E08.05 - Cyclic Deformation and Fatigue Crack Formation

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Fatigue test results may be significantly influenced by the properties and history of the parent material, the operations performed during the preparation of the fatigue specimens, and the testing machine and test procedures used during the generation of the data. The presentation of fatigue test results should include citation of basic information on the material, specimens, and testing to increase the utility of the results and to reduce to a minimum the possibility of misinterpretation or improper application of those results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the desirable and minimum information to be communicated between the originator and the user of data derived from constant-force amplitude axial, bending, or torsion fatigue tests of metallic materials tested in air and at room temperature.  
Note 1: Practice E466, although not directly referenced in the text, is considered important enough to be listed in this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Constant torque thermal cycling tests determine the effect of shear stress on the transformation properties such as transformation temperatures, actuation shear strain and residual shear strain of a shape memory alloy. This test is done to provide data for the characterization selection of shape memory alloy materials, quality control, design allowables and actuator design (1-3).5 The tests should be used for one thermal cycle but may be used for repeated thermal cycles as agreed upon between supplier and customer.  
4.2 Measurement of the specimen's motion closely parallels many shape memory actuator applications and provides a result that is applicable to the function of the material.  
4.3 This test method may be used for cylindrical specimens such as wire, round tube or bar forms. Thus, it is able to provide an assessment of the product in its semi-finished form.  
4.4 This test method provides a simple method for determining transformation temperatures by heating and cooling specimens through their full thermal transformation under torque.  
4.5 This test method may also be used to evaluate partial transformation cycles as set by the LCT and UCT and agreed upon between the user and customer. Examples of partial and full transformation thermal cycles are provided in Fig. 2.
FIG. 2 Effects of Shear Stress and Upper Cycle Temperature on Test Results
Note 1: A) UCT sufficient for complete Austenitic transformation. B) UCT not sufficient for complete Austenitic transformation. “τ” is the applied shear stress.  
4.6 This test method can be used on trained and processed material in a semi-finished form to measure Two Way Shape Memory Effect (TWSME) by comparing the shear strain at the LCT and UCT with a torque set such that the corresponding shear stress shall not exceed 7 MPa. For determining TWSME in this manner it is suggested that a full transformation cycle be performed in accordance with 5.7.  
4.7 This test method is useful for quality control, sp...
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1.1 This test method will define procedures for thermomechanical cycling of shape memory alloys (SMA) material and components with circular cross-sections under constant torque. This test method will measure the transformation properties such as transformation temperatures, actuation shear strain and residual shear strain, when a shape memory alloy is thermally cycled through the phase transformation under a constant applied torque. This test is done to provide data for the characterization selection of shape memory alloy materials, quality control, design allowables and actuator design.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Constant force thermal cycling tests determine the effect of stress on the transformation temperatures, recovered strain and residual strain of a shape memory alloy. The tests may be for one thermal cycle. A standard test method for force controlled repeated thermal cycling of shape memory alloys is currently under development.  
5.2 Measurement of the specimen's thermomechanical behavior closely parallels many shape memory applications and provides a result that is applicable to the function of the material.  
5.3 This test method may be used for, but is not limited to, wire, round tube, or strip samples. Thus it is able to provide an assessment of the product in its semi-finished form.  
5.4 This test method provides a simple method for determining transformation temperatures by heating and cooling specimens through their full thermal transformation under force.  
5.5 This test method can be used on trained and processed material in a semi-finished form to measure Two Way Shape Memory Effect by comparing the strain in the austenite state and martensite states with no minimal applied stress. The force is set to a minimum value not to exceed a corresponding stress of 7 MPa (in accordance Test Method F2516).  
5.6 This test method is useful for quality control, specification acceptance, and research.  
5.7 Transformation temperatures derived from this test method may not agree with those obtained by other test methods due to the effects of strain and stress on the transformation.  
5.8 Components such as springs or other semi-finished parts can be tested using this method as agreed upon by the customer and supplier. Units of stress and strain can be replaced with force and displacement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines procedures for thermomechanical cycling of shape memory alloy (SMA) material and components under constant force. This method characterizes the transformation properties such as transformation temperatures, actuation strain and residual strain, when a SMA is thermally cycled through the phase transformation under a constant applied force. This test is done to provide data for the selection of SMA materials, quality control, design allowables and actuator design.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A method for obtaining fatigue strain (stress) at a specific life is of interest to the wire manufacturer, designer and consumer. The method is useful in production control, material acceptance and determination of the fatigue strain (stress) of the wire at a specific fatigue life, that is, fatigue strength. Rotating bending fatigue testing of small diameter solid round wire is possible by looping a specimen of predetermined length through an arc of 90° to 180°. The bending strain (stress) is determined from the geometry of the loop thusly formed. The methodology is capable of high frequency testing provided the temperature of the test article is constant and there is no adiabatic heating of the wire. A constant temperature can be maintained by immersing the specimen in a constant temperature fluid bath or test media. This makes it practical to quickly test a sufficient number of specimens to provide a statistical frequency distribution or survival probability distribution of fatigue life at a given strain (stress). Fatigue life information is useful to ascertain wire in-service durability and to assess, for example, the effects of melt practice and cold work processing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended as a procedure for the performance of rotating bending fatigue tests of solid round fine wire to obtain the fatigue strength of metallic materials at a specified life in the fatigue regime where the strains (stresses) are predominately and nominally linear elastic. This test method is limited to the fatigue testing of small diameter solid round wire subjected to a constant amplitude periodic strain (stress). The methodology can be useful in assessing the effects of internal material structure, such as inclusions, in melt technique and cold work processing studies. However, there is a caveat. The strain, due to the radial strain gradient imposed by the test methodology, is a maximum at the surface and zero at the centerline. Thus the test method may not seek out the “weakest link,” largest inclusions, that govern uniaxial high cycle fatigue life where the strain is uniform across the cross section and where fatigue damage initiates at a subsurface location (1-5).2 Also, pre-strain, which can influence fatigue life, is not included in this test method.
Note 1: The following documents, although not specifically mentioned, are considered sufficiently important to be listed in this test method:
ASTM STP 566 Handbook of Fatigue Testing
ASTM STP 588 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments
ASTM STP 731 Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits (6-8)  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Fretting fatigue tests are used to determine the effects of several fretting parameters on the fatigue lives of metallic materials. Some of these parameters include differing materials, relative displacement amplitudes, normal force at the fretting contact, alternating tangential force, the contact geometry, surface integrity parameters such as finish, and the environment. Comparative tests are used to determine the effectiveness of palliatives on the fatigue life of specimens with well-controlled boundary conditions so that the mechanics of the fretting fatigue test can be modeled. Generally, it is useful to compare the fretting fatigue response to plain fatigue to obtain knockdown or reduction factors from fretting fatigue. The results may be used as a guide in selecting material combinations, design stress levels, lubricants, and coatings to alleviate or eliminate fretting fatigue concerns in new or existing designs. However, due to the synergisms of fatigue, wear, and corrosion on the fretting fatigue parameters, extreme care should be exercised in the judgment to determine if the test conditions meet the design or system conditions.  
4.2 For data to be comparable, reproducible, and correlated amongst laboratories and relevant to mimic fretting in an application, all parameters critical to the fretting fatigue life of the material in question will need to be replicated. Because alterations in environment, metallurgical properties, fretting loading (controlled forces and displacements), compliance of the test system, etc. can affect the response, no general guidelines exist to quantitatively ascertain what the effect will be on the specimen fretting fatigue life if a single parameter is varied. To assure test results can be correlated and reproduced, all material variables, testing information, physical procedures, and analytical procedures should be reported in a manner that is consistent with good current test practices.  
4.3 Because of the wear phenome...
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1.1 This guide defines terminology and covers general requirements for conducting fretting fatigue tests and reporting the results. It describes the general types of fretting fatigue tests and provides some suggestions on developing and conducting fretting fatigue test programs.  
1.2 Fretting fatigue tests are designed to determine the effects of mechanical and environmental parameters on the fretting fatigue behavior of metallic materials. This guide is not intended to establish preference of one apparatus or specimen design over others, but will establish guidelines for adherence in the design, calibration, and use of fretting fatigue apparatus and recommend the means to collect, record, and reporting of the data.  
