E12.03 - Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An important aspect of the appearance of glossy coating surfaces is the distinctness (clarity) of images reflected by them. The values obtained in this measuring procedure correlate well with visual ratings for DOI (image clarity).  
4.2 Although Test Methods D523 and D4039 are useful in characterizing some aspects of glossy appearance, they do not provide satisfactory ratings for DOI (image clarity).  
4.3 The measurement conditions given conform to the conditions specified in Test Methods E430.  
4.4 The measurement conditions given in this test method conform to the conditions specified in ISO 10216.  
4.5 The scale values obtained with the measuring procedures of this test method range from 0 to 100 with a value of 100 representing perfect DOI (image clarity).  
4.6 The DOI (image clarity) scale value does not, of itself, indicate any specific cause for reduction in reflected image sharpness. Surface irregularities such as haze, orange peel, and wrinkle, when present, may be cited as causes for reduction of image sharpness.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe the measurement of the distinctness-of-image (DOI) gloss of coating surfaces using electro-optical measuring techniques.  
1.2 The coatings assessed shall be applied to planar rigid surfaces.  
1.3 Test Method—The light through a small slit is projected on the specimen surface and its reflected image intensity is measured through a sliding combed shutter to provide a value of image clarity.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measured gloss values of specimens depend on the angle of illumination, refractive index of the material, and the geometric distribution of the reflected light.  
5.2 Haze is produced by irregularities in the reflecting surface that affect the distribution of flux reflected around the specular angle. The procedures specified in Test Method D523 are not designed to measure reflected-flux scattering characteristics of high-gloss finishes, particularly where specimens having different surface refractive indexes are being compared.  
5.3 In this test method, values for reflection haze are obtained from two measurements of specular gloss, one made with a large receptor aperture and the other made with a small receptor aperture. The geometric conditions have been chosen to permit the use of glossmeters that provide 60° specular gloss measurements (large receptor aperture) and 20° specular gloss measurements (small receptor aperture) as specified in Test Method D523.  
5.4 An additional method for the measurement of reflection haze is given in Test Method E430.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for using two specular gloss measurements to obtain a haze index for high-gloss nonmetallic specimens (1-4).2 It is particularly useful for evaluating the haze in clear finishes on nonglossy substrates, and the haze in reflected images produced by the surfaces of opaque glossy pigmented finishes.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gloss of metallic finishes is important commercially on metals for automotive, architectural, and other uses where these metals undergo special finishing processes to produce the appearances desired. It is important for the end-products, which use such finished metals that parts placed together have the same glossy appearance.  
5.2 It is also important that automotive finishes and other high-gloss nonmetallic surfaces possess the desired finished appearance. The present method identifies by measurements important aspects of finishes. Those having identical sets of numbers normally have the same gloss characteristics. It usually requires more than one measurement to identify properly the glossy appearance of any finish (see Refs 3 and 4).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 20° and 30°, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.  
1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2),2 the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.  
1.3 The DOI of a glossy surface is generally independent of its curvature. The DOI measurement by this test method is limited to flat or flattenable surfaces.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is for the use of manufacturers and users of equipment for visual appraisal or measurement of appearance, those writing standards related to such equipment, and others who wish to specify precisely conditions of viewing or measuring attributes of appearance. The use of this practice makes such specifications concise and unambiguous. The functional notation facilitates direct comparisons of the geometric specifications of viewing situations and measuring instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It establishes terms, symbols, a coordinate system, and functional notation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen, the geometry of the illumination (or optical irradiation) of a specimen, and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by the open sampling aperture.  
1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are treated in other ASTM standards and are excluded from the scope of this practice.  
1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts described in this practice have been adopted in that field of measurement.  
1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflecting or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of characterizing appearance, is incomplete without a full description of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions are not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is for the use of manufacturers and users of instruments to measure the appearance of gonioapparent materials, those writing standard specifications for such instruments, and others who wish to specify precisely the geometric conditions of multiangle spectrophotometry. A prominent example of industrial usage is the routine application of such measurements by material suppliers and automobile manufacturers to measure the colors of metallic paints and plastics.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a way of specifying the angular and spatial conditions of measurement and angular selectivity of a method of measuring the spectral reflectance factors of opaque gonioapparent materials, for a small number of sets of geometric conditions.  
1.2 Measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are treated in other ASTM documents and are not included in the scope of this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The angular distribution of scatter is a property of surfaces that may have direct consequences on an intermediate or final application of that surface. Scatter defines many visual appearance attributes of materials, and specification of the distribution and wavelength dependence is critical to the marketability of consumer products, such as automobiles, cosmetics, and electronics. Optically diffusive materials are used in information display applications to spread light from display elements to the viewer, and the performance of such displays relies on specification of the distribution of scatter. Stray-light reduction elements, such as baffles and walls, rely on absorbing coatings that have low diffuse reflectances. Scatter from mirrors, lenses, filters, windows, and other components can limit resolution and contrast in optical systems, such as telescopes, ring laser gyros, and microscopes.  
4.2 The microstructure associated with a material affects the angular distribution of scatter, and specific properties can often be inferred from measurements of that scatter. For example, roughness, material inhomogeneity, and particles on smooth surfaces contribute to optical scatter, and optical scatter can be used to detect the presence of such defects.  
4.3 The angular distribution of scattered light can be used to simulate or render the appearance of materials. Quality of rendering relies heavily upon accurate measurement of the light scattering properties of the materials being rendered.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for determining the amount and angular distribution of optical scatter from a surface. In particular it focuses on measurement of the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF). BSDF is a convenient and well accepted means of expressing optical scatter levels for many purposes. It is often referred to as the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) when considering reflective scatter or the bidirectional transmittance distribution function (BTDF) when considering transmissive scatter.  
