ENV 1991-2-1:1995
(Main)Eurocode 1 - Basis of design and actions on structures - Part 2-1: Actions on structures - Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
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- 08-Feb-1995
- 23-Apr-2002
- 91.010.30
- 305/2011
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- M/BC/CEN/89/11
- CEN/TC 250
Eurocode 1 - Basis of design and actions on structures - Part 2-1: Actions on structures - Densities, self-weight and imposed loads
Migrated from Progress Sheet (TC Comment) (2000-07-10): All dates refer to ENV. No Enquiry nor standstill ++ Two Years Review (therefore re-use of old WI number and use of stage 41).
Eurocode 1 - Grundlagen der Tragwerksplanung und Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Teil 2-1: Einwirkungen auf Tragwerke - Wichten, Eigenlasten, Nutzlasten
Eurocode 1 - Bases du calcul et actions sur les structures - Partie 2-1: Actions sur les structures - Densités, poids propres et charges d'exploitation
Eurocode 1: Osnove projektiranja in vplivi na konstrukcije - Del 2-1: Vplivi na konstrukcije - Gostote, lastna teža in koristne obtežbe
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1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-6
(1) EN 1993-1-6 provides rules for the structural design of plated steel structures that have the form of a shell of revolution (axisymmetric shell).
(2) This document is applicable to unstiffened fabricated axisymmetric shells formed from isotropic rolled plates using both algebraic and computational procedures, and to stiffened axisymmetric shells with different wall constructions using computational procedures. It also applies to associated circular or annular plates and to beam section rings and stringer stiffeners where they form part of the complete shell structure. The general computational procedures are applicable to all shell forms.
(3) This document does not apply to manufactured shells or to shell panels or to elliptical shell forms, except that its computational procedures are applicable to all shell structures. This document does not apply to structures under seismic or other dynamic loading. It does not cover the aspects of leakage of stored liquids or solids.
(4) Cylindrical and conical panels are not explicitly covered by this document. However, the provisions of 9.8 can be used provided that appropriate boundary conditions are taken into account.
(5) This document defines the characteristic and design values of the resistance of the structure.
(6) This document is concerned with the requirements for design against the ultimate limit states of:
— plastic failure;
— cyclic plasticity;
— buckling;
— fatigue.
(7) Overall equilibrium of the structure (sliding, uplifting, overturning) is not included in this document. Special considerations for specific applications are included in the relevant application parts of EN 1993.
(8) Detailed formulae for the simple calculation of unstiffened cylinders, cones and spherical domes are given in the Annexes.
(9) Provisions for simple calculations on specific stiffened shell types are given in EN 1993-4-1.
(10) This document is intended for application to steel shell structures. Where no standard exists for shell structures made of other metals, including high strength steels, the provisions of this document are applicable provided the appropriate material properties of the metal are taken into account.
(11) The provisions of this document are intended to be applied within the temperature ranges defined in the relevant EN 1993 application parts.
(12) Where no application part defines a different range, this document applies to structures within the following limits:
— design metal temperatures lie within the range −50 °C to +100 °C, except when using the special provisions given in 5.1;
— radius to thickness ratios (r/t) within the range 50 to 2 000;
— manufactured circular hollow sections according to EN 10210 and EN 10219 are outside the scope of this document and are covered by EN 1993-1-1. However, if no other provisions are available, the rules of this document are useful for manufactured circular hollow sections. In particular, this document is applicable to the design of manufactured piles (see EN 1993-5) provided the imperfections and tolerance requirements of EN 1993-5 are adopted in place of those specified in this document, and where no other standard covers the specific pile geometry.
NOTE 1 Experimental and theoretical data relating to manufactured circular hollow sections were not considered when this document was drafted. The application of this document to such structures therefore remains the responsibility of the user.
NOTE 2 The stress design rules of this document can be rather conservative if applied to some geometries and loading conditions for relatively thick-walled shells.
NOTE 3 Thinner shells than r/t = 2 000 can be treated using these provisions but the provisions have not been verified for such thin shells.
