E28.07 - Impact Testing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the shear fracture appearance (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Section 9 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method can be used to determine the appearance of propagating fractures in plain carbon or low-alloy pipe steels (yield strengths less than 825 MPa) over the temperature range where the fracture mode changes from brittle (cleavage or flat) to ductile (shear or oblique).  
4.2 This test method can serve the following purposes:  
4.2.1 For research and development, to study the effect of metallurgical variables such as composition or heat treatment, or of fabricating operations such as welding or forming on the mode of fracture propagation.  
4.2.2 For evaluation of materials for service to indicate the suitability of a material for specific applications by indicating fracture propagation behavior at the service temperature(s).  
4.2.3 For information or specification purposes, to provide a manufacturing quality control only when suitable correlations have been established with service behavior.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers drop-weight tear tests (DWTT) on ferritic steels with thicknesses between 3.18 mm and 19.1 mm.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The fracture-strength transitions of ferritic steels used in the notched condition are markedly affected by temperature. For a given “low” temperature, the size and acuity of the flaw (notch) determines the stress level required for initiation of brittle fracture. The significance of this test method is related to establishing that temperature, defined herein as the NDT temperature, at which the “small flaw” initiation curve, Fig. 1, falls to nominal yield strength stress levels with decreasing temperature, that is, the point marked NDT in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Generalized Fracture Analysis Diagram Indicating the Approximate Range of Flaw Sizes Required for Fracture Initiation at Various Levels of Nominal Stress, as Referenced by the NDT Temperature3 , 4  
CAT (crack arrest temperature)–the temperature of arrest of a propagating brittle fracture. CAT curve is thus a stress versus temperature curve as related to crack arrest.
FTE (fracture transition elastic) temperature–the crack arrest temperature for a stress level equal to the yield strength thus marks the highest temperature of fracture propagation for purely elastic loads.
FTP (fracture transition plastic) temperature–the temperature above which fractures are entirely shear, that is, show no center regions of cleavage fracture, and the stress required for fracture approximates the tensile strength of the steel.  
5.2 Interpretations to other conditions required for fracture initiation may be made by the use of the generalized flaw-size, stress-temperature diagram shown in Fig. 1. The diagram was derived from a wide variety of tests, both fracture-initiation and fracture-arrest tests, as correlated with the NDT temperature established by the drop-weight test. Validation of the NDT temperature has been documented by correlations with numerous service failures encountered in ship, pressure vessel, machinery component, forged, and cast steel applications.  
5.3 Lists of Selected References Relating to Develop...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of ferritic steels, 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) and thicker.  
1.2 This test method may be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the steels are subject to fracture toughness requirements as determined by the drop-weight test.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The DT energy value is a measure of resistance to rapid progressive fracturing. In a number of applications, the enhanced resistance that may develop during about one plate thickness of crack extension from a sharp notch is of major interest. In the test method, a sufficiently long fracture path is provided so that the results serve as a measure of this property.  
5.2 Fracture surfaces of nonaustenitic steels tested in their temperature transition region have areas that appear bright and areas that appear dull. The bright, faceted appearing areas are termed “cleavage” fracture, and the dull appearing areas are termed “shear” fracture after their respective mode of fracture on a micro scale.  
5.3 This test method can serve the following purposes:  
5.3.1 In research and development, to evaluate the effects of metallurgical variables such as composition, processing, or heat treatment, or of fabricating operations such as forming and welding on the dynamic tear fracture resistance of new or existing materials.  
5.3.2 In service evaluation, to establish the suitability of a material for a specific application only where a correlation between DT energy and service performance has been established.3  
5.3.3 For information, specifications of acceptance, and manufacturing quality control when a minimum DT energy is requested. Detailed discussion of the basis for determining such minimum values in a particular case is beyond the scope of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the dynamic tear (DT) test using specimens that are 3/16 in. to 5/8 in. (5 mm to 16 mm) inclusive in thickness.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to materials with a minimum thickness of 3/16 in. (5 mm).  
1.3 The pressed-knife procedure described for sharpening the notch tip generally limits this test method to materials with a hardness level less than 36 HRC.  
Note 1: The designation 36 HRC is a Rockwell hardness number of 36 on Rockwell C scale as defined in Test Methods E18.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 There are cases where it is impractical or impossible to prepare standard CVN specimens. MCVN specimens are an alternative approach for characterizing notched specimen impact behavior. Typical applications include MCVN specimens prepared from the broken halves of previously tested specimens, from thin product form material, or from material cut from in-service components.  
5.2 This test method establishes the requirements for performing impact tests on MCVN specimens fabricated from metallic materials. Minimum requirements are given for measurement and recording equipment such that similar sensitivity and comparable measurements, as compared to standard CVN tests, are achieved. The user should be aware that the transition region temperature dependence data obtained from MCVN specimens are not directly comparable to those obtained from full-size standard Charpy V-notch specimens and suitable correlation procedures have to be employed to obtain ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) data equivalent to those obtained using CVN specimens. In all instances, correlations will have to be developed to relate upper shelf energy (USE) data from MCVN test to CVN comparable energy levels. Application of MCVN test data to the evaluation of ferritic material behavior is the responsibility of the user of this test method. MCVN test data should not be used directly to determine the lowest allowable operating temperature for an in-service material. The data must be interpreted within the framework of a fracture mechanics assessment.  