1.2 The BSDF is a fundamental description of the appearance of a sample, and many other appearance attributes (such as gloss, haze, and color) can be represented in terms of integrals of the BSDF over specific geometric and spectral conditions.  
1.3 This practice also presents alternative ways of presenting angle-resolved optical scatter results, including directional reflectance factor, directional transmittance factor, and differential scattering function.  
1.4 This practice applies to BSDF measurements on opaque, translucent, or transparent samples.  
1.5 The wavelengths for which this practice applies include the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions. Difficulty in obtaining appropriate sources, detectors, and low scatter optics complicates its practical application at wavelengths less than about 0.2 µm (200 nm). Diffraction effects start to become important for wavelengths greater than 15 µm (15 000 nm), which complicate its practical application at longer wavelengths. Measurements pertaining to visual appearance are restricted to the visible wavelength region.  
1.6 This practice does not apply to materials exhibiting significant fluorescence.  
1.7 This practice applies to flat or curved samples of arbitrary shape. However, only a flat sample is addressed in the discussion and examples. It is the user’s responsibility to define an appropriate sample coordinate system to specify the measurement location on the sample surface and appropriate beam properties for samples that are not flat.  
1.8 This practice does not provide a method for ascribing the measured BSDF to any scattering mechanism or source.  
1.9 This practice does not provide a method to extrapolate data from one wavelength, scattering geometry, sample location, or polarization to any other wavelength, scattering geometry, sample location, or polarization. The user must ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gloss is associated with the capacity of a surface to reflect more light in directions close to the specular than in others. Measurements by this test method correlate with visual observations of surface shininess made at roughly the corresponding angles.  
5.1.1 Measured gloss ratings by this test method are obtained by comparing the specular reflectance from the specimen to that from a black glass standard. Since specular reflectance depends also on the surface refractive index of the specimen, the measured gloss ratings change as the surface refractive index changes. In obtaining the visual gloss ratings, however, it is customary to compare the specular reflectances of two specimens having similar surface refractive indices.  
5.2 Other visual aspects of surface appearance, such as distinctness of reflected images, reflection haze, and texture, are frequently involved in the assessment of gloss (1), (6), (7). Test Method E430 includes techniques for the measurement of both distinctness-of-image gloss and reflection haze. Test Method D4039 provides an alternative procedure for measuring reflection haze.  
5.3 Little information about the relation of numerical-to-perceptual intervals of specular gloss has been published. However, in many applications the gloss scales of this test method have provided instrumental scaling of coated specimens that have agreed well with visual scaling (10).  
5.4 When specimens differing widely in perceived gloss or color, or both, are compared, nonlinearity may be encountered in the relationship between visual gloss difference ratings and instrumental gloss reading differences.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the specular gloss of nonmetallic specimens for glossmeter geometries of 60, 20, and 85° (1-7).2  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gloss of metallic finishes is important commercially on metals for automotive, architectural, and other uses where these metals undergo special finishing processes to produce the appearances desired. It is important for the end-products, which use such finished metals that parts placed together have the same glossy appearance.  
5.2 It is also important that automotive finishes and other high-gloss nonmetallic surfaces possess the desired finished appearance. The present method identifies by measurements important aspects of finishes. Those having identical sets of numbers normally have the same gloss characteristics. It usually requires more than one measurement to identify properly the glossy appearance of any finish (see Refs 3 and 4).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 20° and 30°, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.  
1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2),2 the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.  
1.3 The DOI of a glossy surface is generally independent of its curvature. The DOI measurement by this test method is limited to flat or flattenable surfaces.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An important aspect of the appearance of glossy coating surfaces is the distinctness (clarity) of images reflected by them. The values obtained in this measuring procedure correlate well with visual ratings for DOI (image clarity).  
4.2 Although Test Methods D523 and D4039 are useful in characterizing some aspects of glossy appearance, they do not provide satisfactory ratings for DOI (image clarity).  
4.3 The measurement conditions given conform to the conditions specified in Test Methods E430.  
4.4 The measurement conditions given in this test method conform to the conditions specified in ISO 10216.  
4.5 The scale values obtained with the measuring procedures of this test method range from 0 to 100 with a value of 100 representing perfect DOI (image clarity).  
4.6 The DOI (image clarity) scale value does not, of itself, indicate any specific cause for reduction in reflected image sharpness. Surface irregularities such as haze, orange peel, and wrinkle, when present, may be cited as causes for reduction of image sharpness.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe the measurement of the distinctness-of-image (DOI) gloss of coating surfaces using electro-optical measuring techniques.  
1.2 The coatings assessed shall be applied to planar rigid surfaces.  
1.3 Test Method—The light through a small slit is projected on the specimen surface and its reflected image intensity is measured through a sliding combed shutter to provide a value of image clarity.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is for the use of manufacturers and users of equipment for visual appraisal or measurement of appearance, those writing standards related to such equipment, and others who wish to specify precisely conditions of viewing or measuring attributes of appearance. The use of this practice makes such specifications concise and unambiguous. The functional notation facilitates direct comparisons of the geometric specifications of viewing situations and measuring instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It establishes terms, symbols, a coordinate system, and functional notation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen, the geometry of the illumination (or optical irradiation) of a specimen, and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by the open sampling aperture.  
1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are treated in other ASTM standards and are excluded from the scope of this practice.  
1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts described in this practice have been adopted in that field of measurement.  
