G04.02 - Recommended Practices

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1.1 This terminology defines terms related to the compatibility and sensitivity of materials in oxygen enriched atmospheres. It includes those standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G04.  
1.2 The terminology concentrates on terms commonly encountered in and specific to practices and methods used to evaluate the compatibility and sensitivity of materials in oxygen. This evaluation is usually performed in a laboratory environment, and this terminology does not attempt to include laboratory terms.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide helps those studying oxygen system incidents to select a direct cause hypothesis and to avoid conclusions based on hypotheses, however plausible, that have proven faulty in the past.
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1.1 This guide covers procedures and material for examining fires in oxygen systems for the purposes of identifying potential causes and preventing recurrence.  
1.2 This guide is not comprehensive. The analysis of oxygen fire incidents is not a science, and definitive causes have not been established for some events.  
1.3 The procedures and analyses in this guide have been found to be useful for interpreting fire events, for helping identify potential causes, and for excluding other potential causes. The inclusion or omission of any analytical strategy is not intended to suggest either applicability or inapplicability of that method in any actual incident study.  
Note 1: Although this guide has been found applicable for assisting qualified technical personnel to analyze incidents, each incident is unique and must be approached as a unique event. Therefore, the selection of specific tactics and the sequence of application of those tactics must be conscious decisions of those studying the event.
Note 2: The incident may require the formation of a team to provide the necessary expertise and experience to conduct the study. The personnel analyzing an incident, or at least one member of the team, should know the process under study and the equipment installation.  
1.4 Warning—During combustion, gases, vapors, aerosols, fumes, or combinations thereof, are evolved, which may be present and may be hazardous to people. Caution—Adequate precautions should be taken to protect those conducting a study.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is suitable for the determination of extractable substances that may be found in materials used in systems or components requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen systems. Soft goods, such as seals and valve seats, may be tested as received. Gloves and wipes, or samples thereof, to be used in cleaning operations may be evaluated prior to use to ensure that the proposed extracting agent does not extract or deposit chemicals, or both, on the surface to be cleaned.  
5.2 Wipes or other cleaning equipment may be tested after use to determine the amount of contaminant removed from a surface.
Note 1: The amount of material extracted may be dependent upon the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit.  
5.3 The extraction efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. The unit, therefore, must be carefully evaluated to optimize the extraction conditions.
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1.1 This practice may be used to extract nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from materials such as new and used gloves, new and used wipes, component soft goods, and so forth. When used with proposed cleaning materials (wipes, gloves, and so forth), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent or other fluids to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, and so forth) and deposit them on the surface being cleaned.  
1.2 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is suitable for the removal of contaminants found on materials, parts, and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen. Parts shall have been precleaned to remove visible contaminants prior to using this procedure. Softgoods such as seals and valve seats may be cleaned without precleaning.  
5.2 This procedure may also be used as the cleanliness verification technique for coupons used during cleaning effectiveness tests as in Test Method G122.  
5.3 The cleaning efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. Low frequencies in the 20 kHz to 25 kHz range have been found to damage soft metals such as aluminum and silver. Therefore, the specifications of the unit and the frequencies available must be considered in order to optimize the cleaning conditions without damaging the parts.
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1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the cleaning of materials and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen, by ultrasonic techniques.  
1.2 This practice may be used for cleaning small parts, components, softgoods, etc.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide information that may be considered when selecting and qualifying a cleaning agent for oxygen-enriched systems.  
3.2 Insufficient cleanliness can result in the ignition of contaminants or components by a variety of mechanisms. Therefore, an acceptable level of contamination for each condition of use in oxygen-enriched service should be defined. The acceptable level of contamination may depend on various factors, such as:  
3.2.1 The nature and type of the contaminants,  
3.2.2 The location and degree of contamination,  
3.2.3 The type of substrate material,  
3.2.4 The configuration and end use of the equipment or part to be cleaned, and  
3.2.5 The operating parameters of the oxygen-enriched system (pressure, temperature, phase, concentration, fluid velocity, etc.).
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1.1 The purpose of this guide is to establish a procedure to select cleaning agents, both solvents and water-based detergents, for oxygen-enriched systems. This includes laboratory-scale tests for cleaning effectiveness, materials compatibility, and oxygen compatibility.  
1.2 The effectiveness of a particular cleaning agent depends upon the method by which it is used, the nature and type of the contaminants, and the characteristics of the article being cleaned, such as size, shape, and material. Final evaluation of the cleaning agent should include testing of actual products and production processes.  
1.3 Different cleaning agents may be required for different cleaning activities, such as aqueous ultrasonic cleaning, spray cleaning, hand wiping, and flushing of oxygen lines in field applications.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to introduce the hazards and risks associated with oxygen-enriched systems. This guide explains common hazards that often are overlooked. It provides an overview of the standards and documents produced by ASTM Committee G04 and other knowledgable sources as well as their uses. It does not highlight standard test methods that support the use of these practices. Table 1 provides a graphic representation of the relationship of ASTM G04 standards. Table 2 provides a list of standards published by ASTM and other organizations.  
4.2 The standards discussed here focus on reducing the hazards associated with the use of oxygen. In general, they are not directly applicable to process reactors in which the deliberate reaction of materials with oxygen is sought, as in burners, bleachers, or bubblers. Other ASTM Committees and products (such as the CHETAH program5) and other outside groups are more pertinent for these.  
4.3 This guide is not intended as a specification to establish practices for the safe use of oxygen. The documents discussed here do not purport to contain all the information needed to design and operate an oxygen-enriched system safely. The control of oxygen hazards has not been reduced to handbook procedures, and the tactics for using oxygen are not simple. Rather, they require the application of sound technical judgment and experience. Oxygen users should obtain assistance from qualified technical personnel to design systems and operating practices for the safe use of oxygen in their specific applications.
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1.1 This guide covers an overview of the work of ASTM Committee G04 on Compatibility and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres. It is a starting point for those asking the question: “What are the risks associated with my use of oxygen?” This guide is an introduction to the unique concerns that must be addressed in the handling of oxygen. The principal hazard is the prospect of ignition with resultant fire, explosion, or both. All fluid systems require design considerations, such as adequate strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and pressure safety relief. In addition to these design considerations, one must also consider the ignition mechanisms that are specific to an oxygen-enriched system. This guide outlines these ignition mechanisms and the approach to reducing the risks.  
1.2 This guide also lists several of the recognized causes of oxygen system fires and describes the methods available to prevent them. Sources of information about the oxygen hazard and its control are listed and summarized. The principal focus is on Guides G63, G88, Practice G93, and Guide G94. Useful documentation from other resources and literature is also cited.  
Note 1: This guide is an outgrowth of an earlier (1988) Committee G04 videotape adjunct entitled Oxygen Safety and a related paper by Koch2 that focused on the recognized ignition source of adiabatic compression as one of the more significant but often overlooked causes of oxygen fires. This guide recapitulates and updates material in the videotape and paper.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Sections 8 and 11.  
Note 2: ASTM takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any ite...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is expected that this practice will be suitable to identify and quantify contaminants found in systems, system materials, and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as components for oxygen service. Nonmetallic piece parts such as seals and valve seats can be tested as received. Warning—If parts being tested are to be subsequently installed in an oxygen-enriched system, residual extraction solvent remaining in the part due to inadequate drying may increase the susceptibility of the system to ignition. The extraction solvent shall be thoroughly removed from the parts prior to service.  
5.2 Processing materials such as gloves and wipers, or samples thereof, to be used in the cleaning operation can be evaluated prior to use to ensure that the proposed cleaning solvent does not extract contaminants that may be deposited as residues on the surface to be cleaned.
Note 1: Test methods that do not require Soxhlet equipment, such as Test Methods E1560 and E1731, may be suitable alternatives for evaluation of processing materials. Test Method G144 with Practice G136 may be suitable for use when the material to be tested is not degraded by sonication. However, results from this test method cannot be directly compared to results from other test methods. Soxhlet extraction may be more aggressive than other extraction methods.  
5.3 Wipers or other cleaning supplies can be tested before and after use to determine the amount of contaminant removed from a surface. The type of contaminant removed from the surface may also be determined by qualitative analysis of the extracted NVR using analytical methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). This procedure can be used to obtain samples for NVR analysis using contaminated control coupons that were subjected to the cleaning process as controls to validate cleaning operations.  
5.4 The selection of the solvent requires some knowledge of the contaminant (see Practice G93 for recommenda...
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the determination of residual contamination in materials to be used within or in contact with hardware requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as components for oxygen service, by Soxhlet extraction.  
