D02.05 - Properties of Fuels, Petroleum Coke and Carbon Material

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sampling is as important as testing. If the sampling is improperly done, the sample of the material will be in error, and the analysis will not represent the true properties of the material, and it may be impossible or impracticable to take another sample; whereas, if the sample is properly taken and the analysis is in error, another analysis can readily be made of the original sample.  
5.2 Samples may be taken for either of the following two purposes:  
5.2.1 To represent as nearly as possible an average of the bulk of the materials sampled, or  
5.2.2 To ascertain the maximum variation in characteristics which the material possesses.  
5.3 A good sampling plan has the following characteristics:  
5.3.1 It protects the consumer against the acceptance of a bad batch of material.  
5.3.2 It protects the producer against the rejection of a good batch of material.  
5.3.3 It gives long-range protection to the consumer.  
5.3.4 It encourages the producer to keep his process in control.  
5.3.5 It minimizes the cost of sampling, inspection of testing, and administration.  
5.3.6 It provides information concerning the quality of the product.  
5.4 Sampling Integrity—When one takes a sample, one is attempting to represent a batch or lot of material with that sample. Different forms of pitch, and pitch in different types of containers, need to have different sampling plans and appropriate sampling equipment. Each sampling plan should be designed so that it accomplishes its objective, which is to ascertain the characteristics or quality of a batch or lot of material.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling pitch at points of manufacture, storage, and delivery.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements are given in Section 12.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is used mainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an important quality characteristic, since color is readily observed by the user of the product. In some cases, the color may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the color range of a particular product is known, a variation outside the established range may indicate possible contamination with another product. However, color is not always a reliable guide to product quality and should not be used indiscriminately in product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the visual determination of the color of a wide variety of petroleum products, such as lubricating oils, heating oils, diesel fuel oils, and petroleum waxes.  
Note 1: Test Method D156 is applicable to refined products that have an ASTM color lighter than 0.5.
Note 2: The color of some dyed products may extend outside color range defined by the glass reference standards employed in the testing procedure. Furthermore, samples used to determine the precision and bias did not include dyed products.
Note 3: It is up to the user to determine the suitability of this test method for their dyed products.  
1.2 This test method reports results specific to the test method and recorded as “ASTM Color.”  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to measure and compare thermal properties of materials under controlled conditions and their ability to maintain required thermal conductance levels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a steady-state technique for the determination of the thermal conductivity of carbon materials in thicknesses of less than 25 mm. The test method is useful for homogeneous materials having a thermal conductivity in the approximate range 1−4  m2 ·K/W) over the approximate temperature range from 150 K to 600 K. It can be used outside these ranges with reduced accuracy for thicker specimens and for thermal conductivity values up to 60 W/(m·K).
Note 1: It is not recommended to test graphite cathode materials using this test method. Graphites usually have a very low thermal resistance, and the interfaces between the specimen to be tested and the instrument become more significant than the specimen itself.  
1.2 This test method is similar in concept to Test Methods E1530 and C518. Significant attention has been paid to ensure that the thermal resistance of contacting surfaces is minimized and reproducible.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The bulk density is an indicator of calcined petroleum coke porosity and packing capability which is an important coke property for anode production in aluminum industry. This procedure will allow an automated measurement of specific sized fractions ranging from 8 mm to 0.25 mm coke particles.  
5.2 Results from this test method are used in determining coke specifications, classification purposes, and for quality control.
SCOPE
1.1 The test method covers the determination of bulk density for a specific size fraction of calcined petroleum coke using an automated pycnometer that compacts coke by applying transaxial pressure under a controlled force.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The HGI is used to predict the ranking of raw petroleum cokes or calcined petroleum cokes in industrial size mills used for crushing operations. The rankings are based on energy required and feed rate or both.  
5.2 The HGI is also used to select raw petroleum cokes and coals that are compatible with each other when milled together in a blend so that segregation of the blend does not occur during particle size reduction.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hardgrove grindability index (HGI) of those petroleum cokes that contain no dedusting additive. The procedure for this test method is the same as in Test Method D409. Sections of this test method contain the significance and use of the HGI of petroleum coke, preliminary sample preparation procedures, and procedure and precision and bias data specific to petroleum coke.  
Note 1: The size consistency (particle size distribution) of fluid petroleum coke is generally 100 % passing a 6.7 mm [0.265 in.] sieve and greater than 80 % passing a 2 mm [No. 10] sieve. Much of fluid cokes will pass a 600 μm [No. 30] sieve. Because of this fineness the HGI value is related to the coarser particles in fluid coke and large samples are required to prepare sufficient material of the correct particle size for Test Method D409.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—Hardgrove grindability index is unitless.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Moisture adds mass to the coke and serves no useful purpose. A knowledge of the moisture content is important in the purchase and sale of green petroleum coke, both of which are conducted on a dry basis.  