1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflecting or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of characterizing appearance, is incomplete without a full description of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions are not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An important aspect of the appearance of glossy coating surfaces is the distinctness (clarity) of images reflected by them. The values obtained in this measuring procedure correlate well with visual ratings for DOI (image clarity).  
4.2 Although Test Methods D523 and D4039 are useful in characterizing some aspects of glossy appearance, they do not provide satisfactory ratings for DOI (image clarity).  
4.3 The measurement conditions given conform to the conditions specified in Test Methods E430.  
4.4 The measurement conditions given in this test method conform to the conditions specified in ISO 10216.  
4.5 The scale values obtained with the measuring procedures of this test method range from 0 to 100 with a value of 100 representing perfect DOI (image clarity).  
4.6 The DOI (image clarity) scale value does not, of itself, indicate any specific cause for reduction in reflected image sharpness. Surface irregularities such as haze, orange peel, and wrinkle, when present, may be cited as causes for reduction of image sharpness.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe the measurement of the distinctness-of-image (DOI) gloss of coating surfaces using electro-optical measuring techniques.  
1.2 The coatings assessed shall be applied to planar rigid surfaces.  
1.3 Test Method—The light through a small slit is projected on the specimen surface and its reflected image intensity is measured through a sliding combed shutter to provide a value of image clarity.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Measured gloss values of specimens depend on the angle of illumination, refractive index of the material, and the geometric distribution of the reflected light.  
5.2 Haze is produced by irregularities in the reflecting surface that affect the distribution of flux reflected around the specular angle. The procedures specified in Test Method D523 are not designed to measure reflected-flux scattering characteristics of high-gloss finishes, particularly where specimens having different surface refractive indexes are being compared.  
5.3 In this test method, values for reflection haze are obtained from two measurements of specular gloss, one made with a large receptor aperture and the other made with a small receptor aperture. The geometric conditions have been chosen to permit the use of glossmeters that provide 60° specular gloss measurements (large receptor aperture) and 20° specular gloss measurements (small receptor aperture) as specified in Test Method D523.  
5.4 An additional method for the measurement of reflection haze is given in Test Method E430.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for using two specular gloss measurements to obtain a haze index for high-gloss nonmetallic specimens (1-4).2 It is particularly useful for evaluating the haze in clear finishes on nonglossy substrates, and the haze in reflected images produced by the surfaces of opaque glossy pigmented finishes.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gloss is associated with the capacity of a surface to reflect more light in directions close to the specular than in others. Measurements by this test method correlate with visual observations of surface shininess made at roughly the corresponding angles.  
5.1.1 Measured gloss ratings by this test method are obtained by comparing the specular reflectance from the specimen to that from a black glass standard. Since specular reflectance depends also on the surface refractive index of the specimen, the measured gloss ratings change as the surface refractive index changes. In obtaining the visual gloss ratings, however, it is customary to compare the specular reflectances of two specimens having similar surface refractive indices.  
5.2 Other visual aspects of surface appearance, such as distinctness of reflected images, reflection haze, and texture, are frequently involved in the assessment of gloss (1), (6), (7). Test Method E430 includes techniques for the measurement of both distinctness-of-image gloss and reflection haze. Test Method D4039 provides an alternative procedure for measuring reflection haze.  
5.3 Little information about the relation of numerical-to-perceptual intervals of specular gloss has been published. However, in many applications the gloss scales of this test method have provided instrumental scaling of coated specimens that have agreed well with visual scaling (10).  
5.4 When specimens differing widely in perceived gloss or color, or both, are compared, nonlinearity may be encountered in the relationship between visual gloss difference ratings and instrumental gloss reading differences.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the specular gloss of nonmetallic specimens for glossmeter geometries of 60, 20, and 85° (1-7).2  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is for the use of manufacturers and users of instruments to measure the appearance of gonioapparent materials, those writing standard specifications for such instruments, and others who wish to specify precisely the geometric conditions of multiangle spectrophotometry. A prominent example of industrial usage is the routine application of such measurements by material suppliers and automobile manufacturers to measure the colors of metallic paints and plastics.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a way of specifying the angular and spatial conditions of measurement and angular selectivity of a method of measuring the spectral reflectance factors of opaque gonioapparent materials, for a small number of sets of geometric conditions.  
1.2 Measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are treated in other ASTM documents and are not included in the scope of this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide deals with the reflected and transmitted light and the selection of geometric conditions for its measurement. There are five kinds of measurement scale used in this guide. First is the regular scale which indicates that only light that has been reflected or transmitted without scattering or diffusion is included for measurement. Second is the specular scale which indicates that only the light that is mirror reflected is included for measurement. The third scale is the diffuse scale which indicates that only the light reflected or transmitted in directions other than the specular or regular direction is included in the measurement. The total scale, the fourth scale, indicates that the light reflected or transmitted in all directions is included for measurement. Last is the directional scale which indicates that the light reflected or transmitted in specified directions only is included for measurement. Directional values depend on the illumination and viewing angles and refer to light reflected or transmitted in directions that differ moderately from the centroid direction or axis of the beam. There should be only one aperture stop in any instrument. This stop determines the cross-sectional area of the incident beam on the specimen. All incident rays within the limits of the illuminator aperture angle, and all rays within the receiver aperture angle, should reach the receiver and be given equal weight by the measurement system. When vignetting occurs, the illumination, viewing, and aperture angles do not adequately describe the geometric properties of the instrument. Regularly and diffusely reflected and transmitted light are often not adequately differentiated and identified to enable their separation for measurement. Most objects and material distribute some light both regularly and diffusely; consequently the regular and diffuse components of reflection and transmission cannot be separated precisely for measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 An important aspect of the appearance of glossy coating surfaces is the distinctness (clarity) of images reflected by them. The values obtained by the measuring procedures given in these methods generally correlate well with visual ratings for DOI (image clarity).4  
4.2 Although Test Methods D523 and D4039 are useful in characterizing some aspects of glossy appearance, they do not provide satisfactory ratings for DOI (image clarity).  