NOTE 4 The maximum temperature is restricted so that the influence of creep can be ignored where high temperature creep effects are not covered by the relevant application part.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-10
(1) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules for the selection of steel grades and qualities related to fracture toughness to avoid brittle fracture.
NOTE Steel quality is also known as (Charpy) subgrade.
(2) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules to specify through thickness properties for welded elements to reduce the risk of lamellar tearing.
(3) EN 1993-1-10 specifies additional toughness requirements for specific cases to ensure upper shelf toughness in relation to design ultimate resistance in tension and seismic design.
(4) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules for structural steels as listed in EN 1993-1-1. This document applies to steel grades S235 to S700.
(5) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules that apply to the selection of parent material only.
(6) EN 1993-1-10 specifies rules that apply to steel materials covered by EN 1993-1-1:2022, 5.1(3), provided that each individual piece of steel is tested in accordance with the requirements of EN 1993 1 1:2022, 5.2.1 and EN 1090-2:2018+A1:2024, 5.1.
(7) This document does not apply to material salvaged from existing steelwork subjected to fatigue or fire.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and the other relevant parts of EN 1993-1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-10 are applicable if:
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 or EN 1090-4, and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
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1.1 Scope of prEN 1993-1-4
This document provides supplementary rules for the structural design of steel structures that extend and modify the application of EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-1-8 to austenitic, duplex (austenitic-ferritic) and ferritic stainless steels.
NOTE 1 Austenitic-ferritic stainless steels are commonly known as duplex stainless steels. The term duplex stainless steel is used in this document.
NOTE 2 Information on the durability of stainless steels is given in Annex A.
NOTE 3 The execution of stainless steel structures is covered in EN 1090-2 and EN 1090-4.
1.2 Assumptions
Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts), EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993-1-5 and EN 1993-1-8 apply.
The design methods given in prEN 1993-1-4 are applicable if
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2 and EN 1090-4, and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in EN 1993-1-1, EN 1993-1-3, EN 1993 1-5 and EN 1993-1-8, or in the relevant material and product specifications.
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1.1 Scope of prEN 1993-1-7
(1) prEN 1993-1-7 provides rules for the structural design of assemblies of unstiffened and stiffened steel plates whose elements are under predominantly distributed transverse loads.
(2) prEN 1993-1-7 is applicable to containment structures such as silos, tanks, digesters and lock gates, where the external actions chiefly act transversely on their individual plates or panels. Where a plate or panel under bending is additionally subject to membrane forces that have a significant effect on the resistance, this document covers assessment of the resistance through its computational analysis procedures.
(3) prEN 1993-1-7 is applicable to structures with rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular component plate segments, each with one axis of symmetry.
(4) prEN 1993-1-7 does not apply to plates or panels where the dominant structural resistance requirement relates to membrane forces in the plates (for these, see EN 1993-1-5).
(5) prEN 1993-1-7 does not apply to plates or panels whose curvature (out of flatness) exceeds that defined in 1.1 (14). For such curved plates, see EN 1993-1-6.
(6) prEN 1993-1-7 does not apply to circular or annular plates. For such plates, see EN 1993 1-6.
(7) prEN 1993-1-7 does not apply to cold-formed sheeting. For such plates, see EN 1993-1-3.
(8) This document is only concerned with the requirements for design of plates and plate assemblies against the ultimate limit states of:
- plastic failure;
- cyclic plasticity;
- buckling;
- fatigue.
(9) Overall equilibrium of the structure (sliding, uplifting, or overturning) is not included in this document. Special considerations for specific applications are available in the relevant applications parts of EN 1993.
(10) The rules in this document refer to plate assemblies that are fabricated using unstiffened or stiffened plates or panels. The document is also applicable to the design of individual plates or panels that are predominantly subject to actions transverse to the plane of each plate. Both frictional actions on the plate surface and forces imposed by adjacent components of the plate assembly also induce in-plane actions in each plate.
