers.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a micro-scale chamber apparatus and associated procedures for rapidly screening materials and products for their vapor-phase emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds. It is intended to complement, not replace reference methods for measuring chemical emissions for example, small-scale chamber tests (Guide D5116) and emission cell tests (Practice D7143).  
1.2 This practice is suitable for use in and outside of laboratories, in manufacturing sites and in field locations with access to electrical power.  
1.3 Compatible material/product types that may be tested in the micro-scale chamber apparatus include rigid materials, dried or cured paints and coatings, compressible products, and small, irregularly-shaped components such as polymer beads.  
1.4 This practice describes tests to correlate emission results obtained from the micro-scale chamber with results obtained from VOC emission reference methods (for example, Guide D5116, Test Method D6007, Practice D7143, and ISO 16000-9 and ISO 16000-10).  
1.5 The micro-scale chamber apparatus operates at moderately elevated temperatures, 30°C to 60°C, to eliminate the need for cooling, to reduce test times, boost emission rates, and enhance analytical signals for routine emission screening, and to facilitate screening of semi-volatile VOC (SVOC) emissions such as emissions of some phthalate esters and other plasticizers.  
1.6 Gas sample collection and chemical analysis are dependent upon the nature of the VOCs targeted and are beyond the scope of this practice. However, the procedures described in Test Method D7339, Practice D6196 and ISO 16000-6 for analysis of VOCs and in Test Method D5197 and ISO 16000-3 for analysis of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds are applicable to this practice.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory li...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In order to estimate ETS concentrations, there needs to be a marker or tracer for ETS that is unique or highly specific to tobacco smoke, in sufficient concentrations in air to be measured easily at realistic smoking rates, and in constant proportion to the other components of ETS for a variety of tobacco blends and environmental conditions. Nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine have been used as tracers of the vapor phase of ETS. Nicotine is the major alkaloid of tobacco and a major constituent of ETS. The determination of nicotine concentration has often been used to estimate the concentration of ETS; however, due to its unpredictable decay kinetics, nicotine may not be an ideal tracer. Because nicotine readily adsorbs to building materials and room furnishings and is depleted from ETS at a rate faster than most other components, some have suggested that nicotine concentrations underestimate ETS concentrations. Although this is true in many environments during the generation of smoke, the converse is true in environments with a recent past history of smoking. The adsorbed nicotine slowly desorbs over time, resulting in an overestimation of ETS concentrations. Thus, measured concentrations of nicotine precisely assess only airborne nicotine and indicate only that smoking has taken place; they do not necessarily indicate the presence, and certainly not the concentrations, of other ETS constituents. 3-Ethenylpyridine, on the other hand, has been shown to track exactly the vapor phase of ETS as measured by CO and FID response (3). It is for these reasons that 3-ethenylpyridine may be a better tracer of ETS (1, 4, 5). The ETS at high concentrations is known to be annoying and irritating to individuals, and concerns over potential health effects have also been expressed. There is a definite need to have reliable methods for the estimation of ETS levels in order to evaluate its effect. The NIOSH has previously set a recommended exposure limit (REL) for nicotine in the workp...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sampling/analysis of nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP) in indoor air. This test method is based upon the collection of nicotine and 3-EP by adsorption on a sorbent resin, extraction of nicotine and 3-EP from the sorbent resin, and determination by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen selective detection.  (1)2  
1.2 The active samplers consist of an macroreticular polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (for example, XAD-4) sorbent tube attached to a sampling pump. Macroreticular polystyrene-divinylbenzene copolymer is referred to “sorbent resin” throughout this method. This test method is applicable to personal or area sampling.  
1.3 This test method is limited in sample duration by the capacity of the sorbent tube for nicotine (about 300 μg). This test method has been evaluated up to 24-h sample duration; however, samples are typically acquired for  at least  1 h (sometimes  only  1 h). (2)  
1.4 For this test method, limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ) for nicotine at a sampling rate of 1.5 L/min are, respectively, 0.11 μg/m3  and 0.37 μg/m 3  for 1-h sample duration and 0.01 μg/m3  and 0.05 μg/m3  for 8-h sample duration. The LOD and LOQ for 3-EP at a sampling rate of 1.5 L/min are, respectively, 0.06 μg/m 3  and 0.19 μg/m3  for 1-h sample duration and 0.01 μg/m3  and 0.02 μg/m3  for 8-h sample duration (2). Both LOD and LOQ can be reduced by increasing the sensitivity of the thermionic specific detector.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary information is given...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice may be used to collect dust from carpeted or bare floor surfaces for gravimetric or chemical analysis. The collected sample is substantially unmodified by the sampling procedure.  