5.3 While this test method treats the use of an instrumented striker as an option, the use of instrumentation in the impact test is recommended and is fully described in Test Method E2298. In order to establish the force-displacement diagram, it is necessary to measure the impact force as a function of time during contact of the striker with the specimen. The area under the force-displacement curve is a measure of instrumented absorbed...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials using Miniaturized Charpy V-notch (MCVN) specimens and test apparatus. It provides: (a) a description of the apparatus, (b) requirements for inspection and calibration, (c) safety precautions, (d) sampling, (e) dimensions and preparation of specimens, (f) testing procedures, and (g) precision and bias.  
1.2 This test method concerns Miniaturized Charpy V-notch specimens, for which all linear dimensions, including length and notch depth, are reduced with respect to a standard Charpy V-notch impact test specimen in accordance with Test Methods E23. These are not the same as sub-size specimens, described in Annex A3 of Test Methods E23, for which length, notch angle and notch depth are the same as for the standard Charpy V-notch specimen. See also 1.5 below.  
1.3 Comparison of the MCVN data with standard Charpy V-notch (CVN) data or application of the MCVN data, or both, to the evaluation of ferritic material behavior is the responsibility of the user of this test method and is not explicitly covered by this test method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This test method does not address testing of sub-size specimens as discussed in Test Methods E23. The reader should understand the distinction between miniature and subsize. Miniature specimens are shorter that sub-size specimens so that more tests can be conducted per unit volume of material. Moreover, miniature specimens are designed so that the stress fields which control fracture are similar to those of standard Test Methods E23 specimens.  
1.6 The MCVN test may be performed using a typical Test Methods E23 test machine with suitably modified anvils and striker or using a smaller capacity machine.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, ass...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Instrumented impact testing provides an independent measurement of the absorbed energy associated with fracturing CVN or MCVN specimens for test machines equipped with a dial or optical encoder, or both.  
5.2 Instrumented impact testing is particularly effective in MCVN testing since the resolution of a calibrated strain-gaged striker does not necessarily decrease with the magnitude of the measured force.  
5.3 In addition to providing a measure of instrumented absorbed energy (Wt), instrumented testing enables the determination of characteristic force, partial instrumented absorbed energy, and displacement parameters. Depending on the material and test temperature, these parameters can provide very useful information (in addition to instrumented absorbed energy) on the fracture behavior of materials such as: the temperature which corresponds to the onset of the lower shelf; the temperature which corresponds to the onset of the upper shelf; partial instrumented absorbed energy up to the maximum force (Wm); partial instrumented absorbed energy up to the force at brittle fracture initiation (Wbf); the partial instrumented absorbed energy after the maximun force (Wt–Wm); the general yield force (Fgy); the force at brittle fracture initiation (Fbf); the arrest force (Fa). The instrumented data may also be used to highlight test results which should be discarded on the basis of misalignment or other critical test factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for performing instrumented Charpy V-notch (CVN) and instrumented miniaturized Charpy V-notch (MCVN) impact tests on metallic materials. This method, which is based on experience developed testing steels, provides further information (in addition to the absorbed energy) on the fracture behavior of the tested materials. Minimum requirements are given for measurement and recording equipment such that similar sensitivity and comparable absorbed energy measurements to those obtained in Test Methods E23 and E2248 are achieved.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the shear fracture appearance (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Section 9 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the shear fracture appearance (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Section 9 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the shear fracture appearance (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Section 9 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The fracture-strength transitions of ferritic steels used in the notched condition are markedly affected by temperature. For a given “low” temperature, the size and acuity of the flaw (notch) determines the stress level required for initiation of brittle fracture. The significance of this test method is related to establishing that temperature, defined herein as the NDT temperature, at which the “small flaw” initiation curve, Fig. 1, falls to nominal yield strength stress levels with decreasing temperature, that is, the point marked NDT in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Generalized Fracture Analysis Diagram Indicating the Approximate Range of Flaw Sizes Required for Fracture Initiation at Various Levels of Nominal Stress, as Referenced by the NDT Temperature3 , 4  
CAT (crack arrest temperature)–the temperature of arrest of a propagating brittle fracture. CAT curve is thus a stress versus temperature curve as related to crack arrest.
FTE (fracture transition elastic) temperature–the crack arrest temperature for a stress level equal to the yield strength thus marks the highest temperature of fracture propagation for purely elastic loads.
FTP (fracture transition plastic) temperature–the temperature above which fractures are entirely shear, that is, show no center regions of cleavage fracture, and the stress required for fracture approximates the tensile strength of the steel.  
5.2 Interpretations to other conditions required for fracture initiation may be made by the use of the generalized flaw-size, stress-temperature diagram shown in Fig. 1. The diagram was derived from a wide variety of tests, both fracture-initiation and fracture-arrest tests, as correlated with the NDT temperature established by the drop-weight test. Validation of the NDT temperature has been documented by correlations with numerous service failures encountered in ship, pressure vessel, machinery component, forged, and cast steel applications.  
5.3 Lists of Selected References Relating to Develop...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of ferritic steels, 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) and thicker.  
