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ASTM E179-17

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Apr-2017
ICS
17.180.20 - Colours and measurement of light
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.03 - Geometry
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E179-17 - Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of MaterialsASTM E179-17 - Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
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ASTM E179-17 - Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
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REDLINE ASTM E179-17 - Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of MaterialsREDLINE ASTM E179-17 - Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E179 −17
Standard Guide for
Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of
1
Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E179; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This is a guide describing the selecting of geometric conditions of measurement of appearance
attributes such as color, gloss, reflectance, opacity, and transmittance. It includes a selection of
numerical scales for appearance attributes other than color.
In describing appearance, wavelength (or spectral) variability is primarily responsible for color,
while geometric (or directional) selectivity is primarily responsible for gloss, luster, translucency, and
like attributes. However, geometric conditions not only affect geometric variables such as gloss and
transparency, but also affect color, diffuse reflectance, and transmittance. Likewise spectral conditions
can affect the measurement of geometric attributes of appearance. Therefore both the spectral and
geometric conditions of measurement must be identified in specifying an appearance attribute of a
specimen.
This guide describes the selection of geometric conditions and as a consequence should help
improve agreement in these measurements as well as providing useful guidance in resolving
differences between spectral-type measurements that are related to geometry.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, 2.1 ASTM Standards:
measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or C346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic
evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, Materials
opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of C347 Test Method for Reflectivity and Coefficient of Scatter
3
reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the of White Porcelain Enamels (Withdrawn 1990)
spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric C523 Test Method for Light Reflectance of Acoustical Ma-
variables described herein can importantly affect instrumen- terials by the Integrating Sphere Reflectometer (With-
3
tally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope drawn 1988)
rather than specific as to instrument or material. C584 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Glazed Ceramic
Whitewares and Related Products
1.2 This international standard was developed in accor-
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
of Transparent Plastics
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
D1455 Test Method for 60° Specular Gloss of Emulsion
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Floor Polish
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 on Geometry. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2017.PublishedJuly2017.Originallyapproved the ASTM website.
3
in1961.Lastpreviouseditionapprovedin2012asE179–12.DOI:10.1520/E0179- The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
17. www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E179−17
D1494 Test Method for Diffuse Light Transmission Factor 3.1.1 flux (radiant), Φ,n—the time rate of flow of radiant
of Reinforced Plastics Panels energy; radiant power (Terminology E284).
D1746 Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting
3.1.2 incident flux, Φ,n—flux incident on the specimen at a
i
D1834 Test Method for 20° Specular Gloss of Waxed Paper
specified illumination angle and aperture angle.
3
(Withdrawn 2004)
3.1.3 reflected flux, Φ,n—flux reflected from the specimen
r
D4039 Test Method for Reflection Haze of High-Gloss
at a specified viewing angle and aperture angle.
Surfaces
3.1.4 reference reflected flux, Φ ,n—flux reflected from a
r.r
D4061 Test Method for Retroreflectance of Horizontal Coat-
referencestandardofreflectance,illuminatedandviewedinthe
ings
same manner as the specimen under consideration.
E97 Method of Test for Directional Reflectance Factor,
45-Deg 0-Deg, of Opaque Sp
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E179 − 12 E179 − 17
Standard Guide for
Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of
1
Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E179; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This is a guide describing the selecting of geometric conditions of measurement of appearance
attributes such as color, gloss, reflectance, opacity, and transmittance. It includes a selection of
numerical scales for appearance attributes other than color.
In describing appearance, wavelength (or spectral) variability is primarily responsible for color,
while geometric (or directional) selectivity is primarily responsible for gloss, luster, translucency, and
like attributes. However, geometric conditions not only affect geometric variables such as gloss and
transparency, but also affect color, diffuse reflectance, and transmittance. Likewise spectral conditions
can affect the measurement of geometric attributes of appearance. Therefore both the spectral and
geometric conditions of measurement must be identified in specifying an appearance attribute of a
specimen.
This guide describes the selection of geometric conditions and as a consequence should help
improve agreement in these measurements as well as providing useful guidance in resolving
differences between spectral-type measurements that are related to geometry.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or
evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or
transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described
herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to
instrument or material.
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C346 Test Method for 45-deg Specular Gloss of Ceramic Materials
3
C347 Test Method for Reflectivity and Coefficient of Scatter of White Porcelain Enamels (Withdrawn 1990)
3
C523 Test Method for Light Reflectance of Acoustical Materials by the Integrating Sphere Reflectometer (Withdrawn 1988)
C584 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Glazed Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
D1003 Test Method for Haze and Luminous Transmittance of Transparent Plastics
D1455 Test Method for 60° Specular Gloss of Emulsion Floor Polish
D1494 Test Method for Diffuse Light Transmission Factor of Reinforced Plastics Panels
D1746 Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 on Geometry.
Current edition approved July 1, 2012May 1, 2017. Published September 2012July 2017. Originally approved in 1961. Last previous edition approved in 20032012 as
E179 – 96 (2003) which was withdrawn April 2012 and reinstated in July 2012. DOI: 10.1520/E0179-1212. DOI: 10.1520/E0179-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E179 − 17
3
D1834 Test Method for 20° Specular Gloss of Waxed Paper (Withdrawn 2004)
D4039 Test Method for Reflection Haze of High-Gloss Surfaces
D4061 Test Method for Retroreflectance of Horizontal Coatings
E97 Method of Test for Directional Reflectance Factor, 45-Deg 0-Deg, of Opaque Specimens by Broad-Band Filter
3
Reflectometry (Withdrawn
...