4.3 The measurement conditions given conform to the conditions specified in Test Methods E430.  
4.4 The measurement conditions given in Test Methods B and C conform to the conditions specified in ISO 10216.  
4.5 The scale values obtained with the measuring procedures of these methods range from 0 to 100 with a value of 100 representing perfect DOI (image clarity).  
4.6 The DOI (image clarity) scale value does not of itself, indicate any specific cause for reduction in reflected image sharpness. Surface irregularities such as haze, orange peel, and wrinkle, when present, may be cited as causes for reduction of image sharpness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the distinctness-of-image (DOI) gloss of coating surfaces using electro-optical measuring techniques. The coatings must be applied to planar rigid surfaces. The scale values obtained from the alternative methods cited do not agree.  
1.2 Three test methods are covered as follows:  
1.2.1 Test Method A—Gloss reflectance factor measurements are made on the specimen at the specular viewing angle and at an angle slightly off the specular viewing angle. The values obtained are combined to provide a DOI value. Very narrow source and receptor aperture angles are used in the measurements.  
1.2.2 Test Method B—The light through a small slit is projected on the specimen surface and its reflected image intensity is measured through a sliding combed shutter to provide a value of image clarity.  
1.2.3 Test Method C—The light through a pattern is projected on the specimen surface and its reflected image intensity is measured directly to provide a value of image clarity.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide deals with the reflected and transmitted light and the selection of geometric conditions for its measurement. There are five kinds of measurement scale used in this guide. First is the regular scale which indicates that only light that has been reflected or transmitted without scattering or diffusion is included for measurement. Second is the specular scale which indicates that only the light that is mirror reflected is included for measurement. The third scale is the diffuse scale which indicates that only the light reflected or transmitted in directions other than the specular or regular direction is included in the measurement. The total scale, the fourth scale, indicates that the light reflected or transmitted in all directions is included for measurement. Last is the directional scale which indicates that the light reflected or transmitted in specified directions only is included for measurement. Directional values depend on the illumination and viewing angles and refer to light reflected or transmitted in directions that differ moderately from the centroid direction or axis of the beam. There should be only one aperture stop in any instrument. This stop determines the cross-sectional area of the incident beam on the specimen. All incident rays within the limits of the illuminator aperture angle, and all rays within the receiver aperture angle, should reach the receiver and be given equal weight by the measurement system. When vignetting occurs, the illumination, viewing, and aperture angles do not adequately describe the geometric properties of the instrument. Regularly and diffusely reflected and transmitted light are often not adequately differentiated and identified to enable their separation for measurement. Most objects and material distribute some light both regularly and diffusely; consequently the regular and diffuse components of reflection and transmission cannot be separated precisely for measurement.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, this guide was withdrawn in April 2012 in accordance with section 10.5.3.1 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is for the use of manufacturers and users of equipment for visual appraisal or measurement of appearance, those writing standards related to such equipment, and others who wish to specify precisely conditions of viewing or measuring attributes of appearance. The use of this practice makes such specifications concise and unambiguous. The functional notation facilitates direct comparisons of the geometric specifications of viewing situations and measuring instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It establishes terms, symbols, a coordinate system, and functional notation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen, the geometry of the illumination (or optical irradiation) of a specimen, and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by the open sampling aperture.
1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are treated in other ASTM standards and are excluded from the scope of this practice.
1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts described in this practice have been adopted in that field of measurement.
1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflecting or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of characterizing appearance, is incomplete without a full description of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions are not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The angular distribution of scatter is a property of surfaces that may have direct consequences on an intermediate or final application of that surface. Scatter defines many visual appearance attributes of materials, and specification of the distribution and wavelength dependence is critical to the marketability of consumer products, such as automobiles, cosmetics, and electronics. Optically diffusive materials are used in information display applications to spread light from display elements to the viewer, and the performance of such displays relies on specification of the distribution of scatter. Stray-light reduction elements, such as baffles and walls, rely on absorbing coatings that have low diffuse reflectances. Scatter from mirrors, lenses, filters, windows, and other components can limit resolution and contrast in optical systems, such as telescopes, ring laser gyros, and microscopes.
The microstructure associated with a material affects the angular distribution of scatter, and specific properties can often be inferred from measurements of that scatter. For example, roughness, material inhomogeneity, and particles on smooth surfaces contribute to optical scatter, and optical scatter can be used to detect the presence of such defects.
The angular distribution of scattered light can be used to simulate or render the appearance of materials. Quality of rendering relies heavily upon accurate measurement of the light scattering properties of the materials being rendered.
SCOPE
p>1.1 This practice describes procedures for determining the amount and angular distribution of optical scatter from a surface. In particular it focuses on measurement of the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF). BSDF is a convenient and well accepted means of expressing optical scatter levels for many purposes. It is often referred to as the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) when considering reflective scatter or the bidirectional transmittance distribution function (BTDF) when considering transmissive scatter.
1.2 The BSDF is a fundamental description of the appearance of a sample, and many other appearance attributes (such as gloss, haze, and color) can be represented in terms of integrals of the BSDF over specific geometric and spectral conditions.
1.3 This practice also presents alternative ways of presenting angle-resolved optical scatter results, including directional reflectance factor, directional transmittance factor, and differential scattering function.