5.2 The collection of the sample as specified for the Drying Oven Method is intended for the express purpose of determining the total moisture of green petroleum coke. The standard is available to producers, sellers, and consumers for determination when other techniques or modifications are not mutually agreed on.  
5.3 The Preparation Procedure is used only when sample contains free water. Obtaining a representative sample of a coke source is compounded by the presence of free water.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers both the preparation procedure for samples containing free water (air drying loss (ADL) on gross moisture samples) and the determination of the gross moisture content of green petroleum coke.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The density of petroleum coke directly influences the physical and chemical properties of the manufactured carbon and graphite artifacts for which it is used. Density, therefore, is a major quality specification of calcined petroleum coke and is used as a control in coke calcination.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the real density (RD) of calcined petroleum coke. Real density, by definition, is obtained when the particle size of the test specimen is smaller than 75 μm (No. 200 sieve).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Sections 10 and 11.1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vibrated bulk density, VBD, is an indicator of calcined petroleum coke porosity, which affects its suitability for use in pitch-bonded carbon applications. (Warning—Vibrated bulk density for a sample of calcined petroleum coke is strongly dependent upon average particle size and particle size range. Bulk density tends to increase with decreasing coke size. A narrow particle size range for this test minimizes the possibility for variation due to skewing of the test sample toward either screen defining the sample. Particle size range tested should be agreed upon by the purchaser and supplier.)  
Note 1: An example of the use of VBD to characterize coke for prebaked anodes for aluminum smelting is reported by Belitskus3 who found particles passing through a 0.59 mm opening, No. 30, sieve and retained on a 0.30 mm opening, No. 50, sieve to be preferred. Other popular ranges are particles passing through a 2.36 mm opening, No. 8, sieve and retained on a 1.17 mm opening, No. 16, sieve for the continuous Soderberg anode process and particles passing through a 6.68 mm opening sieve (equivalent to a 0.265 in. USA Series) and retained on a 3.33 mm opening, No. 6, sieve for graphite electrode manufacture.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk density of a representative 2 kg sample of calcined petroleum coke, after vibration to increase compaction.  
1.2 The procedure is limited to particles passing through a 6.68 mm opening sieve (equivalent to a 0.265 in. USA Series) and retained on a 0.21 mm opening sieve (equivalent to a 70 mesh USA Series). Further, the procedure is limited to a specific test sample having particles retained between screens having openings that differ by a factor of less than  and preferably less than 2.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Sometimes coal tar and petroleum pitches are heat treated thereby forming mesophase spheroids. The mesophase may be partially soluble in quinoline and cannot be estimated by the quinoline insoluble test (Test Method D2318). This test method provides for the identification, quantitative estimation, and size determination of mesophase spheroids.  
5.2 The mesophase initially forms as spheroids that may coalesce to form a variety of asymmetrical shapes. The smallest mesophase particle that can be detected with certainty at 400× or 500× magnification is 4 μm in diameter; mesophase particles sizes less than 4 μm should be ignored. If mesophase material less than 4 μm in size is of interest, then magnifications of 1000× to 1800× shall be used and the results should be appropriately identified. This method is limited to determining minor levels of mesophase, that is, ≤20 % mesophase.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for the preparation of granular and melted samples for microscopic analysis using reflected light to identify and estimate the amount and size of the mesophase.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Crude petroleum contains sulfur compounds, most of which are removed during refining. However, of the sulfur compounds remaining in the petroleum product, some can have a corroding action on various metals, including copper, and this corrosivity is not necessarily related to the total sulfur content. The effect can vary according to the chemical types of sulfur compounds present. This copper foil strip corrosion test is designed to assess the relative degree of corrosivity of a petroleum product towards copper and copper-containing alloys using a shorter test duration than that specified in Test Method D130.  
4.2 Some sulfur species may become corrosive to copper only at higher temperatures. Thus, higher test temperatures, particularly 100 °C (212 °F), may be used to test some products by the pressure vessel procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosiveness to copper of aviation gasoline, aviation turbine fuel, automotive gasoline, natural gasoline, or other hydrocarbons having a vapor pressure no greater than 124 kPa (18 psi), cleaners (for example, Stoddard solvent), kerosine, diesel fuel, distillate fuel oil, lubricating oil, and other petroleum products.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The values in parentheses are provided for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1, 10.1.1, and Annex A2.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice primarily references Practice D2234/D2234M and applies its sampling principles to green petroleum coke. Green petroleum coke is typically more homogeneous than coal and this practice provides specific guidance for the application of D05.05 coal standards to the sampling of green petroleum coke.  
