C18 - Dimension Stone

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in compressive strength between the various dimension stones. This test method also provides one element in comparing stones of the same type.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sampling, preparation of specimens, and determination of the compressive strength of dimension stone.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling method appropriate to the selection of travertine dimension stone for general building and structural purposes. Dimension travertine shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped, and shall specifically exclude molded, cast, or otherwise artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, and also crushed and broken stone. The physical property requirements to which travertine stones shall adhere to are absorption by weight, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, abrasion resistance, and flexural strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling appropriate to the selection of travertine for general building and structural purposes. Refer to Guides C1242 and C1528 for the appropriate selection and use of travertine dimension stone.  
1.2 Dimension travertine shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped and shall specifically exclude molded, cast, or otherwise artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, and also crushed and broken stone.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling method appropriate to the selection of granite dimension stone for general building and structural purposes. Granite dimension stone shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped, and shall specifically exclude molded, cast, or otherwise artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, crushed and broken stone. Granite stones covered here shall be used for: exterior and interior cladding of buildings and structures; curbstone, paving, and landscape features; structural components having established dimensions; grade separations and retaining walls; and monuments. The physical property requirements to which granite stones shall adhere to are absorption by weight, density, compressive weight, modulus of rupture, abrasion resistance, and flexural strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling appropriate to the selection of granite for general building and structural purposes. Refer to Guides C1242 and C1528 for the appropriate selection and use of granite dimension stone.  
1.2 Granite dimension stone shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped, and shall specifically exclude molded, cast, or otherwise artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, crushed and broken stone.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling method appropriate to the selection of marble dimension stone for general building and structural purposes. Dimension marble shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped into blocks, slabs or tiles, and shall specifically exclude molded, cast and artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, and also crushed and broken stone. Marbles covered here are classified as either calcite or dolomite. The physical property requirements to which marble stones shall adhere to are absorption by weight, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, abrasion resistance, and flexural strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling appropriate to the selection of marble for general building and structural purposes. Refer to Guides C1242 and C1528 for the appropriate selection and use of marble dimension stone.  
1.2 Dimension marble shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped into blocks, slabs or tiles, and shall specifically exclude molded, cast and artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, and also crushed and broken stone.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone cladding for architectural structures.  
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.  
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building's skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.  
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.  
4.3.2 It is not the intent of this guide to supersede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this guide's recommendations. All industry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such publications differ from those in this guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publication's provisions if recommended by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.  
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should be determined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data where applicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.  
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.  
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.  
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests,...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.  
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those design considerations.  
1.3 This guide pertains to:  
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,  
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to the building structure,  
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before these support systems are attached to the building structure, and  
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.  
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacing work.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
FIG. 1 Rod and Plug Anchor  
FIG. 2 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention (continued)  
FIG. 4 Disc Anchor  
FIG. 5 Combined Anchor  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling methods appropriate for the selection of serpentine (serpentine marble) dimension stone for general building and structural purposes. Dimension serpentine shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped, and shall specifically exclude molded, cast, or otherwise artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, and also crushed and broken stone. The physical property requirements to which serpentine stones shall adhere to are absorption by weight, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, abrasion resistance, and flexural strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling appropriate for the selection of serpentine (serpentine marble) for general building and structural purposes. Refer to Guides C1242 and C1528 for the appropriate selection and use of serpentine dimension stone.  
1.2 Dimension serpentine shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped and shall specifically exclude molded, cast, or otherwise artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, and also crushed and broken stone.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in flexural strength between the various dimension stones. This test method also provides one element in comparing stones of the same type.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the flexural strength of stone by use of a simple beam using quarter-point loading.  
1.2 Stone tests shall be made when pertinent for the situation when the load is perpendicular to the bedding plane and when the load is parallel to the bedding plane.  
1.3 As required, the flexural tests shall also be conducted under wet conditions.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this guide is to assist those who wish to restore facades constructed of or finished with dimension stone. It is an aid to owners, building managers, architects, engineers, contractors and others involved with restoring dimension stone.  
4.2 This guide is not meant to supersede manufacturers' directions and recommendations for the use of their specific products, or written directions from the architect or building owner. When manufacturers' directions are in conflict with this guide, follow their recommendations or consult with their technical staff for further direction.  