1.3 The number of cycles to form a fretting fatigue crack is dependent on both the material of the fatigue specimen and fretting pad, the geometry of contact between the two, and the method by which the loading and displacement are imposed. Similar to wear behavior of materials, it is important to consider fretting fatigue as a system response, instead of a material response. Because of this dependency on the configuration of the system, quantifiable comparisons of various material combinations should be based on tests using similar fretting fatigue configurations and material couples.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Multiaxial forces often tend to introduce deformation and damage mechanisms that are unique and quite different from those induced under a simple uniaxial loading condition. Since most engineering components are subjected to cyclic multiaxial forces it is necessary to characterize the deformation and fatigue behaviors of materials in this mode. Such a characterization enables reliable prediction of the fatigue lives of many engineering components. Axial-torsional loading is one of several possible types of multiaxial force systems and is essentially a biaxial type of loading. Thin-walled tubular specimens subjected to axial-torsional loading can be used to explore behavior of materials in two of the four quadrants in principal stress or strain spaces. Axial-torsional loading is more convenient than in-plane biaxial loading because the stress state in the thin-walled tubular specimens is constant over the entire test section and is well-known. This practice is useful for generating fatigue life and cyclic deformation data on homogeneous materials under axial, torsional, and combined in- and out-of-phase axial-torsional loading conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 The standard deals with strain-controlled, axial, torsional, and combined in- and out-of-phase axial torsional fatigue testing with thin-walled, circular cross-section, tubular specimens at isothermal, ambient and elevated temperatures. This standard is limited to symmetric, completely-reversed strains (zero mean strains) and axial and torsional waveforms with the same frequency in combined axial-torsional fatigue testing. This standard is also limited to characterization of homogeneous materials with thin-walled tubular specimens and does not cover testing of either large-scale components or structural elements.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Strain-controlled fatigue is a phenomenon that is influenced by the same variables that influence force-controlled fatigue. The nature of strain-controlled fatigue imposes distinctive requirements on fatigue testing methods. In particular, cyclic total strain should be measured and cyclic plastic strain should be determined. Furthermore, either of these strains typically is used to establish cyclic limits; total strain usually is controlled throughout the cycle. The uniqueness of this test method and the results it yields are the determination of cyclic stresses and strains at any time during the tests. Differences in strain histories other than constant-amplitude alter fatigue life as compared with the constant amplitude results (for example, periodic overstrains and block or spectrum histories). Likewise, the presence of nonzero mean strains and varying environmental conditions may alter fatigue life as compared with the constant-amplitude, fully reversed fatigue tests. Care must be exercised in analyzing and interpreting data for such cases. In the case of variable amplitude or spectrum strain histories, cycle counting can be performed with Practice E1049.  
4.2 Strain-controlled fatigue can be an important consideration in the design of industrial products. It is important for situations in which components or portions of components undergo either mechanically or thermally induced cyclic plastic strains that cause failure within relatively few (that is, approximately 5) cycles. Information obtained from strain-controlled fatigue testing may be an important element in the establishment of design criteria to protect against component failure by fatigue.  
4.3 Strain-controlled fatigue test results are useful in the areas of mechanical design as well as materials research and development, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. Results of a strain-controlled fatigue test program may be used in the formulation of empirical relat...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatigue properties of nominally homogeneous materials by the use of test specimens subjected to uniaxial forces. It is intended as a guide for fatigue testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. While this test method is intended primarily for strain-controlled fatigue testing, some sections may provide useful information for force-controlled or stress-controlled testing.  
1.2 The use of this test method is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to temperatures and strain rates for which the magnitudes of time-dependent inelastic strains are on the same order or less than the magnitudes of time-independent inelastic strains. No restrictions are placed on environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, humidity, medium, and others, provided they are controlled throughout the test, do not cause loss of or change in dimension with time, and are detailed in the data report.  
Note 1: The term inelastic is used herein to refer to all nonelastic strains. The term plastic is used herein to refer only to the time-independent (that is, noncreep) component of inelastic strain. To truly determine a time-independent strain the force would have to be applied instantaneously, which is not possible. A useful engineering estimate of time-independent strain can be obtained when the strain rate exceeds some value. For example, a strain rate of 1 × 10−3 sec−1  is often used for this purpose. This value should increase with increasing test temperature.  
1.4 This test method is restricted to the testing of uniform gage section test specimens subjected to axial forces as shown in Fig. 1(a). Testing is limited to strain-controlled cycling. The test ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The axial force fatigue test is used to determine the effect of variations in material, geometry, surface condition, stress, and so forth, on the fatigue resistance of metallic materials subjected to direct stress for relatively large numbers of cycles. The results may also be used as a guide for the selection of metallic materials for service under conditions of repeated direct stress.  
4.2 In order to verify that such basic fatigue data generated using this practice is comparable, reproducible, and correlated among laboratories, it may be advantageous to conduct a round-robin-type test program from a statistician's point of view. To do so would require the control or balance of what are often deemed nuisance variables; for example, hardness, cleanliness, grain size, composition, directionality, surface residual stress, surface finish, and so forth. Thus, when embarking on a program of this nature it is essential to define and maintain consistency a priori, as many variables as reasonably possible, with as much economy as prudent. All material variables, testing information, and procedures used should be reported so that correlation and reproducibility of results may be attempted in a fashion that is considered reasonably good current test practice.  
4.3 The results of the axial force fatigue test are suitable for application to design only when the specimen test conditions realistically simulate service conditions or some methodology of accounting for service conditions is available and clearly defined.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the performance of axial force controlled fatigue tests to obtain the fatigue strength of metallic materials in the fatigue regime where the strains are predominately elastic, both upon initial loading and throughout the test. This practice is limited to the fatigue testing of axial unnotched and notched specimens subjected to a constant amplitude, periodic forcing function in air at room temperature.  
1.2 The use of this test method is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.
Note 1: The following documents, although not directly referenced in the text, are considered important enough to be listed in this practice:
E739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data
STP 566 Handbook of Fatigue Testing2
STP 588 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments3
STP 731 Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits4  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Creep-fatigue testing is typically performed at elevated temperatures and involves the sequential or simultaneous application of the loading conditions necessary to generate cyclic deformation/damage enhanced by creep deformation/damage or vice versa. Unless such tests are performed in vacuum or an inert environment, oxidation can also be responsible for important interaction effects relating to damage accumulation. The purpose of creep-fatigue tests can be to determine material property data for (a) assessment input data for the deformation and damage condition analysis of engineering structures operating at elevated temperatures (b) the verification of constitutive deformation and damage model effectiveness (c) material characterization, or (d) development and verification of rules for new construction and life assessment of high-temperature components subject to cyclic service with low frequencies or with periods of steady operation, or both.  
4.2 In every case, it is advisable to have complementary continuous cycling fatigue data (gathered at the same strain/loading rate) and creep data determined from test conducted as per Practice E139 for the same material and test temperature(s). The procedure is primarily concerned with the testing of round bar test specimens subjected (at least remotely) to uniaxial loading in either force or strain control. The focus of the procedure is on tests in which creep and fatigue deformation and damage is generated simultaneously within a given cycle. Data which may be determined from creep-fatigue tests performed under such conditions may characterize  (a) cyclic stress-strain deformation response (b) cyclic creep (or relaxation) deformation response (c) cyclic hardening, cyclic softening response or (d) cycles to crack formation, or both.  
4.3 While there are a number of testing Standards and Codes of Practice that cover the determination of low cycle fatigue deformation and cycles to crack initiation properties (See Pr...
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of mechanical properties pertaining to creep-fatigue deformation or crack formation in nominally homogeneous materials, or both by the use of test specimens subjected to uniaxial forces under isothermal conditions. It concerns fatigue testing at strain rates or with cycles involving sufficiently long hold times to be responsible for the cyclic deformation response and cycles to crack formation to be affected by creep (and oxidation). It is intended as a test method for fatigue testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. The cyclic conditions responsible for creep-fatigue deformation and cracking vary with material and with temperature for a given material.  
1.2 The use of this test method is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.  
1.3 This test method is primarily aimed at providing the material properties required for assessment of defect-free engineering structures containing features that are subject to cyclic loading at temperatures that are sufficiently high to cause creep deformation.  
1.4 This test method is applicable to the determination of deformation and crack formation or nucleation properties as a consequence of either constant-amplitude strain-controlled tests or constant-amplitude force-controlled tests. It is primarily concerned with the testing of round bar test specimens subjected to uniaxial loading in either force or strain control. The focus of the procedure is on tests in which creep and fatigue deformation and damage is generated simultaneously within a given cycle. It does not cover block cycle testing in which creep and fatigue damage is generated sequentially. Data that may be determined from creep-fatigue tests performed under conditions in whi...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to measure a specimen's material and shape memory effect properties in response to a uniaxial deformation and then cycling through a full thermal transformation to recover all or a portion of the deformation. A material's martensite stiffness, martensite residual strain, austenite recovered strain, and unrecovered strain (or plastic deformation) after thermal cycling is determined.  
5.2 Measurement of the specimen's motion closely parallels many shape memory applications and provides a result that is applicable to the function of the material.  
5.3 This test method may be used for, but is not limited to, wire, round tube, or strip samples. It is able to provide an assessment of the product in its semi-finished form.  
5.4 This test method provides a simple method for determining transformation temperatures by heating and cooling specimens through their full thermal transformation after uniaxial pre-straining in the martensite state.  
5.5 This test method can be used on trained and processed material in a semi-finished form to measure Two Way Shape Memory Effect by comparing the strain in the austenite state and martensite states with no applied stress.  
5.6 This test method is useful for quality control, specification acceptance, and research.  
5.7 Transformation temperatures derived from this test method may not agree with those obtained by other test methods due to the effects of strain and stress on the transformation.  
5.8 Components such as springs or other semi-finished parts can be tested using this method as agreed upon by the customer and supplier. Units of stress and strain can be replaced with force and displacement.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the heating and cooling a Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) specimen through transformation after uniaxial deformation to determine residual strain after loading and unloading, recovered strain on heating, total unrecovered strain upon cooling, and transformation temperatures.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 In the utilization of structural materials in elevated temperature environments, components that are susceptible to fatigue damage may experience some form of simultaneously varying thermal and mechanical forces throughout a given cycle. These conditions are often of critical concern because they combine temperature dependent and cycle dependent (fatigue) damage mechanisms with varying severity relating to the phase relationship between cyclic temperature and cyclic mechanical strain. Such effects can be found to influence the evolution of microstructure, micromechanisms of degradation, and a variety of other phenomenological processes that ultimately affect cyclic life. The strain-controlled thermomechanical fatigue test is often used to investigate the effects of simultaneously varying thermal and mechanical loadings under idealized conditions, where cyclic theoretically uniform temperature and strain fields are externally imposed and controlled throughout the gage section of the specimen.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) properties of materials under uniaxially loaded strain-controlled conditions. A “thermomechanical” fatigue cycle is here defined as a condition where uniform temperature and strain fields over the specimen gage section are simultaneously varied and independently controlled. This practice is intended to address TMF testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. While this practice is specific to strain-controlled testing, many sections will provide useful information for force-controlled or stress-controlled TMF testing.  