1.2 This practice may be used for extracting nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from solids such as new and used gloves, new and used wipers, contaminated test specimens or control coupons, small piece parts (metallic or nonmetallic), etc. When used with proposed consumable cleaning materials (wipers, gloves, etc.), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, etc.) from the cleaning material and deposit them on the surface being cleaned.  
1.3 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in selecting materials for oxygen service in order to minimize the probability of ignition and the risk of explosion or fire. It is not intended as a specification for approving materials for oxygen service.
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1.1 This guide applies to nonmetallic materials, (hereinafter called materials) under consideration for oxygen or oxygen-enriched fluid service, direct or indirect, as defined below. It is intended for use in selecting materials for applications in connection with the production, storage, transportation, distribution, or use of oxygen. It is concerned primarily with the properties of a material associated with its relative susceptibility to ignition and propagation of combustion; it does not involve mechanical properties, potential toxicity, outgassing, reactions between various materials in the system, functional reliability, or performance characteristics such as physical aging, degradation, abrasion, hardening, or embrittlement, except when these might contribute to an ignition.  
1.2 When this document was originally published in 1980, it addressed both metals and nonmetals. Its scope has been narrowed to address only nonmetals and a separate standard Guide G94 has been developed to address metals.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.
Note 2: In evaluating materials, any mixture with oxygen exceeding atmospheric concentration at pressures higher than atmospheric should be evaluated from the hazard point of view for possible significant increase in material combustibility.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in selecting metals for oxygen service in order to minimize the probability of ignition and the risk of explosion or fire. It is intended for use in selecting materials for applications in connection with the production, storage, transportation, distribution, or use of oxygen. It is not intended as a specification for approving materials for oxygen service.
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1.1 This guide applies to metallic materials under consideration for oxygen or oxygen-enriched fluid service, direct or indirect, as defined in Section 3. It is concerned primarily with the properties of a metallic material associated with its relative susceptibility to ignition and propagation of combustion. It does not involve mechanical properties, potential toxicity, outgassing, reactions between various materials in the system, functional reliability, or performance characteristics such as aging, shredding, or sloughing of particles, except when these might contribute to an ignition.  
1.2 This document applies only to metals; nonmetals are covered in Guide G63.
Note 1: The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.
Note 2: In evaluating materials, any mixture with oxygen exceeding atmospheric concentration at pressures higher than atmospheric should be evaluated from the hazard point of view for possible significant increase in material combustibility.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice allows the user to evaluate the effect of service or accelerating aging on the oxygen resistance of polymeric materials used in oxygen service.  
5.2 The use of this practice presupposes that the properties used to evaluate the effect of aging can be shown to relate to the intended use of the material, and are also sensitive to the effect of aging.  
5.3 Polymeric materials will, in general, be more susceptible than metals to aging effects as evidenced by irreversible property loss. Such property loss may lead to catastrophic component failure, including a secondary fire, before primary ignition or combustion of the polymeric material occurs.  
5.4 Polymers aged in the presence of oxygen-containing media may undergo many types of reversible and irreversible physical and chemical property change. The severity of the aging conditions determines the extent and type of changes that take place. Polymers are not necessarily degraded by aging, but may be unchanged or improved. For example, aging may drive off volatile materials, thus raising the ignition temperature without compromising mechanical properties. However, aging under prolonged or severe conditions (for example, elevated oxygen concentration) will usually cause a decrease in mechanical performance, while improving resistance to ignition and combustion.  
5.5 Aging may result in reversible mass increase (physisorption), irreversible mass increase (chemisorption), plasticization, discoloration, loss of volatiles, embrittlement, softening due to sorption of volatiles, cracking, relief of molding stresses, increased crystallinity, dimensional change, advance of cure in thermosets and elastomers, chain scissioning, and crosslinking.  
5.6 After a period of service, a material’s properties may be significantly different from those when new. All materials rated for oxygen service should remain resistant to ignition and combustion (primary fire risk). Furthermore, all materials rated for oxygen s...
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1.1 These practices describe procedures that are used to determine the age resistance of plastic, thermosetting, elastomeric, and polymer matrix composite materials exposed to oxygen-containing media.  
1.2 While these practices focus on evaluating the age resistance of polymeric materials in oxygen-containing media prior to ignition and combustion testing, they also have relevance for evaluating the age resistance of metals, and nonmetallic oils and greases.  
1.3 These practices address both established procedures that have a foundation of experience and new procedures that have yet to be validated. The latter are included to promote research and later elaboration in this practice as methods of the former type.  
1.4 The results of these practices may not give exact correlation with service performance since service conditions vary widely and may involve multiple factors such as those listed in 5.8.  
1.5 Three procedures are described for evaluating the age resistance of polymeric materials depending on application and information sought.  
1.5.1 Procedure A: Natural Aging—This procedure is used to simulate the effect(s) of one or more service stressors on a material’s oxygen resistance, and is suitable for evaluating materials that experience continuous or intermittent exposure to elevated temperature during service.  
1.5.2 Procedure B: Accelerated Aging Comparative Oxygen Resistance—This procedure is suitable for evaluating materials that are used in ambient temperature service, or at a temperature that is otherwise lower than the aging temperature, and is useful for developing oxygen compatibility rankings on a laboratory comparison basis.  
1.5.3 Procedure C: Accelerated Aging Lifetime Prediction—This procedure is used to determine the relationship between aging temperature and a fixed level of property change, thereby allowing predictions to be made about the effect of prolonged service on oxidative degra...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose of Guide G88—The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in designing oxygen systems or assessing the safety of oxygen systems. It emphasizes factors that cause ignition and enhance propagation throughout a system's service life so that the occurrence of these conditions may be avoided or minimized. It is not intended as a specification for the design of oxygen systems.  
4.2 Role of Guide G88—ASTM Committee G04’s abstract standard is Guide G128, and it introduces the overall subject of oxygen compatibility and the body of related work and related resources including standards, research reports and a DVD3 G04 has developed and adopted for use in coping with oxygen hazards. The interrelationships among the standards are shown in Table 1. Guide G88 deals with oxygen system and hardware design principles, and it is supported by a regulator ignition test (see G175). Other standards cover: (1) the selection of materials (both metals and nonmetals) which are supported by a series of standards for testing materials of interest and for preparing materials for test; (2) the cleaning of oxygen hardware which is supported by a series of standards on cleaning procedures, cleanliness testing methods, and cleaning agent selection and evaluation; (3) the study of fire incidents in oxygen systems; and (4) related terminology. (A) Test Method D2863 is under the jurisdiction of Committee D20 on Plastics, and Test Method D4809 is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants but both are used in the asessment of flammability and sensitivity of materials in oxygen-enriched atmospheres.(B) ASTM Manual 36 – Safe Use of Oxygen and Oxygen Systems can be used as a handbook to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in designing oxygen systems or assessing the safety of oxygen systems. However, Manual 36 is not a balloted technical standard.(C) Peer-review...
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1.1 This guide applies to the design of systems for oxygen or oxygen-enriched service but is not a comprehensive document. Specifically, this guide addresses system factors that affect the avoidance of ignition and fire. It does not thoroughly address the selection of materials of construction for which Guides G63 and G94 are available, nor does it cover mechanical, economic or other design considerations for which well-known practices are available. This guide also does not address issues concerning the toxicity of nonmetals in breathing gas or medical gas systems.
Note 1: The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This standard guide is organized as follows:    
Section Title  
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
ASTM Standards  
2.1  
ASTM Adjuncts  
2.2  
ASTM Manuals  
2.3  
NFPA Documents  
2.4  
CGA Documents  
2.5  
EIGA Documents  
2.6  
Terminology  
3  
Significance and Use  
4  
Purpose of G88  
4.1  
Role of G88  
4.2  
Use of G88  
4.3  
Factors Affecting the Design for an Oxygen or Oxygen-
Enriched System  
5  
General  
5.1  
Factors Recognized as Causing Fires  
5.2  
Temperature  
5.2.1  
Spontaneous Ignition  
5.2.2  
Pressure  
5.2.3  
Concentration  
5.2.4  
Contamination  ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for the selection of cleaning methods for cleaning materials and equipment to be used in oxygen-enriched environments. This guide furnishes qualified technical personnel with guidance in the specification of oxygen system cleanliness needs. It does not actually specify cleanliness levels.  
5.2 Insufficient cleanliness of components used in oxygen systems can result in the ignition of contaminants or components by a variety of mechanisms such as particle, mechanical, or pneumatic impact. These mechanisms are explained in detail in Guide G88.  
5.3 Adequate contamination control in oxygen systems is imperative to minimize hazards and component failures that can result from contamination. Contamination must also be minimized to ensure an acceptable product purity.  
5.4 Removal of contaminants from materials and components depends on system configuration, materials of construction, and type and quantity of contaminant.  