4.3 Prior to undertaking a full-scale repair or cleaning procedure, the methods under consideration for repair, patching or cleaning should be tested on an area not easily visible or on sample stones. The test will assist in judging the effectiveness of the chosen method and permit assessment of potential damage to the building stone. Completely evaluate the success of the sample repairs before undertaking the full-scale cleaning or repair procedure.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes materials and procedures for restoring facades constructed of or finished with dimension stone. All of the materials, procedures, and principles are suitable for restoration of historic and nonhistosric structures.  
1.2 This guide is not intended to address restoration of interior dimension stone, although many of the materials and procedures may be suitable for interior use.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling appropriate to the selection of limestone for general building and structural purposes. Refer to Guides C1242 and C1528 for the appropriate selection and use of limestone dimension stone.  
1.2 Dimension limestone shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped and shall specifically exclude molded, cast, or otherwise artificially aggregated units of composed fragments, and also crushed and broken stone.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling method appropriate to the selection of roofing slate for use as roof shingles. Slates not included in this specification are those containing soft carbonaceous ribbons. Roofing shall be classified either as Grade S1, S2, or S3, wherein each grade shall meet specified breaking load, absorption, and depth of softening requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling appropriate to the selection of slate for use as roof shingles.  
1.2 Slates not included in this specification are those containing soft carbonaceous ribbons. The wide variation in physical properties and composition of such ribbon slates render their service life uncertain under some conditions of use.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling method appropriate to the selection of quartz-based dimension stone for general building and structural purposes. Quartz-based dimension stone shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped, and shall specifically exclude molded, cast, or otherwise artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, and also crushed and broken stone. Quartz stones covered here shall be classified according to the free silica content, as follows: sandstone (I); quartzitic sandstone (II); and quartzite (III) The physical property requirements to which quartz-based stones shall adhere to are absorption by weight, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, and abrasion resistance.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling appropriate to the selection of quartz-based dimension stone for general building and structural purposes. Refer to Guides C1242 and C1528 for the appropriate selection and use of quartz-based dimension stone.  
1.2 Quartz-based dimension stone shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped, and shall specifically exclude molded, cast, or otherwise artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, and also crushed and broken stone.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling method appropriate to the selection of slate dimension stone for general building and structural purposes. Dimension slate shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped, and shall specifically exclude molded, cast, or otherwise artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, and also crushed and broken stone. It specifically excludes roofing slate and slate for industrial uses. Slates shall be selected for either exterior or interior use. The physical property requirements to which slate stones shall adhere to are absorption, abrasion resistance, acid resistance, and modulus of rupture (across grain and along grain).
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling appropriate to the selection of slate for general building and structural purposes. Refer to Guides C1242 and C1528 for the appropriate selection and use of slate dimension stone.  
1.2 Dimension slate shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped, and shall specifically exclude molded, cast, or otherwise artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, and also crushed and broken stone.  
1.3 It specifically excludes roofing slate (see Specification C406/C406M) and slate for industrial uses.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in weather resistance between various slates. For comparison of relative slate performance, Specification C406/C406M provides a classification that includes expected service life based on depth of softening. This test method provides one element in the comparison of slates.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for weather resistance of slate in all outdoor installations by determining the depth of softening after soaking in 1 % sulfuric acid solution by a shear/scratch tester (Test Method A) or by hand scraping (Test Method B).  
Note 1: These tests are based on the fact that slates containing calcium carbonate undergo a chemical weathering which produces gypsum and carbon dioxide. The swelling action that results causes disintegration of the slate. Oxidation of iron sulfides (such as pyrite) may also adversely affect weathering durability of a slate. The extent of such action on various slates in the test has been found to correlate with the durability of the materials in actual weathering.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of testing dimension stone is to quantify the various material properties of the stone. The test should consistently predict performance of the stone in a specific application. Many of the test methods that have been developed are specific and attempt to approximate the anticipated behavior of the stone in the manner that is intended to be used, such as flexural strength, compressive strength, and anchor strength. Other test methods provide general information about the stone, such as absorption and density. Test data provides the designer with information required to produce rational designs and assess if the stone will perform adequately for its intended use.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers sampling, selection, preparation, and conditioning of specimens that will be used to test material properties of dimension stone.  
