E20 - Temperature Measurement

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used by ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement.  
1.2 Terms with definitions generally applicable to the fields of thermometry and hydrometry are listed in 3.1.  
1.3 Terms with definitions applicable only to the indicated standards in which they appear are listed in 3.2.  
1.4 Information about the International Temperature Scale of 1990 is given in Appendix X1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification contains reference tables that give temperature-electromotive force (emf) relationships for types B, E, J, K, N, R, S, T, and C thermocouples. These are the thermocouple types most commonly used in industry. Thermocouples and matched thermocouple wire pairs are normally supplied to the tolerances on initial values of emf versus temperature. Color codes for insulation on thermocouple grade materials, along with corresponding thermocouple and thermoelement letter designations are given. Four types of tables are presented: general tables, EMF versus temperature tables for thermocouples, EMF versus temperature tables for thermoelements, and supplementary tables.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification contains reference tables (Tables 8 to 25) that give temperature-electromotive force (emf) relationships for Types B, C, E, J, K, N, R, S, and T thermocouples.2 These are the thermocouple types most commonly used in industry. The tables contain all of the temperature-emf data currently available for the thermocouple types covered by this standard and may include data outside of the recommended upper temperature limit of an included thermocouple type.  
1.2 In addition, the specification includes standard and special tolerances on initial values of emf versus temperature for thermocouples (Table 1), thermocouple extension wires (Table 2), and compensating extension wires for thermocouples (Table 3). Users should note that the stated tolerances apply only to the temperature ranges specified for the thermocouple types as given in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and do not apply to the temperature ranges covered in Tables 8 to 25.  
1.3 Tables 4 and 5 provide insulation color coding for thermocouple and thermocouple extension wires as customarily used in the United States.  
1.4 Recommendations regarding upper temperature limits for the thermocouple types referred to in 1.1 are provided in Table 6.  
1.5 Tables 26 to 45 give temperature-emf data for single-leg thermoelements referenced to platinum (NIST Pt-67). The tables include values for Types BP, BN, JP, JN, KP (same as EP), KN, NP, NN, TP, and TN (same as EN).  
1.6 Tables for Types RP, RN, SP, and SN thermoelements are not included since, nominally, Tables 18 to 21 represent the thermoelectric properties of Type RP and SP thermoelements referenced to pure platinum. Tables for the individual thermoelements of Type C are not included because materials for Type C thermocouples are normally supplied as matched pairs only.  
1.7 Polynomial coefficients which may be used for computation of thermocouple emf as a function of temperature are given in Table 7. Coefficients for the emf of each thermocouple pair as well as for the emf of most individual thermoelements versus platinum are included. Coefficients for type RP and SP thermoelements are not included since they are nominally the same as for types R and S thermocouples, and coefficients for type RN or SN relative to the nominally similar Pt-67 would be insignificant. Coefficients for the individual thermoelements of Type C thermocouples have not been established.  
1.8 Coefficients for sets of inverse polynomials are given in Table 46. These may be used for computing a close approximation of temperature (°C) as a function of thermocouple emf. Inverse functions are provided only for thermocouple pairs and are valid only over the emf ranges specified.  
1.9 This specification is intended to define the thermoelectric properties of materials that conform to the relationships presented in the tables of this standard and bear the letter designations contained herein. Topics such as ordering information, physical and mechanical properties, workmanship, testing, and marking are not addressed in this specification. The user is referred to specific standards such as Specifications E235, E574, E585/E585M, E608/E608M, E1159, or E2181/E2181M for guidance in these areas.  
1.10 The temperature-emf data in this specifica...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This standard provides a description of test methods used in other ASTM specifications to establish certain acceptable methods for characterizing thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable. These test methods define how those characteristics shall be determined.  