1.4 This practice applies to BSDF measurements on opaque, translucent, or transparent samples.
1.5 The wavelengths for which this practice applies include the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions. Difficulty in obtaining appropriate sources, detectors, and low scatter optics complicates its practical application at wavelengths less than about 0.2 m (200 nm). Diffraction effects start to become important for wavelengths greater than 15 m (15 000 nm), which complicate its practical application at longer wavelengths. Measurements pertaining to visual appearance are restricted to the visible wavelength region.
1.6 This practice does not apply to materials exhibiting significant fluorescence.
1.7 This practice applies to flat or curved samples of arbitrary shape. However, only a flat sample is addressed in the discussion and examples. It is the users responsibility to define an appropriate sample coordinate system to specify the measurement location on the sample surface and appropriate beam properties for samples that are not flat.
1.8 This practice does not provide a method for ascribing the measured BSDF to any scattering mechanism or source.
1.9 This practice does not provide a method to extrapolate data from one wavelength, scattering geometry, sample location, or polarization to any other wavelength, scattering geometry, sample location, or polarization. The user must make measurements at the wavele...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The gloss of metallic finishes is important commercially on metals for automotive, architectural, and other uses where these metals undergo special finishing processes to produce the appearances desired. It is important for the end-products, which use such finished metals that parts placed together have the same glossy appearance.
It is also important that automotive finishes and other high-gloss nonmetallic surfaces possess the desired finished appearance. The present method identifies by measurements important aspects of finishes. Those having identical sets of numbers normally have the same gloss characteristics. It usually requires more than one measurement to identify properly the glossy appearance of any finish (see Refs 3 and 4).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Three test methods, A, B and C, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 30°, 20° and 30°, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.
1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2), the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.
1.3 The DOI of a glossy surface is generally independent of its curvature. The DOI measurement by this test method is limited to flat or flattenable surfaces.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measured gloss values of specimens depend on the angle of illumination, refractive index of the material, and the geometric distribution of the reflected light.
Haze is produced by irregularities in the reflecting surface that affect the distribution of flux reflected around the specular angle. The procedures specified in Test Method D 523 are not designed to measure reflected-flux scattering characteristics of high-gloss finishes, particularly where specimens having different surface refractive indexes are being compared.
In this test method, values for reflection haze are obtained from two measurements of specular gloss, one made with a large receptor aperture and the other made with a small receptor aperture. The geometric conditions have been chosen to permit the use of glossmeters that provide 60° specular gloss measurements (large receptor aperture) and 20° specular gloss measurements (small receptor aperture) as specified in Test Method D 523.
An additional method for the measurement of reflection haze is given in Test Method E 430.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for using two specular gloss measurements to obtain a haze index for high-gloss nonmetallic specimens (1-4). It is particularly useful for evaluating the haze in clear finishes on nonglossy substrates, and the haze in reflected images produced by the surfaces of opaque glossy pigmented finishes.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Gloss is associated with the capacity of a surface to reflect more light in directions close to the specular than in others. Measurements by this test method correlate with visual observations of surface shininess made at roughly the corresponding angles.
Measured gloss ratings by this test method are obtained by comparing the specular reflectance from the specimen to that from a black glass standard. Since specular reflectance depends also on the surface refractive index of the specimen, the measured gloss ratings change as the surface refractive index changes. In obtaining the visual gloss ratings, however, it is customary to compare the specular reflectances of two specimens having similar surface refractive indices.
Other visual aspects of surface appearance, such as distinctness of reflected images, reflection haze, and texture, are frequently involved in the assessment of gloss (1), (6), (7). Test Method E 430 includes techniques for the measurement of both distinctness-of-image gloss and reflection haze. Test Method D 4039 provides an alternative procedure for measuring reflection haze.
Little information about the relation of numerical-to-perceptual intervals of specular gloss has been published. However, in many applications the gloss scales of this test method have provided instrumental scaling of coated specimens that have agreed well with visual scaling (10).
When specimens differing widely in perceived gloss or color, or both, are compared, nonlinearity may be encountered in the relationship between visual gloss difference ratings and instrumental gloss reading differences.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the specular gloss of nonmetallic specimens for glossmeter geometries of 60, 20, and 85° (1-7).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Gloss is associated with the capacity of a surface to reflect more light in some directions than in others. The directions associated with mirror (or specular) reflection normally have the highest reflectances. Measurements by this test method correlate with visual observations of surface shininess made at roughly the corresponding angles.
Measured gloss ratings by this test method are obtained by comparing the specular reflectance from the specimen to that from a black glass standard. Since specular reflectance depends also on the surface refractive index of the specimen, the measured gloss ratings change as the surface refractive index changes. In obtaining the visual gloss ratings, however, it is customary to compare the specular reflectances of two specimens having similar surface refractive indices. Since the instrumental ratings are affected more than the visual ratings by changes in surface refractive index, non-agreement between visual and instrumental gloss ratings can occur when high gloss specimen surfaces differing in refractive index are compared.
Other visual aspects of surface appearance, such as distinctness of reflected images, reflection haze, and texture, are frequently involved in the assessment of gloss (1), (6), (7). Test Method E 430 includes techniques for the measurement of both distinctness-of-image gloss and reflection haze. Test Method D 4039 provides an alternative procedure for measuring reflection haze.
Little information about the relation of numerical-to-perceptual intervals of specular gloss has been published. However, in many applications the gloss scales of this test method have provided discriminations between coated specimens that have agreed well with visual discriminations of gloss (10).