1.2 This test method may be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the steels are subject to fracture toughness requirements as determined by the drop-weight test.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The fracture-strength transitions of ferritic steels used in the notched condition are markedly affected by temperature. For a given “low” temperature, the size and acuity of the flaw (notch) determines the stress level required for initiation of brittle fracture. The significance of this test method is related to establishing that temperature, defined herein as the NDT temperature, at which the “small flaw” initiation curve, Fig. 1, falls to nominal yield strength stress levels with decreasing temperature, that is, the point marked NDT in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Generalized Fracture Analysis Diagram Indicating the Approximate Range of Flaw Sizes Required for Fracture Initiation at Various Levels of Nominal Stress, as Referenced by the NDT Temperature3 , 4  
CAT (crack arrest temperature)–the temperature of arrest of a propagating brittle fracture. CAT curve is thus a stress versus temperature curve as related to crack arrest.
FTE (fracture transition elastic) temperature–the crack arrest temperature for a stress level equal to the yield strength thus marks the highest temperature of fracture propagation for purely elastic loads.
FTP (fracture transition plastic) temperature–the temperature above which fractures are entirely shear, that is, show no center regions of cleavage fracture, and the stress required for fracture approximates the tensile strength of the steel.  
5.2 Interpretations to other conditions required for fracture initiation may be made by the use of the generalized flaw-size, stress-temperature diagram shown in Fig. 1. The diagram was derived from a wide variety of tests, both fracture-initiation and fracture-arrest tests, as correlated with the NDT temperature established by the drop-weight test. Validation of the NDT temperature has been documented by correlations with numerous service failures encountered in ship, pressure vessel, machinery component, forged, and cast steel applications.  
5.3 Lists of Selected References Relating to Develop...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of ferritic steels, 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) and thicker.  
1.2 This test method may be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the steels are subject to fracture toughness requirements as determined by the drop-weight test.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the shear fracture appearance (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Section 9 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 6.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The fracture-strength transitions of ferritic steels used in the notched condition are markedly affected by temperature. For a given “low” temperature, the size and acuity of the flaw (notch) determines the stress level required for initiation of brittle fracture. The significance of this test method is related to establishing that temperature, defined herein as the NDT temperature, at which the “small flaw” initiation curve, Fig. 1, falls to nominal yield strength stress levels with decreasing temperature, that is, the point marked NDT in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Generalized Fracture Analysis Diagram Indicating the Approximate Range of Flaw Sizes Required for Fracture Initiation at Various Levels of Nominal Stress, as Referenced by the NDT Temperature3 , 4  
5.2 Interpretations to other conditions required for fracture initiation may be made by the use of the generalized flaw-size, stress-temperature diagram shown in Fig. 1. The diagram was derived from a wide variety of tests, both fracture-initiation and fracture-arrest tests, as correlated with the NDT temperature established by the drop-weight test. Validation of the NDT concept has been documented by correlations with numerous service failures encountered in ship, pressure vessel, machinery component, forged, and cast steel applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of ferritic steels, 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) and thicker.  
1.2 This test method may be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the steels are subject to fracture toughness requirements as determined by the drop-weight test.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The fracture-strength transitions of ferritic steels used in the notched condition are markedly affected by temperature. For a given “low” temperature, the size and acuity of the flaw (notch) determines the stress level required for initiation of brittle fracture. The significance of this test method is related to establishing that temperature, defined herein as the NDT temperature, at which the “small flaw” initiation curve, Fig. 1, falls to nominal yield strength stress levels with decreasing temperature, that is, the point marked NDT in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Generalized Fracture Analysis Diagram Indicating the Approximate Range of Flaw Sizes Required for Fracture Initiation at Various Levels of Nominal Stress, as Referenced by the NDT Temperature3 , 4  
5.2 Interpretations to other conditions required for fracture initiation may be made by the use of the generalized flaw-size, stress-temperature diagram shown in Fig. 1. The diagram was derived from a wide variety of tests, both fracture-initiation and fracture-arrest tests, as correlated with the NDT temperature established by the drop-weight test. Validation of the NDT concept has been documented by correlations with numerous service failures encountered in ship, pressure vessel, machinery component, forged, and cast steel applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of ferritic steels, 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) and thicker.  
1.2 This test method may be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the steels are subject to fracture toughness requirements as determined by the drop-weight test.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Section 8 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Section 8 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3.1 Exception—Section 8 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The DT energy value is a measure of resistance to rapid progressive fracturing. In a number of applications, the enhanced resistance that may develop during about one plate thickness of crack extension from a sharp notch is of major interest. In the test method, a sufficiently long fracture path is provided so that the results serve as a measure of this property.  
5.2 Fracture surfaces of nonaustenitic steels tested in their temperature transition region have areas that appear bright and areas that appear dull. The bright, faceted appearing areas are termed “cleavage” fracture, and the dull appearing areas are termed “shear” fracture after their respective mode of fracture on a micro scale.  
5.3 This test method can serve the following purposes:  
5.3.1 In research and development, to evaluate the effects of metallurgical variables such as composition, processing, or heat treatment, or of fabricating operations such as forming and welding on the dynamic tear fracture resistance of new or existing materials.  
5.3.2 In service evaluation, to establish the suitability of a material for a specific application only where a correlation between DT energy and service performance has been established.3  
5.3.3 For information, specifications of acceptance, and manufacturing quality control when a minimum DT energy is requested. Detailed discussion of the basis for determining such minimum values in a particular case is beyond the scope of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the dynamic tear (DT) test using specimens that are 3/16 in. to 5/8 in. (5 mm to 16 mm) inclusive in thickness.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to materials with a minimum thickness of 3/16 in. (5 mm).  