1.1.1 Practice D2234/D2234M references the four conditions of collecting sample increments: Condition A (Stopped Belt Cut), Condition B (Full-stream Cut), Condition C (Part-stream Cut), and Condition D (Stationary Sampling). This practice directs the user to the appropriate coal standard to apply to each condition, as well as key considerations.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful for evaluating and characterizing tars and pitches and as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of toluene-insoluble matter (TI) in tar and pitch.  
1.2 Since this test method is empirical, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is necessary.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard information, see Section 8.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is used mainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an important quality characteristic since color is readily observed by the user of the product. In some cases the color may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the color range of a particular product is known, a variation outside the established range can indicate possible contamination with another product. However, color is not always a reliable guide to product quality and should not be used indiscriminately in product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the color of refined oils such as undyed motor and aviation gasoline, jet propulsion fuels, naphthas and kerosine, and, in addition, petroleum waxes and pharmaceutical white oils.  
Note 1: For determining the color of petroleum products darker than Saybolt Color − 16, see Test Method D1500.  
1.2 This test method reports results specific to this test method and recorded as, “Saybolt Color units.”  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or in SI units and which are not in parentheses are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
Note 2: Oil tubes and apparatus used in this test method have traditionally been marked in inches, (the tube is required to be etched with 1/8 in. divisions.) The Saybolt Color Numbers are aligned with inch, 1/2 in., 1/4 in., and 1/8 in. changes in the depth of oil. These fractional inch changes do not readily correspond to SI equivalents and in view of the preponderance of apparatus already in use and marked in inches, the inch/pound unit is regarded as the standard. However the test method does use SI units of length when the length is not directly related to divisions on the oil tube and Saybolt Color Numbers. The test method uses SI units for temperature.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments.  
5.2 Viscosity is also valuable for rheological characterization of binder pitches. Binder pitch imparts consistency to carbonaceous mixes and affects their resistance to deformation. Binder pitch viscosity is important for assessing mix consistency and for evaluating the ease of mix extrusion or molding into artifacts.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent shear viscosity of coal-tar and petroleum-based pitches having a Mettler softening point (SP) range of approximately 95 °C to 120 °C (see Test Method D3104).  
1.2 This test method is applicable only for rotational viscometers.  
1.3 Since this test method is based on theoretical grounds, strict adherence to details of the procedure is necessary to comply with the theoretical requirements.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Exception—The values stated in conventional units (centipoise) are to be regarded as the standard for viscosity measurement only. The SI unit is the pascal second (Pa·s) and one millipascal second (mPa·s) = one centipoise (cP); centipoise is in cgs units.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides field personnel and laboratories with standard procedures for dividing, reducing, and mixing gross samples and intermediate samples, such that the resulting prepared analysis samples are more uniform from laboratory to laboratory. Adherence to these guidelines is expected to provide significant reduction in interlaboratory variability.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation procedures necessary for the reduction and division of calcined petroleum coke samples in order to generate appropriate analytical samples upon which physical and chemical analytical tests will be performed.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Core sampling is an acceptable way of obtaining a test specimen without destroying the usefulness of a cathode block.  
4.1.1 Test specimens obtained by this guide can be used by producers and users of cathode blocks for the purpose of conducting the tests in Note 1 to obtain comparative physical properties.  
4.2 Sampling shall not weaken the cathode block or increase the likelihood of premature failure. Extreme care shall be exercised when taking vertically drilled samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers sampling of carbon cathode blocks used in the production of aluminum, and details procedures for taking samples from single cathode blocks. It covers equipment and procedures for obtaining samples from cathode blocks in a manner that does not destroy the cathode block or prevent its subsequent use as originally intended. However, the user must determine the subsequent use of the sampled cathode blocks. Preferred locations for taking samples from single units of cathode blocks are covered in this guide.  
1.1.1 Information for sampling of shaped refractory products, in general, is given in ISO 5022. This standard details the statistical basis for sampling plans for acceptance testing of a consignment or lot. Cathode blocks used in the production of aluminum have specific requirements of sampling, and while the statistical basis for sampling given in ISO 5022 applies, further or modified requirements may also apply.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The following ASTM standards are noted as sources of useful information: Test Methods C559, C611, C651, C747, C1025, C1039, and C1225.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test is designed to quantify the amount of dust control material added to calcined coke. The dust control material is applied to calcined coke to help maintain a dust-free environment. It generally serves no other useful purpose. It adds mass to the coke and can have a negative effect on the quality of carbon and graphite artifacts made from the treated coke. For these reasons the coke customer wants to know the amount of dust control material on the coke and can specify a maximum level.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of material applied to calcined coke to control dust associated with coke handling and transportation.  
1.2 This test method is limited to those materials that are soluble in a solvent that can be used in a Soxhlet extraction type of apparatus such as methylene chloride (dichloro-methane).  
