ASTM D8248-19
(Terminology)Standard Terminology for Smart Textiles
Standard Terminology for Smart Textiles
SCOPE
1.1 This terminology standard covers terms related to smart textiles, technical textiles, electronic textiles, and wearable electronics including fibers, yarns, and end products.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:D8248 −19
Standard Terminology for
1
Smart Textiles
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D8248; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope smart textile, n—a fiber, yarn, fabric, or end product with one
or more properties that change by design in response to
1.1 This terminology standard covers terms related to smart
stimuli, such as those from mechanical, thermal, chemical,
textiles, technical textiles, electronic textiles, and wearable
electrical, magnetic, or other sources. (Synonyms: intelligent
electronics including fibers, yarns, and end products.
textile, intelligent textile system, smart textile system.) (See
1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
technical textile.)
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
DISCUSSION—Smart fabrics differ from technical fabrics in that the
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
fabric properties change in response to a stimulus. A thermo-chromic
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
fabric changes color in response to the application of heat and is a smart
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
textile.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
technical textile, n—a broad term for fiber, yarn, fabric, or end
2. Terminology
product used for applications where functional performance
is of primary importance; wherein a textile provides func-
2.1 Definitions:
tionality due to inherent material properties and/or an
metallic fiber, n—a manufactured fiber composed of metal,
applied treatment. (See smart textile.)
polymer-coated metal, metal-coated polymer, or a core
covered by metal which can be transformed into a yarn or
DISCUSSION—Water repellent,
...
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1.1 Smart textiles is an emerging field. As the needs of this area develop, this standard will evolve accordingly. Its content may be referenced or adopted, or both, in whole or in part as demanded by the needs of the user.
1.2 Terminology and definitions related to smart textiles such as electrical textiles and wearable electronics will be included as well as the fiber, yarn, and fabric that compose them, and final end products.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SCOPE
1.1 Smart textiles is an emerging field. As the needs of this area develop, this standard will evolve accordingly. Its content may be referenced or adopted, or both, in whole or in part as demanded by the needs of the user.
1.2 Terminology and definitions related to smart textiles such as electrical textiles and wearable electronics will be included as well as the fiber, yarn, and fabric that compose them, and final end products.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Although a number of standardized tests currently exist for assessing the antimicrobial activity of treated polymers and textiles, these are optimized for specimens that readily absorb the test inoculum or that have a flat surface on which the inoculum can be placed, and their use for specimens with tubular geometries or for small quantities (less than 0.5 g) of yarns or fibers requires significant manipulation of the specimen.
5.2 To adapt these methods for evaluating tubes, fiber, and yarn specimens requires distorting tubular specimens to create a flat surface or using unacceptably large quantities of fiber or yarn specimens. Rendering a test specimen having tubular geometry to a flat surface will limit its surface area available for exposure during the test and may require dissection of the specimen, which unacceptably alters it from its original state. Testing of treated fiber and yarn specimens using available standardized methods typically requires large quantities of material (greater than 0.5 g) that may not be available. In both cases, such manipulations may result in misleading results that do not reflect the antimicrobial efficacy of an unmodified specimen.
5.3 This method provides an environment in which the inoculum remains in intimate contact with the surfaces of these types of test specimens, exposing both the intra- and extraluminal surfaces of tubular specimens without significant modification, and requiring only small quantities of fibers or yarns to perform testing.
5.4 Classical antimicrobial test methods generally quantify the population or concentration of microorganisms that survive exposure to specimens treated with an antimicrobial agent without distinguishing whether the surviving microorganisms were in a planktonic or adhered/biofilm state.
5.4.1 The phenotypic behavior of bacteria in the biofilm state differs substantially from when they are in the planktonic state, especially with respect to susceptibility to disinfectan...
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1.1 This test method is designed as an in vitro, quantitative assay to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of specimens with tubular geometries or small segments of yarn or fibers that have been treated with an antimicrobial agent. Further, the method was designed to provide a quantitative assessment of a specimen’s ability to resist microbial colonization and subsequent biofilm formation relative to an untreated control specimen.
1.1.1 The difference in number between the planktonic microbial population recovered from the treated test specimen and the population recovered from the control test specimen is the measure of the antimicrobial activity.
1.1.2 The measure of the ability of the treated test specimen to resist biofilm development is the difference between the adherent microbial population recovered from the treated test specimen and the adherent microbial population recovered from the control test specimen.