1.3 The pressed-knife procedure described for sharpening the notch tip generally limits this test method to materials with a hardness level less than 36 HRC.  
Note 1: The designation 36 HRC is a Rockwell hardness number of 36 on Rockwell C scale as defined in Test Methods E18.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are cases where it is impractical or impossible to prepare conventional CVN specimens. MCVN specimens are an alternative approach for characterizing notched specimen impact behavior. Typical applications include MCVN specimens prepared from the broken halves of previously tested specimens, from thin product form material, or from material cut from in-service components.  
4.2 This standard establishes the requirements for performing impact tests on MCVN specimens fabricated from metallic materials. Minimum requirements are given for measurement and recording equipment such that similar sensitivity and comparable measurements, as compared to conventional CVN tests, are achieved. The user should be aware that the transition region temperature dependence data obtained from MCVN specimens are not directly comparable to those obtained from full-size standard Charpy-V specimens and suitable correlation procedures have to be employed to obtain ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) data equivalent to those obtained using CVN specimens. In all instances, correlations will have to be developed to relate upper shelf energy (USE) data from MCVN test to CVN comparable energy levels. Application of MCVN test data to the evaluation of ferritic material behavior is the responsibility of the user of this test method. MCVN test data should not be used directly to determine the lowest allowable operating temperature for an in-service material. The data must be interpreted within the framework of a fracture mechanics assessment.  
4.3 While this test method treats the use of an instrumented striker as an option, the use of instrumentation in the impact test is recommended and is fully described in Test Method E2298. In order to establish the force-displacement diagram, it is necessary to measure the impact force as a function of time during contact of the striker with the specimen. The area under the force-displacement curve is a measure of absorbed energy. As an...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials using Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch (MCVN) specimens and test apparatus. It provides: (a) a description of the apparatus, (b) requirements for inspection and calibration, (c) safety precautions, (d) sampling, (e) dimensions and preparation of specimens, (f) testing procedures, and (g) precision and bias.  
1.2 This standard concerns Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch specimens, for which all linear dimensions, including length and notch depth, are reduced with respect to a type A standard impact test specimen in accordance with Test Methods E23. These are not the same as sub-size specimens, described in Annex A3 of Test Methods E23, for which length, notch angle and notch depth are the same as for the standard type A Charpy specimen. See also 1.5 below.  
1.3 Comparison of the MCVN data with conventional Charpy V-Notch (CVN) data or application of the MCVN data, or both, to the evaluation of ferritic material behavior is the responsibility of the user of this test method and is not explicitly covered by this test method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not address testing of sub-size specimens as discussed in Test Methods E23. The reader should understand the distinction between miniature and subsize. Miniature specimens are shorter that sub-size specimens so that more tests can be conducted per unit volume of material. Moreover, miniature specimens are designed so that the stress fields which control fracture are similar to those of conventional Test Methods E23 specimens.  
1.6 The MCVN test may be performed using a typical Test Methods E23 test machine with suitably modified anvils and striker or using a smaller capacity machine.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Instrumented impact testing provides an independent measurement of the total absorbed energy associated with fracturing CVN or MCVN specimens for test machines equipped with a dial and/or optical encoder.  
5.2 Instrumented impact testing is particularly effective in MCVN testing since the resolution of a calibrated strain-gaged striker does not necessarily decrease with the magnitude of the measured energy.  
5.3 In addition to providing an measure of total absorbed energy (Wt), instrumented testing enables the determination of characteristic force, energy, and displacement parameters. Depending on the material and test temperature, these parameters can provide very useful information (in addition to total absorbed energy) on the fracture behavior of materials such as: the temperature which corresponds to the onset of the lower shelf; the temperature which corresponds to the onset of the upper shelf; the pre-maximum force energy (Wm); the post-maximum force energy; the energy associated with shear lip tearing after brittle fracture; the general yield force (Fgy); the force at brittle fracture initiation (Fbf); the arrest force (Fa). The instrumented data may also be used to highlight test results which should be discarded on the basis of misalignment or other critical test factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for performing instrumented Charpy V-Notch (CVN) and instrumented Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch (MCVN) impact tests on metallic materials. This method, which is based on experience developed testing steels, provides further information (in addition to the total absorbed energy) on the fracture behavior of the tested materials. Minimum requirements are given for measurement and recording equipment such that similar sensitivity and comparable total absorbed energy measurements to those obtained in Test Methods E23 and E2248 are achieved.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Instrumented impact testing provides an independent measurement of the total absorbed energy associated with fracturing CVN or MCVN specimens for test machines equipped with a dial and/or optical encoder.  
5.2 Instrumented impact testing is particularly effective in MCVN testing since the resolution of a calibrated strain-gaged striker does not necessarily decrease with the magnitude of the measured energy.  