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1.1 This practice provides spectrophotometric methods for detecting the presence of fluorescence in object-color specimens.
Note 1: Since the addition of fluorescing agents (colorants, whitening agents, etc.) is often intentional by the manufacturer of a material, information on the presence or absence of fluorescent properties in a specimen may often be obtained from the maker of the material.  
1.2 This practice requires the use of a spectrophotometer that both irradiates the specimen over the wavelength range from 340 nm to 700 nm and allows the spectral distribution of illumination on the specimen to be altered as desired.  
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ASTM E1349-06(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Reflectance Factor and Color by Spectrophotometry Using Bidirectional (45°:0° or 0°:45°) Geometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The most direct and accessible methods for obtaining the color coordinates of object colors are by instrumental measurement using spectrophotometers or spectrocolorimeters with either hemispherical or bidirectional optical measuring systems. This test method provides procedures for such measurement by spectrophotometry using a bidirectional (0:45 or 45:0) optical measuring system. The method for color and color difference measurement using filter colorimeters is contained in Test Method E1347.  
5.2 This test method is especially suitable for measurement of the following types of specimens for the indicated uses (see also Guide E179 and Practice E805):  
5.2.1 Object-color specimens of any gloss level for color assessment.  
5.2.2 Object-color specimens with physically flat, smooth surfaces from which to obtain data for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.2.3 Retroreflective specimens.
Note 1: To ensure inter-instrument agreement in the measurement of specimens with intermediate gloss, for formulation, or of retroreflective specimens, significantly tighter tolerances than those given in Practice E1164, Influx and Efflux Conditions, 45°:Normal (45:0) and Normal:45° (0:45) Reflectance Factor section, may be required for the instrument angles of illumination and viewing. Information on the required tolerances is being developed.  
5.3 This test method is not recommended for measurement of specimens with bare metal surfaces for color assessment, for which the use of hemispherical measurement geometry, as with an integrating-sphere type instrument, is preferable (see Guide E179).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the instrumental measurement of the reflection properties and color of object-color specimens by use of a spectrophotometer or spectrocolorimeter with a bidirectional optical measuring system, such as annular, circumferential, or uniplanar 45:0 or 0:45 geometry.  
1.2 This test method is generally suitable for any non-fluorescent, flat object-color specimen. It is especially recommended for measuring retroreflective specimens and specimens of intermediate gloss.  
1.3 Procedures required for the measurement of fluorescent object color are given in Practice E991 and Practice E2153.  
1.4 Procedures required for the measurement of color using filter colorimeters are contained in Test Method E1347 and this standard does not address those instruments.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtaining tristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordinates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colorimetry using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.  
5.2 The CIE 1931 (2°) standard observer is used to calculate the colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications because in practice these materials are primarily viewed from a distance where they subtend less than 4° of the visual field.  
5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimens of any gloss level.  
5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materials the colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computer colorant formulation.  
5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.
Note 1: Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance components from the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningful information to evaluate independently the luminescent and diffuse reflective efficiency and consistency of these materials.  
5.6 This test method is the referee method for determining the conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the instrumental measurement of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values, luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials when illuminated by daylight.  
1.2 This test method is generally applicable to any sheeting or marking material having combined fluorescent and retroreflective properties used for daytime high visibility traffic control and personal safety applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
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ASTM
ASTM E179-17(2022)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials

SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use in selecting terminology, measurement scales, and instrumentation for describing or evaluating such appearance characteristics as glossiness, opacity, lightness, transparency, and haziness in terms of reflected or transmitted light. This guide does not consider the spectral variations responsible for color, but the geometric variables described herein can importantly affect instrumentally measured values of color. This guide is general in scope rather than specific as to instrument or material.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Guide
    8 pages
    English language
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