1.2 This practice allows for any maximum and minimum values of temperature and mechanical strain, and temperature-mechanical strain phasing, with the restriction being that such parameters remain cyclically constant throughout the duration of the test. No restrictions are placed on environmental factors such as pressure, humidity, environmental medium, and others, provided that they are controlled throughout the test, do not cause loss of or change in specimen dimensions in time, and are detailed in the data report.  
1.3 The use of this practice is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Fatigue test results may be significantly influenced by the properties and history of the parent material, the operations performed during the preparation of the fatigue specimens, and the testing machine and test procedures used during the generation of the data. The presentation of fatigue test results should include citation of basic information on the material, specimens, and testing to increase the utility of the results and to reduce to a minimum the possibility of misinterpretation or improper application of those results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the desirable and minimum information to be communicated between the originator and the user of data derived from constant-force amplitude axial, bending, or torsion fatigue tests of metallic materials tested in air and at room temperature.  
Note 1: Practice E466, although not directly referenced in the text, is considered important enough to be listed in this standard.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Strain-controlled fatigue is a phenomenon that is influenced by the same variables that influence force-controlled fatigue. The nature of strain-controlled fatigue imposes distinctive requirements on fatigue testing methods. In particular, cyclic total strain should be measured and cyclic plastic strain should be determined. Furthermore, either of these strains typically is used to establish cyclic limits; total strain usually is controlled throughout the cycle. The uniqueness of this test method and the results it yields are the determination of cyclic stresses and strains at any time during the tests. Differences in strain histories other than constant-amplitude alter fatigue life as compared with the constant amplitude results (for example, periodic overstrains and block or spectrum histories). Likewise, the presence of nonzero mean strains and varying environmental conditions may alter fatigue life as compared with the constant-amplitude, fully reversed fatigue tests. Care must be exercised in analyzing and interpreting data for such cases. In the case of variable amplitude or spectrum strain histories, cycle counting can be performed with Practice E1049.  
4.2 Strain-controlled fatigue can be an important consideration in the design of industrial products. It is important for situations in which components or portions of components undergo either mechanically or thermally induced cyclic plastic strains that cause failure within relatively few (that is, approximately 5) cycles. Information obtained from strain-controlled fatigue testing may be an important element in the establishment of design criteria to protect against component failure by fatigue.  
4.3 Strain-controlled fatigue test results are useful in the areas of mechanical design as well as materials research and development, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. Results of a strain-controlled fatigue test program may be used in the formulation of empirical relat...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatigue properties of nominally homogeneous materials by the use of test specimens subjected to uniaxial forces. It is intended as a guide for fatigue testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. While this test method is intended primarily for strain-controlled fatigue testing, some sections may provide useful information for force-controlled or stress-controlled testing.  
1.2 The use of this test method is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to temperatures and strain rates for which the magnitudes of time-dependent inelastic strains are on the same order or less than the magnitudes of time-independent inelastic strains. No restrictions are placed on environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, humidity, medium, and others, provided they are controlled throughout the test, do not cause loss of or change in dimension with time, and are detailed in the data report.  
Note 1: The term inelastic is used herein to refer to all nonelastic strains. The term plastic is used herein to refer only to the time-independent (that is, noncreep) component of inelastic strain. To truly determine a time-independent strain the force would have to be applied instantaneously, which is not possible. A useful engineering estimate of time-independent strain can be obtained when the strain rate exceeds some value. For example, a strain rate of 1 × 10−3 sec−1  is often used for this purpose. This value should increase with increasing test temperature.  
1.4 This test method is restricted to the testing of uniform gage section test specimens subjected to axial forces as shown in Fig. 1(a). Testing is limited to strain-controlled cycling. The test ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Strain-controlled fatigue is a phenomenon that is influenced by the same variables that influence force-controlled fatigue. The nature of strain-controlled fatigue imposes distinctive requirements on fatigue testing methods. In particular, cyclic total strain should be measured and cyclic plastic strain should be determined. Furthermore, either of these strains typically is used to establish cyclic limits; total strain usually is controlled throughout the cycle. The uniqueness of this test method and the results it yields are the determination of cyclic stresses and strains at any time during the tests. Differences in strain histories other than constant-amplitude alter fatigue life as compared with the constant amplitude results (for example, periodic overstrains and block or spectrum histories). Likewise, the presence of nonzero mean strains and varying environmental conditions may alter fatigue life as compared with the constant-amplitude, fully reversed fatigue tests. Care must be exercised in analyzing and interpreting data for such cases. In the case of variable amplitude or spectrum strain histories, cycle counting can be performed with Practice E1049.  
4.2 Strain-controlled fatigue can be an important consideration in the design of industrial products. It is important for situations in which components or portions of components undergo either mechanically or thermally induced cyclic plastic strains that cause failure within relatively few (that is, approximately 5) cycles. Information obtained from strain-controlled fatigue testing may be an important element in the establishment of design criteria to protect against component failure by fatigue.  
4.3 Strain-controlled fatigue test results are useful in the areas of mechanical design as well as materials research and development, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. Results of a strain-controlled fatigue test program may be used in the formulation of empirical relat...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatigue properties of nominally homogeneous materials by the use of test specimens subjected to uniaxial forces. It is intended as a guide for fatigue testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. While this test method is intended primarily for strain-controlled fatigue testing, some sections may provide useful information for force-controlled or stress-controlled testing.  
1.2 The use of this test method is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.  
1.3 This test method is applicable to temperatures and strain rates for which the magnitudes of time-dependent inelastic strains are on the same order or less than the magnitudes of time-independent inelastic strains. No restrictions are placed on environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, humidity, medium, and others, provided they are controlled throughout the test, do not cause loss of or change in dimension with time, and are detailed in the data report.  
Note 1: The term inelastic is used herein to refer to all nonelastic strains. The term plastic is used herein to refer only to the time-independent (that is, noncreep) component of inelastic strain. To truly determine a time-independent strain the force would have to be applied instantaneously, which is not possible. A useful engineering estimate of time-independent strain can be obtained when the strain rate exceeds some value. For example, a strain rate of 1 × 10−3 sec−1  is often used for this purpose. This value should increase with increasing test temperature.  
1.4 This test method is restricted to the testing of uniform gage section test specimens subjected to axial forces as shown in Fig. 1(a). Testing is limited to strain-controlled cycling. The test ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Fatigue test results may be significantly influenced by the properties and history of the parent material, the operations performed during the preparation of the fatigue specimens, and the testing machine and test procedures used during the generation of the data. The presentation of fatigue test results should include citation of basic information on the material, specimens, and testing to increase the utility of the results and to reduce to a minimum the possibility of misinterpretation or improper application of those results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the desirable and minimum information to be communicated between the originator and the user of data derived from constant-force amplitude axial, bending, or torsion fatigue tests of metallic materials tested in air and at room temperature.  
Note 1: Practice E466, although not directly referenced in the text, is considered important enough to be listed in this standard.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Constant force thermal cycling tests determine the effect of stress on the transformation temperatures, recovered strain and residual strain of a shape memory alloy. The tests may be for one thermal cycle but may involve repeated thermal cycles with the number of cycles increasing by orders of magnitude 10 until the response of the material to thermal cycling no longer changes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method defines procedures for determining the transformation temperatures, the related strains and the residual strain when a shape memory alloy is thermally cycled under an applied axial stress. This test is done to provide data for the design and selection of shape memory alloy thermoelastic actuators.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A method for obtaining fatigue strain (stress) at a specific life is of interest to the wire manufacturer, designer and consumer. The method is useful in production control, material acceptance and determination of the fatigue strain (stress) of the wire at a specific fatigue life, that is, fatigue strength. Rotating bending fatigue testing of small diameter solid round wire is possible by looping a specimen of predetermined length through an arc of 90° to 180°. The bending strain (stress) is determined from the geometry of the loop thusly formed. The methodology is capable of high frequency testing provided the temperature of the test article is constant and there is no adiabatic heating of the wire. A constant temperature can be maintained by immersing the specimen in a constant temperature fluid bath or test media. This makes it practical to quickly test a sufficient number of specimens to provide a statistical frequency distribution or survival probability distribution of fatigue life at a given strain (stress). Fatigue life information is useful to ascertain wire in-service durability and to assess, for example, the effects of melt practice and cold work processing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended as a procedure for the performance of rotating bending fatigue tests of solid round fine wire to obtain the fatigue strength of metallic materials at a specified life in the fatigue regime where the strains (stresses) are predominately and nominally linear elastic. This test method is limited to the fatigue testing of small diameter solid round wire subjected to a constant amplitude periodic strain (stress). The methodology can be useful in assessing the effects of internal material structure, such as inclusions, in melt technique and cold work processing studies. However, there is a caveat. The strain, due to the radial strain gradient imposed by the test methodology, is a maximum at the surface and zero at the centerline. Thus the test method may not seek out the “weakest link,” largest inclusions, that govern uniaxial high cycle fatigue life where the strain is uniform across the cross section and where fatigue damage initiates at a subsurface location (1-5).2 Also, pre-strain, which can influence fatigue life, is not included in this test method.