5.3 In addition to providing an measure of total absorbed energy (Wt), instrumented testing enables the determination of characteristic force, energy, and displacement parameters. Depending on the material and test temperature, these parameters can provide very useful information (in addition to total absorbed energy) on the fracture behavior of materials such as: the temperature which corresponds to the onset of the lower shelf; the temperature which corresponds to the onset of the upper shelf; the pre-maximum force energy (Wm); the post-maximum force energy; the energy associated with shear lip tearing after brittle fracture; the general yield force (Fgy); the force at brittle fracture initiation (Fbf); the arrest force (Fa). The instrumented data may also be used to highlight test results which should be discarded on the basis of misalignment or other critical test factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for performing instrumented Charpy V-Notch (CVN) and instrumented Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch (MCVN) impact tests on metallic materials. This method, which is based on experience developed testing steels, provides further information (in addition to the total absorbed energy) on the fracture behavior of the tested materials. Minimum requirements are given for measurement and recording equipment such that similar sensitivity and comparable total absorbed energy measurements to those obtained in Test Methods E23 and E2248 are achieved.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 There are cases where it is impractical or impossible to prepare conventional CVN specimens. MCVN specimens are an alternative approach for characterizing notched specimen impact behavior. Typical applications include MCVN specimens prepared from the broken halves of previously tested specimens, from thin product form material, or from material cut from in-service components.  
4.2 This standard establishes the requirements for performing impact tests on MCVN specimens fabricated from metallic materials. Minimum requirements are given for measurement and recording equipment such that similar sensitivity and comparable measurements, as compared to conventional CVN tests, are achieved. The user should be aware that the transition region temperature dependence data obtained from MCVN specimens are not directly comparable to those obtained from full-size standard Charpy-V specimens and suitable correlation procedures have to be employed to obtain ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) data equivalent to those obtained using CVN specimens. In all instances, correlations will have to be developed to relate upper shelf energy (USE) data from MCVN test to CVN comparable energy levels. Application of MCVN test data to the evaluation of ferritic material behavior is the responsibility of the user of this test method. MCVN test data should not be used directly to determine the lowest allowable operating temperature for an in-service material. The data must be interpreted within the framework of a fracture mechanics assessment.  
4.3 While this test method treats the use of an instrumented striker as an option, the use of instrumentation in the impact test is recommended and is fully described in Test Method E2298. In order to establish the force-displacement diagram, it is necessary to measure the impact force as a function of time during contact of the striker with the specimen. The area under the force-displacement curve is a measure of absorbed energy. As a...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials using Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch (MCVN) specimens and test apparatus. It provides: (a) a description of the apparatus, (b) requirements for inspection and calibration, (c) safety precautions, (d) sampling, (e) dimensions and preparation of specimens, (f) testing procedures, and (g) precision and bias.  
1.2 This standard concerns Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch specimens, for which all linear dimensions, including length and notch depth, are reduced with respect to a type A standard impact test specimen in accordance with Test Methods E23. These are not the same as sub-size specimens, described in Annex A3 of Test Methods E23, for which length, notch angle and notch depth are the same as for the standard type A Charpy specimen. See also 1.5 below.  
1.3 Comparison of the MCVN data with conventional Charpy V-Notch (CVN) data or application of the MCVN data, or both, to the evaluation of ferritic material behavior is the responsibility of the user of this test method and is not explicitly covered by this test method.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not address testing of sub-size specimens as discussed in Test Methods E23. The reader should understand the distinction between miniature and subsize. Miniature specimens are shorter that sub-size specimens so that more tests can be conducted per unit volume of material. Moreover, miniature specimens are designed so that the stress fields which control fracture are similar to those of conventional Test Methods E23 specimens.  
1.6 The MCVN test may be performed using a typical Test Methods E23 test machine with suitably modified anvils and striker or using a smaller capacity machine.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Instrumented impact testing provides an independent measurement of the total absorbed energy associated with fracturing CVN or MCVN specimens for test machines equipped with a dial and/or optical encoder.  
5.2 Instrumented impact testing is particularly effective in MCVN testing since the resolution of a calibrated strain-gaged striker does not necessarily decrease with the magnitude of the measured energy.  
5.3 In addition to providing an measure of total absorbed energy (Wt), instrumented testing enables the determination of characteristic force, energy, and displacement parameters. Depending on the material and test temperature, these parameters can provide very useful information (in addition to total absorbed energy) on the fracture behavior of materials such as: the temperature which corresponds to the onset of the lower shelf; the temperature which corresponds to the onset of the upper shelf; the pre-maximum force energy (Wm); the post-maximum force energy; the energy associated with shear lip tearing after brittle fracture; the general yield force (Fgy); the force at brittle fracture initiation (Fbf); the arrest force (Fa). The instrumented data may also be used to highlight test results which should be discarded on the basis of misalignment or other critical test factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method establishes the requirements for performing instrumented Charpy V-Notch (CVN) and instrumented Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch (MCVN) impact tests on metallic materials. This method, which is based on experience developed testing steels, provides further information (in addition to the total absorbed energy) on the fracture behavior of the tested materials. Minimum requirements are given for measurement and recording equipment such that similar sensitivity and comparable total absorbed energy measurements to those obtained in Test Methods E23 and E2248 are achieved.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 Exception—Section 8 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The fracture-strength transitions of ferritic steels used in the notched condition are markedly affected by temperature. For a given “low” temperature, the size and acuity of the flaw (notch) determines the stress level required for initiation of brittle fracture. The significance of this test method is related to establishing that temperature, defined herein as the NDT temperature, at which the “small flaw” initiation curve, Fig. 1, falls to nominal yield strength stress levels with decreasing temperature, that is, the point marked NDT in Fig. 1.