When specimens differing widely in perceived gloss or color, or both, are compared, nonlinearity may be encountered in the relationship between visual gloss difference ratings and instrumental gloss reading differences.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the specular gloss of nonmetallic specimens for glossmeter geometries of 60, 20, and 85° (1-7).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is for the use of manufacturers and users of instruments to measure the appearance of gonioapparent materials, those writing standard specifications for such instruments, and others who wish to specify precisely the geometric conditions of multiangle spectrophotometry. A prominent example of industrial usage is the routine application of such measurements by material suppliers and automobile manufacturers to measure the colors of metallic paints and plastics.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a way of specifying the angular and spatial conditions of measurement and angular selectivity of a method of measuring the spectral reflectance factors of opaque gonioapparent materials, for a small number of sets of geometric conditions.
1.2 Measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are treated in other ASTM documents and are not included in the scope of this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a basis for choosing, specifying, recording, communicating, and standardizing the conditions and processes that determine the nature of a photographic image of a specimen. Its provisions are particularly useful when the photographic image is used to preserve or communicate the appearance of a specimen involved in an aging or stressing test that affects its appearance. It is often useful to compare photographs made under identical conditions before and after a test to illustrate a change in appearance.
This practice deals with specific details of camera technique and the photographic process, so it will probably be best understood and implemented by a technical photographer or someone trained in photographic science. The person requiring the photograph must clearly indicate to the photographer what features of the specimen are of technical interest, so he may use techniques that make those features clearly evident in the photograph, without misrepresenting the appearance of the specimen.
This practice provides useful guidance on presenting photographs for viewing, providing an indication of dimensions or scale, indicating the orientation of the picture, and referring to particular points on a picture. These techniques should be useful to those writing technical literature involving illustrations of the appearance of specimens. The methods of this practice should contribute materially to the accuracy and precision of other standards that rely on pictures to indicate various grades of some attribute of appearance, such as blistering or cracking.
For acceptance testing, manufacturing control, and regulatory purposes, it is desirable to employ measurement, but in those cases where there are no methods of measuring the attribute of appearance of interest, well-made photographs or photomechanical reproductions of them may be the best available way to record and communicate to an inspector the nature of the attribute of appearance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines terms and symbols and provides a systematic method of describing the arrangement of lights, camera, and subject, the characteristics of the illumination, the nature of the photographic process, and the viewing system. Conditions for photographing certain common forms of specimens are recommended. Although this practice is applicable to photographic documentation in general, it is intended for use in describing the photography of specimens involved in testing and in standardizing such procedures for particular kinds of specimens. This practice is applicable to macrophotography but photomicrography is excluded from the scope of this practice.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The gloss of metallic finishes is important commercially on metals for automotive, architectural, and other uses where these metals undergo special finishing processes to produce the appearances desired. It is important for the end-products, which use such finished metals that parts placed together have the same glossy appearance.
It is also important that automotive finishes and other high-gloss nonmetallic surfaces possess the desired finished appearance. The present method identifies by measurements important aspects of finishes. Those having identical sets of numbers normally have the same gloss characteristics. It usually requires more than one measurement to identify properly the glossy appearance of any finish (see Refs 3 and 4).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 30 and 20, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.
1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2),² the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The angular distribution of scatter is a property of surfaces that may have direct consequences on an intermediate or final application of that surface. Scatter defines many visual appearance attributes of materials, and specification of the distribution and wavelength dependence is critical to the marketability of consumer products, such as automobiles, cosmetics, and electronics. Optically diffusive materials are used in information display applications to spread light from display elements to the viewer, and the performance of such displays relies on specification of the distribution of scatter. Stray-light reduction elements, such as baffles and walls, rely on absorbing coatings that have low diffuse reflectances. Scatter from mirrors, lenses, filters, windows, and other components can limit resolution and contrast in optical systems, such as telescopes, ring laser gyros, and microscopes.
The microstructure associated with a material affects the angular distribution of scatter, and specific properties can often be inferred from measurements of that scatter. For example, roughness, material inhomogeneity, and particles on smooth surfaces contribute to optical scatter, and optical scatter can be used to detect the presence of such defects.
The angular distribution of scattered light can be used to simulate or render the appearance of materials. Quality of rendering relies heavily upon accurate measurement of the light scattering properties of the materials being rendered.
SCOPE
p>1.1 This practice describes procedures for determining the amount and angular distribution of optical scatter from a surface. In particular it focuses on measurement of the bidirectional scattering distribution function (BSDF). BSDF is a convenient and well accepted means of expressing optical scatter levels for many purposes. It is often referred to as the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) when considering reflective scatter or the bidirectional transmittance distribution function (BTDF) when considering transmissive scatter.
1.2 The BSDF is a fundamental description of the appearance of a sample, and many other appearance attributes (such as gloss, haze, and color) can be represented in terms of integrals of the BSDF over specific geometric and spectral conditions.
1.3 This practice also presents alternative ways of presenting angle-resolved optical scatter results, including directional reflectance factor, directional transmittance factor, and differential scattering function.
1.4 This practice applies to BSDF measurements on opaque, translucent, or transparent samples.
1.5 The wavelengths for which this practice applies include the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared regions. Difficulty in obtaining appropriate sources, detectors, and low scatter optics complicates its practical application at wavelengths less than about 0.2 m (200 nm). Diffraction effects start to become important for wavelengths greater than 15 m (15 000 nm), which complicate its practical application at longer wavelengths. Measurements pertaining to visual appearance are restricted to the visible wavelength region.