Note 1: The following documents, although not specifically mentioned, are considered sufficiently important to be listed in this test method:
ASTM STP 566 Handbook of Fatigue Testing
ASTM STP 588 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments
ASTM STP 731 Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits (6-8)  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A method for obtaining fatigue strain (stress) at a specific life is of interest to the wire manufacturer, designer and consumer. The method is useful in production control, material acceptance and determination of the fatigue strain (stress) of the wire at a specific fatigue life, that is, fatigue strength. Rotating bending fatigue testing of small diameter solid round wire is possible by looping a specimen of predetermined length through an arc of 90° to 180°. The bending strain (stress) is determined from the geometry of the loop thusly formed. The methodology is capable of high frequency testing provided the temperature of the test article is constant and there is no adiabatic heating of the wire. A constant temperature can be maintained by immersing the specimen in a constant temperature fluid bath or test media. This makes it practical to quickly test a sufficient number of specimens to provide a statistical frequency distribution or survival probability distribution of fatigue life at a given strain (stress). Fatigue life information is useful to ascertain wire in-service durability and to assess, for example, the effects of melt practice and cold work processing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended as a procedure for the performance of rotating bending fatigue tests of solid round fine wire to obtain the fatigue strength of metallic materials at a specified life in the fatigue regime where the strains (stresses) are predominately and nominally linear elastic. This test method is limited to the fatigue testing of small diameter solid round wire subjected to a constant amplitude periodic strain (stress). The methodology can be useful in assessing the effects of internal material structure, such as inclusions, in melt technique and cold work processing studies. However, there is a caveat. The strain, due to the radial strain gradient imposed by the test methodology, is a maximum at the surface and zero at the centerline. Thus the test method may not seek out the “weakest link,” largest inclusions, that govern uniaxial high cycle fatigue life where the strain is uniform across the cross section and where fatigue damage initiates at a subsurface location (1-5).2 Also, pre-strain, which can influence fatigue life, is not included in this test method.
Note 1: The following documents, although not specifically mentioned, are considered sufficiently important to be listed in this test method:
ASTM STP 566 Handbook of Fatigue Testing
ASTM STP 588 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments
ASTM STP 731 Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits (6-8)  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A method for obtaining fatigue strain (stress) at a specific life is of interest to the wire manufacturer, designer and consumer. The method is useful in production control, material acceptance and determination of the fatigue strain (stress) of the wire at a specific fatigue life, that is, fatigue strength. Rotating bending fatigue testing of small diameter solid round wire is possible by looping a specimen of predetermined length through an arc of 90° to 180°. The bending strain (stress) is determined from the geometry of the loop thusly formed. The methodology is capable of high frequency testing provided the temperature of the test article is constant and there is no adiabatic heating of the wire. A constant temperature can be maintained by immersing the specimen in a constant temperature fluid bath or test media. This makes it practical to quickly test a sufficient number of specimens to provide a statistical frequency distribution or survival probability distribution of fatigue life at a given strain (stress). Fatigue life information is useful to ascertain wire in-service durability and to assess, for example, the effects of melt practice and cold work processing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended as a procedure for the performance of rotating bending fatigue tests of solid round fine wire to obtain the fatigue strength of metallic materials at a specified life in the fatigue regime where the strains (stresses) are predominately and nominally linear elastic. This test method is limited to the fatigue testing of small diameter solid round wire subjected to a constant amplitude periodic strain (stress). The methodology can be useful in assessing the effects of internal material structure, such as inclusions, in melt technique and cold work processing studies. However, there is a caveat. The strain, due to the radial strain gradient imposed by the test methodology, is a maximum at the surface and zero at the centerline. Thus the test method may not seek out the “weakest link,” largest inclusions, that govern uniaxial high cycle fatigue life where the strain is uniform across the cross section and where fatigue damage initiates at a subsurface location (1-5).2 Also, pre-strain, which can influence fatigue life, is not included in this test method.
Note 1: The following documents, although not specifically mentioned, are considered sufficiently important to be listed in this test method:
ASTM STP 566 Handbook of Fatigue Testing
ASTM STP 588 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments
ASTM STP 731 Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits (6-8)  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Fretting fatigue tests are used to determine the effects of several fretting parameters on the fatigue lives of metallic materials. Some of these parameters include differing materials, relative displacement amplitudes, normal force at the fretting contact, alternating tangential force, the contact geometry, surface integrity parameters such as finish, and the environment. Comparative tests are used to determine the effectiveness of palliatives on the fatigue life of specimens with well-controlled boundary conditions so that the mechanics of the fretting fatigue test can be modeled. Generally, it is useful to compare the fretting fatigue response to plain fatigue to obtain knockdown or reduction factors from fretting fatigue. The results may be used as a guide in selecting material combinations, design stress levels, lubricants, and coatings to alleviate or eliminate fretting fatigue concerns in new or existing designs. However, due to the synergisms of fatigue, wear, and corrosion on the fretting fatigue parameters, extreme care should be exercised in the judgment to determine if the test conditions meet the design or system conditions.  
4.2 For data to be comparable, reproducible, and correlated amongst laboratories and relevant to mimic fretting in an application, all parameters critical to the fretting fatigue life of the material in question will need to be replicated. Because alterations in environment, metallurgical properties, fretting loading (controlled forces and displacements), compliance of the test system, etc. can affect the response, no general guidelines exist to quantitatively ascertain what the effect will be on the specimen fretting fatigue life if a single parameter is varied. To assure test results can be correlated and reproduced, all material variables, testing information, physical procedures, and analytical procedures should be reported in a manner that is consistent with good current test practices.  
4.3 Because of the wear phenome...
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1.1 This guide defines terminology and covers general requirements for conducting fretting fatigue tests and reporting the results. It describes the general types of fretting fatigue tests and provides some suggestions on developing and conducting fretting fatigue test programs.  
1.2 Fretting fatigue tests are designed to determine the effects of mechanical and environmental parameters on the fretting fatigue behavior of metallic materials. This guide is not intended to establish preference of one apparatus or specimen design over others, but will establish guidelines for adherence in the design, calibration, and use of fretting fatigue apparatus and recommend the means to collect, record, and reporting of the data.  
1.3 The number of cycles to form a fretting fatigue crack is dependent on both the material of the fatigue specimen and fretting pad, the geometry of contact between the two, and the method by which the loading and displacement are imposed. Similar to wear behavior of materials, it is important to consider fretting fatigue as a system response, instead of a material response. Because of this dependency on the configuration of the system, quantifiable comparisons of various material combinations should be based on tests using similar fretting fatigue configurations and material couples.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Multiaxial forces often tend to introduce deformation and damage mechanisms that are unique and quite different from those induced under a simple uniaxial loading condition. Since most engineering components are subjected to cyclic multiaxial forces it is necessary to characterize the deformation and fatigue behaviors of materials in this mode. Such a characterization enables reliable prediction of the fatigue lives of many engineering components. Axial-torsional loading is one of several possible types of multiaxial force systems and is essentially a biaxial type of loading. Thin-walled tubular specimens subjected to axial-torsional loading can be used to explore behavior of materials in two of the four quadrants in principal stress or strain spaces. Axial-torsional loading is more convenient than in-plane biaxial loading because the stress state in the thin-walled tubular specimens is constant over the entire test section and is well-known. This practice is useful for generating fatigue life and cyclic deformation data on homogeneous materials under axial, torsional, and combined in- and out-of-phase axial-torsional loading conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 The standard deals with strain-controlled, axial, torsional, and combined in- and out-of-phase axial torsional fatigue testing with thin-walled, circular cross-section, tubular specimens at isothermal, ambient and elevated temperatures. This standard is limited to symmetric, completely-reversed strains (zero mean strains) and axial and torsional waveforms with the same frequency in combined axial-torsional fatigue testing. This standard is also limited to characterization of homogeneous materials with thin-walled tubular specimens and does not cover testing of either large-scale components or structural elements.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The axial force fatigue test is used to determine the effect of variations in material, geometry, surface condition, stress, and so forth, on the fatigue resistance of metallic materials subjected to direct stress for relatively large numbers of cycles. The results may also be used as a guide for the selection of metallic materials for service under conditions of repeated direct stress.  
4.2 In order to verify that such basic fatigue data generated using this practice is comparable, reproducible, and correlated among laboratories, it may be advantageous to conduct a round-robin-type test program from a statistician's point of view. To do so would require the control or balance of what are often deemed nuisance variables; for example, hardness, cleanliness, grain size, composition, directionality, surface residual stress, surface finish, and so forth. Thus, when embarking on a program of this nature it is essential to define and maintain consistency a priori, as many variables as reasonably possible, with as much economy as prudent. All material variables, testing information, and procedures used should be reported so that correlation and reproducibility of results may be attempted in a fashion that is considered reasonably good current test practice.  
4.3 The results of the axial force fatigue test are suitable for application to design only when the specimen test conditions realistically simulate service conditions or some methodology of accounting for service conditions is available and clearly defined.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the performance of axial force controlled fatigue tests to obtain the fatigue strength of metallic materials in the fatigue regime where the strains are predominately elastic, both upon initial loading and throughout the test. This practice is limited to the fatigue testing of axial unnotched and notched specimens subjected to a constant amplitude, periodic forcing function in air at room temperature. This practice is not intended for application in axial fatigue tests of components or parts.  