1.2 This guide sets forth basic recommendations for sampling and preparation of dimension stone test specimens and provides information regarding variables that should be considered.  
1.3 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, contractors and material suppliers who design, select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, finish, or test natural stone products for construction applications.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:  
4.1.1 Determine the physical and chemical characteristics (mineralogy, texture, and composition) of the stone specimen that may be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.  
4.1.2 Describe and classify the minerals of the specimen.  
4.1.3 Classify the stone both commercially and geologically based on Terminology C119, recognizing the differences in nomenclature; and based on the following standards, as appropriate:
Specification C406
Specification C503
Specification C568
Specification C615
Specification C616
Specification C629
Specification C1526
Specification C1527  
4.1.4 Determine the relative amounts of the minerals of the specimen and constituents that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.  
4.1.5 Compare characteristics of the stone with specimens from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available.  
4.2 The petrographer should be told in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired.  
4.2.1 Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, such as physical and mechanical testing, should be made available. The petrographer’s advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination. Available physical and mechanical testing may include the following:
Test Methods C97
Test Method C99
Test Method C170
Test Method C880
Test Methods C120
Test Method C121
Test Method C241
Test Method C1353  
Test Method C217  
4.3 This guide may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analy...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of stone specimen material proposed for use as dimension stone used in construction.  
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of petrographic related properties that should be looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of dimension stone.  
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Terminology C119 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reports prepared in accordance with this guide.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide information from which applicable design data can be determined for a given anchor used to support a dimension stone panel. The strength of a limited length of anchor may be related to a longer length of support when the flexibility of the support is properly considered by the designer. Refer to Guide C1242.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for determining the ultimate strength of an assembly consisting of stone with mechanical anchor (anchorage). Load is applied, separately, perpendicular to the surface of the panel and parallel to the surface of the panel. This test is intended to represent the interaction of the anchor with the stone panel. However, influence of the backup structure on the strength of the assemblies is not included.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to stone panels supported by mechanical anchors.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in abrasion resistance between various building stones. This test method also provides one element in comparing stones of the same type.
Note 1: Test Method C1353/C1353M is an alternative method to evaluate abrasion resistance for stone subjected to foot traffic, but is not applicable for hard and coarse-grained stones such as granite. Preliminary assessments by Subcommittee C18.03 indicate it results in similar Ha values as established by this method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of abrasion resistance of all types of stones for floors, steps, and similar uses where the wear is caused by foot traffic.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The formula for calculation of the result of this test method relies on the use of SI units; all measurements of weight in this test method shall be recorded in SI units. See 10.1 and 11.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful for providing engineering values for stress and deflection analysis of stone panels. It is also useful in indicating the differences in flexural modulus of elasticity between various dimension stones and stones of the same type in different loading directions (parallel and perpendicular to rift or bedding planes).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the flexural modulus of elasticity of stone by using a simple beam with quarter-point loading.  
1.2 Stone tests may be made with load applied perpendicular to the bedding plane or rift and with load applied parallel to the bedding plane or rift.  
1.3 Stone tests may be made for wet and dry specimen conditions.  
1.4 The specifier of the test shall determine which conditions shall be used.  
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Exterior dimension stone is chosen for use in contemporary architecture in part because of its aesthetic appeal. Aesthetics can be significantly diminished when dirt, grime, fly ash, algae and other contaminants collect on the surface of stone.  
4.2 This guide is intended to assist those who wish to preserve the original appearance of a new structure or to return a stone-clad building to its original color and appearance.  
4.2.1 Note that cleaning may not be able to return discolored or faded stone to its original appearance.  
4.3 This guide may be used as a construction document.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes materials and procedures which may be used to clean dimension stone exteriors as well as the conditions under which they may be used. It is intended to aid owners, maintenance supervisors and building managers, architects and engineers, and contractors in cleaning vertical exterior dimension stone on commercial, residential and institutional structures. This guide may also be helpful to those who wish to clean stone masonry on bridges, retaining walls, ramps, and plazas, and free-standing stone objects such as statuary, memorials and grave markers.  
1.2 This guide relates primarily, to routine maintenance of the surface finish of exterior dimension stone. The techniques noted herein may not be appropriate or cost effective with regard to restoration of disfigured, severely soiled or stained stonework, or of stonework of particular historic importance. In cases where staining occurs on surfaces which have cultural, civic, historic or architectural significance, consultation with a specialist is recommended.  