Note 1: Methylene chloride is the most popular solvent for removing dust control oil at the time this procedure is being written. Toluene and methyl chloroform, however, have been used with equal results on all cokes tested which have included only those sprayed with aromatic or waxy materials.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Core sampling is an acceptable way of obtaining a test specimen without destroying the usefulness of an anode block.  
4.1.1 Test specimen obtained by this guide can be used by producers and users of carbon anodes for the purpose of conducting the tests in Note 1 to obtain comparative physical properties.  
4.2 Sampling shall not weaken the anode or increase the likelihood of premature failure.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers sampling for prebaked carbon anodes used in the production of aluminum, and details procedures for taking test samples from anode blocks. It covers equipment and procedures for obtaining samples from anode blocks in a manner that does not destroy the block or prevent its subsequent use as originally intended. However, the user must determine the subsequent use of the sampled anode blocks. Preferred locations for taking samples from single units of anodes are covered in this guide.  
1.1.1 Information for sampling of shaped refractory products, in general, is given in ISO 5022. This standard details the statistical basis for sampling plans for acceptance testing of a consignment or lot. Anodes used in the production of aluminum have specific requirements for sampling and while the statistical basis for sampling given in ISO 5022 applies, further or modified requirements may also apply.  
1.1.2 Information for sampling of anodes for Al-metal production is given in ISO 8007-2. This standard details the statistical basis for sampling plans for acceptance testing of a consignment or lot.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: The following ASTM standards are noted as sources of useful information: Test Methods D5502, D6120, D6744, and D6745.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Values of density and relative density are used for converting volumes to units of mass as required in other ASTM standards and in sales transactions.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of density and relative density by pycnometer, and can be used for pitch that can be handled in fragments.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful for indicating the relative coke-forming propensities and for evaluating and characterizing tars and pitches. The test method can also be used as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coking value of tar and pitch having an ash content not over 0.5 %, as determined by Test Method D2415.  
1.2 Coking values by this test method are higher than those obtained by Test Method D2416. See the bias statement in Section 13.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Coefficients of linear thermal expansion are used for design and quality control purposes and to determine dimensional changes of parts and components (such as carbon anodes, cathodes, and so forth) when subjected to varying temperatures.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of linear thermal expansion (CTE) for carbon anodes and cathodes used in the aluminum industry, in baked form, by use of a vitreous silica dilatometer.  
1.2 The applicable temperature range for this test method for research purposes is ambient to 1000 °C. The recommended maximum use temperature for product evaluation is 500 °C.  
1.3 This test method and procedure is based on Test Method E228, which is a generic all-encompassing method. Specifics dictated by the nature of electrode carbons and the purposes for which they are used are addressed by this procedure.  
1.4 Electrode carbons in the baked form will only exhibit primarily reversible dimensional changes when heated.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The grain stability of calcined petroleum coke determines the resistance to breakdown of + 4 mm particles used in the manufacture of carbon anodes for use in the reduction process of aluminum.  
5.2 Calcined petroleum cokes have to be relatively easy to grind for fines production but strong enough to withstand forming pressures and thermal stresses occurring when the anodes are used in the reduction process.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a laboratory vibration mill method for the determination of the grain stability of calcined petroleum coke for the manufacture of carbon products used in the smelting of aluminum. Calcined petroleum coke with poor mechanical strength may become degraded during mixing. Poor grain stability will affect the grain size and may result in poor quality of baked blocks.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The air reactivity rates are used to quantify the tendency of a carbon artifact to react with air. Carbon consumed by this unwanted side reaction is unavailable for the primary reactions of reducing alumina to the primary metal. Air reactivity dusting rate is used by some companies to quantify the tendency of the coke aggregate or binder coke of a carbon artifact to selectively react with these gases. Preferential attack of the binder coke or coke aggregate of a carbon artifact by these gases causes some carbon to fall off or dust, making the carbon unavailable for the primary reaction of reducing alumina and, more importantly, reducing the efficiency of the aluminum reduction cell.  
5.2 Comparison of air reactivity and dusting rates is useful in selecting raw materials for the manufacture of commercial anodes for specific smelting technologies in the aluminum reduction industry.  
5.3 Air reactivity rates are used for evaluating effectiveness and beneficiation processes or for research purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the thermogravimetric (TGA) determination of air reactivity and dusting of shaped carbon anodes and cathode blocks used in the aluminum reduction industry. The apparatus selection covers a significant variety of types with various thermal conditions, sample size capability, materials of construction, and procedures for determining the mass loss and subsequent rate of reaction. This test method standardizes the variables of sample shape, reaction temperature, gas velocity over the exposed surfaces, and reaction time such that results obtained on different apparatuses are correlatable.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method concerns the sieving of coke into designated size fractions for the purpose of characterizing the material as to its particle size distribution. It requires the use of standard sieves, standard sampling methods, standard sample preparation methods, and a minimum initial sample mass based on lot topsize. Suggestions are given for industry typical sieve stacks for both green and calcined petroleum coke.  