FIG. 1 Generalized Fracture Analysis Diagram Indicating the Approximate Range of Flaw Sizes Required for Fracture Initiation at Various Levels of Nominal Stress, as Referenced by the NDT Temperature3 , 4  
5.2 Interpretations to other conditions required for fracture initiation may be made by the use of the generalized flaw-size, stress-temperature diagram shown in Fig. 1. The diagram was derived from a wide variety of tests, both fracture-initiation and fracture-arrest tests, as correlated with the NDT temperature established by the drop-weight test. Validation of the NDT concept has been documented by correlations with numerous service failures encountered in ship, pressure vessel, machinery component, forged, and cast steel applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of ferritic steels, 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) and thicker.  
1.2 This test method may be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the steels are subject to fracture toughness requirements as determined by the drop-weight test.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3.1 Exception—Section 8 and Annex A4 provide inch-pound units for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex A4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex A4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Terminology E1823), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A4). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), and methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).  
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below –196 °C (77 K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
There are cases where it is impractical or impossible to prepare conventional CVN specimens. MCVN specimens are an alternative approach for characterizing notched specimen impact behavior. Typical applications include MCVN specimens prepared from the broken halves of previously tested specimens, from thin product form material, or from material cut from in-service components.
This standard establishes the requirements for performing impact tests on MCVN specimens fabricated from metallic materials. Minimum requirements are given for measurement and recording equipment such that similar sensitivity and comparable measurements, as compared to conventional CVN tests, are achieved. The user should be aware that the transition region temperature dependence data obtained from MCVN specimens are not directly comparable to those obtained from full-size standard Charpy-V specimens and suitable correlation procedures have to be employed to obtain ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) data equivalent to those obtained using CVN specimens. In all instances, correlations will have to be developed to relate upper shelf energy (USE) data from MCVN test to CVN comparable energy levels. Application of MCVN test data to the evaluation of ferritic material behavior is the responsibility of the user of this test method. MCVN test data should not be used directly to determine the lowest allowable operating temperature for an in-service material. The data must be interpreted within the framework of a fracture mechanics assessment.
While this Test Method treats the use of an instrumented striker as an option, the use of instrumentation in the impact test is recommended and is fully described in Test Method E2298. In order to establish the force-displacement diagram, it is necessary to measure the impact force as a function of time during contact of the striker with the specimen. The area under the force-displacement curve is a measure of absorbed energy. As an alternative, ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials using Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch (MCVN) specimens and test apparatus. It provides: (a) a description of the apparatus, (b) requirements for inspection and calibration, (c) safety precautions, (d) sampling, (e) dimensions and preparation of specimens, (f) testing procedures, and (g) precision and bias.
1.2 This standard concerns Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch specimens, for which all linear dimensions, including length and notch depth, are reduced with respect to a type A standard impact test specimen in accordance with Test Methods E23. These are not the same as sub-size specimens, described in Annex A3 of Test Methods E23, for which length, notch angle and notch depth are the same as for the standard type A Charpy specimen. See also 1.5 below.
1.3 Comparison of the MCVN data with conventional Charpy V-Notch (CVN) data or application of the MCVN data, or both, to the evaluation of ferritic material behavior is the responsibility of the user of this test method and is not explicitly covered by this test method.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not address testing of sub-size specimens as discussed in Test Methods E23. The reader should understand the distinction between miniature and subsize. Miniature specimens are shorter that sub-size specimens so that more tests can be conducted per unit volume of material. Moreover, miniature specimens are designed so that the stress fields which control fracture are similar to those of conventional Test Methods E23 specimens.
1.6 The MCVN test may be performed using a typical Test Methods E23 test machine with suitably modified anvils and striker or using a smaller capacity machine.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
There are cases where it is impractical or impossible to prepare conventional CVN specimens. MCVN specimens are an alternative approach for characterizing notched specimen impact behavior. Typical applications include MCVN specimens prepared from the broken halves of previously tested specimens, from thin product form material, or from material cut from in-service components.
This standard establishes the requirements for performing impact tests on MCVN specimens fabricated from metallic materials. Minimum requirements are given for measurement and recording equipment such that similar sensitivity and comparable measurements, as compared to conventional CVN tests, are achieved. The user should be aware that the transition region temperature dependence data obtained from MCVN specimens are not directly comparable to those obtained from full-size standard Charpy-V specimens and suitable correlation procedures have to be employed to obtain ductile-to-brittle transition temperature (DBTT) data equivalent to those obtained using CVN specimens. In all instances, correlations will have to be developed to relate upper shelf energy (USE) data from MCVN test to CVN comparable energy levels. Application of MCVN test data to the evaluation of ferritic material behavior is the responsibility of the user of this test method. MCVN test data should not be used directly to determine the lowest allowable operating temperature for an in-service material. The data must be interpreted within the framework of a fracture mechanics assessment.
While this Test Method treats the use of an instrumented striker as an option, the use of instrumentation in the impact test is recommended and is fully described in Test Method E 2298. In order to establish the force-displacement diagram, it is necessary to measure the impact force as a function of time during contact of the striker with the specimen. The area under the force-displacement curve is a measure of absorbed energy. As an alternative,...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials using Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch (MCVN) specimens and test apparatus. It provides: (a) a description of the apparatus, (b) requirements for inspection and calibration, (c) safety precautions, (d) sampling, (e) dimensions and preparation of specimens, (f) testing procedures, and (g) precision and bias.