5.5 Examples of cleaning procedures contained herein may be followed or specified for those materials, components, and equipment indicated. The general cleaning text can be used to establish cleaning procedures for materials, components, equipment, and applications not addressed in detail. See Guide G127 for discussion of cleaning agent and procedure selection.
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1.1 This guide covers the selection of methods and apparatus for cleaning materials and equipment intended for service in oxygen-enriched environments. Contamination problems encountered in the use of enriched air, mixtures of oxygen with other gases, or any other oxidizing gas may be solved by the same cleaning procedures applicable to most metallic and nonmetallic materials and equipment. Cleaning examples for some specific materials, components, and equipment, and the cleaning methods for particular applications, are given in the appendixes.  
1.2 This guide includes levels of cleanliness used for various applications and the methods used to obtain and verify these levels.  
1.3 This guide applies to chemical-, solvent-, and aqueous-based processes.  
1.4 This guide describes nonmandatory material for choosing the required levels of cleanliness for systems exposed to oxygen or oxygen-enriched atmospheres.  
1.5 This guide proposes a practical range of cleanliness levels that will satisfy most system needs, but it does not deal in quantitative detail with the many conditions that might demand greater cleanliness or that might allow greater contamination levels to exist. Furthermore, it does not propose specific ways to measure or monitor these levels from among the available methods.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Federal, state, and local safety and disposal regulations concerning the particular hazardous materials, reagents, operations, and equipment being used should be reviewed by the user. The user is encouraged to obtain the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) from the manufacturer for any material incorporated into a cleaning process. Specific cautions are given in Section 8.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guide...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice will be suitable to direct the preparation of test coupons with a known amount of contaminant on the surface. A standard test coupon is described and a list of contaminants that have typically been found in oxygen-enriched systems and components is provided.  
5.2 These test coupons shall be used in the evaluation of cleaning agents for oxygen-enriched systems and components. This will permit direct comparison within and between test facilities.  
5.3 Materials used in other fluid handling systems such as nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, gasoline, etc. may also be prepared for evaluation by this practice.
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1.1 This practice describes the procedure for the preparation of single- and double-sided contaminated test coupons for the evaluation of cleaning agents. It is applicable for the evaluation of cleaning agents proposed for the cleaning of oxygen equipment, pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment, and medical devices (see Test Method G122 and Guide G127). It also is applicable to other systems where contamination is a concern.  
1.2 Several classes of contaminants/residues most likely to be found in oxygen equipment, pharmaceutical manufacturing equipment, and medical devices are identified. However, if the user of this practice has identified contaminants not included in these classes, such identified contaminants may be substituted for the preparation of the test coupons if appropriate for this test method.  
1.3 Solvent and cleaning agent compatibility with nonmetallic substrates should be verified prior to the preparation of the test coupons. Typical nonmetallic materials utilized in oxygen systems are contained in Guide G63.  
1.4 This practice may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whomever uses this practice to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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1.1 This terminology defines terms related to the compatibility and sensitivity of materials in oxygen enriched atmospheres. It includes those standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G04.  
1.2 The terminology concentrates on terms commonly encountered in and specific to practices and methods used to evaluate the compatibility and sensitivity of materials in oxygen. This evaluation is usually performed in a laboratory environment, and this terminology does not attempt to include laboratory terms.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide helps those studying oxygen system incidents to select a direct cause hypothesis and to avoid conclusions based on hypotheses, however plausible, that have proven faulty in the past.
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1.1 This guide covers procedures and material for examining fires in oxygen systems for the purposes of identifying potential causes and preventing recurrence.  
1.2 This guide is not comprehensive. The analysis of oxygen fire incidents is not a science, and definitive causes have not been established for some events.  
1.3 The procedures and analyses in this guide have been found to be useful for interpreting fire events, for helping identify potential causes, and for excluding other potential causes. The inclusion or omission of any analytical strategy is not intended to suggest either applicability or inapplicability of that method in any actual incident study.  
Note 1: Although this guide has been found applicable for assisting qualified technical personnel to analyze incidents, each incident is unique and must be approached as a unique event. Therefore, the selection of specific tactics and the sequence of application of those tactics must be conscious decisions of those studying the event.
Note 2: The incident may require the formation of a team to provide the necessary expertise and experience to conduct the study. The personnel analyzing an incident, or at least one member of the team, should know the process under study and the equipment installation.  
1.4 Warning—During combustion, gases, vapors, aerosols, fumes, or combinations thereof, are evolved, which may be present and may be hazardous to people. Caution —Adequate precautions should be taken to protect those conducting a study.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is suitable for the removal of contaminants found on materials, parts, and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen. Parts shall have been precleaned to remove visible contaminants prior to using this procedure. Softgoods such as seals and valve seats may be cleaned without precleaning.  
5.2 This procedure may also be used as the cleanliness verification technique for coupons used during cleaning effectiveness tests as in Test Method G122.  
5.3 The cleaning efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. Low frequencies in the 20 to 25 kilohertz range have been found to damage soft metals such as aluminum and silver. Therefore, the specifications of the unit and the frequencies available must be considered in order to optimize the cleaning conditions without damaging the parts.
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1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the cleaning of materials and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen, by ultrasonic techniques.  
1.2 This practice may be used for cleaning small parts, components, softgoods, etc.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is suitable for the determination of extractable substances that may be found in materials used in systems or components requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen systems. Soft goods, such as seals and valve seats, may be tested as received. Gloves and wipes, or samples thereof, to be used in cleaning operations may be evaluated prior to use to ensure that the proposed extracting agent does not extract or deposit chemicals, or both, on the surface to be cleaned.  
5.2 Wipes or other cleaning equipment may be tested after use to determine the amount of contaminant removed from a surface.
Note 1: The amount of material extracted may be dependent upon the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit.  
5.3 The extraction efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. The unit, therefore, must be carefully evaluated to optimize the extraction conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to extract nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from materials such as new and used gloves, new and used wipes, component soft goods, and so forth. When used with proposed cleaning materials (wipes, gloves, and so forth), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent or other fluids to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, and so forth.) and deposit them on the surface being cleaned.  
1.2 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is suitable for the removal of contaminants found on materials, parts, and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen. Parts shall have been precleaned to remove visible contaminants prior to using this procedure. Softgoods such as seals and valve seats may be cleaned without precleaning.  
5.2 This procedure may also be used as the cleanliness verification technique for coupons used during cleaning effectiveness tests as in Test Method G122.  
5.3 The cleaning efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. Low frequencies in the 20 to 25 kilohertz range have been found to damage soft metals such as aluminum and silver. Therefore, the specifications of the unit and the frequencies available must be considered in order to optimize the cleaning conditions without damaging the parts.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the cleaning of materials and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen, by ultrasonic techniques.  
1.2 This practice may be used for cleaning small parts, components, softgoods, etc.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is suitable for the determination of extractable substances that may be found in materials used in systems or components requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen systems. Soft goods, such as seals and valve seats, may be tested as received. Gloves and wipes, or samples thereof, to be used in cleaning operations may be evaluated prior to use to ensure that the proposed extracting agent does not extract or deposit chemicals, or both, on the surface to be cleaned.  
5.2 Wipes or other cleaning equipment may be tested after use to determine the amount of contaminant removed from a surface.
Note 1: The amount of material extracted may be dependent upon the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit.  
5.3 The extraction efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. The unit, therefore, must be carefully evaluated to optimize the extraction conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to extract nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from materials such as new and used gloves, new and used wipes, component soft goods, and so forth. When used with proposed cleaning materials (wipes, gloves, and so forth), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent or other fluids to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, and so forth) and deposit them on the surface being cleaned.  
1.2 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in selecting materials for oxygen service in order to minimize the probability of ignition and the risk of explosion or fire. It is not intended as a specification for approving materials for oxygen service.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to nonmetallic materials, (hereinafter called materials) under consideration for oxygen or oxygen-enriched fluid service, direct or indirect, as defined below. It is intended for use in selecting materials for applications in connection with the production, storage, transportation, distribution, or use of oxygen. It is concerned primarily with the properties of a material associated with its relative susceptibility to ignition and propagation of combustion; it does not involve mechanical properties, potential toxicity, outgassing, reactions between various materials in the system, functional reliability, or performance characteristics such as physical aging, degradation, abrasion, hardening, or embrittlement, except when these might contribute to an ignition.  
1.2 When this document was originally published in 1980, it addressed both metals and nonmetals. Its scope has been narrowed to address only nonmetals and a separate standard Guide G94 has been developed to address metals.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.
