D02.L0 - Industrial Lubricants and Engineering Sciences of High Performance Fluids and Solids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The life cycle and cleanliness of a recirculating steel mill rolling oil dispersion is affected by the amount of iron present. This iron consists mainly of iron from acid pickling residues and iron from attrition of the steel sheet or rolls during cold rolling. In sampling rolling oils for total iron it is difficult to prevent adherence of iron containing sludge to the sample container. Thus, the accuracy of a total iron determination from an aliquot sample is suspect. This practice provides a means for ensuring that all iron contained in a sample is included in the analysis.  
5.2 Although less significant, the ash content is still an essential part of the procedure for obtaining a total iron analysis. Generally, the ash will be mostly iron, and in many cases, could be used as a substitute for total iron in determining when to change the dispersion.
FIG. 1 Possible Holding Fixture and Assembly System
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1.1 This test method describes a procedure for sampling and testing dispersions of rolling oils in water from operating steel rolling mills for determination of ash and total iron content. Its purpose is to provide a test method such that a representative sample may be taken and phenomenon such as iron separation, fat-emulsion separation, and so forth, do not contribute to analytical error in determination of ash and total iron.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7 and 8.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Kinematic viscosity is a physical property which is of importance in the design of systems in which flowing liquids are used or handled.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of kinematic viscosity of transparent, Newtonian liquids which because of their reactivity, instability, or volatility cannot be used in conventional capillary kinematic viscometers. This test method is applicable up to 2 × 10−5 N/m2 (2 atm) pressure and temperature range from −53 °C to +135 °C (−65 °F to +275 °F).  
1.1.1 For the measurement of the kinematic viscosity of other liquids, see Test Method D445. The difference between the two methods is in the viscometers. The viscometers specified in used Specification D446 are open to the atmosphere, while the viscometers in this method are sealed. When volatile liquids are measured in sealed viscometers, the density of the vapor may not be negligible compared with the density of the liquid and the working equation of the viscometer has to account for that. See Section 11 for details.  
1.2 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use Caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, and Annex A1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The vapor pressure of a substance as determined by isoteniscope reflects a property of the sample as received including most volatile components, but excluding dissolved fixed gases such as air. Vapor pressure, per se, is a thermodynamic property which is dependent only upon composition and temperature for stable systems. The isoteniscope method is designed to minimize composition changes which may occur during the course of measurement.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the vapor pressure of pure liquids, the vapor pressure exerted by mixtures in a closed vessel at 40 % ± 5 % ullage, and the initial thermal decomposition temperature of pure and mixed liquids. It is applicable to liquids that are compatible with borosilicate glass and that have a vapor pressure between 133 Pa (1.0 torr) and 101.3 kPa (760 torr) at the selected test temperatures. The test method is suitable for use over the range from ambient to 623 K. The temperature range may be extended to include temperatures below ambient provided a suitable constant-temperature bath for such temperatures is used.  
Note 1: The isoteniscope is a constant-volume apparatus and results obtained with it on other than pure liquids differ from those obtained in a constant-pressure distillation.  
1.2 Most petroleum products boil over a fairly wide temperature range, and this fact shall be recognized in discussion of their vapor pressures. Even an ideal mixture following Raoult's law will show a progressive decrease in vapor pressure as the lighter component is removed, and this is vastly accentuated in complex mixtures such as lubricating oils containing traces of dewaxing solvents, etc. Such a mixture may well exert a pressure in a closed vessel of as much as 100 times that calculated from its average composition, and it is the closed vessel which is simulated by the isoteniscope. For measurement of the apparent vapor pressure in open systems, Test Method D2878, is recommended.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.10, 6.12, and Annex A2.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This laboratory test method can be used to quickly determine extreme pressure properties of lubricating oils at selected temperatures specified for use in applications where not only high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present with high Hertzian point contact. This test method has found wide application in qualifying lubricating oils used in constant velocity joints of front-wheel-drive automobiles, gear-hydraulic circuit, rear axles, gears and engine components. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining extreme pressure properties of lubricating oils for hydraulics, gears, and engines under high-frequency linear-oscillation motion using the SRV test machine.
Note 1: This test method was developed and the international round robin tests were jointly performed with the DIN 51834 working group. This procedure is based on the 2005 revision of Test Method D5706 for greases and differs regarding the stroke length and the cleaning solvent.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine antiwear properties and coefficient of friction of EP lubricating oils at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in applications in which high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian point contact pressures. It has found application as a screening test for lubricants used in gear or cam/follower systems. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
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1.1 This test method covers an extreme pressure (EP) lubricating oil's coefficient of friction and its ability to protect against wear when subjected to high-frequency, linear oscillation motion. The procedure is identical to that described in DIN 51834.  
1.2 This test method can also be used to determine the ability of a non-EP lubricating oil to protect against wear and its coefficient of friction under similar test conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a cooling time versus temperature pathway. The results obtained by this test method may be used as a guide in quenchant selection or comparison of quench severities of different quenchants, new or used.