1.6 This practice does not apply to materials exhibiting significant fluorescence.
1.7 This practice applies to flat or curved samples of arbitrary shape. However, only a flat sample is addressed in the discussion and examples. It is the users responsibility to define an appropriate sample coordinate system to specify the measurement location on the sample surface and appropriate beam properties for samples that are not flat.
1.8 This practice does not provide a method for ascribing the measured BSDF to any scattering mechanism or source.
1.9 This practice does not provide a method to extrapolate data from one wavelength, scattering geometry, sample location, or polarization to any other wavelength, scattering geometry, sample location, or polarization. The user must make measurements at the wavele...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
An important aspect of the appearance of glossy coating surfaces is the distinctness (clarity) of images reflected by them. The values obtained by the measuring procedures given in these methods generally correlate well with visual ratings for DOI (image clarity).4  
Although Test Methods D 523 and D 4039 are useful in characterizing some aspects of glossy appearance, they do not provide satisfactory ratings for DOI (image clarity).
The measurement conditions given conform to the conditions specified in Test Methods E 430.
The measurement conditions given in Test Methods B and C conform to the conditions specified in ISO Standard #10216.
The scale values obtained with the measuring procedures of these methods range from 0 to 100 with a value of 100 representing perfect DOI (image clarity).
The DOI (image clarity) scale value does not of itself, indicate any specific cause for reduction in reflected image sharpness. Surface irregularities such as haze, orange peel, and wrinkle, when present, may be cited as causes for reduction of image sharpness.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the distinctness-of-image (DOI) gloss of coating surfaces using electro-optical measuring techniques. The coatings must be applied to planar rigid surfaces. The scale values obtained from the alternative methods cited do not agree.
1.2 Three test methods are covered as follows:
1.2.1 Test Method AGloss reflectance factor measurements are made on the specimen at the specular viewing angle and at an angle slightly off the specular viewing angle. The values obtained are combined to provide a DOI value. Very narrow source and receptor aperture angles are used in the measurements.
1.2.2 Test Method BThe light through a small slit is projected on the specimen surface and its reflected image intensity is measured through a sliding combed shutter to provide a value of image clarity.
1.2.3 Test Method CThe light through a pattern is projected on the specimen surface and its reflected image intensity is measured directly to provide a value of image clarity.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Measured gloss values of specimens depend on the angle of illumination, refractive index of the material, and the geometric distribution of the reflected light.
Haze is produced by irregularities in the reflecting surface that affect the distribution of flux reflected around the specular angle. The procedures specified in Test Method D 523 are not designed to measure reflected-flux scattering characteristics of high-gloss finishes, particularly where specimens having different surface refractive indexes are being compared. A better index of scattering can be obtained by making two specular reflectance measurements, that is, the use of two receptor apertures of different size.
In this test method, values for reflection haze are obtained from two measurements of specular gloss, one made with a large receptor aperture and the other made with a small receptor aperture. The geometric conditions have been chosen to permit the use of glossmeters that provide 60° specular gloss measurements (large receptor aperture) and 20° specular gloss measurements (small receptor aperture) as specified in Test Method D 523.
An additional method for the measurement of reflection haze is given in Test Method E 430.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for using two specular gloss measurements to obtain a haze index for high-gloss nonmetallic specimens (). It is particularly useful for evaluating the haze in clear finishes on nonglossy substrates, and the haze in reflected images produced by the surfaces of opaque glossy pigmented finishes.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is for the use of manufacturers and users of equipment for visual appraisal or measurement of appearance, those writing standards related to such equipment, and others who wish to specify precisely conditions of viewing or measuring attributes of appearance. The use of this practice makes such specifications concise and unambiguous. The functional notation facilitates direct comparisons of the geometric specifications of viewing situations and measuring instruments.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the geometry of illuminating and viewing specimens and the corresponding geometry of optical measurements to characterize the appearance of materials. It establishes terms, symbols, a coordinate system, and functional notation to describe the geometric orientation of a specimen, the geometry of the illumination (or optical irradiation) of a specimen, and the geometry of collection of flux reflected or transmitted by the specimen, by a measurement standard, or by the open sampling aperture.
1.2 Optical measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are treated in other ASTM standards and are excluded from the scope of this practice.
1.3 The measurement of transmitted or reflected light from areas less than 0.5 mm in diameter may be affected by optical coherence, so measurements on such small areas are excluded from consideration in this practice, although the basic concepts described in this practice have been adopted in that field of measurement.
1.4 The specification of a method of measuring the reflecting or transmitting properties of specimens, for the purpose of characterizing appearance, is incomplete without a full description of the spectral nature of the system, but spectral conditions are not within the scope of this practice. The use of functional notation to specify spectral conditions is described in ISO 5/1.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 30 and 20, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.
1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2), the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines terms and symbols and provides a systematic method of describing the arrangement of lights, camera, and subject, the characteristics of the illumination, the nature of the photographic process, and the viewing system. Conditions for photographing certain common forms of specimens are recommended. Although this practice is applicable to photographic documentation in general, it is intended for use in describing the photography of specimens involved in testing and in standardizing such procedures for particular kinds of specimens. This practice is applicable to macrophotography but photomicrography is excluded from the scope of this practice.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice is for the use of manufacturers and users of instruments to measure the appearance of gonioapparent materials, those writing standard specifications for such instruments, and others who wish to specify precisely the geometric conditions of multiangle spectrophotometry. A prominent example of industrial usage is the routine application of such measurements by material suppliers and automobile manufacturers to measure the colors of metallic paints and plastics.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a way of specifying the angular and spatial conditions of measurement and angular selectivity of a method of measuring the spectral reflectance factors of opaque gonioapparent materials, for a small number of sets of geometric conditions.