Note 2: In evaluating materials, any mixture with oxygen exceeding atmospheric concentration at pressures higher than atmospheric should be evaluated from the hazard point of view for possible significant increase in material combustibility.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 It is expected that this practice will be suitable to identify and quantify contaminants found in systems, system materials, and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as components for oxygen service. Nonmetallic piece parts such as seals and valve seats can be tested as received. Warning—If parts being tested are to be subsequently installed in an oxygen-enriched system, residual extraction solvent remaining in the part due to inadequate drying may increase the susceptibility of the system to ignition. The extraction solvent shall be thoroughly removed from the parts prior to service.  
5.2 Processing materials such as gloves and wipers, or samples thereof, to be used in the cleaning operation can be evaluated prior to use to ensure that the proposed cleaning solvent does not extract contaminants that may be deposited as residues on the surface to be cleaned.
Note 1: Test methods that do not require Soxhlet equipment, such as Test Methods E1560 and E1731, may be suitable alternatives for evaluation of processing materials. Test Method G144 with Practice G136 may be suitable for use when the material to be tested is not degraded by sonication. However, results from this test method cannot be directly compared to results from other test methods. Soxhlet extraction may be more aggressive than other extraction methods.  
5.3 Wipers or other cleaning supplies can be tested before and after use to determine the amount of contaminant removed from a surface. The type of contaminant removed from the surface may also be determined by qualitative analysis of the extracted NVR using analytical methods such as Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). This procedure can be used to obtain samples for NVR analysis using contaminated control coupons that were subjected to the cleaning process as controls to validate cleaning operations.  
5.4 The selection of the solvent requires some knowledge of the contaminant (see Practice G93 for recommenda...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the determination of residual contamination in materials to be used within or in contact with hardware requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as components for oxygen service, by Soxhlet extraction.  
1.2 This practice may be used for extracting nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from solids such as new and used gloves, new and used wipers, contaminated test specimens or control coupons, small piece parts (metallic or nonmetallic), etc. When used with proposed consumable cleaning materials (wipers, gloves, etc.), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, etc.) from the cleaning material and deposit them on the surface being cleaned.  
1.3 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to introduce the hazards and risks associated with oxygen-enriched systems. This guide explains common hazards that often are overlooked. It provides an overview of the standards and documents produced by ASTM Committee G04 and other knowledgable sources as well as their uses. It does not highlight standard test methods that support the use of these practices. Table 1 provides a graphic representation of the relationship of ASTM G04 standards. Table 2 provides a list of standards published by ASTM and other organizations.  
4.2 The standards discussed here focus on reducing the hazards associated with the use of oxygen. In general, they are not directly applicable to process reactors in which the deliberate reaction of materials with oxygen is sought, as in burners, bleachers, or bubblers. Other ASTM Committees and products (such as the CHETAH program5) and other outside groups are more pertinent for these.  
4.3 This guide is not intended as a specification to establish practices for the safe use of oxygen. The documents discussed here do not purport to contain all the information needed to design and operate an oxygen-enriched system safely. The control of oxygen hazards has not been reduced to handbook procedures, and the tactics for using oxygen are not simple. Rather, they require the application of sound technical judgment and experience. Oxygen users should obtain assistance from qualified technical personnel to design systems and operating practices for the safe use of oxygen in their specific applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an overview of the work of ASTM Committee G04 on Compatibility and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres. It is a starting point for those asking the question: “What are the risks associated with my use of oxygen?” This guide is an introduction to the unique concerns that must be addressed in the handling of oxygen. The principal hazard is the prospect of ignition with resultant fire, explosion, or both. All fluid systems require design considerations, such as adequate strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and pressure safety relief. In addition to these design considerations, one must also consider the ignition mechanisms that are specific to an oxygen-enriched system. This guide outlines these ignition mechanisms and the approach to reducing the risks.  
1.2 This guide also lists several of the recognized causes of oxygen system fires and describes the methods available to prevent them. Sources of information about the oxygen hazard and its control are listed and summarized. The principal focus is on Guides G63, G88, Practice G93, and Guide G94. Useful documentation from other resources and literature is also cited.  
Note 1: This guide is an outgrowth of an earlier (1988) Committee G04 videotape adjunct entitled Oxygen Safety and a related paper by Koch2 that focused on the recognized ignition source of adiabatic compression as one of the more significant but often overlooked causes of oxygen fires. This guide recapitulates and updates material in the videotape and paper.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Sections 8 and 11.  
Note 2: ASTM takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The purpose of this guide is to provide information that may be considered when selecting and qualifying a cleaning agent for oxygen-enriched systems.  
3.2 Insufficient cleanliness can result in the ignition of contaminants or components by a variety of mechanisms. Therefore, an acceptable level of contamination for each condition of use in oxygen-enriched service should be defined. The acceptable level of contamination may depend on various factors, such as:  
3.2.1 The nature and type of the contaminants,  
3.2.2 The location and degree of contamination,  
3.2.3 The type of substrate material,  
3.2.4 The configuration and end use of the equipment or part to be cleaned, and  
3.2.5 The operating parameters of the oxygen-enriched system (pressure, temperature, phase, concentration, fluid velocity, etc.).
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to establish a procedure to select cleaning agents, both solvents and water-based detergents, for oxygen-enriched systems. This includes laboratory-scale tests for cleaning effectiveness, materials compatibility, and oxygen compatibility.  
1.2 The effectiveness of a particular cleaning agent depends upon the method by which it is used, the nature and type of the contaminants, and the characteristics of the article being cleaned, such as size, shape, and material. Final evaluation of the cleaning agent should include testing of actual products and production processes.  
1.3 Different cleaning agents may be required for different cleaning activities, such as aqueous ultrasonic cleaning, spray cleaning, hand wiping, and flushing of oxygen lines in field applications.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice allows the user to evaluate the effect of service or accelerating aging on the oxygen resistance of polymeric materials used in oxygen service.  
5.2 The use of this practice presupposes that the properties used to evaluate the effect of aging can be shown to relate to the intended use of the material, and are also sensitive to the effect of aging.  
5.3 Polymeric materials will, in general, be more susceptible than metals to aging effects as evidenced by irreversible property loss. Such property loss may lead to catastrophic component failure, including a secondary fire, before primary ignition or combustion of the polymeric material occurs.  
5.4 Polymers aged in the presence of oxygen-containing media may undergo many types of reversible and irreversible physical and chemical property change. The severity of the aging conditions determines the extent and type of changes that take place. Polymers are not necessarily degraded by aging, but may be unchanged or improved. For example, aging may drive off volatile materials, thus raising the ignition temperature without compromising mechanical properties. However, aging under prolonged or severe conditions (for example, elevated oxygen concentration) will usually cause a decrease in mechanical performance, while improving resistance to ignition and combustion.  
5.5 Aging may result in reversible mass increase (physisorption), irreversible mass increase (chemisorption), plasticization, discoloration, loss of volatiles, embrittlement, softening due to sorption of volatiles, cracking, relief of molding stresses, increased crystallinity, dimensional change, advance of cure in thermosets and elastomers, chain scissioning, and crosslinking.  
5.6 After a period of service, a material’s properties may be significantly different from those when new. All materials rated for oxygen service should remain resistant to ignition and combustion (primary fire risk). Furthermore, all materials rated for oxygen s...
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe procedures that are used to determine the age resistance of plastic, thermosetting, elastomeric, and polymer matrix composite materials exposed to oxygen-containing media.  
1.2 While these practices focus on evaluating the age resistance of polymeric materials in oxygen-containing media prior to ignition and combustion testing, they also have relevance for evaluating the age resistance of metals, and nonmetallic oils and greases.  
1.3 These practices address both established procedures that have a foundation of experience and new procedures that have yet to be validated. The latter are included to promote research and later elaboration in this practice as methods of the former type.  
1.4 The results of these practices may not give exact correlation with service performance since service conditions vary widely and may involve multiple factors such as those listed in subsection 5.8.  
1.5 Three procedures are described for evaluating the age resistance of polymeric materials depending on application and information sought.  
1.5.1 Procedure A: Natural Aging—This procedure is used to simulate the effect(s) of one or more service stressors on a material’s oxygen resistance, and is suitable for evaluating materials that experience continuous or intermittent exposure to elevated temperature during service.  
1.5.2 Procedure B: Accelerated Aging Comparative Oxygen Resistance—This procedure is suitable for evaluating materials that are used in ambient temperature service, or at a temperature that is otherwise lower than the aging temperature, and is useful for developing oxygen compatibility rankings on a laboratory comparison basis.  