Note 1: The following documents, although not directly referenced in the text, are considered important enough to be listed in this practice:
E739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (ε-N) Fatigue Data
STP 566 Handbook of Fatigue Testing2
STP 588 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments3
STP 731 Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits4

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A method for obtaining fatigue strain (stress) at a specific life is of interest to the wire manufacturer, designer and consumer. The method is useful in production control, material acceptance and determination of the fatigue strain (stress) of the wire at a specific fatigue life, that is, fatigue strength. Rotating bending fatigue testing of small diameter solid round wire is possible by looping a specimen of predetermined length through an arc of 90° to 180°. The bending strain (stress) is determined from the geometry of the loop thusly formed. The methodology is capable of high frequency testing provided the temperature of the test article is constant and there is no adiabatic heating of the wire. A constant temperature can be maintained by immersing the specimen in a constant temperature fluid bath or test media. This makes it practical to quickly test a sufficient number of specimens to provide a statistical frequency distribution or survival probability distribution of fatigue life at a given strain (stress). Fatigue life information is useful to ascertain wire in-service durability and to assess, for example, the effects of melt practice and cold work processing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is intended as a procedure for the performance of rotating bending fatigue tests of solid round fine wire to obtain the fatigue strength of metallic materials at a specified life in the fatigue regime where the strains (stresses) are predominately and nominally linear elastic. This test method is limited to the fatigue testing of small diameter solid round wire subjected to a constant amplitude periodic strain (stress). The methodology can be useful in assessing the effects of internal material structure, such as inclusions, in melt technique and cold work processing studies. However, there is a caveat. The strain, due to the radial strain gradient imposed by the test methodology, is a maximum at the surface and zero at the centerline. Thus the test method may not seek out the “weakest link,” largest inclusions, that govern uniaxial high cycle fatigue life where the strain is uniform across the cross section and where fatigue damage initiates at a subsurface location (1-5).2 Also, pre-strain, which can influence fatigue life, is not included in this test method.
Note 1: The following documents, although not specifically mentioned, are considered sufficiently important to be listed in this test method:
ASTM STP 566 Handbook of Fatigue Testing
ASTM STP 588 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments
ASTM STP 731 Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits (6-8)  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Creep-fatigue testing is typically performed at elevated temperatures and involves the sequential or simultaneous application of the loading conditions necessary to generate cyclic deformation/damage enhanced by creep deformation/damage or vice versa. Unless such tests are performed in vacuum or an inert environment, oxidation can also be responsible for important interaction effects relating to damage accumulation. The purpose of creep-fatigue tests can be to determine material property data for (a) assessment input data for the deformation and damage condition analysis of engineering structures operating at elevated temperatures (b) the verification of constitutive deformation and damage model effectiveness (c) material characterization, or (d) development and verification of rules for new construction and life assessment of high-temperature components subject to cyclic service with low frequencies or with periods of steady operation, or both.  
4.2 In every case, it is advisable to have complementary continuous cycling fatigue data (gathered at the same strain/loading rate) and creep data determined from test conducted as per Practice E139 for the same material and test temperature(s). The procedure is primarily concerned with the testing of round bar test specimens subjected (at least remotely) to uniaxial loading in either force or strain control. The focus of the procedure is on tests in which creep and fatigue deformation and damage is generated simultaneously within a given cycle. Data which may be determined from creep-fatigue tests performed under such conditions may characterize  (a) cyclic stress-strain deformation response (b) cyclic creep (or relaxation) deformation response (c) cyclic hardening, cyclic softening response or (d) cycles to crack formation, or both.  
4.3 While there are a number of testing Standards and Codes of Practice that cover the determination of low cycle fatigue deformation and cycles to crack initiation properties (See ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of mechanical properties pertaining to creep-fatigue deformation or crack formation in nominally homogeneous materials, or both by the use of test specimens subjected to uniaxial forces under isothermal conditions. It concerns fatigue testing at strain rates or with cycles involving sufficiently long hold times to be responsible for the cyclic deformation response and cycles to crack formation to be affected by creep (and oxidation). It is intended as a test method for fatigue testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. The cyclic conditions responsible for creep-fatigue deformation and cracking vary with material and with temperature for a given material.  
1.2 The use of this test method is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.  
1.3 This test method is primarily aimed at providing the material properties required for assessment of defect-free engineering structures containing features that are subject to cyclic loading at temperatures that are sufficiently high to cause creep deformation.  
1.4 This test method is applicable to the determination of deformation and crack formation or nucleation properties as a consequence of either constant-amplitude strain-controlled tests or constant-amplitude force-controlled tests. It is primarily concerned with the testing of round bar test specimens subjected to uniaxial loading in either force or strain control. The focus of the procedure is on tests in which creep and fatigue deformation and damage is generated simultaneously within a given cycle. It does not cover block cycle testing in which creep and fatigue damage is generated sequentially. Data that may be determined from creep-fatigue tests performed under conditions in w...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Strain-controlled fatigue is a phenomenon that is influenced by the same variables that influence force-controlled fatigue. The nature of strain-controlled fatigue imposes distinctive requirements on fatigue testing methods. In particular, cyclic total strain should be measured and cyclic plastic strain should be determined. Furthermore, either of these strains typically is used to establish cyclic limits; total strain usually is controlled throughout the cycle. The uniqueness of this test method and the results it yields are the determination of cyclic stresses and strains at any time during the tests. Differences in strain histories other than constant-amplitude alter fatigue life as compared with the constant amplitude results (for example, periodic overstrains and block or spectrum histories). Likewise, the presence of nonzero mean strains and varying environmental conditions may alter fatigue life as compared with the constant-amplitude, fully reversed fatigue tests. Care must be exercised in analyzing and interpreting data for such cases. In the case of variable amplitude or spectrum strain histories, cycle counting can be performed with Practice E1049 .
Strain-controlled fatigue can be an important consideration in the design of industrial products. It is important for situations in which components or portions of components undergo either mechanically or thermally induced cyclic plastic strains that cause failure within relatively few (that is, approximately 105) cycles. Information obtained from strain-controlled fatigue testing may be an important element in the establishment of design criteria to protect against component failure by fatigue.
Strain-controlled fatigue test results are useful in the areas of mechanical design as well as materials research and development, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. Results of a strain-controlled fatigue test program may be used in the formulation of empirical relationships be...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of fatigue properties of nominally homogeneous materials by the use of test specimens subjected to uniaxial forces. It is intended as a guide for fatigue testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. While this test method is intended primarily for strain-controlled fatigue testing, some sections may provide useful information for force-controlled or stress-controlled testing.
1.2 The use of this test method is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.
1.3 This test method is applicable to temperatures and strain rates for which the magnitudes of time-dependent inelastic strains are on the same order or less than the magnitudes of time-independent inelastic strains. No restrictions are placed on environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, humidity, medium, and others, provided they are controlled throughout the test, do not cause loss of or change in dimension with time, and are detailed in the data report.
Note 1—The term inelastic is used herein to refer to all nonelastic strains. The term plastic is used herein to refer only to the time-independent (that is, noncreep) component of inelastic strain. To truly determine a time-independent strain the force would have to be applied instantaneously, which is not possible. A useful engineering estimate of time-independent strain can be obtained when the strain rate exceeds some value. For example, a strain rate of 1 × 10−3 sec−1 is often used for this purpose. This value should increase with increasing test temperature.  
1.4 This test method is restricted to the testing of uniform gage section test specimens subjected to axial forces as shown in Fig. 1(a). Testing is limited to strain-controlled cycling. The test meth...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Strain gradient values are an aid in the design and fabrication of MEMS devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the strain gradient in thin, reflecting films. It applies only to films, such as found in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) materials, which can be imaged using an optical interferometer, also called an interferometric microscope. Measurements from cantilevers that are touching the underlying layer are not accepted.  
1.2 This test method uses a non-contact optical interferometric microscope with the capability of obtaining topographical 3-D data sets. It is performed in the laboratory.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In-plane length measurements are used in calculations of parameters, such as residual strain and Young’modulus.
In-plane deflection measurements are required for specific test structures. Parameters, including residual strain, are calculated given these in-plane deflection measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring in-plane lengths (including deflections) of patterned thin films. It applies only to films, such as found in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) materials, which can be imaged using an optical interferometer.
1.2 There are other ways to determine in-plane lengths. Using the design dimensions typically provides more precise in-plane length values than using measurements taken with an optical interferometer. (Interferometric measurements are typically more precise than measurements taken with an optical microscope.) This test method is intended for use when interferometric measurements are preferred over using the design dimensions (for example, when measuring in-plane deflections and when measuring lengths in an unproven fabrication process).
1.3 This test method uses a non-contact optical interferometer with the capability of obtaining topographical 3-D data sets. It is performed in the laboratory.
1.4 The maximum in-plane length measured is determined by the maximum field of view of the interferometer at the lowest magnification. The minimum deflection measured is determined by the interferometers pixel-to-pixel spacing at the highest magnification.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Residual strain measurements are an aid in the design and fabrication of MEMS devices. The value for residual strain is used in Young’modulus calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the compressive residual strain in thin films. It applies only to films, such as found in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) materials, which can be imaged using an interferometer. Measurements from fixed-fixed beams that are touching the underlying layer are not accepted.
1.2 This test method uses a non-contact optical interferometer with the capability of obtaining topographical 3-D data sets. It is performed in the laboratory.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 In-plane length measurements can be used in calculations of parameters, such as residual strain and Young's modulus.  
