D04.23 - Plant-Mixed Asphalt Surfaces and Bases

SCOPE
1.1 This standard specification covers a standardized method whereby an aromatic polyamide fiber can be evaluated prior to modification where the finished product (formulation of aramid fiber plus some form of treatment) is to be used in asphalt mixtures. The aromatic, polyamide fiber (shortened to “aramid” in non-treated form) can be specified by physical and mechanical properties whereby the aramid fiber is treated and the final product form is used in asphalt mixtures. The purpose of adding aramid fiber is to improve the asphalt mixture’s mechanical performance. Aramid fiber may provide structural properties to the mixture and thus is different than fibers such as cellulose fibers that are used to prevent drain down. The aramid fiber may be coated (that is, “treated”) with a binder such as wax, emulsion, or similar. The fiber can also be blended with a polyolefin fiber or other additive to reduce loss of fibers into the airstream during mixing due to the lightweight nature of aramid fiber. The mechanical properties listed in the standard specification are for the non-treated aramid fiber since it is difficult to test shortened fibers for properties such as linear density, tensile strength, and Young’s modulus.  
1.2 This standard specification does not address the performance of asphalt binder blends with aramid fiber or that of the asphalt mixture containing aramid fiber, but rather specifies the aramid fiber properties for use in formulating the finished product which is then used in asphalt mixtures.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in International System of Units (SI) are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedure described in this practice is used to design OGFC asphalt mixtures that will provide good performance in terms of permeability (tending to reduce hydroplaning and potential for skidding) and durability when subjected to high volumes of traffic.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the mix design of open-graded friction course (OGFC) using the Superpave Gyratory Compactor (SGC) or other suitable forms of compaction. The OGFC asphalt mixture design is based on the volumetric properties of the asphalt mixture in terms of air voids and the presence of stone-on-stone contact. Information found in Guide D6932/D6932M should be reviewed before starting the mix design. Where applicable, Specification D3666 should be applied as a minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and paving materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information to assist engineers with the design requirements and construction guidelines for paving an open-graded friction course (OGFC) surface layer. An OGFC is primarily used to improve the skid resistance and wear resistance of an asphalt pavement by providing an escape route for surface water beneath a moving wheel load. The asphalt mixture is typically produced with a low amount of fine aggregate particles and high air void content to provide a passageway of interconnected voids for moisture to drain away from the travelway. The film thickness of the asphalt and overall asphalt content are important for better stripping resistance and durability and aging properties.
Note 1: OGFCs may also be placed to reduce the tire-pavement interface noise and may also be placed to reduce the occurrence and severity of reflective cracking.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the construction of open-graded friction course (OGFC) plant asphalt mixtures. End-use specifications should be adopted to conform to job and user requirements. Where applicable, Specification D3666 should be applied as a minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and paving materials.  
1.2 Asphalt OGFCs are placed as the final wearing course for highways and airfields.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The procedure in this test method for estimating the percentage of coated particles after varying mixing times is used to establish the least mixing time required to produce satisfactory coating for a given set of conditions. This procedure can also be used to sample cold mixtures from stockpiles to determine that satisfactory coating has been retained in the stockpile.  
4.2 This procedure is used with asphalt mixtures or with cold-mixed, cold-laid asphalt paving mixtures such as specified in Specification D4215.
Note 1: Even when a paving mixture complies with the “percent of coated particles” that may be specified, there is no assurance that the asphalt cement is uniformly distributed throughout the mixture.  
4.3 This test method should not be used for acceptance/rejection by owner agencies.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides an estimate of the degree of particle coating in an asphalt-aggregate mixture on the basis of the percentage of coarse particles classified as being completely coated.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The procedure described in this practice is used to design OGFC mixtures that will provide good performance in terms of permeability (tending to reduce hydroplaning and potential for skidding), and durability when subjected to high volumes of traffic.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the mix design of open-graded friction course (OGFC) using the superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) or other suitable forms of compaction. The OGFC mix design is based on the volumetric properties of the mix in terms of air voids, and the presence of stone-on-stone contact. Information found in Guide D6932 should be reviewed before starting the mix design. Where applicable, Specification D3666 should be applied as a minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and paving materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information to assist engineers with the design requirements and construction guidelines for paving an Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) surface layer. An OGFC is primarily used to improve the skid resistance and wear resistance of a bituminous pavement by providing an escape route for surface water beneath a moving wheel load. The mixture is typically produced with a low amount of fine aggregate particles and high air void content to provide a passageway of interconnected voids for moisture to drain away from the travelway. The film thickness of the asphalt and overall asphalt content is important for better stripping resistance and durability and aging properties.Note 1—OGFCs may also be placed to reduce the tire-pavement interface noise and may also be placed to reduce the occurrence and severity of reflective cracking.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the construction of bituminous open-graded friction course plant mixtures. End-use specifications should be adopted to conform to job and user requirements. Where applicable, Specification D3666 should be applied as a minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and paving materials.  