1.5.3 Procedure C: Accelerated Aging Lifetime Prediction—This procedure is used to determine the relationship between aging temperature and a fixed level of property change, thereby allowing predictions to be made about the effect of prolonged service on oxid...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in selecting metals for oxygen service in order to minimize the probability of ignition and the risk of explosion or fire. It is intended for use in selecting materials for applications in connection with the production, storage, transportation, distribution, or use of oxygen. It is not intended as a specification for approving materials for oxygen service.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to metallic materials under consideration for oxygen or oxygen-enriched fluid service, direct or indirect, as defined in Section 3. It is concerned primarily with the properties of a metallic material associated with its relative susceptibility to ignition and propagation of combustion. It does not involve mechanical properties, potential toxicity, outgassing, reactions between various materials in the system, functional reliability, or performance characteristics such as aging, shredding, or sloughing of particles, except when these might contribute to an ignition.  
1.2 This document applies only to metals; nonmetals are covered in Guide G63.Note 1—The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.Note 2—In evaluating materials, any mixture with oxygen exceeding atmospheric concentration at pressures higher than atmospheric should be evaluated from the hazard point of view for possible significant increase in material combustibility.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose of Guide G88—The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in designing oxygen systems or assessing the safety of oxygen systems. It emphasizes factors that cause ignition and enhance propagation throughout a system's service life so that the occurrence of these conditions may be avoided or minimized. It is not intended as a specification for the design of oxygen systems.  
4.2 Role of Guide G88—ASTM Committee G04’s abstract standard is Guide G128, and it introduces the overall subject of oxygen compatibility and the body of related work and related resources including standards, research reports and a DVD3 G04 has developed and adopted for use in coping with oxygen hazards. The interrelationships among the standards are shown in Table 1. Guide G88 deals with oxygen system and hardware design principles, and it is supported by a regulator ignition test (see G175).Other standards cover: (1) the selection of materials (both metals and nonmetals) which are supported by a series of standards for testing materials of interest and for preparing materials for test; (2) the cleaning of oxygen hardware which is supported by a series of standards on cleaning procedures, cleanliness testing methods, and cleaning agent selection and evaluation; (3) the study of fire incidents in oxygen systems; and (4) related terminology. (A) ASTM D2863 is under the jurisdiction of Committee D20 on Plastics, and D4809 is under the jurisdiction of Committee D02 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants but both are used in the asessment of flammability and sensitivity of materials in oxygen-enriched atmospheres.(B) ASTM Manual 36 – Safe Use of Oxygen and Oxygen Systems can be used as a handbook to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in designing oxygen systems or assessing the safety of oxygen systems. However, Manual 36 is not a balloted technical standard.  
4.3 Use of Guide G88—Guide G88...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to the design of systems for oxygen or oxygen-enriched service but is not a comprehensive document. Specifically, this guide addresses system factors that affect the avoidance of ignition and fire. It does not thoroughly address the selection of materials of construction for which Guides G63 and G94 are available, nor does it cover mechanical, economic or other design considerations for which well-known practices are available. This guide also does not address issues concerning the toxicity of nonmetals in breathing gas or medical gas systems.
Note 1: The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This standard guide is organized as follows:    
Section Title  
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
ASTM Standards  
2.1  
ASTM Adjuncts  
2.2  
ASTM Manuals  
2.3  
NFPA Documents  
2.4  
CGA Documents  
2.5  
EIGA Documents  
2.6  
Terminology  
3  
Significance and Use  
4  
Purpose of G88  
4.1  
Role of G88  
4.2  
Use of G88  
4.3  
Factors Affecting the Design for an Oxygen or Oxygen-
Enriched System  
5  
General  
5.1  
Factors Recognized as Causing Fires  
5.2  
Temperature  
5.2.1  
Spontaneous Ignition  
5.2.2  
Pressure  
5.2.3  
Concentration  
5.2.4  
Contamination  ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose of Guide G88—The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in designing oxygen systems or assessing the safety of oxygen systems. It emphasizes factors that cause ignition and enhance propagation throughout a system's service life so that the occurrence of these conditions may be avoided or minimized. It is not intended as a specification for the design of oxygen systems.  
4.2 Role of Guide G88—ASTM Committee G04’s abstract standard is Guide G128, and it introduces the overall subject of oxygen compatibility and the body of related work and related resources including standards, research reports and a video3 G04 has developed and adopted for use in coping with oxygen hazards. The interrelationships among the standards are shown in Table 1. Guide G88 deals with oxygen system and hardware design principles, and it is supported by a regulator ignition test (see G175).Other standards cover: (1) the selection of materials (both metals and nonmetals) which are supported by a series of standards for testing materials of interest and for preparing materials for test; (2) the cleaning of oxygen hardware which is supported by a series of standards on cleaning procedures, cleanliness testing methods, and cleaning agent selection and evaluation; (3) the study of fire incidents in oxygen systems; and (4) related terminology.TABLE 1 Role of Guide G88 with Respect to Other ASTM G04 Standard Guides and Practices and their Supporting Test MethodsA, B    
G128 Guide to Control of Hazards and Risks in Oxygen-Enriched
Systems  
G88 Designing Systems for Oxygen Service  
G175 Evaluating the Ignition Sensitivity and Fault Tolerance of
Oxygen Regulators  
G63 Evaluating Nonmetallic Materials  
D2512 Compatibility of Materials With Liquid Oxygen
(Mechanical Impact)  
D2863 Measuring the Minimum Oxygen Concentration to Support
Candle-Like Combustion (Oxygen Index)  
D4809 Heat of Co...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to the design of systems for oxygen or oxygen-enriched service but is not a comprehensive document. Specifically, this guide addresses system factors that affect the avoidance of ignition and fire. It does not thoroughly address the selection of materials of construction for which Guides G63 and G94 are available, nor does it cover mechanical, economic or other design considerations for which well-known practices are available. This guide also does not address issues concerning the toxicity of nonmetals in breathing gas or medical gas systems.Note 1—The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.3 This standard guide is organized as follows:    
Section Title  
Section  
Referenced Documents  
2  
ASTM Standards  
2.1  
ASTM Adjuncts  
2.2  
ASTM Manuals  
2.3  
NFPA Documents  
2.4  
CGA Documents  
2.5  
EIGA Documents  
2.6  
Terminology  
3  
Significance and Use  
4  
Purpose of G88  
4.1  
Role of G88  
4.2  
Use of G88  
4.3  
Factors Affecting the Design for an Oxygen or Oxygen-
Enriched System  
5  
General  
5.1  
Factors Recognized as Causing Fires  
5.2  
Temperature  
5.2.1  
Spontaneous Ignition  
5.2.2  
Pressure  
5.2.3  
Concentration  
5.2.4  
Contamination  
5.2.5  
Partic...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this practice is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for the selection of cleaning methods for cleaning materials and equipment to be used in oxygen-enriched environments. This practice furnishes qualified technical personnel with guidance in the specification of oxygen system cleanliness needs. It does not actually specify cleanliness levels.
Insufficient cleanliness of components used in oxygen systems can result in the ignition of contaminants or components by a variety of mechanisms such as particle, mechanical, or pneumatic impact. These mechanisms are explained in detail in Guide G88.
Adequate contamination control in oxygen systems is imperative to minimize hazards and component failures that can result from contamination. Contamination must also be minimized to ensure an acceptable product purity.  
Removal of contaminants from materials and components depends on system configuration, materials of construction, and type and quantity of contaminant.
Examples of cleaning procedures contained herein may be followed or specified for those materials, components, and equipment indicated. The general cleaning text can be used to establish cleaning procedures for materials, components, equipment, and applications not addressed in detail. See Guide G127 for discussion of cleaning agent and procedure selection.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the selection of methods and apparatus for cleaning materials and equipment intended for service in oxygen-enriched environments. Contamination problems encountered in the use of enriched air, mixtures of oxygen with other gases, or any other oxidizing gas may be solved by the same cleaning procedures applicable to most metallic and nonmetallic materials and equipment. Cleaning examples for some specific materials, components, and equipment, and the cleaning methods for particular applications, are given in the appendices.
1.2 This practice includes levels of cleanliness used for various applications and the methods used to obtain and verify these levels.  
1.3 This practice applies to chemical-, solvent-, and aqueous-based processes.
1.4 This practice describes nonmandatory material for choosing the required levels of cleanliness for systems exposed to oxygen or oxygen-enriched atmospheres.
1.5 This practice proposes a practical range of cleanliness levels that will satisfy most system needs, but it does not deal in quantitative detail with the many conditions that might demand greater cleanliness or that might allow greater contamination levels to exist. Furthermore, it does not propose specific ways to measure or monitor these levels from among the available methods.  
1.6 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard unit. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Federal, state and local safety and disposal regulations concerning the particular hazardous materials, reagents, operations, and equipment being used should be reviewed by the user. The user is encouraged to obtain the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) from the manufacturer for any material incorporated into a cleaning process. Specific cautions are given in Section 8.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is suitable for the determination of extractable substances that may be found in materials used in systems or components requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen systems. Soft goods, such as seals and valve seats, may be tested as received. Gloves and wipes, or samples thereof, to be used in cleaning operations may be evaluated prior to use to ensure that the proposed extracting agent does not extract or deposit chemicals, or both, on the surface to be cleaned.