5.2 Particle size distribution is significant in that many physical characteristics of a coke are related to such a distribution including bulk density and surface area. Nuisance characteristics, such as excessive fines in a lot, can also be controlled.  
5.3 Results from this test method are useful in determining whether a coke lot meets purchase specifications, for classification purposes, and for quality control. The results of this test method can also be used to predict the performance of a particular lot of coke in a process.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method details a procedure for performing particle size distribution analysis by dry sieve testing on green petroleum coke with a topsize of no more than 75 mm and calcined petroleum coke with a topsize of no more than 25 mm. Size fractions go down to and include 4.75 mm for green petroleum coke and 75 μm for calcined petroleum coke.  
Note 1: To convert units, see Table 1 on nominal dimensions in Specification E11. For example, 75 mm is approximately equivalent to a nominal sieve opening of 3 in. and 25 mm to a nominal sieve opening of 1 in. Likewise, 4.75 mm can be converted to approximately 0.187 in. and 75 microns to 0.0029 in.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2.1 The sieve size is reported as U.S.A. standard test series in any units listed in Table 1 on nominal dimensions of Specification E11, or their commercial size equivalents.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The CO2 reactivity rates are used to quantify the tendency of a carbon artifact to react with carbon dioxide. Carbon consumed by these unwanted side reactions is unavailable for the primary reactions of reducing alumina to the primary metal. CO2  dusting rates are used to quantify the tendency of the coke aggregate or binder coke of a carbon artifact to selectively react with these gases. Preferential attack of the binder coke or coke aggregate of a carbon artifact by these gases causes some carbon to fall off or dust, making the carbon unavailable for the primary reaction of reducing alumina and, more importantly, reducing the efficiency of the aluminum reduction cell.  
5.2 Comparison of CO2 reactivity and dusting rates is useful in selecting raw materials for the manufacture of commercial anodes for specific smelting technologies in the aluminum reduction industry.  
5.3 CO2 reactivity rates are used for evaluating effectiveness and beneficiation processes or for research purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the thermogravimetric (TGA) determination of CO2  reactivity and dusting of shaped carbon anodes and cathode blocks used in the aluminum reduction industry. The apparatus selection covers a significant variety of types with various thermal conditions, sample size capability, materials of construction, and procedures for determining the mass loss and subsequent rate of reaction. This test method standardizes the variables of sample shape, reaction temperature, gas velocity over the exposed surfaces, and reaction time such that results obtained on different apparatuses are correlatable.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The volatile matter of petroleum coke affects the density of coke particles and can affect artifacts produced from further processing of the coke.  
5.2 The volatile matter can be used in estimating the calorific value of coke.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the volatile matter produced by pyrolysis or evolved when petroleum coke is subjected to the specific conditions of the test method.  
1.2 The interlaboratory study for precision covered materials with a volatile matter concentration ranging from about 8 % to 16 %.  
1.3 Samples having a thermal history above 600 °C are excluded.  
1.4 This test method is empirical and requires the entire test procedure to be closely followed to ensure that results from different laboratories will be comparable.  
1.5 This test method is not satisfactory for determining de-dusting material content.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.6.1 Exception—Non-SI units are shown in parentheses for information only.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Crude petroleum contains sulfur compounds, most of which are removed during refining. However, of the sulfur compounds remaining in the petroleum product, some can have a corroding action on various metals and this corrosivity is not related to the total sulfur content. In addition, fuels can become contaminated by corrosive sulfur compounds during storage and distribution. The corrosive effect can vary according to the chemical types of sulfur compounds present.  
4.2 The silver strip corrosion test is designed to assess the relative degree of corrosivity of a petroleum product towards silver and silver alloys.  
4.3 Reactive sulfur compounds present in automotive spark-ignition engine fuels under some circumstances can corrode or tarnish silver alloy fuel gauge in-tank sender units (and silver-plated bearings in some 2-stroke cycle engines). To minimize or prevent the failure of silver alloy in-tank sender units by corrosion or tarnish, Specification D4814 requires that fuels shall pass the silver strip corrosion test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosiveness to silver by automotive spark-ignition engine fuel, as defined by Specification D4814, or similar specifications in other jurisdictions, having a vapor pressure no greater than 124 kPa (18 psi) at 37.8 °C (100 °F), by one of two procedures. Procedure A involves the use of a pressure vessel, whereas Procedure B involves the use of a vented test tube.  
1.2 The result of the test is based on a visual rating that is classified as an integer in the range from 0 to 4 as defined in Table 1.  
1.3 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.1 and Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Crude petroleum contains sulfur compounds, most of which are removed during refining. However, of the sulfur compounds remaining in the petroleum product or introduced into the fuel during storage and distribution, some can have a corroding action on various metals and this corrosivity is not necessarily related directly to the total sulfur content. The effect can vary according to the chemical types of sulfur compounds present. The silver strip corrosion test is designed to assess the relative degree of corrosivity of a petroleum product towards silver and silver alloys.  