1.3 The user of this guide should also obtain and have on file at both the job site and the office Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) describing the nature of all chemical products utilized during the cleaning process.  
1.4 A file of literature from the manufacturers of all products involved within the scope of each project should be available for reference.  
1.5 These procedures are not intended for interior stonework.  
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method gives a standard procedure for determining structural performance under uniform static air pressure difference. This typically is intended to represent the effects of wind loads on exterior building surface elements. The actual loading on building surfaces is quite complex, varying with wind direction, time, height above ground, building shape, terrain, surrounding structures, and other factors. These factors are discussed in the literature in 2.2 and 2.3 and Footnotes 4 and 5.
Note 1: In applying the results of tests by this test method, it should be borne in mind that the performance of a cladding system may be a function of fabrication, installation, and adjustment, and that the specimen may or may not truly represent the actual structure. In service, the performance will also depend on the rigidity of supporting construction and on the resistance of components to deterioration by various causes, to vibration, to thermal expansion and contraction, etc.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the structural performance of dimension stone cladding systems under positive and negative uniform static air pressure differences, using a test chamber.  
1.2 The proper use of this test method requires a knowledge of the principles of pressure and deflection measurement.  
1.3 This test method describes the apparatus and the procedure to be used for applying either specific test loads or unknown ultimate values of uniformity distributed test loads to a specimen.  
1.3.1 Procedure A (see 11.2) shall be used when deflections at maximum load only are required.  
1.3.2 Procedure B (see 11.3) shall be used when a load-deflection curve is required.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statements, see Section 7.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a quantitative means of determining the shear bond strength between an installed adhered stone and its substrate. This test can be used as a means of determining the shear bond strength of pre-existing or recently installed stone assemblies.  
4.2 The maximum stone specimen size is 6 by 6 in. [150 by 150 mm]. The size limitation is provided to establish a practical specimen size, limit maximum breaking load, and prevent out-of-plane stress.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used for determining the shear bond strength of dimension stone wall or floor assembly adhered to a substrate.  
1.2 This test method was developed for adhered stone applications and may be used in a laboratory or in the field.  
1.3 Testing is performed on cured stone assemblies on a vertical or horizontal plane in an interior or exterior application. Load is applied to one edge of the stone. The load is applied at a specified rate until the stone assembly fails.  
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in water absorption of slates. This test method also provides one element in the comparison of slates.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the water absorption of slate.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to quantify the abrasion resistance of dimension stone and may be related to end-use performance, or used to comparatively rank material performance, or both. The resistance of dimension stone to abrasion, as measured on a testing machine in the laboratory, is generally only one of several factors contributing to wear performance as experienced in the actual use of the material. Calculation of predicted life should not be based on specific abrasion data alone.  
5.2 The resistance of dimension stone to abrasion may be affected by factors including test conditions; type of abradant; pressure between the specimen and abradant; mounting of the specimen; and type, kind, or amount of finishing materials.  
5.3 Abrasion tests utilizing the rotary platform abraser may be subject to variation due to changes in the abradant during the course of specific tests. Depending on abradant type and test specimen, the abrading wheel surface may change (that is, become clogged) due to pick-up of finishing or other materials from test specimens. To reduce this variation, the abrading wheels may require resurfacing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the establishment of an index of abrasion resistance by determination of loss of volume resulting from abrasion of dimension stone as described in Terminology C119 and is based on Guide G195.  
1.2 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The formula for calculation of the result of this test method relies on the use of SI units; all measurements of weight in this test method shall be recorded in SI units.  
1.2.2 Exception—As the equipment used in this test method was designed and initially fabricated using dimensions in inch-pound units, the values of equipment dimensions stated in SI units have been given as exact conversions to the nearest 0.1 mm.  
1.3 This test method uses a rotary platform abraser to determine the loss in volume of dimension stone caused by abrasion under controlled conditions.  
1.4 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in abrasion resistance between the various dimension stones. This test method provides one element in comparing stones of the same type.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Related Components—Natural stone is only one component of a building's construction. All related materials and assemblies need to be evaluated to ensure compatible interactive behavior with the stone product.  
4.2 Applicable Codes—Every stone application shall comply with applicable building codes.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who design, select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supply natural stone products for construction applications.  