1.2 This standard concerns Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch specimens, for which all linear dimensions, including length and notch depth, are reduced with respect to a type A standard impact test specimen in accordance with Test Methods E 23. These are not the same as sub-size specimens, described in Annex A3 of Test Methods E 23, for which length, notch angle and notch depth are the same as for the standard type A Charpy specimen. See also 1.5 below.
1.3 Comparison of the MCVN data with conventional Charpy V-Notch (CVN) data or application of the MCVN data, or both, to the evaluation of ferritic material behavior is the responsibility of the user of this test method and is not explicitly covered by this test method.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not address testing of sub-size specimens as discussed in Test Methods E 23. The reader should understand the distinction between miniature and subsize. Miniature specimens are shorter that sub-size specimens so that more tests can be conducted per unit volume of material. Moreover, miniature specimens are designed so that the stress fields which control fracture are similar to those of conventional Test Methods E 23 specimens.
1.6 The MCVN test may be performed using a typical Test Methods E 23 test machine with suitably modified anvils and striker or using a smaller capacity machine.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated ...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Instrumented impact testing provides an independent measurement of the total absorbed energy associated with fracturing CVN or MCVN specimens for test machines equipped with a dial and/or optical encoder.
Instrumented impact testing is particularly effective in MCVN testing since the resolution of a calibrated strain-gaged striker does not necessarily decrease with the magnitude of the measured energy.
In addition to providing an measure of total absorbed energy (Wt), instrumented testing enables the determination of characteristic force, energy, and displacement parameters. Depending on the material and test temperature, these parameters can provide very useful information (in addition to total absorbed energy) on the fracture behavior of materials such as: the temperature which corresponds to the onset of the lower shelf; the temperature which corresponds to the onset of the upper shelf; the pre-maximum force energy (Wm); the post-maximum force energy; the energy associated with shear lip tearing after brittle fracture; the general yield force (Fgy); the force at brittle fracture initiation (Fbf); the arrest force (Fa). The instrumented data may also be used to highlight test results which should be discarded on the basis of misalignment or other critical test factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard establishes the requirements for performing instrumented Charpy V-Notch (CVN) and instrumented Miniaturized Charpy V-Notch (MCVN) impact tests on metallic materials. This method, which is based on experience developed testing steels, provides further information (in addition to the total absorbed energy) on the fracture behavior of the tested materials. Minimum requirements are given for measurement and recording equipment such that similar sensitivity and comparable total absorbed energy measurements to those obtained in Test Methods E 23 and E 2248 are achieved.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The DT energy value is a measure of resistance to rapid progressive fracturing. In a number of applications, the enhanced resistance that may develop during about one plate thickness of crack extension from a sharp notch is of major interest. In the test method, a sufficiently long fracture path is provided so that the results serve as a measure of this property.
Fracture surfaces of nonaustenitic steels tested in their temperature transition region have areas that appear bright and areas that appear dull. The bright, faceted appearing areas are termed “cleavage” fracture, and the dull appearing areas are termed “shear” fracture after their respective mode of fracture on a micro scale.
This test method can serve the following purposes:
In research and development, to evaluate the effects of metallurgical variables such as composition, processing, or heat treatment, or of fabricating operations such as forming and welding on the dynamic tear fracture resistance of new or existing materials.
In service evaluation, to establish the suitability of a material for a specific application only where a correlation between DT energy and service performance has been established.  
For information, specifications of acceptance, and manufacturing quality control when a minimum DT energy is requested. Detailed discussion of the basis for determining such minimum values in a particular case is beyond the scope of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the dynamic tear (DT) test using specimens that are 3/16 in. to 5/8 in. (5 mm to 16 mm) inclusive in thickness.
1.2 This test method is applicable to materials with a minimum thickness of 3/16 in. (5 mm).
1.3 The pressed-knife procedure described for sharpening the notch tip generally limits this test method to materials with a hardness level less than 36 HRC.
Note 1—The designation 36 HRC is a Rockwell hardness number of 36 on Rockwell C scale as defined in Test Methods E 18.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods of impact testing relate specifically to the behavior of metal when subjected to a single application of a force resulting in multi-axial stresses associated with a notch, coupled with high rates of loading and in some cases with high or low temperatures. For some materials and temperatures the results of impact tests on notched specimens, when correlated with service experience, have been found to predict the likelihood of brittle fracture accurately. Further information on significance appears in Appendix X1.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex A4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Annex A5), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A6). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X2), methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below -196 C (-320 F, 77 K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex 4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Annex A5), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A6). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below -196 °C (-320 °F, 77 K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex A4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Annex A5), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A6). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below -196 °C (-320 °F, 77 K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The fracture-strength transitions of ferritic steels used in the notched condition are markedly affected by temperature. For a given “low” temperature, the size and acuity of the flaw (notch) determines the stress level required for initiation of brittle fracture. The significance of this test method is related to establishing that temperature, defined herein as the NDT temperature, at which the “small flaw” initiation curve, Fig. 1, falls to nominal yield strength stress levels with decreasing temperature, that is, the point marked NDT in Fig. 1.