5.2 Under some circumstances, reactive sulfur compounds present in automotive spark-ignition engine fuels can tarnish or even corrode silver alloy fuel gauge in-tank sender units or silver-plated bearings (in 2-stroke cycle engines). To minimize or prevent the failure of silver alloy in-tank sender units by tarnish or corrosion, Specification D4814 requires that fuels shall pass a silver strip corrosion test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the corrosiveness to silver by automotive spark-ignition engine fuel (for example, gasoline), as defined by Specification D4814 or similar specifications in other jurisdictions, having a vapor pressure no greater than 124 kPa (18 psi) at 37.8 °C (100 °F) by one of two procedures.  
1.1.1 Procedure A-Involves the use of a pressure vessel.  
1.1.2 Procedure B-Involves the use of a vented test tube.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 WARNING-Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Apparent density as determined by this test method is a basic material property of importance in manufacturing and application of anode and cathode carbon.  
4.2 This test method can be used for quality and process control, material characterization and description, and other purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent density of core samples from manufactured articles of anode and cathode carbon used by the aluminum industry in the production of aluminum.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method and Test Method D3703 measure the same peroxide species (primarily hydroperoxides) in aviation fuels.  
4.2 The magnitude of the hydroperoxide number is an indication of the quantity of oxidizing constituents present. Deterioration of fuel results in the formation of hydroperoxides and other oxygen-carrying compounds. The hydroperoxide number measures those compounds that will oxidize potassium iodide.  
4.3 The determination of the hydroperoxide number of fuels is significant because of the adverse effect of hydroperoxides upon certain elastomers in the fuel systems.
SCOPE
1.1 The test method covers the determination of the hydroperoxide content of aviation turbine fuels. The test method may also be applicable to the determination of the hydroperoxide content of any water-insoluble, organic fluid, particularly diesel fuels, gasolines, and kerosines.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see 6.3 – 6.5, Annex A1, and Annex A2.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The real density of calcined petroleum coke directly influences the physical and chemical properties of the manufactured carbon and graphite artifacts for which it is used. Density, therefore, is a major quality specification of calcined petroleum coke and is used as a control in coke calcination.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the real density (RD) of calcined petroleum coke. Real density, by definition is obtained when the particle size of the specimen is smaller than 75 µm (U.S. No. 200 Sieve).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The crystallinity of petroleum coke, as reflected by the Lc  value, is a general measure of quality affecting suitability for end use and is a function of the heat treatment.  
5.2 The crystallite thickness is used to determine the extent of such heat treatment, for example, during calcination. The value of the Lc  determined is not affected by coke microporosity or the presence of foreign, non-crystalline materials such as dedust oil.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mean crystallite thickness of a representative, pulverized sample of calcined petroleum coke by interpretation of a X-ray diffraction pattern produced through conventional X-ray scanning techniques.  
1.2 Calcined petroleum coke contains crystallites of different thicknesses. This test method covers the determination of the average thickness of all crystallites in the sample by empirical interpretation of the X-ray diffraction pattern. The crystallite diameter (La) is not determined by this test method.  
1.3 The values stated in SI (metric) units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Aviation gasolines are dyed different colors for easy identification of grade, thus minimizing possibilities for fueling aircraft with fuel of the wrong grade.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the acceptability of color of dyed aviation gasolines.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Annex A1.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended for use as a guide in cases where experimental determination of heat of combustion is not available and cannot be made conveniently and where an estimate is considered satisfactory. It is not intended as a substitute for experimental measurements of heat of combustion. Table 1 shows a summary for the range of each variable used in developing the correlation. The mean value and an estimate of its distribution about the mean, namely the standard deviation, is shown. This indicates, for example, that the mean density for all fuels used in developing the correlation was 779.3 kg/m3 and that two thirds of the samples had a density between 721.4 kg/m3 and 837.1 kg/m3, that is, plus or minus one standard deviation. The correlation is most accurate when the values of the variables used are within one standard deviation of the mean, but is useful up to two standard deviations of the mean. The use of this correlation may be applicable to other hydrocarbon distillates and pure hydrocarbons; however, only limited data on non-aviation fuels over the entire range of the variables were included in the correlation.  
Note 4: The procedures for the experimental determination of the gross and net heats of combustion are described in Test Methods D240 and D4809.  
5.2 The calorimetric methods cited in Note 4 measure gross heat of combustion. However, net heat is used in aircraft calculations because all combustion products are in the gaseous state. This calculation method is based on net heat, but a correction is required for condensed sulfur compounds.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the estimation of the net heat of combustion (megajoules per kilogram or [Btu per pound]) of aviation gasolines and aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels in the range from 40.19 MJ/kg to 44.73 MJ/kg or [17 280 Btu/lb to 19 230 Btu/lb]. The precision for estimation of the net heat of combustion outside this range has not been determined for this test method.  