Wipes or other cleaning equipment may be tested after use to determine the amount of contaminant removed from a surface.
Note 1—The amount of material extracted may be dependent upon the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit.
The extraction efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. The unit, therefore, must be carefully evaluated to optimize the extraction conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to extract nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from materials such as new and used gloves, new and used wipes, component soft goods, and so forth. When used with proposed cleaning materials (wipes, gloves, and so forth), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent or other fluids to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, and so forth.) and deposit them on the surface being cleaned.
1.2 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
It is expected that this practicewill be suitable to identify and quantify contaminants found in systems, system materials, and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen. Softgoods such as seals and valve seats can be tested as received. Gloves and wipes, or samples thereof, to be used in the cleaning operation can be evaluated prior to use to ensure that the proposed cleaning solvent does not extract contaminants and residues on the surface to be cleaned.
Wipes or other cleaning equipment can be tested after use to determine the amount of contaminant removed from a surface. This procedure can be used to obtain samples for NVR analysis using contaminated control coupons that were subjected to the cleaning process as controls to validate cleaning operations.
The selection of the solvent requires some knowledge of the contaminant (see Practice G 93 for recommendations). If a nonvolatile residue (NVR) analysis is to be performed on the molecular contaminant, the boiling point of the solvent shall be significantly lower than that of the contaminant. For other analytical methods, the tester must know the accuracy of the analytical methods, and the solvent shall be chosen so as not to interfere with the selected analytical method. To identify the composition of the NVR, analytical methods such as infrared spectroscopy or gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy have been used satisfactorily.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the determination of residual contamination in systems and components requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen, by Soxhlet extraction.
1.2 This practice may be used for extracting nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from solids such as new and used gloves, new and used wipes, contaminated test specimens or control coupons, small pieces of hardware, component softgoods, etc. When used with proposed cleaning materials (wipes, gloves, etc.), from the cleaning materials this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, etc.) and deposit them on the surface being cleaned.
1.3 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this guide is to introduce the hazards and risks involved with the handling of oxygen, cautioning the reader about the limitations of present practices and technology and about common hazards that often are overlooked. It then provides an overview of the standards produced by ASTM Committee G-4 and their uses, as well as similar documents available from other knowledgeable sources. It does not highlight standard test methods that support the use of these practices from this or other committees.
The standards discussed here focus on reducing the hazards and risks associated with the use of oxygen. In general, they are not directly applicable to process reactors in which the deliberate reaction of materials with oxygen is sought, as in burners, bleachers, or bubblers. Other ASTM Committees and products (such as the CHETAH program ) and other outside groups are more pertinent for these.
This guide is not intended as a specification to establish practices for the safe use of oxygen. The documents discussed here do not purport to contain all the information needed to design and operate an oxygen system safely. The control of oxygen hazards has not been reduced to handbook procedures, and the tactics for using oxygen are not unique. Rather, they require the application of sound technical judgement and experience. Oxygen users should obtain qualified technical expertise to design systems and operating practices to ensure the safe use of oxygen in their specific applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an overview of the work of ASTM Committee G-4 on Compatibility and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres. It is a starting point for those asking the question: “Are there any problems associated with my use of oxygen?” An introduction to the unique concerns that must be addressed in the handling of oxygen. The principal hazard is the prospect of ignition with resultant fire, explosion, or both. This hazard requires design considerations beyond those that apply to all systems, such as adequate strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and pressure safety relief.  
1.2 This guide also lists several of the recognized causes of oxygen system fires and describes the methods available to prevent them. Sources of information about the oxygen hazard and its control are listed and summarized. The principal focus is on Guides G 63, G 88, Practice G 93, and Guide G 94. Useful documentation from other resources and literature is also cited.
Note 1—This guide is an outgrowth of an earlier (1988) Committee G-4 videotape adjunct entitled Oxygen Safety and a related paper by Koch that focused on the recognized ignition source of adiabatic compression as one of the more significant but often overlooked causes of oxygen fires. This guide recapitulates and updates material in the videotape and paper.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Sections 8 and 11.
Note 2—ASTM takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide helps those studying oxygen system incidents to select a direct cause hypothesis and to avoid conclusions based on hypotheses, however plausible, that have proven faulty in the past.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers procedures and material for examining fires in oxygen systems for the purposes of identifying potential causes and preventing recurrence.
1.2 This guide is not comprehensive. The analysis of oxygen fire incidents is not a science, and definitive causes have not been established for some events.
1.3 The procedures and analyses in this guide have been found to be useful for interpreting fire events, for helping identify potential causes, and for excluding other potential causes. The inclusion or omission of any analytical strategy is not intended to suggest either applicability or inapplicability of that method in any actual incident study.
Note 1—Although this guide has been found applicable for assisting qualified technical personnel to analyze incidents, each incident is unique and must be approached as a unique event. Therefore, the selection of specific tactics and the sequence of application of those tactics must be conscious decisions of those studying the event.
Note 2—The incident may require the formation of a team to provide the necessary expertise and experience to conduct the study. The personnel analyzing an incident, or at least one member of the team, should know the process under study and the equipment installation.  
1.4 Warning—During combustion, gases, vapors, aerosols, fumes, or combinations thereof, are evolved, which may be present and may be hazardous to people. Caution—Adequate precautions should be taken to protect those conducting a study.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is suitable for the removal of contaminants found on materials, parts, and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen. Parts shall have been precleaned to remove visible contaminants prior to using this procedure. Softgoods such as seals and valve seats may be cleaned without precleaning.
This procedure may also be used as the cleanliness verification technique for coupons used during cleaning effectiveness tests as in Test Method G 122.
The cleaning efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. Low frequencies in the 20 to 25 kilohertz range have been found to damage soft metals such as aluminum and silver. Therefore, the specifications of the unit and the frequencies available must be considered in order to optimize the cleaning conditions without damaging the parts.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a procedure for the cleaning of materials and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen, by ultrasonic techniques.
1.2 This practice may be used for cleaning small parts, components, softgoods, etc.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Note 1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this guide is to provide information that may be considered when selecting and qualifying a cleaning agent for an oxygen system.
Insufficient cleanliness can result in the ignition of contaminants or components by a variety of mechanisms. Therefore, an acceptable level of contamination for each condition of use in oxygen service should be defined. The acceptable level of contamination may depend on various factors, such as:
The nature and type of the contaminants,
The location and degree of contamination,
The type of substrate material,
The configuration and end use of the equipment or part to be cleaned, and
The operating parameters of the oxygen system (pressure, temperature, phase, concentration, fluid velocity, etc.).
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to establish a procedure to select cleaning agents, both solvents and water-based detergents, for oxygen service. This includes of laboratory-scale tests for cleaning effectiveness, materials compatibility and oxygen compatibility.
1.2 The effectiveness of a particular cleaning agent depends upon the method by which it is used, the nature and type of the contaminants, and the characteristics of the article being cleaned, such as size, shape, and material. Final evaluation of the cleaning agent should include testing of actual products and production processes.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology defines terms related to the compatibility and sensitivity of materials in oxygen enriched atmospheres. It includes those standards under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee G04.
1.2 The terminology concentrates on terms commonly encountered in and specific to practices and methods used to evaluate the compatibility and sensitivity of materials in oxygen. This evaluation is usually performed in a laboratory environment, and this terminology does not attempt to include laboratory terms.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in selecting materials for oxygen service in order to minimize the probability of ignition and the risk of explosion or fire. It is not intended as a specification for approving materials for oxygen service.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to nonmetallic materials, (hereinafter called materials) under consideration for oxygen or oxygen-enriched fluid service, direct or indirect, as defined below. It is intended for use in selecting materials for applications in connection with the production, storage, transportation, distribution, or use of oxygen. It is concerned primarily with the properties of a material associated with its relative susceptibility to ignition and propagation of combustion; it does not involve mechanical properties, potential toxicity, outgassing, reactions between various materials in the system, functional reliability, or performance characteristics such as aging, shredding, or sloughing of particles, except when these might contribute to an ignition.
1.2 When this document was originally published in 1980, it addressed both metals and nonmetals. Its scope has been narrowed to address only nonmetals and a separate standard Guide G 94 has been developed to address metals.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1—The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.
Note 2—In evaluating materials, any mixture with oxygen exceeding atmospheric concentration at pressures higher than atmospheric should be evaluated from the hazard point of view for possible significant increase in material combustibility.

SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe several procedures that are used to determine the age resistance of plastic, thermosetting, and elastomeric materials exposed to oxygen-containing media.
1.2 While this practice focuses on evaluating the age resistance of polymeric materials in oxygen-containing media prior to ignition and combustion testing, it also has relevance for evaluating the age resistance of metals.
1.3 These practices address both established procedures that have a foundation of experience and new procedures that have yet to be validated. The latter are included to promote research and later elaboration in this practice as methods of the former type.
1.4 The results of these practices may not give exact correlation with service performance since service conditions vary widely and may involve multiple factors.
1.5 Three procedures are described for evaluating the age resistance of polymeric materials depending on application and information sought.
1.5.1 Procedure A: Natural Aging This procedure is used to simulate the effect(s) of one or more service stressors on a materials oxygen resistance, and is suitable for evaluating materials that experience continuous or intermittent exposure to elevated temperature during service.
1.5.2 Procedure B: Accelerated Aging Comparative Oxygen Resistance This procedure is suitable for evaluating materials that are used in ambient temperature service, or at a temperature that is otherwise lower than the aging temperature, and is useful for developing oxygen compatibility rankings on a laboratory comparison basis.
1.5.3 Procedure C: Accelerated Aging Lifetime Prediction This procedure is used to determine the relationship between aging temperature and a fixed level of property change, thereby allowing predictions to be made about the effect of prolonged service on oxidative degradation.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, however, all numerical values must also be cited in the systems in which they were actually measured.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 10.

SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe several procedures that are used to determine the age resistance of plastic, thermosetting, and elastomeric materials exposed to oxygen-containing media.
1.2 These practices address both established methods that have a foundation of experience and potential methods that have yet to be validated. The latter are included to promote research and later elaboration in this practice as methods of the former type.
1.3 The results of these practices may not give exact correlation with service performance since service conditions vary widely and may involve multiple factors. This practice may be used to evaluate materials on a laboratory comparison basis.
1.4 Three procedures are described for evaluating the age resistance of polymeric materials depending on application and information sought.
1.4.1 Procedure A: Natural AgingThis procedure is used to simulate the effect(s) of one or more service stressors on a materials oxygen resistance, and is suitable for evaluating materials that experience continuous or intermittent exposure to elevated temperature during service.
1.4.2 Procedure B: Accelerated Aging Comparative Oxygen ResistanceThis procedure is suitable for evaluating materials that are used in ambient temperature service, or at a temperature that is otherwise lower than the aging temperature, and is useful for developing oxygen compatibility rankings on a laboratory comparison basis.
1.4.3 Procedure C: Accelerated Aging Lifetime PredictionThis procedure is used to determine the relationship between aging temperature and predefined level property change, thereby allowing predictions to be made about the effect of prolonged service on oxidative degradation.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard, however, all numerical values must also be cited in the systems in which they were actually measured.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 10.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this guide is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for use in selecting metals for oxygen service in order to minimize the probability of ignition and the risk of explosion or fire. It is intended for use in selecting materials for applications in connection with the production, storage, transportation, distribution, or use of oxygen. It is not intended as a specification for approving materials for oxygen service.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to metallic materials under consideration for oxygen or oxygen-enriched fluid service, direct or indirect, as defined in Section . It is concerned primarily with the properties of a metallic material associated with its relative susceptibility to ignition and propagation of combustion. It does not involve mechanical properties, potential toxicity, outgassing, reactions between various materials in the system, functional reliability, or performance characteristics such as aging, shredding, or sloughing of particles, except when these might contribute to an ignition.
1.2 This document applies only to metals; nonmetals are covered in Guide G 63.Note 1
The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.Note 2
In evaluating materials, any mixture with oxygen exceeding atmospheric concentration at pressures higher than atmospheric should be evaluated from the hazard point of view for possible significant increase in material combustibility.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to the design of systems for oxygen or oxygen-enriched service but is not a comprehensive document. Specifically, this guide addresses system factors that affect the avoidance of ignition and fire. It does not thoroughly address the selection of materials of construction for which Guides G 63 and G 94 are available, nor does it cover mechanical, economic or other design considerations for which well-known practices are available. This guide also does not address issues concerning the toxicity of nonmetals in breathing gas or medical gas systems.Note 1
The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice will be suitable to direct the preparation of test coupons with a known amount of contaminant on the surface. A standard test coupon is described and a list of contaminants that have typically been found in oxygen-enriched systems and components is provided.  
5.2 These coupons shall be used in the evaluation of cleaning agents for oxygen-enriched systems and components. This will permit direct comparison within and between test facilities.  
5.3 Materials used in other fluid handling systems such as nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, gasoline, etc. may also be prepared for evaluation by this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for the preparation of single- and double-sided contaminated metallic test coupons for the evaluation of cleaning agents. It is applicable for the evaluation of cleaning agents proposed for the cleaning of oxygen-enriched systems and components. It also is applicable to other systems where contamination is a concern.  
1.2 Several classes of contaminants most likely to be found in oxygen-enriched systems and components are identified. However, if the user of this practice has identified contaminants not included in these classes, such identified contaminants may be substituted for the preparation of the test coupons.  
1.3 Preparation of nonmetallic substrates is not addressed, although similar methodology may be used. Solvent and cleaning agent compatibility with the nonmetallic substrate should be verified prior to the preparation of the test coupons. Typical nonmetallic materials utilized in oxygen systems are contained in Guide G63.  
1.4 This practice may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whomever uses this practice to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice will be suitable to direct the preparation of test coupons with a known amount of contaminant on the surface. A standard test coupon is described and a list of contaminants that have typically been found in oxygen-enriched systems and components is provided.
These coupons shall be used in the evaluation of cleaning agents for oxygen-enriched systems and components. This will permit direct comparison within and between test facilities.
Materials used in other fluid handling systems such as nitrogen, helium, hydrogen, gasoline, etc. may also be prepared for evaluation by this practice.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the procedure for the preparation of single- and double-sided contaminated metallic test coupons for the evaluation of cleaning agents. It is applicable for the evaluation of cleaning agents proposed for the cleaning of oxygen-enriched systems and components. It also is applicable to other systems where contamination is a concern.
1.2 Several classes of contaminants most likely to be found in oxygen-enriched systems and components are identified. However, if the user of this practice has identified contaminants not included in these classes, such identified contaminants may be substituted for the preparation of the test coupons.
1.3 Preparation of nonmetallic substrates is not addressed, although similar methodology may be used. Solvent and cleaning agent compatibility with the nonmetallic substrate should be verified prior to the preparation of the test coupons. Typical nonmetallic materials utilized in oxygen systems are contained in Guide G63.
1.4 This practice may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whomever uses this practice to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this practice is to furnish qualified technical personnel with pertinent information for the selection of cleaning methods for cleaning materials and equipment to be used in oxygen-enriched environments. This practice furnishes qualified technical personnel with guidance in the specification of oxygen system cleanliness needs. It does not actually specify cleanliness levels.
Insufficient cleanliness of components used in oxygen systems can result in the ignition of contaminants or components by a variety of mechanisms such as particle, mechanical, or pneumatic impact. These mechanisms are explained in detail in Guide G 88.
Adequate contamination control in oxygen systems is imperative to minimize hazards and component failures that can result from contamination. Contamination must also be minimized to ensure an acceptable product purity.  
Removal of contaminants from materials and components depends on system configuration, materials of construction, and type and quantity of contaminant.
Examples of cleaning procedures contained herein may be followed or specified for those materials, components, and equipment indicated. The general cleaning text can be used to establish cleaning procedures for materials, components, equipment, and applications not addressed in detail. See Guide G 127 for discussion of cleaning agent and procedure selection.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the selection of methods and apparatus for cleaning materials and equipment intended for service in oxygen-enriched environments. Contamination problems encountered in the use of enriched air, mixtures of oxygen with other gases, or any other oxidizing gas may be solved by the same cleaning procedures applicable to most metallic and nonmetallic materials and equipment. Cleaning examples for some specific materials, components, and equipment, and the cleaning methods for particular applications, are given in the appendices.
1.2 This practice includes levels of cleanliness used for various applications and the methods used to obtain and verify these levels.
1.3 This practice applies to chemical-, solvent-, and aqueous-based processes.
1.4 This practice describes nonmandatory material for choosing the required levels of cleanliness for systems exposed to oxygen or oxygen-enriched atmospheres.
1.5 This practice proposes a practical range of cleanliness levels that will satisfy most system needs, but it does not deal in quantitative detail with the many conditions that might demand greater cleanliness or that might allow greater contamination levels to exist. Furthermore, it does not propose specific ways to measure or monitor these levels from among the available methods.