1.2 Testing is to be performed by individuals trained in microbiological techniques under appropriately controlled conditions to ensure the integrity of results and personnel safety.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This testing method provides accurate biobased/biogenic carbon content results to materials whose carbon source was directly in equilibrium with CO2 in the atmosphere at the time of cessation of respiration or metabolism, such as the harvesting of a crop or grass living its natural life in a field. Special considerations are needed to apply the testing method to materials originating from within artificial environments. Application of these testing methods to materials derived from CO2 uptake within artificial environments is beyond the present scope of this standard.
4.2 Method B utilizes AMS along with Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) techniques to quantify the biobased content of a given product. Instrumental error can be within 0.1-0.5 % (1 relative standard deviation (RSD)), but controlled studies identify an inter-laboratory total uncertainty up to ±3 % (absolute). This error is exclusive of indeterminate sources of error in the origin of the biobased content (see Section 22 on precision and bias).
4.3 Method C uses LSC techniques to quantify the biobased content of a product using sample carbon that has been converted to benzene. This test method determines the biobased content of a sample with a maximum total error of ±3 % (absolute), as does Method B.
4.4 The test methods described here directly discriminate between product carbon resulting from contemporary carbon input and that derived from fossil-based input. A measurement of a product’s 14C/12C or 14C/13C content is determined relative to a carbon based modern reference material accepted by the radiocarbon dating community such as NIST Standard Reference Material (SRM) 4990C, (referred to as OXII or HOxII). It is compositionally related directly to the original oxalic acid radiocarbon standard SRM 4990B (referred to as OXI or HOxI), and is denoted in terms of fM, that is, the sample’s fraction of modern carbon. (See Terminology, Section 3.)
4.5 Reference standards, available to all...
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1.1 This standard is a test method that teaches how to experimentally measure biobased carbon content of solids, liquids, and gaseous samples using radiocarbon analysis. These test methods do not address environmental impact, product performance and functionality, determination of geographical origin, or assignment of required amounts of biobased carbon necessary for compliance with federal laws.
1.2 These test methods are applicable to any product containing carbon-based components that can be combusted in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide (CO2) gas. The overall analytical method is also applicable to gaseous samples, including flue gases from electrical utility boilers and waste incinerators.
1.3 These test methods make no attempt to teach the basic principles of the instrumentation used although minimum requirements for instrument selection are referenced in the References section. However, the preparation of samples for the above test methods is described. No details of instrument operation are included here. These are best obtained from the manufacturer of the specific instrument in use.
1.4 Limitation—This standard is applicable to laboratories working without exposure to artificial carbon-14 (14C). Artificial 14C is routinely used in biomedical studies by both liquid scintillation counter (LSC) and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) laboratories and can exist within the laboratory at levels 1,000 times or more than 100 % biobased materials and 100,000 times more than 1% biobased materials. Once in the laboratory, artificial 14C can become undetectably ubiquitous on door knobs, pens, desk tops, and other surfaces but which may randomly contaminate an unknown sample producing inaccurately high biobased results. Despite vigorous attempts to clean up contaminating artificial 14C from a laboratory, isolation has proven to be the only successful method of avoidance. Completely separate chemical ...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Brown and Lu4,5 show the Charpy impact energy is related to the ultimate critical temperature of the rapid crack propagation [RCP] behavior as measured by the ISO 13477, S-4 test.6
5.2 The test method may be used to determine the impact energy of polyethylene used in the manufacture of pipe . This test method involves the preparation of a small compression molded specimen of PE resin that is then notched in a specified manner. The specimen is then broken in a pendulum impact machine. The impact energy is recorded in joules. The value obtained is referred to as the Charpy impact energy.
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1.1 This test method describes the specimen preparation and the method of measuring the impact energy of polyethylene used in pressurized pipes.