1.2 This test method is purely empirical and is applicable to liquid hydrocarbon fuels that conform to the specifications for aviation gasolines or aircraft turbine and jet engine fuels of grades Jet A, Jet A-1, Jet B, JP-4, JP-5, JP-7, and JP-8.
Note 1: The experimental data on heat of combustion from which the Test Method D3338 correlation was devised was obtained by a precision method similar to Test Method D4809.
Note 2: The estimation of the net heat of combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel is justifiable only when the fuel belongs to a well-defined class for which a relation between heat of combustion and aromatic and sulfur contents, density, and distillation range of the fuel has been derived from accurate experimental measurements on representative samples of that class. Even in this case, the possibility that the estimates may be in error by large amounts for individual fuels should be recognized. The fuels used to establish the correlation presented in this method are defined as follows:    
Fuels:  
Aviation gasoline—Grades 100/130 and 115/145  (1, 2)2  
Kerosenes, alkylates, and special WADC fuels (3)    
Pure hydrocarbons—paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics (4)    
Fuels for which data were reported by the Coordinating Research Council (5).
Note 3: The property ranges used in this correlation are as follows:    
Aromatics—from 0 % by mass to 100 % by mass  
API Gravity—from [25.7° to 81.2°API]  
Volatility—from [160 °F to 540 °F], average boiling point  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 Although the test method permits the calculation of net heat of combustion in either SI or inch-pound units, SI units are the preferred...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method determines the amount of inorganic matter in the sample.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the ash content of tar and pitch.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in evaluating and characterizing tar and pitch. It is also useful as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments and sources of supply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the quinoline-insoluble matter (QI) in tar and pitch using a stainless steel filtering crucible and a filtration membrane.  
1.2 This test method was evaluated in round robin testing using materials in the range of zero to twenty quinoline insoluble weight percent (wt%).  
1.3 Since this test method is empirical, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is necessary.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful for indicating the relative coke-forming propensities and for evaluating and characterizing tars and pitches. This test method can also be used as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coking value of tar and pitch having an ash content not over 0.5 % as determined by Test Method D2415.  
1.2 Coking values by this test method are practically the same as those obtained by Test Method D189, but results are more reproducible. The apparatus used is identical, except that an electric furnace is substituted for the gas flame.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in evaluating and characterizing tars and pitches and as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply. It is a rapid and reasonably accurate measure of the toluene insoluble (TI) content of tar and pitch Test Method D4072.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the dimethylformamide-insoluble matter (DMF-I) in tar and pitch.  
1.2 Since this test method is empirical, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is necessary.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard information, see Sections 6 and 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in evaluating and characterizing tar and pitch, and as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments and sources of supply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the quinoline-insoluble matter (QI) in tar and pitch.  
1.2 Since this test method is empirical, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is necessary.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazards information, see Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful for evaluating and characterizing tars and pitches and is one element in establishing the uniformity of shipment or sources of supply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of toluene-insoluble matter (TI) in tar and pitch.  
1.2 Since this test method is empirical, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is necessary.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Other non-SI units are provided for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test is useful in evaluating and characterizing pitch physical properties in comparing the consistency of shipments and sources of supply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the percent of pitch volatility.  
1.2 Since this test method is empirical, strict adherence to the procedure is necessary.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for information only.  
1.3.1 Exceptions—The diameter of a special aluminum block is measured in inches.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in evaluating and characterizing tar and pitch and as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments and sources of supply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the quinoline-insoluble matter (QI) in tar and pitch by pressure filtration and gives results comparable to those obtained by Test Method D2318.  
1.2 Since this test method is empirical, strict adherence to all details of the procedure is necessary.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazards are given in Section 7, 6.2, and 6.3.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Pitch does not go through a solid-liquid phase change when heated and therefore does not have a true melting point. As the temperature is raised, pitch softens and becomes less viscous. The softening point is arbitrarily defined and must be determined by a closely controlled method that must be carefully followed if test results are to be reproducible.  
4.2 This test method is useful in determining the consistency of pitch as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments and sources of supply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the softening point above 80 °C [176 °F] of pitch. Test Method D3104 gives comparable results.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Determination of the color of petroleum products is used mainly for manufacturing control purposes and is an important quality characteristic because color is readily observed by the user of the product. In some cases the color may serve as an indication of the degree of refinement of the material. When the color range of a particular product is known, a variation outside the established range may indicate possible contamination with another product. However, color is not always a reliable guide to product quality and should not be used indiscriminately in product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the automatic determination of color of a wide variety of petroleum products such as undyed motor and aviation gasoline, aviation turbine fuels, naphthas, kerosine, pharmaceutical white oils, diesel fuel oils, heating oils, and lubricating oils by the automatic tristimulus method. This test method correlates to Test Method D156 and Test Method D1500 as calculated by the instrumentation.  