5.2 The usefulness and purpose of the included tests are given for the category of tests.  
5.3 Warning—Users should be aware that certain characteristics of thermocouples might change with time and use. If a thermocouple’s designed shipping, storage, installation, or operating temperature has been exceeded, that thermocouple’s moisture seal may have been compromised and may no longer adequately prevent the deleterious intrusion of water vapor. Consequently, the thermocouple’s condition established by test at the time of manufacture may not apply later. In addition, inhomogeneities can develop in thermoelements because of exposure to higher temperatures, even in cases where maximum exposure temperatures have been lower than the suggested upper use temperature limits specified in Table 1 of Specification E608/E608M. For this reason, calibration of thermocouples destined for delivery to a customer is not recommended. Because the emf indication of any thermocouple depends upon the condition of the thermoelements along their entire length, as well as the temperature profile pattern in the region of any inhomogeneity, the emf output of a used thermocouple will be unique to its installation. Because temperature profiles in calibration equipment are unlikely to duplicate those of the installation, removal of a used thermocouple to a separate apparatus for calibration is not recommended. Instead, in situ calibration by comparison to a similar thermocouple known to be good is often recommended.
SCOPE
1.1 This document lists methods for testing Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed (MIMS) thermocouple assemblies and thermocouple cable, but does not require that any of these tests be performed nor does it state criteria for acceptance. The acceptance criteria are given in other ASTM standard specifications that impose this testing for those thermocouples and cable. Examples from ASTM thermocouple specifications for acceptance criteria are given for many of the tests. These tabulated values are not necessarily those that would be required to meet these tests, but are included as examples only.  
1.2 These tests are intended to support quality control and to evaluate the suitability of sheathed thermocouple cable or assemblies for specific applications. Some alternative test methods to obtain the same information are given, since in a given situation, an alternative test method may be more practical. Service conditions are widely variable, so it is unlikely that all the tests described will be appropriate for a given thermocouple application. A brief statement is made following each test description to indicate when it might be used.  
1.3 The tests described herein include test methods to measure the following properties of sheathed thermocouple material and assemblies.  
1.3.1 Insulation Properties:  
1.3.1.1 Compaction—direct method, absorption method, and tension method.
1.3.1.2 Thickness.
1.3.1.3 Resistance—at room temperature and at elevated temperature.  
1.3.2 Sheath Properties:  
1.3.2.1 Integrity—two water test methods and mass spectrometer.
1.3.2.2 Dimensions—length, diameter, and roundness.
1.3.2.3 Wall thickness.
1.3.2.4 Surface—gross visual, finish, defect detection by dye penetrant, and cold-lap detection by tension test.
1.3.2.5 Metallurgical structure.
1.3.2.6 Ductility—bend test and tension test.  
1.3.3 Thermoelement Properties:  
1.3.3.1 Calibration.
1.3.3.2 Homogeneity.
1.3.3.3 Drift.
1.3.3.4 Thermoelement diameter, roundness, and surface appearance.
1.3.3.5 Thermoelement spacing.
1.3.3.6 Thermoelement ductility.
1.3.3.7 Metallurgical structure.  
1.3.4 Thermocouple Assembly Properti...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide describes a procedure for placing a water triple-point cell in service and for using it as a reference temperature in thermometer calibration.  
4.2 The reference temperature attained is that of a fundamental state of pure water, the equilibrium between coexisting solid, liquid, and vapor phases.  
4.3 The cell is subject to qualification but not to calibration. The cell may be qualified as capable of representing the fundamental state (see 4.2) by comparison with a bank of similar qualified cells of known history, and it may be so qualified and the qualification documented by its manufacturer.  
4.4 The temperature to be attributed to a qualified water triple-point cell is exactly 273.16 K on the ITS-90, unless corrected for isotopic composition (refer to Appendix X3).  
4.5 Continued accuracy of a qualified cell depends upon sustained physical integrity. This may be verified by techniques described in Section 6.  
4.6 The commercially available triple point of water cells described in this standard are capable of achieving an expanded uncertainty (k=2) of between ±0.1 mK and ±0.05 mK, depending upon the method of preparation. Specified measurement procedures shall be followed to achieve these levels of uncertainty.  