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1.1 This test method covers the description of the equipment and the procedure for evaluating quenching characteristics of aqueous polymer quenchants by cooling rate determination.  
1.2 This test method is designed to evaluate aqueous polymer quenchants for aluminum alloys in a non-agitated system. There is no correlation between these test results and the results obtained in agitated systems.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine scuffing temperature limit and the evolution of coefficient of friction of lubricating oils with increasing temperatures for use in tribological contacts in which high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian line contact pressures. It has found application as a screening test for engine oils, gear lubricants and turbine oils. The test temperature may reach up to 300 °C. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications. In comparison to the ball-on-disk geometry in accordance with Test Method D6425, the initial contact pressure is better retained over test time in this roller-on-disk geometry.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of a scuffing temperature limit of lubricating oils at prescribed conditions and the retention of friction over temperature load step increases in a roller-on-disk (flat) geometry when subjected to high-frequency, linear oscillation motion. This test method is executed under constant load, frequency and stroke in a SRV test machine. The evolution of coefficient of friction of lubricating oils as function of temperature is recorded and assessed.  
1.2 Tribometrical scuffing tests were so far related to load step tests. This test method determines the upper temperature limit for operating a lubricant and can also be used to determine the ability of a non-EP lubricating oil to protect against scuffing with increasing temperature.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In the normal use of a way lubricant in a machine tool, the way lubricant eventually becomes a contaminant that may emulsify into the coolant. It is generally desirable to remove this contaminant by skimming; otherwise, the coolant lifetime may be significantly shortened. This test method provides a guide for determining the separability characteristics of way lubricants that are expected to get into aqueous alkaline metalworking coolants. It is used for specification of new oils and might be useful in monitoring of in-service oils.
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1.1 This test method measures the ability of single-use way lubricants to separate from metalworking coolants (synthetic coolants, semisynthetic coolants, and soluble oils) or other alkaline aqueous fluids.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Effective solid film lubricant coatings must adhere to surfaces to provide adequate lubrication in applications with restricted access where fluid lubricants cannot easily be replenished. Loss of coating adhesion results in metal to metal contact causing significant wear of contacting surfaces. Adhesion is critical to the performance of the solid film lubricant. Examples of solid film lubricant applications include fasteners, bearings and sliding members in automotive, aircraft, and aerospace hardware.  
5.2 This test method is intended to determine the adhesion of solid film lubricant coatings when submitted to contact with water and other fluids. Results of this test provide an indication of the suitability of the lubricant coating in applications where contact with water or other fluids is likely.
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1.1 This test method2 covers the measurement of the adhesion characteristics of dry solid film lubricants.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This laboratory test method can be used to quickly determine extreme pressure properties of parts coated with solid bonded films at selected temperatures specified for use in unlubricated applications where high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present with high Hertzian point contact. This test method has found wide application in qualifying solid bonded films used in automotive door lock mechanisms, hinge joints, bolts, and in aerospace. This test method is a material and application oriented approach for characterizing the tribological behaviour using random, discrete and constant parameter combinations. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
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1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining extreme pressure properties of solid bonded films under high-frequency linear-oscillation motion using the SRV test machine.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Each steel rolling mill and operation is particular as to the degree of stability of dispersion required to effect maximum efficiency of lubrication and cooling. This test method is designed to differentiate between coolants for this use. A similar situation is encountered with aluminum rolling mills, but significant differences in designated settling times be required outside the parameter of times used herein. Precision data have only been obtained relative to metastable dispersions for steel mill rolling oils.
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1.1 This test method covers determination of the dispersion stability of dispersions of rolling oils in water. It is applicable to oils whose water dispersions are stable under moderate agitation, but which show at least some separation upon standing quiescent for 1/2 h, by rising of the oil particles.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, A2.1, and A2.5.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test provides a guide for determining the demulsibility characteristic of lubricating oils that are prone to water contamination and may encounter the turbulence of pumping and circulation capable of producing water-in-oil emulsions.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the ability of oil and water to separate from each other. It is intended for use in testing medium and high-viscosity lubricating oils.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermal stability characterizes physical and chemical property changes which may adversely affect an oil's lubricating performance. This test method evaluates the thermal stability of a way lubricant in the presence of copper and steel rods at 100 °C. Deposits and rod colors are the evaluation criteria. No correlation of the test to field service has been made.  
5.2 This test method is intended for use in qualifying a way lubricant, rather than for quality control or condition monitoring purposes.
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1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the thermal stability of hydrocarbon-based way lubricants, although oxidation may occur during the test.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The results obtained by this test are a useful guideline in determining the ability of water-miscible metalworking fluids to prevent or minimize rust under specific conditions. There is usually a relationship between the results of this test and a similar ability of the subject coolant to prevent rust on nested parts or in drilled holes containing chips, etc. It must be understood, however, that conditions, metal types, etc. found in practice will not correlate quantitatively with these controlled laboratory conditions. The procedure may not be able to differentiate between two products with poor rust control due to the wide spacing between test dilutions.