1.2 The test specimens are taken from compression molded plaques of the resin from pellets or pipe.
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is part of an overall suite of related test methods that provide repeatable measures of robotic system mobility and remote pilot proficiency. The operational endurance of a robot significantly impacts the performance of the robot during a variety of tasks. Robot endurance is a complex function of robot design, control scheme design, and energy storage selection. This test method evaluates the endurance of a robot through continuous operation. The outdoor and indoor movement tests flight path chosen for endurance testing specifically challenges robotic system locomotion, flight system to maintain position, and remote situational awareness by the remote pilot. As such, it can be used to represent modest outdoor flight or indoor flight within confined areas. The indoor hovering and dwelling tests similarly challenge these capabilities, but for remaining stationary in air within an outdoor or confined indoor area. The endurance test standard provides a method in which the operational endurance of a large variety of robot sizes and locomotion system designs may be compared. The test provides both a measure of the endurance of the robot and a measure of the reliability of the robot when operating continuously for extended periods of time on complex flight paths or continuous use, or both.
5.2 The indoor tests with containment walls represent repeatable complexity within commercial spaces and residential dwellings with hallways and doorways, or warehouses.
5.3 The test apparatuses are low-cost and easy to fabricate so they can be widely replicated. The procedure is also simple to conduct. This eases comparisons across various testing locations and dates to determine best-in-class systems and remote pilots.
5.4 Evaluation—This test method can be used in a controlled environment to measure baseline capabilities. The endurance test apparatus can also be embedded into operational training scenarios to measure degradation due to uncontrolled variab...
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1.1 This test method is intended for remotely operated aerial response robots (that is, unmanned aerial systems [UAS], drones, unmanned aircrafts) operating in complex, unstructured, and often hazardous environments. It specifies the apparatuses, procedures, and performance metrics necessary to measure the mission endurance of an aerial robot while either station keeping or following an approximate flight path defined by obstacles or boundaries, or both, intended to induce repeated cyclical movement. This test method is one of several robot tests that can be used to evaluate overall system capabilities.
1.2 The robotic system includes a remote pilot in control of most functionality, so an onboard camera and remote pilot display are typically required. This test method can be used to evaluate assistive or autonomous behaviors intended to improve the effectiveness or efficiency of remotely operated systems.
1.3 Different user communities can set their own thresholds of acceptable performance within this test method for various mission requirements.
1.4 Performing Location—This test method may be performed anywhere the specified apparatuses and environmental conditions can be implemented. Flying unmanned aircraft without a comprehensive understanding of the laws and regulations enforced by the relevant jurisdiction poses significant safety and legal risks. Failure to comply with these regulations may result in accidents, injuries, property damage, and legal consequences. Users of this standard are strongly advised to review and adhere to all applicable ASTM Committee F38 standards and to ensure full compliance with the authorities holding jurisdiction.
1.5 Units—The International System of Units (SI Units) and U.S. Customary Units (Imperial Units) are used throughout this document. They are not mathematical conversions. Rather, they are approximate equivalents in each system of units to enable use of readily ava...
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- 31-Jan-2024
- E54
ABSTRACT
This specification covers polyethylene (PE) pipe made in dimensions based on outside determined range of diameters and larger. The piping is intended for new construction and insertion renewal of old piping systems used for the transport of water, municipal sewage, domestic sewage, industrial process liquids, effluents, slurries, etc., in both pressure and nonpressure systems. Different dimensional properties of pipes like outside diameter, wall thickness, eccentricity, toe-in, and special sizes shall be determined. Physical properties such asdensity, melt index, flexural modulus, tensile strength, slow crack growth resistance, hydrostatic strength, color and UV stabilizer, HDB, and HDS shall determined as well. In order to determine the performance of pipes under pressure the following tests shall be done: short-term pressurization test and elevated temperature sustained pressure test. The pipe shall be homogeneous throughout and essentially uniform in color, opacity, density, and other properties. The inside and outside surfaces shall be semi matte or glossy in appearance (depending on the type of plastic) and free of chalking, sticky, or tacky material. The surfaces shall be free of excessive bloom, that is, slight bloom is acceptable. The pipe walls shall be free of cracks, holes, blisters, voids, foreign inclusion, or other defects that are visible to the naked eye and that may affect the wall integrity. Holes deliberately placed in perforated pipe are acceptable. Bloom or chalking may develop in pipe exposed to direct rays of the sun (ultraviolet radiant energy) for extended periods and, consequently, these requirements do not apply to pipe after extended exposure to direct rays of the sun.
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1.1 This specification covers polyethylene (PE) pipe made in three standard outside diameter sizing systems, based on outside diameters of DIPS 3, IPS 4, Metric 90 mm and larger. For smaller sizes refer to Specification D3035. See 5.2.5 for guidelines on special sizes.