4.7 Commercially-available triple point of water cells of unknown isotopic composition should be capable of achieving an expanded uncertainty (k=2) of no greater than 0.25 mK, depending upon the actual isotopic composition (3). These types of cells are acceptable for use at this larger value of uncertainty.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the nature of two commercial water triple-point cells (types A and B, see Fig. 1) and provides a method for preparing the cell to realize the water triple-point and calibrate thermometers. The qualifications concerning preparation and the types of glass used for a cell are discussed. Tests for assuring the integrity of a qualified cell and of cells yet to be qualified are given. Precautions for handling the cell to avoid breakage are also described.  
FIG. 1 Configurations of two commonly used triple point of water cells, Type A and Type B, with ice mantle prepared for measurement at the ice/water equilibrium temperature. The cells are used immersed in an ice bath or water bath controlled close to 0.01 °C (see 5.5)  
1.2 The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the temperature of a water triple-point cell is discussed.  
1.3 Procedures for adjusting the observed SPRT resistance readings for the effects of self-heating and hydrostatic pressure are described in Appendix X1 and Appendix X2.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to be used by wire producers and thermocouple manufacturers for certification of refractory metal thermocouples. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration of refractory metal thermocouples referenced to a calibrated radiation thermometer. Uncertainty in calibration and operation of the radiation thermometer, and proper construction and use of the test furnace are of primary importance.  
5.2 Calibration establishes the temperature-emf relationship for a particular thermocouple under a specific temperature and chemical environment. However, during high temperature calibration or application at elevated temperatures in vacuum, oxidizing, reducing or contaminating environments, and depending on temperature distribution, local irreversible changes may occur in the Seebeck Coefficient of one or both thermoelements. If the introduced inhomogeneities are significant, the emf from the thermocouple will depend on the distribution of temperature between the measuring and reference junctions.  
5.3 At high temperatures, the accuracy of refractory metal thermocouples may be limited by electrical shunting errors through the ceramic insulators of the thermocouple assembly. This effect may be reduced by careful choice of the insulator material, but above approximately 2100 °C, the electrical shunting errors may be significant even for the best insulators available.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the calibration of refractory metal thermocouples using a radiation thermometer as the standard instrument. This test method is intended for use with types of thermocouples that cannot be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. These procedures are appropriate for thermocouple calibrations at temperatures above 800 °C (1472 °F).  
1.2 The calibration method is applicable to the following thermocouple assemblies:  
1.2.1 Type 1—Bare-wire thermocouple assemblies in which vacuum or an inert or reducing gas is the only electrical insulating medium between the thermoelements.  
1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.  
1.2.3 Type 2A—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements, permanently enclosed and sealed in a loose fitting metal or ceramic tube.  
1.2.4 Type 3—Swaged assemblies in which a refractory insulating powder is compressed around the thermoelements and encased in a thin-walled tube or sheath made of a high melting point metal or alloy.  
1.2.5 Type 4—Thermocouple assemblies in which one thermoelement is in the shape of a closed-end protection tube and the other thermoelement is a solid wire or rod that is coaxially supported inside the closed-end tube. The space between the two thermoelements can be filled with an inert or reducing gas, or with ceramic insulating materials, or kept under vacuum.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test procedures confirm and document that the thermocouple assembly was not damaged prior to or during the installation process and that the extension wires are properly connected.  
5.2 The test procedures should be used when thermocouple assemblies are first installed in their working environment.  
5.3 In the event of subsequent thermocouple failure, these procedures will provide benchmark data to verify failure and may help to identify the cause of failure.  
5.4 The usefulness and purpose of the applicable tests will be found within each category.  
5.5 These tests are not meant to ensure that the thermocouple assembly will measure temperatures accurately. Such assurance is derived from proper thermocouple and instrumentation selection and proper placement in the location at which the temperature is to be measured. For further information, the reader is directed to MNL 12, Manual on the Use of the Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement2 which is an excellent reference document on metal sheathed thermocouple uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for users to test metal sheathed thermocouple assemblies, including the extension wires just prior to and after installation or some period of service.  