1.2 Measurements to characterize the appearance of retroreflective materials are of such a special nature that they are treated in other ASTM documents and are not included in the scope of this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Gloss is associated with the capacity of a surface to reflect more light in some directions than in others. The directions associated with mirror (or specular) reflection normally have the highest reflectances. Measurements by this test method correlate with visual observations of surface shininess made at roughly the corresponding angles.
5.1.1 Measured gloss ratings by this test method are obtained by comparing the specular reflectance from the specimen to that from a black glass standard. Since specular reflectance depends also on the surface refractive index of the specimen, the measured gloss ratings change as the surface refractive index changes. In obtaining the visual gloss ratings, however, it is customary to compare the specular reflectances of two specimens having similar surface refractive indices. Since the instrumental ratings are affected more than the visual ratings by changes in surface refractive index, non-agreement between visual and instrumental gloss ratings can occur when high gloss specimen surfaces differing in refractive index are compared.
Other visual aspects of surface appearance, such as distinctness of reflected images, reflection haze, and texture, are frequently involved in the assessment of gloss (1), (6), (7). Test Method E 430 includes techniques for the measurement of both distinctness-of-image gloss and reflection haze. Test Method D 4039 provides an alternative procedure for measuring reflection haze.
Little information about the relation of numerical-to-perceptual intervals of specular gloss has been published. However, in many applications the gloss scales of this test method have provided discriminations between coated specimens that have agreed well with visual discriminations of gloss (10).
When specimens differing widely in perceived gloss or color, or both, are compared, nonlinearity may be encountered in the relationship between visual gloss difference ratings and instrumental gloss reading differences.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the specular gloss of nonmetallic specimens for glossmeter geometries of 60, 20, and 85° (1-7).  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a procedure for using two specular gloss measurements to obtain a haze index for high-gloss nonmetallic specimens (1-4).  It is particularly useful for evaluating the haze in clear finishes on nonglossy substrates, and the haze in reflected images produced by the surfaces of opaque glossy pigmented finishes.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the measurement of the distinctness-of-image (DOI) gloss of coating surfaces using electro-optical measuring techniques. The coatings must be applied to planar rigid surfaces. The scale values obtained from the alternative methods cited do not agree.  
1.2 Three test methods are covered as follows:  
1.2.1 Test Method A -Gloss reflectance factor measurements are made on the specimen at the specular viewing angle and at an angle slightly off the specular viewing angle. The values obtained are combined to provide a DOI value. Very narrow source and receptor aperture angles are used in the measurements.  
1.2.2 Test Method B -The light through a small slit is projected on the specimen surface and its reflected image intensity is measured through a sliding combed shutter to provide a value of image clarity.  
1.2.3 Test Method C -The light through a pattern is projected on the specimen surface and its reflected image intensity is measured directly to provide a value of image clarity.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 30° and 20°, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.  
1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2), the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines terms and symbols and provides a systematic method of describing the arrangement of lights, camera, and subject, the characteristics of the illumination, the nature of the photographic process, and the viewing system. Conditions for photographing certain common forms of specimens are recommended. Although this practice is applicable to photographic documentation in general, it is intended for use in describing the photography of specimens involved in testing and in standardizing such procedures for particular kinds of specimens. This practice is applicable to macrophotography but photomicrography is excluded from the scope of this practice.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a basis for choosing, specifying, recording, communicating, and standardizing the conditions and processes that determine the nature of a photographic image of a specimen. Its provisions are particularly useful when the photographic image is used to preserve or communicate the appearance of a specimen involved in an aging or stressing test that affects its appearance. It is often useful to compare photographs made under identical conditions before and after a test to illustrate a change in appearance.
This practice deals with specific details of camera technique and the photographic process, so it will probably be best understood and implemented by a technical photographer or someone trained in photographic science. The person requiring the photograph must clearly indicate to the photographer what features of the specimen are of technical interest, so he may use techniques that make those features clearly evident in the photograph, without misrepresenting the appearance of the specimen.
This practice provides useful guidance on presenting photographs for viewing, providing an indication of dimensions or scale, indicating the orientation of the picture, and referring to particular points on a picture. These techniques should be useful to those writing technical literature involving illustrations of the appearance of specimens. The methods of this practice should contribute materially to the accuracy and precision of other standards that rely on pictures to indicate various grades of some attribute of appearance, such as blistering or cracking.
For acceptance testing, manufacturing control, and regulatory purposes, it is desirable to employ measurement, but in those cases where there are no methods of measuring the attribute of appearance of interest, well-made photographs or photomechanical reproductions of them may be the best available way to record and communicate to an inspector the nature of the attribute of appearance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines terms and symbols and provides a systematic method of describing the arrangement of lights, camera, and subject, the characteristics of the illumination, the nature of the photographic process, and the viewing system. Conditions for photographing certain common forms of specimens are recommended. Although this practice is applicable to photographic documentation in general, it is intended for use in describing the photography of specimens involved in testing and in standardizing such procedures for particular kinds of specimens. This practice is applicable to macrophotography but photomicrography is excluded from the scope of this practice.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice defines terms and symbols and provides a systematic method of describing the arrangement of lights, camera, and subject, the characteristics of the illumination, the nature of the photographic process, and the viewing system. Conditions for photographing certain common forms of specimens are recommended. Although this practice is applicable to photographic documentation in general, it is intended for use in describing the photography of specimens involved in testing and in standardizing such procedures for particular kinds of specimens. This practice is applicable to macrophotography but photomicrography is excluded from the scope of this practice.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee E12 on Color and Appearance, this practice was withdrawn in November 2017. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.