(11) This document gives algebraic rules and guidance to account for bending with small membrane forces in the individual plates or panels. Where an unstiffened or stiffened plates or panels is subject to significant magnitudes of both bending and in-plane forces, the computational analysis procedures of this document apply.
(12) Where no application part defines a different range, this document applies to structures within the following limits:
- design metal temperatures within the range −50 °C to +100 °C;
- the geometry of individual plate segments is limited to rectangular, triangular and trapezoidal shapes with b/t greater than 20, or b1/t greater than 20, as appropriate (see Figure 3.2);
- Single plate elements are treated as flat where the deviation from flatness e0 meets the condition (see Figure 9.1). Where this criterion is not met, it is appropriate to treat the plate as a shell panel (see EN 1993-1-6).
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, the provisions of EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in prEN 1993-1-7 are applicable if:
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090 2, and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts of EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(3) The provisions in this document apply to materials that satisfy the brittle fracture provisions given in EN 1993-1-4 and EN 1993-1-10.
(4) In this document, it is assumed that wind loading, seismic actions and bulk solids flow can, in general, be treated as quasi-static actions.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1993-1-9
(1) EN 1993-1-9 gives design methods for the verification of the fatigue design situation of steel structures.
NOTE Steel structures consist of members and their joints. Each member and joint can be represented as a constructional detail or as several of the latter.
(2) Design methods other than the stress-based methods, such as the notch strain method or fracture mechanics methods, are not covered by EN 1993-1-9.
(3) EN 1993-1-9 only applies to structures made of all grades of structural steels and products within the scope of EN 1993-1 (all parts), in accordance with the provisions noted in the detail category tables or annexes.
(4) EN 1993-1-9 only applies to structures where execution conforms to EN 1090-2.
NOTE Supplementary execution requirements are indicated in the detail category tables.
(5) EN 1993-1-9 applies to structures operating under normal atmospheric conditions and with sufficient corrosion protection and regular maintenance. The effect of seawater corrosion is not covered.
(6) EN 1993-1-9 applies to structures with hot dip galvanizing in accordance with the provisions noted in the detail category tables or annexes.
(7) Microstructural damage from high temperature (> 150°C) that occurs during the design service life is not covered.
(8) EN 1993-1-9 gives guidance of how to consider post-fabrication treatments that are intended to improve the fatigue resistance of constructional details.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) Unless specifically stated, EN 1990, EN 1991 (all parts) and EN 1993 1 (all parts) apply.
(2) The design methods given in EN 1993-1-9 are applicable if:
- the execution quality is as specified in EN 1090-2, and
- the construction materials and products used are as specified in the relevant parts on EN 1993 (all parts), or in the relevant material and product specifications.
(3) The design methods of EN 1993-1-9 are generally derived from fatigue tests on constructional details with large scale specimens that include effects of geometrical and structural imperfections from material production and execution (e.g. the effects of tolerances and residual stresses from welding).
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1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-9
(1) EN 1991 1 9 gives principles and rules to determine the values of loads due to atmospheric icing to be used for following types of structures:
- masts;
- towers;
- antennas and antenna structures;
- cables, stays, guy ropes and similar structures;
- rope ways (cable railways);
- structures for ski-lifts;
- buildings or parts of them exposed to potential icing;
- special types of structures, such as towers for transmission lines and wind turbines.
NOTE Atmospheric icing on electrical overhead lines is covered by EN 50341-1.
(2) EN 1991-1-9 specifies values for:
- dimensions and weight of accreted ice;
- shapes of accreted ice.
(3) EN 1991-1-9 covers types of icing, ice loads acting on structures, and falling ice considerations.
NOTE For wind actions on iced structures, see EN 1991-1-4.
1.2 Assumptions
The assumptions given in EN 1990:2023, 1.2 apply.
EN 1991-1-9 is intended to be used with EN 1990 (all parts), the other parts of EN 1991 and EN 1992 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) for the design of structures.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-3
(1) EN 1991-1-3 gives principles and rules to determine the values of loads due to snow to be used for the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works.