1.2 Consensus Standard—This guide is an industry consensus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers, architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural stone.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are useful in indicating the differences in flexure (breaking load, modulus of rupture) between various slates. These test methods also provide one element in the comparison of roofing slates under Specification C406 and structural slates under Specification C629.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover determination of the breaking load of roofing slate and modulus of rupture of structural slate by use of simple three-point loading.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This guide outlines the standard procedures for the visual assessment and maintenance of exterior dimension stone masonry walls and facades to determine their general condition. The examination procedures established here can help identify and diagnose problems that require repairs or corrective action, but is not intended to be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or structural repairs. This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension stone claddings with joints usually filled with mortar or sealant that are designed to accommodate structural and thermal movements. This guide specifically excludes the following: dimension stone used in interior building surfaces, flooring, or paving; slate dimension stone used as roofing; thin stone exterior cladding; stone cladding attached to metal flames; the removal of small area stains. Also, this guide may apply, but is not specifically directed, to the following: walls and facades containing semi-dimensions, or partially sized, stone in the form of split-face or rubble; and stone-facade concrete panels. The common problems to consider include rising damps; mortar distresses; surface losses; cracks; displacements, bowings, or bulges; and spalls and fragments. The corresponding repairs to be made that shall address these problems are detailed for each.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide attempts to provide information to assist building owners and managers with limited knowledge of stone construction to recognize basic problems with performance of facades, and to keep them in good condition through periodic inspections and maintenance. Increased awareness of the behavior of stone masonry facades and associated materials can reduce maintenance and replacement costs by addressing problems and deterioration early.  
4.2 The objective of all maintenance should be to limit deterioration through early intervention.  
4.3 When it appears damage to stone support elements has occurred, a qualified stone consultant should be employed to evaluate the support conditions, as well as recommend methods to restore the building's integrity and preserve public safety.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines how to visually assess exterior stone masonry walls and facades to determine their general condition. Examining key features of the construction can help identify and diagnose problems which require repairs or corrective action. Such an examination can expose conditions which may be addressed with maintenance and minor repairs, or may require expert assistance. This guide is not intended to be used for buildings requiring major exterior rehabilitation or structural repairs.  
1.1.1 This guide applies to walls of solid stone or dimension stone used as a cladding. Stone cladding is typically connected to a backup material with a variety of anchoring methods, including traditional hand-set masonry anchors such as straps, dowels, cramps, hook-and-eyes, dove-tails, wire ties, and the like. Joints between stones in these types of buildings are usually filled with mortar or sealant. Sealant-filled joints are usually designed to accommodate structural and thermal movements.  
1.2 This guide specifically excludes dimension stone used in interior building surfaces, flooring or paving, slate dimension stone used as roofing. Though they share some similar assessment and maintenance concerns, thin stone (less than 2 in. nominal thickness) exterior cladding, and stone cladding attached to metal flames are also excluded due to their unique design characteristics and performance requirements. Although procedures and cautions listed herein may apply to walls and facades containing semi-dimension, or partially sized, stone in the form of split-face, or rubble and to stone-facade concrete panels, the guide is not specifically directed to such stone use. It does not address removal of small-area stains.  
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in modulus of rupture between the various dimension stones. This test method also provides one element in comparing stones of the same type.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the modulus of rupture of all types of dimension stone except slate.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are useful in indicating the differences in absorption between the various dimension stones. These test methods also provide one element in comparing stones of the same type.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the tests for determining the absorption and bulk specific gravity of all types of dimension stone, except slate.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in compressive strength between the various dimension stones. This test method also provides one element in comparing stones of the same type.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sampling, preparation of specimens, and determination of the compressive strength of dimension stone.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone cladding for architectural structures.  
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.  
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building's skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.  
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.  
4.3.2 It is not the intent of this guide to supersede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this guide's recommendations. All industry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such publications differ from those in this guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publication's provisions if recommended by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.  
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should be determined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data where applicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.  
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.  
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.  
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests,...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.  
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those design considerations.  
1.3 This guide pertains to:  
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,  
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to the building structure,  
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before these support systems are attached to the building structure, and  
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.  
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacing work.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
FIG. 1 Rod and Plug Anchor  
FIG. 2 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention (continued)  
FIG. 4 Disc Anchor  
FIG. 5 Combined Anchor  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone cladding for architectural structures.  