5.2 In-plane deflection measurements are required for specific test structures. Parameters, including residual strain, are calculated given the in-plane deflection measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring in-plane lengths (including deflections) of patterned thin films. It applies only to films, such as found in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) materials, which can be imaged using an optical interferometer, also called an interferometric microscope.  
1.2 There are other ways to determine in-plane lengths. Using the design dimensions typically provides more precise in-plane length values than using measurements taken with an optical interferometric microscope. (Interferometric measurements are typically more precise than measurements taken with an optical microscope.) This test method is intended for use when interferometric measurements are preferred over using the design dimensions (for example, when measuring in-plane deflections and when measuring lengths in an unproven fabrication process).  
1.3 This test method uses a non-contact optical interferometric microscope with the capability of obtaining topographical 3-D data sets. It is performed in the laboratory.  
1.4 The maximum in-plane length measured is determined by the maximum field of view of the interferometric microscope at the lowest magnification. The minimum deflection measured is determined by the interferometric microscope’s pixel-to-pixel spacing at the highest magnification.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Residual strain measurements are an aid in the design and fabrication of MEMS devices. The value for residual strain can be used in Young's modulus calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the compressive residual strain in thin films. It applies only to films, such as found in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) materials, which can be imaged using an optical interferometer, also called an interferometric microscope. Measurements from fixed-fixed beams that are touching the underlying layer are not accepted.  
1.2 This test method uses a non-contact optical interferometric microscope with the capability of obtaining topographical 3-D data sets. It is performed in the laboratory.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Strain gradient values are an aid in the design and fabrication of MEMS devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the strain gradient in thin, reflecting films. It applies only to films, such as found in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) materials, which can be imaged using an optical interferometer, also called an interferometric microscope. Measurements from cantilevers that are touching the underlying layer are not accepted.
1.2 This test method uses a non-contact optical interferometric microscope with the capability of obtaining topographical 3-D data sets. It is performed in the laboratory.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Fatigue test results may be significantly influenced by the properties and history of the parent material, the operations performed during the preparation of the fatigue specimens, and the testing machine and test procedures used during the generation of the data. The presentation of fatigue test results should include citation of basic information on the material, specimens, and testing to increase the utility of the results and to reduce to a minimum the possibility of misinterpretation or improper application of those results.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the desirable and minimum information to be communicated between the originator and the user of data derived from constant-force amplitude axial, bending, or torsion fatigue tests of metallic materials tested in air and at room temperature.
Note 1—Practice E466, although not directly referenced in the text, is considered important enough to be listed in this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Fretting fatigue tests are used to determine the effects of several fretting parameters on the fatigue lives of metallic materials. Some of these parameters include differing materials, relative displacement amplitudes, normal force at the fretting contact, alternating tangential force, the contact geometry, surface integrity parameters such as finish, and the environment. Comparative tests are used to determine the effectiveness of palliatives on the fatigue life of specimens with well-controlled boundary conditions so that the mechanics of the fretting fatigue test can be modeled. Generally, it is useful to compare the fretting fatigue response to plain fatigue to obtain knockdown or reduction factors from fretting fatigue. The results may be used as a guide in selecting material combinations, design stress levels, lubricants, and coatings to alleviate or eliminate fretting fatigue concerns in new or existing designs. However, due to the synergisms of fatigue, wear, and corrosion on the fretting fatigue parameters, extreme care should be exercised in the judgment to determine if the test conditions meet the design or system conditions.
For data to be comparable, reproducible, and correlated amongst laboratories and relevant to mimic fretting in an application, all parameters critical to the fretting fatigue life of the material in question will need to be replicated. Because alterations in environment, metallurgical properties, fretting loading (controlled forces and displacements), compliance of the test system, etc. can affect the response, no general guidelines exist to quantitatively ascertain what the effect will be on the specimen fretting fatigue life if a single parameter is varied. To assure test results can be correlated and reproduced, all material variables, testing information, physical procedures, and analytical procedures should be reported in a manner that is consistent with good current test practices.
Because of the wear phenomenon involved i...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide defines terminology and covers general requirements for conducting fretting fatigue tests and reporting the results. It describes the general types of fretting fatigue tests and provides some suggestions on developing and conducting fretting fatigue test programs.  
1.2 Fretting fatigue tests are designed to determine the effects of mechanical and environmental parameters on the fretting fatigue behavior of metallic materials. This guide is not intended to establish preference of one apparatus or specimen design over others, but will establish guidelines for adherence in the design, calibration, and use of fretting fatigue apparatus and recommend the means to collect, record, and reporting of the data.
1.3 The number of cycles to form a fretting fatigue crack is dependent on both the material of the fatigue specimen and fretting pad, the geometry of contact between the two, and the method by which the loading and displacement are imposed. Similar to wear behavior of materials, it is important to consider fretting fatigue as a system response, instead of a material response. Because of this dependency on the configuration of the system, quantifiable comparisons of various material combinations should be based on tests using similar fretting fatigue configurations and material couples.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The parameter KTL  determined by this test method is a measure of the resistance of a polymer matrix composite laminate to notch-tip damage and effective translaminar crack growth under opening mode loading. The result is valid only for conditions in which the damage zone at the notch tip is small compared with the notch length and the in-plane specimen dimensions.
This test method can serve the following purposes. In research and development, KTL data can quantitatively establish the effects of fiber and matrix variables and stacking sequence of the laminate on the translaminar fracture resistance of composite laminates. In acceptance and quality control specifications, KTL data can be used to establish criteria for material processing and component inspection.
The translaminar fracture toughness,  KTL, determined by this test method may be a function of the testing speed and temperature. This test method is intended for room temperature and quasi-static conditions, but it can apply to other test conditions provided that the requirements of 9.2 and 9.3 are met. Application of KTL in the design of service components should be made with awareness that the test parameters specified by this test may differ from service conditions, possibly resulting in a different material response than that seen in service.
Not all types of laminated polymer matrix composite materials experience the contained notch-tip damage and effective translaminar crack growth of concern in this test method. For example, the notch-tip damage may be more extensive and may not be accompanied by any significant amount of effective translaminar crack growth. Typically, lower strength composite materials and those with a significant proportion of reinforcing fibers aligned in a direction perpendicular to the notch axis may not experience the contained notch-tip damage required for a valid test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of translaminar fracture toughness, KTL, for laminated and pultruded polymer matrix composite materials of various ply orientations using test results from monotonically loaded notched specimens.
1.2 This test method is applicable to room temperature laboratory air environments.
1.3 Composite materials that can be tested by this test method are not limited by thickness or by type of polymer matrix or fiber, provided that the specimen sizes and the test results meet the requirements of this test method. This test method was developed primarily from test results of various carbon fiber – epoxy matrix laminates and from additional results of glass fiber – epoxy matrix, glass fiber-polyester matrix pultrusions and carbon fiber – bismaleimide matrix laminates (1-4, 6, 7).  
1.4 A range of eccentrically loaded, single-edge-notch tension, ESE(T), specimen sizes with proportional planar dimensions is provided, but planar size may be variable and adjusted, with associated changes in the applied test load. Specimen thickness is a variable, independent of planar size.
1.5 Specimen configurations other than those contained in this test method may be used, provided that stress intensity calibrations are available and that the test results meet the requirements of this test method. It is particularly important that the requirements discussed in 5.1 and 5.4 regarding contained notch-tip damage be met when using alternative specimen configurations.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In the utilization of structural materials in elevated temperature environments, components that are susceptible to fatigue damage may experience some form of simultaneously varying thermal and mechanical forces throughout a given cycle. These conditions are often of critical concern because they combine temperature dependent and cycle dependent (fatigue) damage mechanisms with varying severity relating to the phase relationship between cyclic temperature and cyclic mechanical strain. Such effects can be found to influence the evolution of microstructure, micromechanisms of degradation, and a variety of other phenomenological processes that ultimately affect cyclic life. The strain-controlled thermomechanical fatigue test is often used to investigate the effects of simultaneously varying thermal and mechanical loadings under idealized conditions, where cyclic theoretically uniform temperature and strain fields are externally imposed and controlled throughout the gage section of the specimen.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) properties of materials under uniaxially loaded strain-controlled conditions. A “thermomechanical” fatigue cycle is here defined as a condition where uniform temperature and strain fields over the specimen gage section are simultaneously varied and independently controlled. This practice is intended to address TMF testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. While this practice is specific to strain-controlled testing, many sections will provide useful information for force-controlled or stress-controlled TMF testing.
1.2 This practice allows for any maximum and minimum values of temperature and mechanical strain, and temperature-mechanical strain phasing, with the restriction being that such parameters remain cyclically constant throughout the duration of the test. No restrictions are placed on environmental factors such as pressure, humidity, environmental medium, and others, provided that they are controlled throughout the test, do not cause loss of or change in specimen dimensions in time, and are detailed in the data report.
1.3 The use of this practice is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Creep-fatigue testing is typically performed at elevated temperatures and involves the sequential or simultaneous application of the loading conditions necessary to generate cyclic deformation/damage enhanced by creep deformation/damage or vice versa. Unless such tests are performed in vacuum or an inert environment, oxidation can also be responsible for important interaction effects relating to damage accumulation. The purpose of creep-fatigue tests can be to determine material property data for (a) assessment input data for the deformation and damage condition analysis of engineering structures operating at elevated temperatures (b) the verification of constitutive deformation and damage model effectiveness (c) material characterization, or (d) development and verification of rules for new construction and life assessment of high-temperature components subject to cyclic service with low frequencies or with periods of steady operation, or both.  