1.2 Bituminous open-graded friction courses are placed as the final wearing course for highways and airfields.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedure in this practice for estimating the percentage of coated particles after varying mixing times is used to establish the least mixing time required to produce satisfactory coating for a given set of conditions. This procedure can also be used to sample cold mixtures from stockpiles to determine that satisfactory coating has been retained in the stockpile.
This procedure is used with hot-mixed, hot-laid bituminous paving mixtures or with cold-mixed, cold-laid bituminous paving mixtures such as specified in Specification D 4215.
Note 1—Even when a paving mixture complies with the “percent of coated particles” that may be specified, there is no assurance that the asphalt cement is uniformly distributed throughout the mixture.
This practice should not be used for acceptance/rejection by owner agencies.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides an estimate of the degree of particle coating in a bituminous-aggregate mixture on the basis of the percentage of coarse particles classified as being completely coated.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
p>This guide provides information to assist engineers with the design requirements and construction guidelines for paving an Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) surface layer. An OGFC is primarily used to improve the skid resistance and wear resistance of a bituminous pavement by providing an escape route for surface water beneath a moving wheel load. The mixture is typically produced with a low amount of fine aggregate particles and high air void content to provide a passageway of interconnected voids for moisture to drain away from the travelway. The film thickness of the asphalt and overall asphalt content is important for better stripping resistance and durability and aging properties.
Note 1—OGFCs may also be placed to reduce the tire-pavement interface noise and may also be placed to reduce the occurrence and severity of reflective cracking.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the construction of bituminous open-graded friction course plant mixtures. End-use specifications should be adopted to conform to job and user requirements. Where applicable, Specification D 3666 should be applied as a minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and paving materials.
1.2 Bituminous open-graded friction courses are placed as the final wearing course for highways and airfields.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedure described in this practice is used to design OGFC mixtures that will provide good performance in terms of permeability (tending to reduce hydroplaning and potential for skidding), and durability when subjected to high volumes of traffic.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the mix design of open-graded friction course (OGFC) using the superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) or other suitable forms of compaction. The OGFC mix design is based on the volumetric properties of the mix in terms of air voids, and the presence of stone-on-stone contact. Information found in Guide D 6932 should be reviewed before starting the mix design. Where applicable, Specification D 3666 should be applied as a minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and paving materials.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedure described in this practice is used to design OGFC mixtures that will provide good performance in terms of permeability (tending to reduce hydroplaning and potential for skidding), and durability when subjected to high volumes of traffic.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the mix design of open-graded friction course (OGFC) using the superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) or other suitable forms of compaction. The OGFC mix design is based on the volumetric properties of the mix in terms of air voids, and the presence of stone-on-stone contact. Information found in Guide D6932 should be reviewed before starting the mix design. Where applicable, Specification D3666 should be applied as a minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and paving materials.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedure described in this practice is used to design OGFC mixtures that will provide good performance in terms of permeability (tending to reduce hydroplaning and potential for skidding), and durability when subjected to high volumes of traffic.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard practice covers the mix design of open-graded friction course (OGFC) using the superpave gyratory compactor (SGC) or other suitable forms of compaction. The OGFC mix design is based on the volumetric properties of the mix in terms of air voids, and the presence of stone-on-stone contact. Information found in Guide D 6932 should be reviewed before starting the mix design. Where applicable, Specification D 3666 should be applied as a minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and paving materials.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide provides information to assist engineers with the design requirements and construction guidelines for paving an Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) surface layer. An OGFC is primarily used to improve the skid resistance and wear resistance of a bituminous pavement by providing an escape route for surface water beneath a moving wheel load. The mixture is typically produced with a low amount of fine aggregate particles and high air void content to provide a passageway of interconnected voids for moisture to drain away from the travelway. The film thickness of the asphalt and overall asphalt content is important for better stripping resistance and durability and aging properties.