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1.1 This test method covers evaluation of the ferrous corrosion control characteristics of water–miscible metalworking fluids.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Note 1 contains inch-pound units since the drill sizes and feed rates do not have readily available metric equivalents.  
1.2.2 Exception—U.S. Standard sieve sizes include mesh values.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of the wear volume becomes in tribological testing a key element, as it is more discriminative than the wear scar diameter, because an optically visible wear scar diameter may or may not indicate wear on the surface of the ball and the wear track as an irreversible loss of material. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications.
Note 3: It is believed, that tactile stylus tip profilometer determines the most realistic figure and are more frequent in use, than it can be achieved by optical profilometers operating in a non-contacting mode.
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1.1 This practice covers a procedure for determining the wear volume WV of wear scars and tracks on test pieces tribologically stresses under high-frequency, linear-oscillation motion using a SRV test machine by means of stylus tip profilometry.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The reported values of convective heat transfer coefficients are somewhat dependent upon measurement technique and it is therefore the purpose of this guide to focus on methods to provide accurate measures of heat transfer and precise methods of reporting. The benefit of developing such a guide is to provide a well-understood basis by which heat transfer performance of fluids may be accurately compared and reported.  
5.2 For comparison of heat transfer performance of heat transfer fluids, measurement methods and test apparatus should be identical, but in reality heat transfer rigs show differences from rig to rig. Therefore, methods discussed in the guide are generally restricted to the use of heated tubes that have wall temperatures higher than the bulk fluid temperature and with turbulent flow conditions.  
5.3 Similar test methods are found in the technical literature, however it is generally left to the user to report results in a format of their choosing and therefore direct comparisons of results can be challenging.
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1.1 This guide covers general information, without specific limits, for selecting methods for evaluating the heating and cooling performance of liquids used to transfer heat where forced convection is the primary mode for heat transfer. Further, methods of comparison are presented to effectively and easily distinguish performance characteristics of the heat transfer fluids.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The significance of each test method depends upon the system in use and the purpose of the test method as listed under Section 5. Use the most recent editions of ASTM test methods.
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1.1 This guide2 covers general information, without specific limits, for selecting standard test methods for evaluating heat transfer fluids for quality and aging. These test methods are considered particularly useful in characterizing biodegradable water-free heat transfer fluids in closed systems.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used for measuring the relative abilities of metal preservatives to prevent the rusting of steel panels under conditions of high humidity. It should not be relied upon to predict the effectiveness of a metal preservative in which high humidity is not the principal factor in the rusting.  
4.2 Comparisons made by this test method should normally be limited to similar metal preservative combinations designed for similar applications. The test life required for each type of metal preservative and for each intended application should be based on actual experience with that type of preservative in the intended service.  
4.3 Since the precision of the test method appears to be less than desired, a number of repeat tests may be necessary to establish the test life of a given metal preservative, and repeat tests by this test method in more than one cabinet are sometimes desirable.  
4.4 The data obtained from this accelerated test is of interest only in eliminating the most unsuitable materials or for indicating a probable relative order of protection against rust under conditions of high humidity. This test method does not prescribe the exposure periods to be used for a specific product, nor the interpretation to be given to the results.
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1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of the rust-preventive properties of metal preservatives under conditions of high humidity.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard except where the test apparatus or consumable parts are only available in other units. In such cases these will be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a cooling time versus temperature pathway which is directly proportional to physical properties such as the hardness obtainable upon quenching of a metal. The results obtained by this test may be used as a guide in heat treating oil selection or comparison of quench severities of different heat treating oils, new or used.
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1.1 This test method describes the equipment and the procedure for evaluation of a quenching oil's quenching characteristics by cooling rate determination.  
1.2 This test is designed to evaluate quenching oils in a non-agitated system. There is no correlation between these test results and the results obtained in agitated systems.  
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Pumpability of heat transfer fluids depends upon the configuration of the system in use, pumps and their installation, and the physical properties of the fluids being transported. The fluid’s ability to pump efficiently is key to the economy of the system operation and heat transfer fluid life. The test methods listed in Section 5 may be considered as guides for determining the pumpability of heat transfer fluids under specific operating conditions. Information gained from use of this guide will aid in the selection of pumping equipment and its installation.
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1.1 This guide covers general information, without specific limits, for selecting and evaluating pumpability characteristics of heat transfer fluids at both low and high temperature. This guide is a compendium of information and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide provides additional information on pumpability topics found in companion guides for evaluating heat transfer fluids, Guides D5372 and D7665.  