In every case, it is advisable to have complementary continuous cycling fatigue data (gathered at the same strain/loading rate) and creep data determined from test conducted as per Practice E139 for the same material and test temperature(s). The procedure is primarily concerned with the testing of round bar test specimens subjected (at least remotely) to uniaxial loading in either force or strain control. The focus of the procedure is on tests in which creep and fatigue deformation and damage is generated simultaneously within a given cycle. Data which may be determined from creep-fatigue tests performed under such conditions may characterize (a) cyclic stress-strain deformation response (b) cyclic creep (or relaxation) deformation response (c) cyclic hardening, cyclic softening response or (d) cycles to crack formation, or both.  
4.3 While there are a number of testing Standards and Codes of Practice that cover the determination of low cycle fatigue deformation and cycles to crack initiation properties (See Practice E...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of mechanical properties pertaining to creep-fatigue deformation or crack formation in nominally homogeneous materials, or both by the use of test specimens subjected to uniaxial forces under isothermal conditions. It concerns fatigue testing at strain rates or with cycles involving sufficiently long hold times to be responsible for the cyclic deformation response and cycles to crack formation to be affected by creep (and oxidation). It is intended as a test method for fatigue testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. The cyclic conditions responsible for creep-fatigue deformation and cracking vary with material and with temperature for a given material.  
1.2 The use of this test method is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.
1.3 This test method is primarily aimed at providing the material properties required for assessment of defect-free engineering structures containing features that are subject to cyclic loading at temperatures that are sufficiently high to cause creep deformation.  
1.4 This test method is applicable to the determination of deformation and crack formation or nucleation properties as a consequence of either constant-amplitude strain-controlled tests or constant-amplitude force-controlled tests. It is primarily concerned with the testing of round bar test specimens subjected to uniaxial loading in either force or strain control. The focus of the procedure is on tests in which creep and fatigue deformation and damage is generated simultaneously within a given cycle. It does not cover block cycle testing in which creep and fatigue damage is generated sequentially. Data that may be determined from creep-fatigue tests performed under conditions in whic...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Creep-fatigue testing is typically performed at elevated temperatures and involves the sequential or simultaneous application of the loading conditions necessary to generate cyclic deformation/damage enhanced by creep deformation/damage or vice versa. Unless such tests are performed in vacuum or an inert environment, oxidation can also be responsible for important interaction effects relating to damage accumulation. The purpose of creep-fatigue tests can be to determine material property data for (a) assessment input data for the deformation and damage condition analysis of engineering structures operating at elevated temperatures (b) the verification of constitutive deformation and damage model effectiveness (c) material characterization, or (d) development and verification of rules for new construction and life assessment of high-temperature components subject to cyclic service with low frequencies or with periods of steady operation, or both.  
In every case, it is advisable to have complementary continuous cycling fatigue data (gathered at the same strain/loading rate) and creep data determined from test conducted as per Practice E139 for the same material and test temperature(s). The procedure is primarily concerned with the testing of round bar test specimens subjected (at least remotely) to uniaxial loading in either force or strain control. The focus of the procedure is on tests in which creep and fatigue deformation and damage is generated simultaneously within a given cycle. Data which may be determined from creep-fatigue tests performed under such conditions may characterize (a) cyclic stress-strain deformation response (b) cyclic creep (or relaxation) deformation response (c) cyclic hardening, cyclic softening response or (d) cycles to crack formation, or both.  
4.3 While there are a number of testing Standards and Codes of Practice that cover the determination of low cycle fatigue deformation and cycles to crack initiation properties (See Practice E...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of mechanical properties pertaining to creep-fatigue deformation or crack formation in nominally homogeneous materials, or both by the use of test specimens subjected to uniaxial forces under isothermal conditions. It concerns fatigue testing at strain rates or with cycles involving sufficiently long hold times to be responsible for the cyclic deformation response and cycles to crack formation to be affected by creep (and oxidation). It is intended as a test method for fatigue testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. The cyclic conditions responsible for creep-fatigue deformation and cracking vary with material and with temperature for a given material.  
1.2 The use of this test method is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.
1.3 This test method is primarily aimed at providing the material properties required for assessment of defect-free engineering structures containing features that are subject to cyclic loading at temperatures that are sufficiently high to cause creep deformation.  
1.4 This test method is applicable to the determination of deformation and crack formation or nucleation properties as a consequence of either constant-amplitude strain-controlled tests or constant-amplitude force-controlled tests. It is primarily concerned with the testing of round bar test specimens subjected to uniaxial loading in either force or strain control. The focus of the procedure is on tests in which creep and fatigue deformation and damage is generated simultaneously within a given cycle. It does not cover block cycle testing in which creep and fatigue damage is generated sequentially. Data that may be determined from creep-fatigue tests performed under conditions in whic...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Multiaxial forces often tend to introduce deformation and damage mechanisms that are unique and quite different from those induced under a simple uniaxial loading condition. Since most engineering components are subjected to cyclic multiaxial forces it is necessary to characterize the deformation and fatigue behaviors of materials in this mode. Such a characterization enables reliable prediction of the fatigue lives of many engineering components. Axial-torsional loading is one of several possible types of multiaxial force systems and is essentially a biaxial type of loading. Thin-walled tubular specimens subjected to axial-torsional loading can be used to explore behavior of materials in two of the four quadrants in principal stress or strain spaces. Axial-torsional loading is more convenient than in-plane biaxial loading because the stress state in the thin-walled tubular specimens is constant over the entire test section and is well-known. This practice is useful for generating fatigue life and cyclic deformation data on homogeneous materials under axial, torsional, and combined in- and out-of-phase axial-torsional loading conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 The standard deals with strain-controlled, axial, torsional, and combined in- and out-of-phase axial torsional fatigue testing with thin-walled, circular cross-section, tubular specimens at isothermal, ambient and elevated temperatures. This standard is limited to symmetric, completely-reversed strains (zero mean strains) and axial and torsional waveforms with the same frequency in combined axial-torsional fatigue testing. This standard is also limited to characterization of homogeneous materials with thin-walled tubular specimens and does not cover testing of either large-scale components or structural elements.
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Multiaxial forces often tend to introduce deformation and damage mechanisms that are unique and quite different from those induced under a simple uniaxial loading condition. Since most engineering components are subjected to cyclic multiaxial forces it is necessary to characterize the deformation and fatigue behaviors of materials in this mode. Such a characterization enables reliable prediction of the fatigue lives of many engineering components. Axial-torsional loading is one of several possible types of multiaxial force systems and is essentially a biaxial type of loading. Thin-walled tubular specimens subjected to axial-torsional loading can be used to explore behavior of materials in two of the four quadrants in principal stress or strain spaces. Axial-torsional loading is more convenient than in-plane biaxial loading because the stress state in the thin-walled tubular specimens is constant over the entire test section and is well-known. This practice is useful for generating fatigue life and cyclic deformation data on homogeneous materials under axial, torsional, and combined in- and out-of-phase axial-torsional loading conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 The standard deals with strain-controlled, axial, torsional, and combined in- and out-of-phase axial torsional fatigue testing with thin-walled, circular cross-section, tubular specimens at isothermal, ambient and elevated temperatures. This standard is limited to symmetric, completely-reversed strains (zero mean strains) and axial and torsional waveforms with the same frequency in combined axial-torsional fatigue testing. This standard is also limited to characterization of homogeneous materials with thin-walled tubular specimens and does not cover testing of either large-scale components or structural elements.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for the performance of axial force controlled fatigue tests to obtain the fatigue strength of metallic materials in the fatigue regime where the strains are predominately elastic, both upon initial loading and throughout the test. This practice is limited to the fatigue testing of axial unnotched and notched specimens subjected to a constant amplitude, periodic forcing function in air at room temperature. This practice is not intended for application in axial fatigue tests of components or parts.
Note 1-The following documents, although not directly referenced in the text, are considered important enough to be listed in this practice:
E 739 Practice for Statistical Analysis of Linear or Linearized Stress-Life (S-N) and Strain-Life (-N) Fatigue Data
STP 566 Handbook of Fatigue Testing
STP 588 Manual on Statistical Planning and Analysis for Fatigue Experiments
STP 731 Tables for Estimating Median Fatigue Limits

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
In-plane length measurements are used in calculations of parameters, such as residual strain and Young’modulus.
In-plane deflection measurements are required for specific test structures. Parameters, including residual strain, are calculated given these in-plane deflection measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring in-plane lengths (including deflections) of patterned thin films. It applies only to films, such as found in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) materials, which can be imaged using an optical interferometer.
1.2 There are other ways to determine in-plane lengths. Using the design dimensions typically provides more precise in-plane length values than using measurements taken with an optical interferometer. (Interferometric measurements are typically more precise than measurements taken with an optical microscope.) This test method is intended for use when interferometric measurements are preferred over using the design dimensions (for example, when measuring in-plane deflections and when measuring lengths in an unproven fabrication process).
1.3 This test method uses a non-contact optical interferometer with the capability of obtaining topographical 3-D data sets. It is performed in the laboratory.