Note 1—OGFCs may also be placed to reduce the tire-pavement interface noise and may also be placed to reduce the occurrence and severity of reflective cracking.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the construction of bituminous open-graded friction course plant mixtures. End-use specifications should be adopted to conform to job and user requirements. Where applicable, Specification D 3666 should be applied as a minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and paving materials.
1.2 Bituminous open-graded friction courses are placed as the final wearing course for highways and airfields.
1.3 The values given in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The procedure in this practice for estimating the percentage of coated particles after varying mixing times is used to establish the least mixing time required to produce satisfactory coating for a given set of conditions. This procedure can also be used to sample cold mixtures from stockpiles to determine that satisfactory coating has been retained in the stockpile.
This procedure is used with hot-mixed, hot-laid bituminous paving mixtures such as specified in Specification D 3515 or with cold-mixed, cold-laid bituminous paving mixtures such as specified in Specification D 4215.
Note 1—Even when a paving mixture complies with the “percent of coated particles” that may be specified, there is no assurance that the asphalt cement is uniformly distributed throughout the mixture.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides an estimate of the degree of particle coating in a bituminous-aggregate mixture on the basis of the percentage of coarse particles classified as being completely coated.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are regarded as being standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers hot-mixed, hot-laid asphalt, tar, emulsified asphalt, and recycled bituminous paving mixtures for base, binder, leveling, and surface courses.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides an estimate of the degree of particle coating in a bituminous-aggregate mixture on the basis of the percentage of coarse particles classified as being completely coated.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are regarded as being standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers cold-mixed, cold-laid and recycled cold-mixed, cold-laid bituminous paving mixtures for base, binder, leveling, and surface courses.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the standards for plants suitable for producing hot-mixed, hot-laid bituminous paving mixtures. The plant shall be able to uniformly combine and mix different sizes of aggregate from stockpiles, reclaimed asphalt pavement and bituminous material. This specification shall also describe the various components of batch, continuous mix, and drum mix plants. This standard can also be used to evaluate existing plants. This specification however does not cover plant operation and control or mixture production.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers requirements for plants suitable for producing hot-mixed, hot-laid bituminous paving mixtures.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification covers requirements for plants suitable for producing hot-mixed, hot-laid bituminous paving mixtures.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials, this specification was withdrawn in August 2009. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers hot-mixed, hot-laid asphalt, tar, emulsified asphalt, and recycled bituminous paving mixtures for base, binder, leveling, and surface courses. The aggregates, mineral fillers, bitumen (asphalt cement, tar cement, or emulsified asphalt as appropriate), and bituminous paving mixtures shall be in accordance to specified consistency and compositions. Products shall be sampled, and undergo sieve analysis and other forms of test methods as appropriate for extracting bitumen content, specific gravity, plasticity index, percentage of coated particles, recovery of extracted asphalt, penetration of recovery asphalt, air voids, and absolute viscosity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers hot-mixed, hot-laid asphalt, tar, emulsified asphalt, and recycled bituminous paving mixtures for base, binder, leveling, and surface courses.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This specification covers hot-mixed, hot-laid asphalt, tar, emulsified asphalt, and recycled bituminous paving mixtures for base, binder, leveling, and surface courses.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D04 on Road and Paving Materials, this test method was withdrawn in June 2009. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

SCOPE
1.1 This provisional test method covers procedures for determining the relative permeability (also referred to as  coefficient of permeability) of water saturated laboratory compacted specimens or field cores of compacted bituminous paving mixtures using a flexible wall permeameter.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 Provisional standards achieve limited consensus through approval of the sponsoring subcommittee.
1.4 This standard is being developed as a provisional standard because the subcommittee feels that the issuance and subsequent usage of this standard method will be critical in the refinement of the standard in the future.
1.5 This provisional standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice defines the authority and duties of the inspector at the bituminous mixing plant. These duties are performed in order to ensure the contractor's compliance with the contract and applicable specifications and do not in any way relieve the contractor of the responsibility to produce uniform mixtures in compliance with the contract.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>