1.2 The piping is intended for new construction and insertion renewal of old piping systems used for the transport of water, municipal sewage, domestic sewage, industrial process liquids, effluents, slurries, etc., in both pressure and nonpressure systems.
Note 1: The user should consult the manufacturer to ensure that any mechanical or chemical effects to the polyethylene pipe caused by the material being transported will not affect the service life beyond limits acceptable to the user. See PPI TR-19 Chemical Resistance of Thermoplastic Piping Materials for guidance on chemical effects, www.plasticpipe.org
1.3 All pipes produced under this specification are pressure-rated. See Appendix X5 for information on pressure rating.
Note 2: References and material descriptions for PE2406, PE3408 and materials having a HDB of 1450 psi have been removed from Specification F714 due to changes in Specification D3350 and PPI TR-3. For removed designations, refer to previous editions of Specification F714, Specification D3350, PPI TR-3 and PPI TR-4. The removal of these materials does not affect pipelines that are in service. See Note 4 and Note 9.
1.4 This specification includes criteria for choice of raw material, together with performance requirements and test methods for determining conformance with the requirements.
1.5 Quality-control measures are to be taken by manufacturers. See Appendix X4 for general information on quality control.
1.6 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.7 The following safety hazards caveat pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 6, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard t...
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method does not purport to interpret the data generated.
4.2 This test method is intended to compare slow-crack-growth (SCG) resistance for a limited set of HDPE resins.
4.3 This test method may be used on virgin HDPE resin compression-molded into a plaque or on extruded HDPE corrugated pipe that is chopped and compression-molded into a plaque (see 7.1.1 for details).
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1.1 This test method is used to determine the susceptibility of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) resins or corrugated pipe to slow-crack-growth under a constant ligament-stress in an accelerating environment. This test method is intended to apply only to HDPE of a limited melt index (0.947 g/cm3 to 0.955 g/cm3). This test method may be applicable for other materials, but data are not available for other materials at this time.
1.2 This test method measures the failure time associated with a given test specimen at a constant, specified, ligament-stress level.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology F412, and abbreviations are in accordance with Terminology D1600, unless otherwise specified.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for silvered flat glass mirrors of rectangular shape supplied as cut sizes, stock sheets or as lehr ends and to which no further processing (such as edgework or other fabrication) has been done. The quality requirements of silvered annealed monolithic clear and tinted flat glass mirrors up to a certain thickness are also discussed. The mirrors are intended to be used indoors for mirror glazing, for components of decorative accessories or for similar uses. The mirrors are not intended for use in environments where high humidity or airborne corrosion promoters, or both, are consistently present (such as swimming pool areas, ocean-going vessels, chemical laboratories and other corrosive environments). The classification of mirrors are according to the following properties: grades, cut size, stock sheet, lehr end, select quality, glazing quality, color (clear or tinted), and thickness. Different test methods shall be performed in order to determine or measure the following properties: reflectance, silver coating appearance, coating resistance, blemish (point and linear blemishes), dimension, and squareness.
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1.1 This specification covers the requirements for silvered flat glass mirrors of rectangular shape supplied as cut sizes, stock sheets, or as lehr ends and to which no further processing (such as edgework or other fabrication) has been done.
1.2 This specification covers the quality requirements of silvered annealed monolithic clear and tinted flat glass mirrors only, up to 6 mm (1/4 in.) thick. The mirrors are intended to be used indoors for mirror glazing, for components of decorative accessories or for similar uses.
1.3 This specification does not address safety glazing materials nor requirements for mirror applications. Consult model building codes and other applicable standards for safety glazing applications.
1.4 Mirrors covered in this specification are not intended for use in environments where high humidity or airborne corrosion promoters, or both, are consistently present (such as swimming pool areas, ocean-going vessels, chemical laboratories, and other corrosive environments).
1.5 The dimensional values stated in metric units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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ABSTRACT
This specification covers reusable glass serological pipets used for measuring volumes of liquid. The pipets may be classified into three styles according to operational set-up and should be made with approved glass materials. Each pipet should be straight, of one-piece construction, and properly calibrated. All products should conform to the required dimension of delivery tips, zero gradation line position, dimensions and outflow times, graduation markings, color coding, identification markings, and workmanship.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers glass serological pipets, used in measuring volumes of liquids.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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