1.2 Pumpability of heat transfer fluids is dependent on both fluid properties and the design of the fluid handling system that stores and transports the fluid, and therefore presents a number of pumping options. This guide is considered particularly useful for identifying pumpability options. The listing of test standards and guides is not all-inclusive and additional standards and guides may be useful.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Other units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Users of heat transfer fluids should be especially mindful of potential fire and explosion hazards.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a cooling time versus temperature pathway that is directly proportional to physical properties such as the hardness obtainable upon quenching of a metal. The results obtained by this test method may be used as a guide in quenchant selection or comparison of quench severities of different quenchants, new or used.
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1.1 This test method covers the equipment and the procedure for evaluation of quenching characteristics of a quenching fluid by cooling rate determination.  
1.2 This test method is designed to evaluate quenching fluids with agitation, using the Tensi agitation apparatus.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The significance and use of each test method will depend on the system in use and the purpose of the test method listed under Section 6. Use the most recent editions of the test methods.
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1.1 This guide covers information without specific limits, for selecting standard test methods for testing hydrocarbon-based quench oils for quality and aging.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A material which does not exhibit any evidence of burning as defined herein under the conditions of the test procedure may be classified as Flammability Degree of Hazard Zero material (F=0) provided other properties of the material are not such as to require a higher degree of classification.
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1.1 This test method covers a means for the discrimination between solid and liquid materials which will not burn in air when exposed to a temperature of 1500 °F (815.5 °C) for a period of 5 min and those which will ignite and burn under the same conditions.  
1.2 This test method may be applied to any substance which is a solid or liquid at ambient temperature and pressure.  
1.3 The purpose of this test method is to provide a means for the classification of the flammability hazard of materials of hazard degrees (F=0) and (F=1) or both, in accordance with the definitions of degrees of flammability hazard as defined by NFPA 704 (par. 3.2.1).  
1.4 This test method should be used subject to the limitations that no single fire hazard property such as flash point, ignition temperature, or the performance under the conditions of the present method shall be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of a material, product, assembly or system under actual fire conditions. Fire hazard properties measured under controlled laboratory conditions may, nevertheless, be employed to describe properly the response of materials, products, assemblies or systems under said controlled conditions. Properties measured under controlled laboratory conditions may be used as elements of hazard or risk assessment only when such assessment takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to the evolution of the fire hazard of a given situation.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard is used to predict or provide a quantitative measure of the fire hazard from a specified set of fire conditions involving specific materials, products, or assemblies. This assessment does not necessarily predict the hazard of actual fires which involve conditions other than those assumed in the analysis.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Knowledge of the water content is important in lubrication, as large amounts of water can cause corrosion fatigue in steel bearings, and the complete absence of water can cause metal scuffing.  
5.2 High water content has an accelerating effect on oxidation of lubricants, and can also contribute to foaming, especially at high altitude or temperature, or both.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for estimating the equilibrium solubility of water and its vapor in hydrocarbon and aliphatic ester lubricants, at temperatures between 277 K and 373 K. The test method is limited to liquids of low to moderate polarity and hydrogen bonding, with predicted solubilities not over 1000 ppm by weight in hydrocarbons, or 30 000 ppm by weight in oxygenated compounds, at 298 K.  
1.2 Specifically excluded are olefins, nitriles, nitro compounds, and alcohols.  
1.3 This test method is recommended only for liquids not containing widely different chemical species. This excludes blends of esters with hydrocarbons, and lubricants containing detergents, dispersants, rust preventives, or load carrying additives.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The vapor pressure of a substance as determined by measurement of evaporation reflects a property of the bulk sample. Little weight is given by the procedure to the presence of low concentrations of volatile impurities.  
5.2 Vapor pressure, per se, is a thermodynamic property that is dependent only upon composition and temperature for stable systems. In the present method, composition changes occur during the course of the test so that the contribution of minor amounts of volatile impurities is minimized.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a calculation procedure for converting data obtained by Test Method D972 to apparent vapor pressures and molecular weights. It has been demonstrated to be applicable to petroleum-based and synthetic ester lubricating oils,2 at temperatures of 395 K to 535 K (250 °F to 500 °F). However, its applicability to lubricating greases has not been established.  
Note 1: Most lubricants boil over a fairly wide temperature range, a fact recognized in discussion of their vapor pressures. For example, the apparent vapor pressure over the range 0 % to 0.1 % evaporated may be as much as 100 times that over the range 4.9 % to 5.0 % evaporated.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. In cases in which materials, products, or equipment are available in inch-pound units only, SI units are omitted.  