1.2 The tests are intended to ensure that the thermocouple assemblies have not been damaged during storage or installation, to ensure that the extension wires have been attached to connectors and terminals with the correct polarity, and to provide benchmark data for later reference when testing to assess possible damage of the thermocouple assembly after operation. Some of these tests may not be appropriate for thermocouples that have been exposed to temperatures higher than the recommended limits for the particular type.  
1.3 The tests described herein include methods to measure the following characteristics of installed sheathed thermocouple assemblies and to provide benchmark data for determining if the thermocouple assembly has been subsequently damaged in operation:  
1.3.1 Loop Resistance:  
1.3.1.1 Thermoelements,
1.3.1.2 Combined extension wires and thermoelements.  
1.3.2 Insulation Resistance:  
1.3.2.1 Insulation, thermocouple assembly,
1.3.2.2 Insulation, thermocouple assembly and extension wires.  
1.3.3 Seebeck Voltage:  
1.3.3.1 Thermoelements,
1.3.3.2 Combined extension wires and thermocouple assembly.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide is intended to be used for verifying the resistance-temperature relationship of industrial platinum resistance thermometers that are intended to satisfy the requirements of Specification E1137/E1137M. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration and uncertainty evaluation while still allowing the user some flexibility in the choice of apparatus and instrumentation. It is understood that the limits of uncertainty obtained depend in large part upon the apparatus and instrumentation used. Therefore, since this guide is not prescriptive in approach, it provides detailed instruction in uncertainty evaluation to accommodate the variety of apparatus and instrumentation that may be employed.  
5.2 This guide is intended primarily to satisfy applications requiring compliance to Specification E1137/E1137M. However, the techniques described may be appropriate for applications where more accurate calibrations are needed.  
5.3 Many applications require tolerances to be verified using a minimum test uncertainty ratio (TUR). This standard provides guidelines for evaluating uncertainties used to support TUR calculations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the techniques and apparatus required for the accuracy verification of industrial platinum resistance thermometers constructed in accordance with Specification E1137/E1137M and the evaluation of calibration uncertainties. The procedures described apply over the range of -200 °C to 650 °C.  
1.2 This guide does not intend to describe procedures necessary for the calibration of platinum resistance thermometers used as calibration standards or Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometers. Consequently, calibration of these types of instruments is outside the scope of this guide.  
1.3 Industrial platinum resistance thermometers are available in many styles and configurations. This guide does not purport to determine the suitability of any particular design, style, or configuration for calibration over a desired temperature range.  
1.4 The evaluation of uncertainties is based upon current international practices as described in JCGM 100:2008 “Evaluation of measurement data—Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement” and ANSI/NCSL Z540.2-1997 “U.S. Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement.”  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the required material, processing and testing requirements, and also the optional supplementary testing and quality assurance and verification choices for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed, base metal thermocouple cables with at least two thermoelements. The material of construction includes standard base metal thermoelements, austenitic stainless steel or other corrosion resistant sheath material, and either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation. The required tests to which the thermocouple cables shall undergo for quality verification are dimensions, insulation resistance at room temperature, calibration, electrical continuity, insulation density, sheath integrity, and EMF versus temperature values.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS), base metal thermocouple cable,2 with at least two thermoelements.3  
1.2 This specification describes the required material, processing and testing requirements, optional supplementary testing, quality assurance, and verification choices.  
1.3 The material of construction includes standard base metal thermoelements, austenitic stainless steel or other corrosion resistant sheath material, and either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for bare solid conductors made of tungsten and rhenium alloy thermoelements supplied in matched pairs. These thermoelements shall be suitable for use in either bead-insulated, bare-wire thermocouples, or in compacted metal-sheathed, ceramic insulated thermocouple material or assemblies. Unless otherwise noted, all information in this specification applies to both thermocouple combinations of tungsten-3 % rhenium versus tungsten-25 % rhenium (W3Re/W25Re) and tungsten-5 % rhenium versus tungsten-26 % rhenium (W5Re/W26Re; Type C). Thermoelements should meet specified physical, mechanical, thermoelectric, and compositional requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for bare, solid conductor, tungsten and rhenium alloy thermoelements having diameters of 0.127 mm (0.005 in.) to 0.508 mm (0.020 in.) supplied in matched pairs. These thermoelements shall be suitable for use either in bead-insulated, bare-wire thermocouples, or in compacted metal-sheathed, ceramic insulated thermocouple material or assemblies.  