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.  
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building's skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.  
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.  
4.3.2 It is not the intent of this guide to supersede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this guide's recommendations. All industry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such publications differ from those in this guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publication's provisions if recommended by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.  
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should be determined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data where applicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.  
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.  
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.  
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests,...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.  
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those design considerations.  
1.3 This guide pertains to:  
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,  
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to the building structure,  
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before these support systems are attached to the building structure, and  
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.  
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacing work.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
FIG. 1 Rod and Plug Anchor  
FIG. 2 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention (continued)  
FIG. 4 Disc Anchor  
FIG. 5 Combined Anchor  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in compressive strength between the various dimension stones. This test method also provides one element in comparing stones of the same type.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the sampling, preparation of specimens, and determination of the compressive strength of dimension stone.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone cladding for architectural structures.  
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.  
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building's skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.  
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.  
4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supersede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guide's recommendations. All industry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such publications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publication's provisions if recommended by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.  
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should be determined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data where applicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.  
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.  
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.  
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests,...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.  
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those design considerations.  
1.3 This guide pertains to:  
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,  
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to the building structure,  
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before these support systems are attached to the building structure, and  
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.  
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacing work.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
FIG. 1 Rod and Plug Anchor  
FIG. 2 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention (continued)  
FIG. 4 Disc Anchor  
FIG. 5 Combined Anchor  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone cladding for architectural structures.  
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.  
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building's skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.  
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.  
4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supersede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guide's recommendations. All industry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such publications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publication's provisions if recommended by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.  
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should be determined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data where applicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.  
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.  
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.  
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests,...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.  
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those design considerations.  
1.3 This guide pertains to:  
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,  
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to the building structure,  
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before these support systems are attached to the building structure, and  
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.  
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacing work.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
FIG. 1 Rod and Plug Anchor  
FIG. 2 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention (continued)  
FIG. 4 Disc Anchor  
FIG. 5 Combined Anchor  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling method appropriate to the selection of marble dimension stone for general building and structural purposes. Dimension marble shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped into blocks, slabs or tiles, and shall specifically exclude molded, cast and artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, and also crushed and broken stone. Marbles covered here are classified as either calcite or dolomite. The physical property requirements to which marble stones shall adhere to are absorption by weight, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, abrasion resistance, and flexural strength.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the material characteristics, physical requirements, and sampling appropriate to the selection of marble for general building and structural purposes. Refer to Guides C1242 and C1528 for the appropriate selection and use of marble dimension stone.  
1.2 Dimension marble shall include stone that is sawed, cut, split, or otherwise finished or shaped into blocks, slabs or tiles, and shall specifically exclude molded, cast and artificially aggregated units composed of fragments, and also crushed and broken stone.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone cladding for architectural structures.  
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.  
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building's skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.  
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.  
4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supersede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guide's recommendations. All industry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such publications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publication's provisions if recommended by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.  
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should be determined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data where applicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.  
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.  
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.  
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests,...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.  
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those design considerations.  
1.3 This guide pertains to:  
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,  
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to the building structure,  
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before these support systems are attached to the building structure, and  
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.  
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacing work.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
FIG. 1 Rod and Plug Anchor  
FIG. 2 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention (continued)  
FIG. 4 Disc Anchor  
FIG. 5 Combined Anchor  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of testing dimension stone is to quantify the various material properties of the stone. The test should consistently predict performance of the stone in a specific application. Many of the test methods that have been developed are specific and attempt to approximate the anticipated behavior of the stone in the manner that is intended to be used, such as flexural strength, compressive strength, and anchor strength. Other test methods provide general information about the stone, such as absorption and density. Test data provides the designer with information required to produce rational designs and assess if the stone will perform adequately for its intended use.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers sampling, selection, preparation, and conditioning of specimens that will be used to test material properties of dimension stone.  
1.2 This guide sets forth basic recommendations for sampling and preparation of dimension stone test specimens and provides information regarding variables that should be considered.  
1.3 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, contractors and material suppliers who design, select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, finish, or test natural stone products for construction applications.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone cladding for architectural structures.  
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.  
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building's skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.  
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.  
4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supersede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guide's recommendations. All industry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such publications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publication's provisions if recommended by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.  
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should be determined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data where applicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.  
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.  
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.  