1.3 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability or regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.2, 7.1, 8.2, and Annex A2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine the coefficient of friction of lubricating fluids under the prescribed test conditions. The user of this test method should determine to his own satisfaction whether results of this test method correlate with field performance or other bench test machines.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the coefficient of friction by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine.2  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or in the former cm-kgf metric units are to be regarded separately as the standard. Within the text the cm-kgf units are shown in parentheses. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, therefore each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems can result in nonconformance to specification.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.3 and 7.4.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method, used for specification purposes, differentiates between lubricating fluids having low, medium, and high level of extreme-pressure properties. The user of this method should determine to his own satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test machines.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying properties of lubricating fluids. The following two determinations are made:  
1.1.1 Load-wear index (formerly Mean-Hertz load).  
1.1.2 Weld point by means of the four-ball extreme-pressure (EP) tester.  
1.2 For the determination of the load-carrying properties of lubricating greases, see Test Method D2596.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine the relative wear preventive properties of lubricating fluids in sliding contact under the prescribed test conditions. No attempt has been made to correlate this test with balls in rolling contact. The user of this test method should determine to his own satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test machines.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for making a preliminary evaluation of the anti-wear properties of fluid lubricants in sliding contact by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine. Evaluation of lubricating grease using the same machine is detailed in Test Method D2266.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Because the equipment used in this test method is only available in kgf units, SI units in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a cooling time versus temperature curve (profile) that can be related to physical properties, such as the hardness obtainable upon quenching of a metal. The results obtained by this test method may be used as a guide in quenchant selection or as a comparison of quench severities of different quenchants, new or used.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the equipment and the procedure for evaluation of quenching characteristics of a quenching fluid by cooling rate determination.  
1.2 This test method is designed to evaluate quenching fluids with agitation, using the Drayton Agitation Unit.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The autoignition temperature (AIT) of a gas mixture is the minimum temperature at which a gas mixture spontaneously ignites without an external ignition source. AIT is typically determined at atmospheric pressure, using small test vessels open to the atmosphere where gas is quickly injected into the test vessel and heated for a pre-determined time observing ignition or non-ignition (Test Method E659). AIT is often not directly applicable to real world conditions. Therefore, there is need for a test that determines if a gas or liquefied gas ignites or does not ignite when released onto a hot surface in a more unconstrained environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a means for the discrimination between gases, which will ignite or not ignite when impinged on a hot surface when that surface is heated to 800 °C (1472 °F) or greater for a period of 2 min in a non-confined environment.  
1.2 This test method may be applied to any non-pyrophoric substance that is a gas or liquefied gas, particularly GHS category 1B gases, at ambient temperature and pressure.  
1.3 This test method should be used subject to the limitations that no single fire hazard property such as flash point, auto-ignition temperature (AIT), or the performance under the conditions of the present method shall be used to describe or appraise the fire hazard or fire risk of a material, product, assembly, or system under actual fire conditions. Fire hazard properties measured under controlled laboratory conditions may nevertheless be employed to describe properly the response of materials, products, assemblies, or systems under said controlled conditions. Properties measured under controlled laboratory conditions may be used as elements of hazard or risk assessment only when such assessments takes into account all of the factors that are pertinent to the evolution of the fire hazard of a given situation.  
1.4 This standard is used to provide a quantitative measure of a gas’s or liquefied gas’s realistic surface ignition temperature in a non-quiescent environment.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 9.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to quickly determine the lubricating ability of fully-formulated lubricants used as mechanical transmission fluids (MTF) to display a frictional behavior against materials used in synchronizers of mechanical gears in automotive vehicles. This test method has found to be complementary to bench tests (for example, Test Method D5579 and CEC L-66-99) by using the present test conditions. This test method is a material and application oriented approach based on inputs from field experiences for characterizing the frictional behavior (coefficient of friction (cof)) using random, discrete, and constant parameter combinations as seen in field experiences. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications prior to commercialization.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the coefficient of friction of lubricants (fluids) tribologically interacting with materials used in synchronizers in mechanical transmission (MT) gears under high-frequency linear-oscillation motion using the SRV test machine. A flat areal contact geometry is applied.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to determine antiwear properties and coefficient of friction of EP lubricating oils at selected temperatures and loads specified for use in slip-rolling contacts in which high-speed vibrational or start-stop motions are present for extended periods of time under initial high Hertzian line contact pressures. It has found application as a screening test for lubricants used in gears, rolling bearings or cam/follower systems. Users of this test method should determine whether results correlate with field performance or other applications. In comparison to the ball-on-disk geometry as per Test Method D6425, the initial contact pressure is better retained over test time in this roller-on-disk geometry.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an extreme pressure (EP) lubricating oil’s coefficient of friction and its ability to protect against wear when subjected to high-frequency, linear oscillation motion. The test utilizes a roller-on-disc geometry, where the roller is inclined/deflected by 10° to the oscillating movement. The procedure is identical to that described in DIN 51834, Part 4.  
1.2 This test method can also be used to determine the ability of a non-EP lubricating oil to protect against wear and its coefficient of friction under similar test conditions.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Heat transfer fluids degrade when exposed to sufficiently high temperatures. The amount of degradation increases as the temperature increases or the length of exposure increases, or both. Due to reactions and rearrangement, degradation products can be formed. Degradation products include high and low boiling components, gaseous decomposition products, and products that cannot be evaporated. The type and content of degradation products produced will change the performance characteristics of a heat transfer fluid. In order to evaluate thermal stability, it is necessary to quantitatively determine the mass percentages of high and low boiling components, as well as gaseous decomposition products and those that cannot be vaporized, in the thermally stressed heat transfer fluid.  