5.2 This practice provides for a reproducible dust removal rate from level loop and plush carpets, as well as bare floors. It has the ability to achieve relatively constant removal efficiency at different loadings of surface dust.  
5.3 This practice also provides for the efficient capture of semivolatile organic chemicals associated with the dust. The test system can be fitted with special canisters downstream of the cyclone for the capture of specific semivolatile organic chemicals that may volatilize from the dust particles during collection.  
5.4 This practice does not describe procedures for evaluation of the safety of floor surfaces or the potential human exposure to carpet dust. It is the user's responsibility to evaluate the data collected by this practice and make such determinations in the light of other available information.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the collection of a sample of dust from carpets and bare floors that can be analyzed for lead, pesticides, or other chemical compounds and elements.  
1.2 This practice is applicable to a variety of carpeted and bare floor surfaces. It has been tested for level loop and plush pile carpets and bare wood floors, specifically.  
1.3 This practice is not intended for the collection and evaluation of dust for the presence of asbestos fibers.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice may be used to estimate the potential for human exposure to pesticide residues that may be dislodged from residential floor surfaces by dermal contact. The sampling device employed is designed to approximately replicate the pressure applied by a 9 kg child crawling or walking on the floor.  
5.2 Laboratory tests and field studies have shown that the transfer coefficient of the sampling device for collection of dried pesticide residues from nylon plush carpets is two to three times higher than that of a dry hand (palm only) pressed ten times at 7300 Pa over the same area of carpet (2, 4, 5).  
5.3 This practice has been found suitable for use on plush and level loop carpets and vinyl flooring  (2, 3).  
5.4 This practice does not describe procedures for evaluation of the safety of floor surfaces or the potential for human exposure to dislodgeable pesticide residues. It is the user's responsibility to evaluate the data collected by this practice and make such determinations in the light of other available information.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for collection of dislodgeable pesticide residues from indoor floor surfaces.  
1.2 This practice and the sampling methodology described are applicable to bare floors or covered floor surfaces, for example, carpeting and vinyl flooring.  
1.3 This practice and the sampling methodology described are applicable to all pesticides listed in Practice D4861 whether applied directly to the floor surface or transported there by migration within the room or tracked in from outdoors.  
1.4 Floor surfaces for which this practice has been successfully applied include nylon plush carpeting, polypropylene level-loop carpeting, and vinyl flooring.  
1.5 Sample analysis will be dependent upon the nature of the pesticides targeted and is beyond the scope of this practice; however, the analytical procedures discussed in Practice D4861 are applicable to this practice.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to its use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an analytical procedure for measuring formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in indoor, workplace, outdoor air or for emission testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method presents a procedure for the determination of formaldehyde (HCHO) and other carbonyl compounds (aldehydes and ketones) in air. Other carbonyl compounds that have been successfully quantified by this method include acetaldehyde, acetone, propanal (propionaldehyde), 2-butanone (methyl ethyl ketone), butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde, isovaleraldehyde, valeraldehyde, o-tolualdehyde, m-tolualdehyde, p-tolualdehyde, hexanal, and 2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde.  
1.2 This test method involves drawing air through a cartridge containing silica gel coated with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) reagent. Carbonyl compounds readily form stable derivatives with the DNPH reagent. The DNPH derivatives are analyzed for parent aldehydes and ketones utilizing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The sampling procedure is a modification of U.S. EPA Method TO-11A (see 2.2).  
1.3 This test method is based on the specific reaction of carbonyl compounds with DNPH in the presence of an acid to form stable derivatives according to the reaction shown in Fig. 1, (where: both R and R1 are alkyl or aromatic groups (ketones), or either, or both R or R1 is a hydrogen atom (aldehydes)). The determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds, as DNPH derivatives, is similar to that of U.S. EPA Method TO-11A in that it utilizes HPLC with UV detection as the analytical finish. The applicability of this test method is extended beyond the stated applicability of TO-11A to include other carbonyl compounds that can be determined as stated in 10.2.4. This test method is suitable for determination of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds in the concentration range from approximately 10 ppb to 1 ppm (v/v). Lower concentrations may be determined with careful control of contamination, appropriate selection of flow rate and sampling duration.  
1.4 The sampling method gives a time-weighted average (TWA) sample. It can be used for long-term (1 to 24 h) or short-term (5 to 60 min) sampling of air for formaldehyde. Shorter sampling times or low flow rates will result in higher detection limits and may result in greater variation in co-located sampler results. Tests should be performed over a duration and a flow rate that allows the data quality objective of the project to be achieved. Sample times for other carbonyls, such as acetaldehyde, may be limited to short term (1).2 The data provides total concentrations of carbonyl compounds from which time weighted average concentrations can be calculated.  