1.2 This specification covers the thermocouple combinations of tungsten-3 % rhenium versus tungsten-25 % rhenium (W3Re/W25Re) and tungsten-5 % rhenium versus tungsten-26 % rhenium (W5Re/W26Re; Type C). All information applies to both combinations unless otherwise noted.  
1.3 It is recognized that the alloys described are refractory and are not suitable for use at high temperatures in oxidizing atmospheres. All tests and processes described herein must be performed under conditions that are non-reactive to tungsten-rhenium alloys.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for sheathed, Type K and N thermocouples for nuclear service. This specification can be used for sheathed thermocouples which are required for laboratory or general commercial applications where the environmental conditions exceed normal service requirements. The measuring junction styles for thermocouples are as follows: Style G2 (grounded) in which measuring junction is electrically connected to conductive sheaths and Style U2 (ungrounded) in which measuring junctions are electrically isolated from conductive sheaths and from reference ground. Different properties of the sheath such as integrity, cracks, voids, inclusions, surface finish, surface defect, and metallurgical structure shall be determined by performing different tests. Insulation resistance between thermoelements and the sheath shall be measured as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for simplex, compacted mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS), Type K and N thermocouples for nuclear or other high reliability service. Depending on size, these thermocouples are normally suitable for operating temperatures to 1652 °F [900 °C]; special conditions of environment and life expectancy may permit their use at temperatures in excess of 2012 °F [1100 °C]. This specification was prepared to detail requirements for this type of MIMS thermocouple for use in nuclear environments, but they can also be used for laboratory or general commercial applications where the environmental conditions exceed normal service requirements. The intended use of a MIMS thermocouple in a specific nuclear application will require evaluation of the compatibility of the thermocouple, including the effect of the temperature, atmosphere, and integrated neutron flux on the materials and accuracy of the thermoelements in the proposed application by the purchaser.  
1.2 This specification does not attempt to include all possible specifications, standards, etc., for materials that may be used as sheathing, insulation, and thermocouple wires for sheathed-type construction. The requirements of this specification include only the austenitic stainless steels and other alloys as allowed by Specification E585/E585M for sheathing, magnesium oxide or aluminum oxide as insulation, and Type K and N thermocouple wires for thermoelements (see Note 1).  
1.3 General Design—Nominal sizes of the finished thermocouples shall be 0.0400 in., 0.0625 in., 0.125 in., 0.1875 in., or 0.250 in. [1.000 mm, 1.500 mm, 3.000 mm, 4.500 mm, or 6.000 mm]. Sheath dimensions and tolerances for each nominal size shall be in accordance with Table 1 and Figs. 1 and 2. The measuring junction styles for thermocouples covered by this specification are as follows:  
FIG. 1 Grounded Measuring Junction, Style G  
FIG. 2 Ungrounded Measuring Junction, Style U  
1.3.1 Style G2  (grounded)—The measuring junction is electrically connected to its conductive sheath, and  
1.3.2 Style U2 (ungrounded)—The measuring junction is electrically isolated from its conductive sheath and from reference ground.  
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents or conversions; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recomm...

ABSTRACT
This specification sets forth the requirements for duplex, types E, J, K, N and T thermocouple wire, insulated with E-glass, S-glass, amorphous silica fiber or polycrystalline fiber. This specification presents the requirements for impregnated and non-impregnated fiber insulated thermocouple wire for normally accepted industrial use. The material shall be classified as follows: Class A-Duplex; Class B-Duplex; Class C-Duplex; Class D-Duplex; Class E-Duplex; and Class F-Duplex. Thermoelements shall be solid thermocouple grade materials with a smooth, bright finish and shall be fully annealed prior to insulating. Individual thermoelements shall be covered with a braid, or double wrap (one wrap in each direction) of glass fibers, a braid of glass fibers, or braid of fibers.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification presents the requirements for impregnated and non-impregnated fiber-insulated thermocouple wire for normally accepted industrial use, but does not attempt to define such usage.  