5.2 This test method differentiates the relative stability of organic heat transfer fluids at elevated temperatures in the absence of oxygen and water under the conditions of the test.  
5.3 The user shall determine to his own satisfaction whether the results of this test method correlate to field performance. Heat transfer fluids in industrial plants are exposed to a variety of additional influencing variables. Interaction with the plant's materials, impurities, heat build-up during impaired flow conditions, the temperature distribution in the heat transfer fluid circuit, and other factors can also lead to changes in the heat transfer fluid. The test method provides an indication of the relative thermal stability of a heat transfer fluid, and can be considered as one factor in the decision-making process for selection of a fluid.  
5.4 The accuracy of the results depends very strongly on how closely the test conditions are followed.  
5.5 This test method does not possess the capability to quantify or otherwise assess the formation and nature of thermal decomposition products within the unstressed fluid boiling range. Decomposition products within the unstressed fluid boiling range may ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the thermal stability of unused organic heat transfer fluids. The procedure is applicable to fluids used for the transfer of heat at temperatures both above and below their boiling point (refers to normal boiling point throughout the text unless otherwise stated). It is applicable to fluids with maximum bulk operating temperature between 260 °C (500 °F) and 454 °C (850 °F). The procedure shall not be used to test a fluid above its critical temperature. In this test method, the volatile decomposition products are in continuous contact with the fluid during the test. This test method will not measure the thermal stability threshold (the temperature at which volatile oil fragments begin to form), but instead will indicate bulk fragmentation occurring for a specified temperature and testing period. Because potential decomposition and generation of high pressure gas may occur at temperatures above 260 °C (500 °F), do not use this test method for aqueous fluids or other fluids which generate high-pressure gas at these temperatures.  
1.2 DIN Norm 51528 and GB/T 23800 cover other test methods that are similar to this test method.  
1.3 The applicability of this test method to siloxane-based heat transfer fluids has not been determined.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 7.2, 8.8, 8.9, and 8.10.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Prin...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Surfaces are examined for signs of corrosion. Any sign of corrosion is an indication of potential field failure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 covers the evaluation of the galvanic and environmental corrosion interaction characteristics of dry solid film lubricants when in contact with an aluminum surface under conditions of high humidity.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Solid lubricant coatings are applied to surfaces that are exposed to heat and cold to such a degree that in many cases liquid lubricants are not practical. Adherence under these conditions is mandatory to preserve the bearing surfaces during sliding motion.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the resistance of dry solid film lubricants to deterioration when subjected to temperature extremes.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used widely for the determination of extreme pressure properties for specification purposes. Users are cautioned to carefully consider the precision and bias statements herein when establishing specification limits.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the load-carrying capacity of lubricating fluids by means of the Timken Extreme Pressure Tester.  
Note 1: This test method is suitable for testing fluids having a viscosity of less than about 5000 cSt (5000 mm2/s) at 40 °C. For testing fluids having a higher viscosity, refer to Note 5 in 9.1.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. Because the equipment used in this test method is available only in inch-pound units, SI units are omitted when referring to the equipment and the test specimens.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 8.2, 9.4, and 9.9.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method differentiates between bonded solid lubricants with respect to their wear life and load-carrying capacity. If the test conditions are changed, wear life may change and relative ratings of the bonded solid film lubricants may be different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method (see Note 1) covers the determination of the endurance (wear) life and load-carrying capacity of dry solid film lubricants in sliding steel-on-steel applications.  
Note 1: Reference may be made to Coordinating Research Council, Inc. (CRC) Report No. 419, “Development of Research Technique for Measuring Wear Life of Bonded Solid Lubricant Coatings for Airframes, Using the Falex Tester.” See also SAE Aerospace Standard AS5272.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard except where equipment is supplied using inch-pound units and would then be regarded as standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units given in such cases in the body of the standard may be approximate.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used to determine wear obtained with fluid lubricants under the prescribed test conditions. The user of this test method should determine to his or her own satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test machines. If the test conditions are changed, wear values may change and relative ratings of fluids may be different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for making a preliminary evaluation of the wear properties of fluid lubricants by means of the Falex Pin and Vee Block Lubricant Test Machine.  
Note 1: Certain fluid lubricants may require different test parameters depending upon their performance characteristics.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The significance of each test method will depend upon the system in use and the purpose of the test method as listed under Section 5. Use the most recent editions of ASTM test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information, without specific limits, for selecting standard test methods for testing heat transfer fluids for quality and aging. These test methods are considered particularly useful in characterizing hydrocarbon heat transfer fluids in closed systems.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The significance and use of each test method will depend on the system in use and the purpose of the test method listed under Section 7. Use the most recent editions of the test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides information, without specific limits, for selecting standard test methods for testing aqueous polymer quenchants for initial qualification, determining quality, and the effect of aging.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Evaluations by both test methods differentiate between fluids having low, medium, and high levels of extreme-pressure properties. The user should establish any correlation between results by either method and service performance.