Note 1: With the appropriate sample handling, this test method would apply to petroleum waxes, but they were not used in the round robin, and the precision of this test method with regard to waxes is unknown.  
1.2 This test method reports results in terms of Test Method D156 or Test Method D1500.  
1.3 This test method has a one-to-one correlation for the entire range of Test Method D1500 ASTM Color and for the range from 0 to +30 for Test Method D156 Saybolt color.  
1.4 This test method does not apply to solid samples, petroleum products containing dye, and petroleum products having extreme fluorescence.  
1.5 This test method does not apply to cloudy samples. Such samples shall be filtered so they are clear before measuring.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Data obtained from calcined petroleum coke samples are used in commercial transactions, controlling plant operations, and allocating production costs. Use of standard sampling procedures facilitates the task of obtaining a sample to represent an entire lot of calcined petroleum coke.  
4.2 This practice gives general procedures for the collection of calcined petroleum coke samples and is intended to provide useful methodology for the collection of a sample to represent a lot of calcined petroleum coke. The variety of calcined petroleum coke handling facilities and sampling applications preclude the publication of detailed procedures for every sampling situation.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for the collection of calcined petroleum coke samples from conveyor belts or transfer points. These samples may be used for physical and chemical analyses.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vibrated bulk density (VBD) is an indicator of calcined petroleum coke porosity, which affects its suitability for use in pitch-bonded carbon applications. (Warning—Vibrated bulk density for a sample of calcined petroleum coke is strongly dependent upon average particle size and particle size range. Bulk density tends to increase with decreasing coke size. A narrow particle size range for this test minimizes the possibility for variation due to skewing of the test sample toward either screen defining the sample.)
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of bulk density of a representative 2 kg sample of calcined petroleum coke, after vibration to increase compaction, using a semi-automatic apparatus.  
1.2 The procedure is applied, but not limited, to particles passing through a 4.75 mm opening sieve and retained on a 1.18 mm opening sieve. Further, the procedure is applied, but not limited, to a specific test sample having particles passing through a 0.85 mm opening sieve and retained on a 0.425 mm opening sieve. This procedure could also be applied to other sieve fractions being agreed on in the aluminum industry as specified in Annex A1.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in characterizing pitches and asphalts as one element in establishing uniformity of shipments and sources of supply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of relative density by water displacement of hard pitches and asphalts with softening points above 70 °C.  
1.2 The relative density of hard pitch and asphalt shall be determined, whenever possible, on homogeneous natural fragments free of cracks. The use of cast cubes is not recommended due to the difficulty of avoiding incorporation of air bubbles.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Pitch does not go through a solid-liquid phase change when heated, and therefore it does not have a true melting point. As the temperature rises, pitch softens and becomes less viscous. The softening point is arbitrarily defined and shall be established by a closely controlled method which shall be carefully followed if test results are to be reproducible.  
5.2 This test is useful in determining the consistency of pitch as one element in establishing the uniformity of shipments or sources of supply.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the softening point of pitches below 176 °F (80 °C). Pitches of higher softening point should be tested by Test Method D2319 or Test Method D3104.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The heat of combustion is a measure of the energy available from a fuel. A knowledge of this value is essential when considering the thermal efficiency of equipment for producing either power or heat.  
5.2 The heat of combustion as determined by this test method is designated as one of the chemical and physical requirements of both commercial and military turbine fuels and aviation gasolines.  
5.3 The mass heat of combustion, the heat of combustion per unit mass of fuel, is a critical property of fuels intended for use in weight-limited craft such as airplanes, surface effect vehicles, and hydrofoils. The range of such craft between refueling is a direct function of the heat of combustion and density of the fuel.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the heat of combustion of liquid hydrocarbon fuels ranging in volatility from that of light distillates to that of residual fuels.  
1.2 Under normal conditions, this test method is directly applicable to such fuels as gasolines, kerosines, Nos. 1 and 2 fuel oil, Nos. 1-D and 2-D diesel fuel and Nos. 0-GT, 1-GT, and 2-GT gas turbine fuels.  
1.3 This test method is not as repeatable and not as reproducible as Test Method D4809.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Sections 7 and 9 and A1.10 and Annex A3.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in characterizing pitches as one element in establishing uniformity of shipments and sources of supply. With this method, the density is determined to two decimal places, which is sufficient for most applications. If a more precise measurement is required (three decimal places), use Test Methods D2320 or D71.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of pitch density by helium pycnometer. It is applicable at a range of room temperatures of 15 °C to 35 °C.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.