4.2 A supplement contains the requirements for insulated thermocouple wire that will be exposed to high humidity. The purchase order or inquiry shall specify if the requirements in this supplement are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification sets forth the requirements for duplex, types E, J, K, N and T thermocouple wire, insulated with E-glass, S-glass, amorphous silica fiber or polycrystalline fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of a controlled temperature bath will determine what thermometers can be calibrated and to what extent an isothermal condition is achieved. The lack of thermal stability and uniformity of the bath are sources of error that contribute to the overall calibration uncertainty.  
5.2 This guide describes a procedure for determining the effective working space for a controlled temperature fluid bath.  
5.3 This guide describes a procedure for determining the thermal stability within a controlled temperature fluid bath. Overall thermal stability is composed of the bath performance as specified by the manufacturer of the bath equipment and as a component of calibration uncertainty.  
5.4 This guide describes a procedure for determining the temperature uniformity of the working space of the controlled temperature fluid bath.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use with controlled temperature comparison baths that contain test fluids and operate within the temperature range of –100 °C to 550 °C.  
1.2 This guide describes the essential features of controlled temperature fluid baths used for the purpose of thermometer calibration by the comparison method.  
1.3 This guide does not address the details on the design and construction of controlled-temperature fluid baths.  
1.4 This guide describes a method to define the working space of a bath and evaluate the temperature variations within this space. Ideally, the working space will be as close as possible to isothermal.  
1.5 This guide does not address fixed point baths, ice point baths, or vapor baths.  
1.6 This guide does not address fluidized powder baths.  
1.7 This guide does not address baths that are programmed to change temperature.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides guidelines and basic test methods for the use of infrared thermometers. The purpose of this guide is to provide a basis for users of IR thermometers to make more accurate measurements, to understand the error in measurements, and reduce the error in measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers electronic instruments intended for measurement of temperature by detecting intensity of thermal radiation exchanged between the subject of measurement and the sensor.  
1.2 The devices covered by this guide are referred to as IR thermometers.  
1.3 The IR thermometers covered in this guide are instruments that are intended to measure temperatures below 2700 °C and measure a narrow to wide band of thermal radiation in the infrared region.  
1.4 This guide covers best practice in using IR thermometers. It addresses concerns that will help the user make better measurements. It also provides graphical tables to help determine the accuracy of measurements.  
1.5 Details on the design and construction of IR thermometers are not covered in this guide.  
1.6 This guide addresses general information on emissivity and how to deal with emissivity when making measurements with an IR thermometer.  
1.7 This guide contains basic information on the classification of different types of IR thermometers.  
1.8 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A pure material has a well defined phase transition behavior, and the phase transition plateau, a characteristic of the material, can serve as a reproducible reference temperature for the calibration of thermometers. The melting or freezing points of some highly purified metals have been designated as defining fixed points on ITS-90. The fixed points of other materials have been determined carefully enough that they can serve as secondary reference points (see Tables 1 and 2). This guide presents information on the phase transition process as it relates to establishing a reference temperature. (A) Defining fixed point for ITS-90.(B) Realized as melting point.(C) Based on recommendation of International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) Working Group 2 of the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT-WG2); published as: Bedford, R. E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F., "Recommended Values of Temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 for a Selected Set of Secondary Reference Points", Metrologia, Vol 33, 1996, pp. 133. DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/33/2/3.  (A) Values for cells of good design, construction, and material purity used with careful technique. Cells of lesser quality may not approach these values.(B) Realized as melting point.  
5.2 Fixed-point cells provide users with a means of realizing melting and freezing points. If the cells are appropriately designed and constructed, if they contain material of adequate purity, and if they are properly used, they can establish reference temperatures with uncertainties of a few millikelvins or less. This guide describes some of the design and use considerations.  