Note 3: Relative ratings by both test methods on the fluids covered in Table X2.1 and Table X2.2 are in good general agreement with four-ball weld-point relative ratings obtained on these same fluids, covered in Test Method D2783.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for making a preliminary evaluation of the load-carrying properties of fluid lubricants by means of the Falex Pin and Vee Block Test Machine.  
Note 1: Additional information can be found in Appendix X1 regarding coefficient of friction, load gauge conversions, and load gauge calibration curve.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method can be used to predict the comparative lubricating properties of a metalworking fluid (MWF).  
5.1.1 Fluids that produce lower torques or higher efficiencies are predicted to have better machining characteristics.  
5.2 The method is applicable to all tap types, machining speeds, alloys and coatings that can be fabricated into a test piece.  
5.3 Comparison between different operating conditions or various types of fluids can be made.  
5.4 The reportable quantity is the efficiency or mean average torque of a reference fluid divided by the mean average torque of the fluid of interest.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a laboratory technique to evaluate the relative performance of metal removal fluids using an instrumented tapping machine that measures and records torque.  
1.1.1 The method is applicable to all tap types, machining speeds, and alloys that can be fabricated into a test piece. Comparison can be made between different operating conditions or various types of fluids including straight and emulsifiable oils, semi-synthetics and synthetic fluids (see Classification D2881).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The units for the threads of the tap, M6, are in metric thread units.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test provides a guide for evaluating the misting characteristics of oils for use in industrial mist lubrication systems. The degree of correlation between this test and service performance has not been fully determined.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the misting characteristics of lubricating fluids.  
Note 1: This test method should not be used to evaluate fluids containing solid additives such as graphite.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.2.1 Inch-pound units are used to describe the various tube fittings shown in Fig. 1.  
1.2.2 Inch-pound thread is shown in Fig. 2.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 7 and 8.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The transmission of power in many automotive and industrial applications is accomplished through the use of geared systems. At higher operating speeds it is well known that the lubricant/additive system can be a significant factor in preventing scuffing (adhesive wear) damage to gears. This test method is used to screen the scuffing load capacity of oils used to lubricate spur and helical (parallel axis) gear units.  
5.2 The test method is limited by the capabilities of the equipment (test rig and gears), and the performance observed may not directly relate to scuffing performance observed with spiral bevel on hypoid gearing. It is also limited to discriminating between oils with mild EP additives or less. Lubricants containing higher levels of additives, that is, those meeting the requirements of API GL4 or GL5, generally exceed the maximum load capacity of the test rig and, therefore, cannot be distinguished for their scuffing capabilities by this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method, the Forschungstelle für Záhnräder und Getriebebau (Research Site for Gears and Transmissions) Visual Method, commonly referred to as the FZG Visual Method, is intended to measure the scuffing load capacity of oils used to lubricate hardened steel gears. Scoring, a form of abrasive wear, is also included as a failure criteria in this test method. It is primarily used to assess the resistance to scuffing of mild additive treated oils such as industrial gear oils, transmission fluids, and hydraulic fluids. High EP type oils, for example, those oils meeting the requirements of API GL-4 and GL-5, generally exceed the capacity of the test rig and, therefore, cannot be differentiated with this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific safety information, see Section 7, Section 8, 9.2, 9.3.1, and Annex A1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method measures the quantity of sulfur available to react with metallic surfaces to form solid lubricating aids at the temperature of the test. Rates of reaction are metal type, temperature, and time dependent.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of active sulfur in cutting oils. This test method applies to sulfur reactive with copper powder at a temperature of 150 °C (302 °F) in cutting fluids containing both natural and added sulfur.  
Note 1: It has not been established by ASTM Subcommittee D02.L0 as to how the active sulfur content thus determined may relate to field performance of the cutting fluid.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used for the calibration of a block-on-ring testing machine by measuring the friction and wear properties of a calibration fluid under the prescribed test conditions.  
4.2 The user of this test method should determine to his or her own satisfaction whether results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test machines. If the test conditions are changed, wear values can change and relative ratings of fluids can be different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calibration and operation of a block-on-ring friction and wear testing machine.  
1.2 The values in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used to determine the equilibrium rate of wear and coefficient of friction of materials in rubbing contact under useful operating conditions, that is, combinations of pressure and velocity that fall below the PV (pressure × velocity) limit of the test material. The user of this test method should determine to his own satisfaction whether the results of this test procedure correlate with field performance or other bench test machines. If the test conditions are changed, the wear rates may change and the relative value of one material with respect to another may also change.  