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests,...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.  
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those design considerations.  
1.3 This guide pertains to:  
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,  
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to the building structure,  
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before these support systems are attached to the building structure, and  
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.  
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacing work.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
FIG. 1 Rod and Plug Anchor  
FIG. 2 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention (continued)  
FIG. 4 Disc Anchor  
FIG. 5 Combined Anchor  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone cladding for architectural structures.  
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.  
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building's skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.  
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.  
4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supersede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guide's recommendations. All industry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such publications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publication's provisions if recommended by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.  
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should be determined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data where applicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.  
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.  
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.  
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests,...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.  
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those design considerations.  
1.3 This guide pertains to:  
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,  
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to the building structure,  
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before these support systems are attached to the building structure, and  
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.  
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacing work.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
FIG. 1 Rod and Plug Anchor  
FIG. 2 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention (continued)  
FIG. 4 Disc Anchor  
FIG. 5 Combined Anchor  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in weather resistance between various slates. For comparison of relative slate performance, Specification C406/C406M provides a classification that includes expected service life based on depth of softening. This test method provides one element in the comparison of slates.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover two procedures for weather resistance of slate in all outdoor installations by determining the depth of softening after soaking in 1 % sulfuric acid solution by a shear/scratch tester (Test Method A) or by hand scraping (Test Method B).  
Note 1: These tests are based on the fact that slates containing calcium carbonate undergo a chemical weathering which produces gypsum and carbon dioxide. The swelling action that results causes disintegration of the slate. Oxidation of iron sulfides (such as pyrite) may also adversely affect weathering durability of a slate. The extent of such action on various slates in the test has been found to correlate with the durability of the materials in actual weathering.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:  
4.1.1 Determine the physical and chemical characteristics (mineralogy, texture, and composition) of the stone specimen that may be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.  
4.1.2 Describe and classify the minerals of the specimen.  
4.1.3 Classify the stone both commercially and geologically based on Terminology C119, recognizing the differences in nomenclature; and based on the following standards, as appropriate:
Specification C406
Specification C503
Specification C568
Specification C615
Specification C616
Specification C629
Specification C1526
Specification C1527  
4.1.4 Determine the relative amounts of the minerals of the specimen and constituents that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.  
4.1.5 Compare characteristics of the stone with specimens from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available.  
4.2 The petrographer should be told in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired.  
4.2.1 Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, such as physical and mechanical testing, should be made available. The petrographer’s advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination. Available physical and mechanical testing may include the following:
Test Methods C97
Test Method C99
Test Method C170
Test Method C880
Test Methods C120
Test Method C121
Test Method C241
Test Method C1353  
Test Method C217  
4.3 This guide may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analy...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of stone specimen material proposed for use as dimension stone used in construction.  
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of petrographic related properties that should be looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of dimension stone.  
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Terminology C119 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reports prepared in accordance with this guide.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to provide information from which applicable design data can be determined for a given anchor used to support a dimension stone panel. The strength of a limited length of anchor may be related to a longer length of support when the flexibility of the support is properly considered by the designer. Refer to Guide C1242.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides procedures for determining the ultimate strength of an assembly consisting of stone with mechanical anchor (anchorage). Load is applied, separately, perpendicular to the surface of the panel and parallel to the surface of the panel. This test is intended to represent the interaction of the anchor with the stone panel. However, influence of the backup structure on the strength of the assemblies is not included.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to stone panels supported by mechanical anchors.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Petrographic examinations are made for the following purposes:  
4.1.1 Determine the physical and chemical characteristics (mineralogy, texture, and composition) of the stone specimen that may be observed by petrographic methods and that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.  
4.1.2 Describe and classify the minerals of the specimen.  
4.1.3 Classify the stone both commercially and geologically based on Terminology C119, recognizing the differences in nomenclature; and based on the following standards, as appropriate:
Specification C406
Specification C503
Specification C568
Specification C615
Specification C616
Specification C629
Specification C1526
Specification C1527  
4.1.4 Determine the relative amounts of the minerals of the specimen and constituents that have a bearing on the performance of the material in its intended use.  
4.1.5 Compare characteristics of the stone with specimens from one or more sources, for which test data or performance records are available.  
4.2 The petrographer should be told in as much detail as necessary, the purposes and objectives of the examination, the kind of information needed, and the extent of examination desired.  