(2) This document does not apply to sites at altitudes above 1 500 m, unless otherwise specified.
NOTE For rules for the treatment of snow loads for altitudes above 1 500 m, see 6.1.
(3) This document does not give guidance on specialist aspects of snow loading, for example:
- impact snow loads resulting from snow sliding off or falling from a higher roof;
- changes in shape or size of the construction works due to the presence of snow or the accretion of ice which could affect the wind action;
- loads in areas where snow is present all year round;
- lateral loading due to snow creep (e.g. lateral loads exerted by drifts);
- loads due to artificial snow.
1.2 Assumptions
The assumptions given in EN 1990:2023, 1.2 apply.
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1.1 Scope of EN 1991-1-5
(1) EN 1991-1-5 gives principles and rules for calculating thermal actions on buildings, bridges and other structures including their structural members. Principles needed for cladding and other attachments of buildings are also provided.
(2) This document describes the changes in the temperature of structural members. Characteristic values of thermal actions are presented for use in the design of structures which are exposed to daily and seasonal climatic changes.
(3) This document also gives principles for changes in the temperature of structural members due to the paving of hot asphalt on bridge decks.
(4) This document also provides principles and rules for thermal actions acting in structures which are mainly a function of their use (e.g. cooling towers, silos, tanks, warm and cold storage facilities, hot and cold services, etc.).
NOTE Supplementary guidance for thermal actions on chimneys is provided in EN 13084-1.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The assumptions given in EN 1990:2023, 1.2 apply.
(2) EN 1991 1 5 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other parts of EN 1991 and EN 1992 (all parts) to EN 1999 (all parts) for the design of structures.
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(1) EN 1991-1-1 gives rules on the following aspects related to actions, which are relevant to the structural design of buildings and civil engineering works including some geotechnical aspects:
- specific weight of construction materials and stored materials;
- self-weight of construction works;
- imposed loads for buildings.
(2) Mean values for specific weight of specific construction materials, additional materials for bridges, stored materials and products are given. In addition, for specific materials and products the angle of repose is provided.
(3) Methods for the assessment of the characteristic values of self-weight of construction works are given.
(4) Characteristic values of imposed loads are given for the following areas in buildings according to the category of use:
- residential, social, commercial and administration areas;
- areas for archive, storage and industrial activities;
- garage and vehicle traffic areas (excluding bridges);
- roofs;
- stairs and landings;
- terraces and balconies.
NOTE The loads on traffic areas given in this standard refer to vehicles up to a gross vehicle weight of 160 kN. Further information can be obtained from EN 1991-2.
(5) Characteristic values of horizontal imposed loads on parapets and partition walls acting as barriers are provided.
NOTE Forces due to vehicle impact are specified in EN 1991-1-7 and EN 1991-2.
1.2 Assumptions
(1) The general assumptions of EN 1990 apply.
(2) EN 1991-1-1 is intended to be used with EN 1990, the other parts of EN 1991 and the other Eurocode parts for the design of structures.
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1.1 Scope of FprEN 1997-2
(1) This document provides rules for determining ground properties for the design and verification of geotechnical structures.
(2) This document covers requirements and guidance for planning ground investigations, collecting information about ground properties and groundwater conditions, and preparation of the Ground Model.
(3) This document covers requirements and guidance for the selection of field investigation and laboratory test methods to obtain derived values of ground properties.
(4) This document covers requirements and guidance on the presentation of the results of ground investigation, including derived values of ground properties, in the Ground Investigation Report.
1.2 Assumptions
(5) The provisions in FprEN 1997-2 are based on the assumptions given in EN 1990 and FprEN 1997-1.
(6) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with FprEN 1997-1, which provides general rules for design and verification of all geotechnical structures.
(7) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with prEN 1997-3, which provides specific rules for design and verification of certain types of geotechnical structures.
(8) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with FprEN 1998-1-1 which provides the requirements for the ground properties needed to define the seismic action.
(9) This document is intended to be used in conjunction with FprEN 1998-5 which provides rules for the design of geotechnical structures in seismic regions.
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