4.2 Test conditions may be selected from Table 1. (A) For many applications a wear rate exceeding 1.0 × 10−5  in./h (2.5 × 10−7 m/h) is considered excessive. Typical wear rates for some commonly used materials at different PV levels are:
Acetal homopolymer at PV1:  
5 × 10−6 in./h to 1 × 10−5 in./h (1.3 × 10−7 m/h to 2.5 × 10−7 m/h)  
Acetal homopolymer at PV2:  
1 × 10−5 in./h to 3 × 10−5 in./h (2.5 × 10−7 m/h to 7.5 × 10−7 m/h)  
22 % PTFE-filled acetal homopolymer at PV2:  
3 × 10−6 in./h to 6 × 10−6 in./h (7.5 × 10−8 m/h to 1.5 × 10−7 m/h)  
Polyamide (Type 6-6) at PV2:  
1 × 10−5 in./h to 5 × 10−5 in./h (2.5 × 10−7 m/h to 1.3 × 10−6 m/h)  
15 % graphite filled polyimide restin at PV3:  
1 × 10−5 in./h to 2 × 10−5 in./h (2.5 × 10−7 m/h to 5 × 10−7 m/h)  
4.3 The precision of wear measurement is relatively independent of test duration or amount of wear, but the precision of wear rate (calculation) improves with test duration and amount of wear. It is generally believed that useful wear rate precision requires the selection of a test duration sufficient to produce 0.1 mm (0.004 in.) of wear. Test durations will often be in the 50 h to 4000 h range.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of wear rate and coefficient of friction for self-lubricated materials in rubbing contact by a testing machine2 that utilizes a thrust washer specimen configuration.  
Note 1: This machine may also be used to measure coefficient of friction.  
1.2 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. In cases where materials, products, or equipment are available only in inch-pound units, SI values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used for determining the wear life properties of bonded solid lubricants in oscillating motion under the prescribed test conditions. This test method differentiates between bonded solid lubricants with respect to their wear life. If the test conditions are changed, relative wear life may change and relative ratings of the bonded solid film lubricants may be different.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the evaluation of wear life of a bonded solid film lubricant under oscillating motion by means of a block-on-ring2 friction and wear testing machine.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Metalworking may be divided into two general types of processes, metal deformation (such as rolling) and metal removal (such as grinding or cutting). This classification lists the various types of fluid and non-fluid materials used to directly provide cooling and lubrication in both types of metalworking processes. It is intended for use by those in metalworking or related industries who want to differentiate these materials. It is up to the user of this classification to determine the relevance of the items listed with respect to their application.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification covers and is designed to standardize and consolidate the terminology, nomenclature, and classification of metalworking fluids and related materials.  
1.2 Metalworking fluids includes both metal removal and forming fluids. These are the coolants and lubricants associated with both types of processes.  
1.3 This classification implies no evaluation of product quality or suitability for a given metalworking operation.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This classification is applicable to all petroleum-base fluid lubricants and to those nonpetroleum materials which may be readily blended to produce fluid lubricants of a desired viscosity, that is, lubricants for bearings, gears, compressor cylinders, hydraulic fluids, etc. This classification is used to eliminate unjustified intermediate viscosities, thereby reducing the total number of viscosity grades used in the lubrication of industrial equipment. The lubricants shall be classified according to viscosity grades: ISO VG 2; ISO VG 3; ISO VG 5; ISO VG 7; ISO VG 10; ISO VG 15; ISO VG 22; ISO VG 32; ISO VG 46; ISO VG 68; ISO VG 100; ISO VG 150; ISO VG 220; ISO VG 320; ISO VG 460; ISO VG 680; ISO VG 1000; ISO VG 1500; ISO VG 2200; and ISO VG 3200.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This classification establishes a series of definite viscosity levels so that lubricant suppliers, lubricant users, and equipment designers will have a uniform and common basis for designating, specifying, or selecting the viscosity of industrial fluid lubricants.  
3.2 This classification is used to eliminate unjustified intermediate viscosities, thereby reducing the total number of viscosity grades used in the lubrication of industrial equipment.  
3.3 This system provides a suitable number of viscosity grades, a uniform reference temperature, a uniform viscosity tolerance, and a nomenclature system for identifying the viscosity characteristics of each grade.  
3.4 This system implies no evaluation of lubricant quality and applies to no property of a fluid other than its viscosity at the reference temperature. It does not apply to those lubricants used primarily with automotive equipment and identified with an SAE number.
SCOPE
1.1 This classification is applicable to all petroleum-base fluid lubricants and to those nonpetroleum materials which may be readily blended to produce fluid lubricants of a desired viscosity, that is, lubricants for bearings, gears, compressor cylinders, hydraulic fluids, etc.  
1.2 This classification is applicable to fluids ranging in kinematic viscosity from 2 cSt to 3200 cSt (mm2/s) as measured at a reference temperature of 40 °C. In the category of petroleum-base fluids, this covers the range from kerosene to heavy cylinder oils.  
1.3 Fluids of either lesser or greater viscosity than the range described in 1.2 are, at present, seldom used as industrial lubricants. Should industrial practices change, then this system, based on a mathematical series of numbers, may be extended to retain its orderly progression.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.