1.4 The maximum in-plane length measured is determined by the maximum field of view of the interferometer at the lowest magnification. The minimum deflection measured is determined by the interferometers pixel-to-pixel spacing at the highest magnification.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Residual strain measurements are an aid in the design and fabrication of MEMS devices. The value for residual strain is used in Young’modulus calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the compressive residual strain in thin films. It applies only to films, such as found in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) materials, which can be imaged using an interferometer. Measurements from fixed-fixed beams that are touching the underlying layer are not accepted.
1.2 This test method uses a non-contact optical interferometer with the capability of obtaining topographical 3-D data sets. It is performed in the laboratory.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Strain gradient values are an aid in the design and fabrication of MEMS devices.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the strain gradient in thin, reflecting films. It applies only to films, such as found in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) materials, which can be imaged using an optical interferometer. Measurements from cantilevers that are touching the underlying layer are not accepted.
1.2 This test method uses a non-contact optical interferometer with the capability of obtaining topographical 3-D data sets. It is performed in the laboratory.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This standard consists of terms and definitions pertaining to measurements taken on thin, reflecting films, such as found in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) materials. In particular, the terms are related to the standards in Section , which were generated by Committee E08 on Fatigue and Fracture. Terminology E 1823 Relating to Fatigue and Fracture Testing is applicable to this standard.
1.2 The terms are listed in alphabetical order.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of fatigue properties of nominally homogeneous materials by the use of test specimens subjected to uniaxial forces. It is intended as a guide for fatigue testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. While this practice is intended primarily for strain-controlled fatigue testing, some sections may provide useful information for force-controlled or stress-controlled testing.
1.2 The use of this practice is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.
1.3 This practice is applicable to temperatures and strain rates for which the magnitudes of time-dependent inelastic strains are on the same order or less than the magnitudes of time-independent inelastic strains. No restrictions are placed on environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, humidity, medium, and others, provided they are controlled throughout the test, do not cause loss of or change in dimension with time, and are detailed in the data report.
Note 1—The term inelastic is used herein to refer to all nonelastic strains. The term plastic is used herein to refer only to the time-independent (that is, noncreep) component of inelastic strain. To truly determine a time-independent strain the force would have to be applied instantaneously, which is not possible. A useful engineering estimate of time-independent strain can be obtained when the strain rate exceeds some value. For example, a strain rate of 1 10 3 sec1 is often used for this purpose. This value should increase with increasing test temperature.
1.4 This practice is restricted to the testing of uniform gage section test specimens subjected to axial forces as shown in (a). Testing is limited to strain-controlled cycling. The practice may be applied to hourglass specimens, see (b), but the user is cautioned about uncertainties in data analysis and interpretation. Testing is done primarily under constant amplitude cycling and may contain interspersed hold times at repeated intervals. The practice may be adapted to guide testing for more general cases where strain or temperature may vary according to application specific histories. Data analysis may not follow this practice in such cases.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of fatigue properties of nominally homogeneous materials by the use of test specimens subjected to uniaxial forces. It is intended as a guide for fatigue testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. While this practice is intended primarily for strain-controlled fatigue testing, some sections may provide useful information for force-controlled or stress-controlled testing.
1.2 The use of this practice is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.
1.3 This practice is applicable to temperatures and strain rates for which the magnitudes of time-dependent inelastic strains are on the same order or less than the magnitudes of time-independent inelastic strains. No restrictions are placed on environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, humidity, medium, and others, provided they are controlled throughout the test, do not cause loss of or change in dimension with time, and are detailed in the data report.
Note 1—The term inelastic is used herein to refer to all nonelastic strains. The term plastic is used herein to refer only to the time-independent (that is, noncreep) component of inelastic strain. To truly determine a time-independent strain the force would have to be applied instantaneously, which is not possible. A useful engineering estimate of time-independent strain can be obtained when the strain rate exceeds some value. For example, a strain rate of 1 10 3 sec1 is often used for this purpose. This value should increase with increasing test temperature.
1.4 This practice is restricted to the testing of uniform gage section test specimens subjected to axial forces as shown in Fig. 1(a). Testing is limited to strain-controlled cycling. The practice may be applied to hourglass specimens, see Fig. 1(b), but the user is cautioned about uncertainties in data analysis and interpretation. Testing is done primarily under constant amplitude cycling and may contain interspersed hold times at repeated intervals. The practice may be adapted to guide testing for more general cases where strain or temperature may vary according to application specific histories. Data analysis may not follow this practice in such cases.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of fatigue properties of nominally homogeneous materials by the use of uniaxially loaded test specimens. It is intended as a guide for fatigue testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. While this practice is intended primarily for strain-controlled fatigue testing, some sections may provide useful information for load-controlled or stress-controlled testing.
1.2 The use of this practice is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.
1.3 This practice is applicable to temperatures and strain rates for which the magnitudes of time-dependent inelastic strains are on the same order or less than the magnitudes of time-independent inelastic strains. No restrictions are placed on environmental factors such as temperature, pressure, humidity, medium, and others, provided they are controlled throughout the test, do not cause loss of or change in dimension with time, and are detailed in the data report.  Note 1-The term inelastic is used herein to refer to all nonelastic strains. The term plastic is used herein to refer only to the time-independent (that is, noncreep) component of inelastic strain. To truly determine a time-independent strain the load would have to be applied instantaneously, which is not possible. A useful engineering estimate of time-independent strain can be obtained when the strain rate exceeds some value. For example, a strain rate of 1 X 10 -3  sec -1  is often used for this purpose. This value should increase with increasing test temperature.
1.4 This practice is restricted to the testing of axially loaded uniform gage section test specimens as shown in Fig. 1(a). Testing is limited to strain-controlled cycling. The practice may be applied to hourglass specimens, see Fig. 1(b), but the user is cautioned about uncertainties in data analysis and interpretation. Testing is done primarily under constant amplitude cycling and may contain interspersed hold times at repeated intervals. The practice may be adapted to guide testing for more general cases where strain or temperature may vary according to application specific histories. Data analysis may not follow this practice in such cases.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the desirable and minimum information to be communicated between the originator and the user of data derived from constant-force amplitude axial, bending, or torsion fatigue tests of metallic materials tested in air and at room temperature.
Note 1—Practice E 466, although not directly referenced in the text, is considered important enough to be listed in this standard.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The parameter KTL  determined by this test method is a measure of the resistance of a polymer matrix composite laminate to notch-tip damage and effective translaminar crack growth under opening mode loading. The result is valid only for conditions in which the damage zone at the notch tip is small compared with the notch length and the in-plane specimen dimensions.
This test method can serve the following purposes. In research and development, KTL data can quantitatively establish the effects of fiber and matrix variables and stacking sequence of the laminate on the translaminar fracture resistance of composite laminates. In acceptance and quality control specifications, KTL data can be used to establish criteria for material processing and component inspection.
The translaminar fracture toughness,  KTL, determined by this test method may be a function of the testing speed and temperature. This test method is intended for room temperature and quasi-static conditions, but it can apply to other test conditions provided that the requirements of 9.2 and 9.3 are met. Application of KTL in the design of service components should be made with awareness that the test parameters specified by this test may differ from service conditions, possibly resulting in a different material response than that seen in service.
Not all types of laminated polymer matrix composite materials experience the contained notch-tip damage and effective translaminar crack growth of concern in this test method. For example, the notch-tip damage may be more extensive and may not be accompanied by any significant amount of effective translaminar crack growth. Typically, lower strength composite materials and those with a significant proportion of reinforcing fibers aligned in a direction perpendicular to the notch axis may not experience the contained notch-tip damage required for a valid test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of translaminar fracture toughness, KTL, for laminated and pultruded polymer matrix composite materials of various ply orientations using test results from monotonically loaded notched specimens.
1.2 This test method is applicable to room temperature laboratory air environments.
1.3 Composite materials that can be tested by this test method are not limited by thickness or by type of polymer matrix or fiber, provided that the specimen sizes and the test results meet the requirements of this test method. This test method was developed primarily from test results of various carbon fiber - epoxy matrix laminates and from additional results of glass fiber - epoxy matrix, glass fiber-polyester matrix pultrusions and carbon fiber - bismaleimide matrix laminates (1-4, 6, 7).
1.4 A range of eccentrically loaded, single-edge-notch tension, ESE(T), specimen sizes with proportional planar dimensions is provided, but planar size may be variable and adjusted, with associated changes in the applied test load. Specimen thickness is a variable, independent of planar size.
1.5 Specimen configurations other than those contained in this test method may be used, provided that stress intensity calibrations are available and that the test results meet the requirements of this test method. It is particularly important that the requirements discussed in 5.1 and 5.4 regarding contained notch-tip damage be met when using alternative specimen configurations.
1.6 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and to determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) properties of materials under uniaxially loaded strain-controlled conditions. A "thermomechanical" fatigue cycle is here defined as a condition where uniform temperature and strain fields over the specimen gage section are simultaneously varied and independently controlled. This practice is intended to address TMF testing performed in support of such activities as materials research and development, mechanical design, process and quality control, product performance, and failure analysis. While this practice is specific to strain-controlled testing, many sections will provide useful information for force-controlled or stress-controlled TMF testing.
1.2 This practice allows for any maximum and minimum values of temperature and mechanical strain, and temperature-mechanical strain phasing, with the restriction being that such parameters remain cyclically constant throughout the duration of the test. No restrictions are placed on environmental factors such as pressure, humidity, environmental medium, and others, provided that they are controlled throughout the test, do not cause loss of or change in specimen dimensions in time, and are detailed in the data report.
1.3 The use of this practice is limited to specimens and does not cover testing of full-scale components, structures, or consumer products.