1.6 The values stated in both inch-pound and SI units are to be regarded separately as the standard unit. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Federal, state and local safety and disposal regulations concerning the particular hazardous materials, reagents, operations, and equipment being used should be reviewed by the user. The user is encouraged to obtain the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) from the manufacturer for any material incorporated into a cleaning process. Specific cautions are given in Section .

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is suitable for the determination of extractable substances that may be found in materials used in systems or components requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen systems. Soft goods, such as seals and valve seats, may be tested as received. Gloves and wipes, or samples thereof, to be used in cleaning operations may be evaluated prior to use to ensure that the proposed extracting agent does not extract or deposit chemicals, or both, on the surface to be cleaned.
Wipes or other cleaning equipment may be tested after use to determine the amount of contaminant removed from a surface.
Note 1—The amount of material extracted may be dependent upon the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit.
The extraction efficiency has been shown to vary with the frequency and power density of the ultrasonic unit. The unit, therefore, must be carefully evaluated to optimize the extraction conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice may be used to extract nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from materials such as new and used gloves, new and used wipes, component soft goods, and so forth. When used with proposed cleaning materials (wipes, gloves, and so forth), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent or other fluids to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, and so forth.) and deposit them on the surface being cleaned.
1.2 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an overview of the work of ASTM Committee G-4 on Compatibility and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres. It is a starting point for those asking the question: "Are there any problems associated with my use of oxygen?" An introduction to the unique concerns that must be addressed in the handling of oxygen. The principal hazard is the prospect of ignition with resultant fire, explosion, or both. This hazard requires design considerations beyond those that apply to all systems, such as adequate strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and pressure safety relief.
1.2 This guide also lists several of the recognized causes of oxygen system fires and describes the methods available to prevent them. Sources of information about the oxygen hazard and its control are listed and summarized. The principal focus is on Guides G 63, G 88, Practice G 93, and Guide G 94. Useful documentation from other resources and literature is also cited.
Note 1—This guide is an outgrowth of an earlier (1988) Committee G-4 videotape adjunct entitled Oxygen Safety and a related paper by Koch that focused on the recognized ignition source of adiabatic compression as one of the more significant but often overlooked causes of oxygen fires. This guide recapitulates and updates material in the videotape and paper.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Sections 8 and 11.
Note 2—ASTM takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this guide is to introduce the hazards and risks involved with the handling of oxygen, cautioning the reader about the limitations of present practices and technology and about common hazards that often are overlooked. It then provides an overview of the standards produced by ASTM Committee G-4 and their uses, as well as similar documents available from other knowledgeable sources. It does not highlight standard test methods that support the use of these practices from this or other committees.
The standards discussed here focus on reducing the hazards and risks associated with the use of oxygen. In general, they are not directly applicable to process reactors in which the deliberate reaction of materials with oxygen is sought, as in burners, bleachers, or bubblers. Other ASTM Committees and products (such as the CHETAH program5 ) and other outside groups are more pertinent for these.
This guide is not intended as a specification to establish practices for the safe use of oxygen. The documents discussed here do not purport to contain all the information needed to design and operate an oxygen system safely. The control of oxygen hazards has not been reduced to handbook procedures, and the tactics for using oxygen are not unique. Rather, they require the application of sound technical judgement and experience. Oxygen users should obtain qualified technical expertise to design systems and operating practices to ensure the safe use of oxygen in their specific applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers an overview of the work of ASTM Committee G-4 on Compatibility and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres. It is a starting point for those asking the question: "Are there any problems associated with my use of oxygen?" An introduction to the unique concerns that must be addressed in the handling of oxygen. The principal hazard is the prospect of ignition with resultant fire, explosion, or both. This hazard requires design considerations beyond those that apply to all systems, such as adequate strength, corrosion resistance, fatigue resistance, and pressure safety relief.
1.2 This guide also lists several of the recognized causes of oxygen system fires and describes the methods available to prevent them. Sources of information about the oxygen hazard and its control are listed and summarized. The principal focus is on Guides G 63, G 88, Practice G 93, and Guide G 94. Useful documentation from other resources and literature is also cited.
Note 1—This guide is an outgrowth of an earlier (1988) Committee G-4 videotape adjunct entitled Oxygen Safetyand a related paper by Koch that focused on the recognized ignition source of adiabatic compression as one of the more significant but often overlooked causes of oxygen fires. This guide recapitulates and updates material in the videotape and paper.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific precautionary statements see Sections 8 and 11.
Note 2—ASTM takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
It is expected that this test method will be suitable to identify and quantify contaminants found in systems, system materials, and components used in systems requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen. Softgoods such as seals and valve seats can be tested as received. Gloves and wipes, or samples thereof, to be used in the cleaning operation can be evaluated prior to use to ensure that the proposed cleaning solvent does not extract contaminants and residues on the surface to be cleaned.
Wipes or other cleaning equipment can be tested after use to determine the amount of contaminant removed from a surface. This procedure can be used to obtain samples for NVR analysis using contaminated control coupons that were subjected to the cleaning process as controls to validate cleaning operations.
The selection of the solvent requires some knowledge of the contaminant (see Practice G 93 for recommendations). If a nonvolatile residue (NVR) analysis is to be performed on the molecular contaminant, the boiling point of the solvent shall be significantly lower than that of the contaminant. For other analytical methods, the tester must know the accuracy of the analytical methods, and the solvent shall be chosen so as not to interfere with the selected analytical method. To identify the composition of the NVR, analytical methods such as infrared spectroscopy or gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy have been used satisfactorily.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the determination of residual contamination in systems and components requiring a high level of cleanliness, such as oxygen, by Soxhlet extraction.
1.2 This practice may be used for extracting nonvolatile and semivolatile residues from solids such as new and used gloves, new and used wipes, contaminated test specimens or control coupons, small pieces of hardware, component softgoods, etc. When used with proposed cleaning materials (wipes, gloves, etc.), this practice may be used to determine the potential of the proposed solvent to extract contaminants (plasticizers, residual detergents, brighteners, etc.) and deposit them on the surface being cleaned.
1.3 This practice is not suitable for the evaluation of particulate contamination.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are standard. Values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The purpose of this guide is to provide information that may be considered when selecting and qualifying a cleaning agent for an oxygen system.
Insufficient cleanliness can result in the ignition of contaminants or components by a variety of mechanisms. Therefore, an acceptable level of contamination for each condition of use in oxygen service should be defined. The acceptable level of contamination may depend on various factors, such as:
3.2.1 The nature and type of the contaminants,
3.2.2 The location and degree of contamination,
3.2.3 The type of substrate material,
3.2.4 The configuration and end use of the equipment or part to be cleaned, and
3.2.5 The operating parameters of the oxygen system (pressure, temperature, phase, concentration, fluid velocity, etc.).
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to establish a procedure to select cleaning agents, both solvents and water-based detergents, for oxygen service. This includes of laboratory-scale tests for cleaning effectiveness, materials compatibility and oxygen compatibility.  
1.2 The effectiveness of a particular cleaning agent depends upon the method by which it is used, the nature and type of the contaminants, and the characteristics of the article being cleaned, such as size, shape, and material. Final evaluation of the cleaning agent should include testing of actual products and production processes.  
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this guide is to establish a procedure to select cleaning agents, both solvents and water-based detergents, for oxygen service. This includes of laboratory-scale tests for cleaning effectiveness, materials compatibility and oxygen compatibility.  
1.2 The effectiveness of a particular cleaning agent depends upon the method by which it is used, the nature and type of the contaminants, and the characteristics of the article being cleaned, such as size, shape, and material. Final evaluation of the cleaning agent should include testing of actual products and production processes.  
1.3  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide applies to nonmetallic materials, (hereinafter called materials) under consideration for oxygen or oxygen-enriched fluid service, direct or indirect, as defined below. It is intended for use in selecting materials for applications in connection with the production, storage, transportation, distribution, or use of oxygen. It is concerned primarily with the properties of a material associated with its relative susceptibility to ignition and propagation of combustion; it does not involve mechanical properties, potential toxicity, outgassing, reactions between various materials in the system, functional reliability, or performance characteristics such as aging, shredding, or sloughing of particles, except when these might contribute to an ignition.  
1.2 When this document was originally published in 1980, it addressed both metals and nonmetals. Its scope has been narrowed to address only nonmetals and a separate standard Guide G94 has been developed to address metals.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use .  Note 1-The American Society for Testing and Materials takes no position respecting the validity of any evaluation methods asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this guide. Users of this guide are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such evaluation methods and data and the risk of use of such evaluation methods and data are entirely their own responsibility. Note 2-In evaluating materials, any mixture with oxygen exceeding atmospheric concentration at pressures higher than atmospheric should be evaluated from the hazard point of view for possible significant increase in material combustibility.