4.2.1 Pertinent background information, including results of prior testing, such as physical and mechanical testing, should be made available. The petrographer’s advice and judgment should be sought regarding the extent of the examination. Available physical and mechanical testing may include the following:
Test Methods C97
Test Method C99
Test Method C170
Test Method C880
Test Methods C120
Test Method C121
Test Method C241
Test Method C1353  
Test Method C217  
4.3 This guide may form the basis for establishing arrangements between a purchaser of consulting petrographic service and the petrographer. In such a case, the purchaser and the consultant should together determine the kind, extent, and objectives of the examination and analy...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of stone specimen material proposed for use as dimension stone used in construction.  
1.2 This guide outlines the extent to which petrographic techniques should be used, the selection of petrographic related properties that should be looked for, and the manner in which such techniques may be employed in the examination of dimension stone.  
1.3 The rock and mineral names given in Terminology C119 should be used, insofar as they are appropriate, in reports prepared in accordance with this guide.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone cladding for architectural structures.  
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.  
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building's skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.  
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.  
4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supersede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guide's recommendations. All industry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such publications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publication's provisions if recommended by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.  
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should be determined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data where applicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.  
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.  
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.  
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests,...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.  
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those design considerations.  
1.3 This guide pertains to:  
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,  
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to the building structure,  
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before these support systems are attached to the building structure, and  
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.  
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacing work.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
FIG. 1 Rod and Plug Anchor  
FIG. 2 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention (continued)  
FIG. 4 Disc Anchor  
FIG. 5 Combined Anchor  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in abrasion resistance between various building stones. This test method also provides one element in comparing stones of the same type.
Note 1: Test Method C1353/C1353M is an alternative method to evaluate abrasion resistance for stone subjected to foot traffic, but is not applicable for hard and coarse-grained stones such as granite. Preliminary assessments by Subcommittee C18.03 indicate it results in similar Ha values as established by this method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of abrasion resistance of all types of stones for floors, steps, and similar uses where the wear is caused by foot traffic.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 Exception—The formula for calculation of the result of this test method relies on the use of SI units; all measurements of weight in this test method shall be recorded in SI units. See 10.1 and 11.1.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful in indicating the differences in weather resistance between various slates. This test method provides one element in the comparison of slates.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for weather resistance of slate in all outdoor installations by determining the depth of softening by a shear/scratch tester or by hand scraping after soaking in 1 % sulfuric acid.  
Note 1: The test is based on the fact that slates containing pyrite, calcite, and carbon undergo a chemical weathering which results in the conversion of the calcite particles to gypsum. The swelling action that results causes disintegration of the slate. The extent of this action on various slates in the test has been found to correlate with the durability of the materials in actual weathering.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, and contractors who either design or install exterior stone cladding for architectural structures.  
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering design considerations, documentation, material considerations, anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable stone cladding.  
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building's skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and performance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and superstructure frame.  
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with applicable building codes.  
4.3.2 It is not the intent of this Guide to supersede published recommendations for specific stone types. Provisions of other dimension stone industry publications should be reviewed and considered in addition to this Guide's recommendations. All industry information should be considered with respect to project specifications and requirements. If provisions of such publications differ from those in this Guide, it is acceptable practice to follow the publication's provisions if recommended by the stone specialist defined in 4.4 for the specific conditions of the individual project.  
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variability of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should be determined by testing and statistical methods that are evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test data where applicable. Always reference proven performance of relevant existing structures.  
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.  
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and components including the stone shall be interactively compatible.  
4.4 Stone Specialist—Some conditions require professional expertise to select and plan a proper anchoring system, establish appropriate testing requirements, interpret tests,...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchoring systems and discusses the design principles to be considered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity loads and applied loads.  
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those design considerations.  
1.3 This guide pertains to:  
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building structure for support,  
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components after these support systems are attached to the building structure,  
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled before these support systems are attached to the building structure, and  
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and installation of the above.  
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommendations of the manufacturers, and standards governing interfacing work.  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
FIG. 1 Rod and Plug Anchor  
FIG. 2 Adhesive Embedded Threaded Anchor  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention  
FIG. 3 Point Loading Prevention (continued)  
FIG. 4 Disc Anchor  
FIG. 5 Combined Anchor  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and 2.)  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for th...