1.5 This test method instructs the user on how to prepare sampling cartridges from commercially available chromatographic grade silica gel cartridges3 by the application of acidified DNPH to each cartridge.  
1.6 The sampling flow rate, as described in this test method, has been validated for sampling rates up to 1.5 L/min for formaldehyde. This flow rate limitation is principally due to the high pressure drop (>8 kPa at 1.0 L/min) across the user prepared silica gel cartridges which have a particle size of 55 to 105 µm. These cartridges are not generally compatible with battery-powered pumps used in personal sampling equipment (for example, those used by industrial hygienists).  
1.7 Alternatively, pre-coated DNPH silica gel cartridges are also commercially available and may be substituted provided they can be demonstrated to perform equivalently (2). Some of these use silica gel of a larger particle size that results in a lower pressure drop across the cartridge. These low pressure drop cartridges may be more suitable for sampling air using battery-powered personal sampling pumps.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Indoor materials/products are products or materials used for construction works or in the indoor environment. The area specific emission rates of volatile organic compounds from an indoor material/product may be used to estimate the expected contribution of emissions from that material/product to the atmosphere of a given indoor environment.  
5.2 Emission data may also be used to compare and categorize different indoor materials/products of similar function.  
5.3 Emission cell testing of area specific emissions may alternatively be used for studying secondary interactions (for example, sink effects (absorption and re-emission of volatile organics by the indoor material/product) or emissions generated by chemical degradation of the indoor material/product caused by specific atmospheric agents such as water, ozone or NOx).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is intended for determining volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from materials and products using emission cells. It can be applied in principle to most construction materials and many products used indoors. Objectives include:  
1.1.1 To provide manufacturers, builders, and end users with emission data useful for evaluating the impact of building products, new or old, on indoor air concentrations in a model room.  
1.1.2 To promote the development of products with lower VOC emissions.  
1.2 This practice is for identifying emitted VOCs and for determining the area specific emission rate of VOCs from newly produced building products under defined climate conditions. The method can also be applied to aged products.  
1.3 In accordance with the definition of an emission cell, it is also possible to perform nondestructive emission measurements on building products on-site in buildings. However, the procedure for such measurements is not described in this standard.  
1.4 This practice describes the design, construction, performance evaluation and use of emission cells for VOC emission testing. Sampling, transport and storage of materials to be tested, and preparation of test specimens are also described.  
1.5 Air sampling and analytical methods for the determination of VOCs are described in Practice D6196. Alternative sampling and analytical approaches for formaldehyde and other carbonyls are described in Test Method D5197.
Note 1: All volatile (vapor-phase) carbonyls except formaldehyde can be analyzed by either Practice D6196 or by Test Method D5197.
Note 2: Direct-reading instruments can also be applied for specific objectives.
Note 3: Some volatile inorganic compounds can, in principle, also be analyzed (for example, ammonia).  
1.6 An example of an emission cell is described in Appendix X2 of this practice.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method provides a relatively simple method for determination of the concentration of RDP without the need for specialty equipment built expressly for such purposes.  
5.2 Using this test method will afford investigators of radon in dwellings a technique by which the RDP can be determined. The use of the results of this test method are generally for diagnostic purposes and are not necessarily indicative of results that might be obtained by longer term measurement methods.  
5.3 An improved understanding of the frequency of elevated radon in buildings and the health effect of exposure has increased the importance of knowledge of actual exposures. The measurement of RDP, which are the direct cause of potential adverse health effects, should be conducted in a manner that is uniform and reproducible; it is to this end that this test method is addressed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides instruction for using the grab sampling filter technique to determine accurate and reproducible measurements of indoor radon decay product (RDP) concentrations and of the working level value corresponding to those concentrations.  
1.2 Measurements made in accordance with this test method will produce RDP concentrations representative of closed-building conditions. Results of measurements made under closed-building conditions will have a smaller variability and are more reproducible than measurements obtained when building conditions are not controlled. This test method may be utilized under non-controlled conditions, but a greater degree of variability in the results will occur. Variability in the results may also be an indication of temporal variability present at the sampling site.  
1.3 This test method utilizes a short sampling period and the results are indicative of the conditions only at the place and time of sampling. The results obtained by this test method are not necessarily indicative of longer terms of sampling and should not be confused with such results. The averaging of multiple measurements over hours and days can, however, provide useful screening information. Individual measurements are generally obtained for diagnostic purposes.  
1.4 The range of the test method may be considered from 0.0005 WL to unlimited working levels (WL), and from 40 Bq/m3 to unlimited for each individual randon decay product.  
1.5 This test method provides information on equipment, procedures, and quality control. It provides for measurements within typical residential or building environments and may not necessarily apply to specialized circumstances, for example, clean rooms.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  See Section 9 for additional precautions.