Interpretations to other conditions required for fracture initiation may be made by the use of the generalized flaw-size, stress-temperature diagram shown in Fig. 1. The diagram was derived from a wide variety of tests, both fracture-initiation and fracture-arrest tests, as correlated with the NDT temperature established by the drop-weight test. Validation of the NDT concept has been documented by correlations with numerous service failures encountered in ship, pressure vessel, machinery component, forged, and cast steel applications.
FIG. 1 Generalized Fracture Analysis Diagram Indicating the Approximate Range of Flaw Sizes Required for Fracture Initiation at Various Levels of Nominal Stress, as Referenced by the NDT Temperature4  , 5
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of ferritic steels, 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) and thicker.
1.2 This test method may be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the steels are subject to fracture toughness requirements as determined by the drop-weight test.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex A4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Annex A5), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A6). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2).
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below -196 °C (-320 °F, 77 K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see ) verifying Charpy impact machines (see ), optional test specimen configurations (see ), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see ), designation of test specimen orientation (see ), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see ). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see ), methods of measuring the center of strike (see ), and the availability of Charpy V-notch verification specimens (see ).
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below -196°C (-320°F, 77 K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section .

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex A4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Annex A5), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A6). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2), and the availability of Charpy V-notch verification specimens (see Appendix X3).
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below -196 °C (-320 °F, 77 °K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex A4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Annex A5), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A6). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2), and the availability of Charpy V-notch verification specimens (see Appendix X3).
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below -196 °C (-320 °F, 77 °K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex A4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Annex A5), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A6). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2), and the availability of Charpy V-notch verification specimens (see Appendix X3).
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below -196 °C (-320 °F, 77 °K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex A4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Annex A5), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A6). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2), and the availability of Charpy V-notch verification specimens (see Appendix X3).
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below -196 °C (-320 °F, 77 °K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex A4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Annex A5), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A6). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2), and the availability of Charpy V-notch verification specimens (see Appendix X3).
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below -196 °C (-320 °F, 77 °K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe notched-bar impact testing of metallic materials by the Charpy (simple-beam) test and the Izod (cantilever-beam) test. They give the requirements for: test specimens, test procedures, test reports, test machines (see Annex A1) verifying Charpy impact machines (see Annex A2), optional test specimen configurations (see Annex A3), precracking Charpy V-notch specimens (see Annex A4), designation of test specimen orientation (see Annex A5), and determining the percent of shear fracture on the surface of broken impact specimens (see Annex A6). In addition, information is provided on the significance of notched-bar impact testing (see Appendix X1), methods of measuring the center of strike (see Appendix X2), and the availability of Charpy V-notch verification specimens (see Appendix X3).
1.2 These test methods do not address the problems associated with impact testing at temperatures below -196 °C (-320 °F, 77 °K).
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 5.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of ferritic steels, 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) and thicker.  
1.2 This test method may be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the steels are subject to fracture toughness requirements as determined by the drop-weight test.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of ferritic steels, 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) and thicker.  
1.2 This test method may be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the steels are subject to fracture toughness requirements as determined by the drop-weight test.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the nil-ductility transition (NDT) temperature of ferritic steels, 5/8 in. (15.9 mm) and thicker.
1.2 This test method may be used whenever the inquiry, contract, order, or specification states that the steels are subject to fracture toughness requirements as determined by the drop-weight test.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the dynamic tear (DT) test using specimens that are 3/16 in. to 5/8 in. (5 mm to 16 mm) inclusive in thickness.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to materials with a minimum thickness of 3/16 in. (5 mm).  
1.3 The pressed-knife procedure described for sharpening the notch tip generally limits this test method to materials with a hardness level less than 36 HRC.  Note 1-The designation 36 HRC is a Rockwell hardness number of 36 on Rockwell C scale as defined in Test Methods E18.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The DT energy value is a measure of resistance to rapid progressive fracturing. In a number of applications, the enhanced resistance that may develop during about one plate thickness of crack extension from a sharp notch is of major interest. In the test method, a sufficiently long fracture path is provided so that the results serve as a measure of this property.
Fracture surfaces of nonaustenitic steels tested in their temperature transition region have areas that appear bright and areas that appear dull. The bright, faceted appearing areas are termed “cleavage” fracture, and the dull appearing areas are termed “shear” fracture after their respective mode of fracture on a micro scale.
This test method can serve the following purposes:
5.3.1 In research and development, to evaluate the effects of metallurgical variables such as composition, processing, or heat treatment, or of fabricating operations such as forming and welding on the dynamic tear fracture resistance of new or existing materials.
5.3.2 In service evaluation, to establish the suitability of a material for a specific application only where a correlation between DT energy and service performance has been established.4  
5.3.3 For information, specifications of acceptance, and manufacturing quality control when a minimum DT energy is requested. Detailed discussion of the basis for determining such minimum values in a particular case is beyond the scope of this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the dynamic tear (DT) test using specimens that are 3/16 in. to 5/8 in. (5 mm to 16 mm) inclusive in thickness.
1.2 This test method is applicable to materials with a minimum thickness of 3/16 in. (5 mm).
1.3 The pressed-knife procedure described for sharpening the notch tip generally limits this test method to materials with a hardness level less than 36 HRC.
Note 1—The designation 36 HRC is a Rockwell hardness number of 36 on Rockwell C scale as defined in Test Methods E 18.