5.3 Fixed-point cells can be constructed and operated less stringently than required for millikelvin uncertainty, yet still provide reliable, durable, easy-to-use fixed points for a variety of industrial calibration and heat treatment purposes. For example, any freezing-point cell can be operated, often advantageously, as a melting-po...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the essential features of fixed-point cells and auxiliary apparatus, and the techniques required to realize fixed points in the temperature range from 29 °C to 1085 °C.3  
1.2 Design and construction requirements of fixed-point cells are not addressed in this guide. Typical examples are given in Figs. 1 and 2.
FIG. 1 Examples of Fixed-Point Cells  
FIG. 2 Example of Fixed-Point Furnace  
Note 1: This example shows an insulated furnace body and two alternative types of furnace cores. The core on the left is a three-zone shielded type. The core on the right employs a heat pipe to reduce temperature gradients.  
1.3 This guide is intended to describe good practice and establish uniform procedures for the realization of fixed points.  
1.4 This guide emphasizes principles. The emphasis on principles is intended to aid the user in evaluating cells, in improving technique for using cells, and in establishing procedures for specific applications.  
1.5 For the purposes of this guide, the use of fixed-point cells for the accurate calibration of thermometers is restricted to immersion-type thermometers that, when inserted into the reentrant well of the cell, (1) indicate the temperature only of the isothermal region of the well, and (2) do not significantly alter the temperature of the isothermal region of the well by heat transfer.  
1.6 This guide does not address all of the details of thermometer calibration.  
1.7 This guide is intended to complement special operating instructions supplied by manufacturers of fixed-point apparatus.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 The following hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this guide. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of th...

ABSTRACT
This guide presents the uniform methods for expressing temperature, temperature values, and temperature differences. Also covered here are the practical scales, numerical formats, and unit symbol formats used in representing temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers uniform methods for expressing temperature, temperature values, and temperature differences.  
1.2 This guide is intended as a supplement to IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many electronic instruments that are designed to be used with thermocouples use some method of reference junction compensation. In many industrial applications it may be impractical to use a physical ice bath as a temperature reference in a thermocouple circuit. The instrument must therefore be able to measure the temperature at the point of electrical connection of the thermocouple and either add or subtract voltage to give a corrected equivalent of what that thermocouple would indicate had there physically been 0 °C reference junctions present in the circuit. There are two types of instruments that generally apply these techniques: electronic thermometer readouts that use a thermocouple as the sensor, and calibrators designed to calibrate these digital thermometer readouts. Additionally, the probe and circuit described in this guide can be used with a voltmeter to emulate a thermometer or a voltage source to calibrate temperature-indicating instrumentation. In all cases the probe must be calibrated if traceability or an uncertainty analysis, or both, is required.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods of calibration and use of thermocouple reference junction probes (cold junction compensation probes) in the evaluation of electronic reference junction compensation circuits. Their use with instruments that measure only voltage is also covered.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is adequate for use with other ASTM standards that specify the ice point as a reference. It is also intended to be adequate for most other ice-point reference purposes.  
5.2 The ice point is a common practical industrial reference point of thermometry. The ice point is relatively simple to realize and provides a readily available natural fixed-point reference temperature.  
5.3 Use in Resistance Thermometry:  
5.3.1 The ice point was a defining fixed point on practical temperature scales prior to 1960.  
5.3.2 The ITS-90 defines W(T90) = R(T90)/R(273.16 K), the measured resistance ratio of a Standard Platinum Resistance Thermometer (SPRT), in reference to the water triple point, not the ice point (1).3 In many instances, where the water triple point is not available, or when the accuracy obtainable with the water triple point is not required, reference to a properly established and maintained ice-point reference is used. For industrial-quality resistance thermometers, the resistance value is determined for 0 °C, and an uncertainty that is appropriate for the quality of the ice-point realization is assigned.  
5.4 Use in Thermoelectric Thermometry:  
5.4.1 In thermoelectric thermometry, the ice point is ordinarily used as the reference temperature (2).  
5.4.2 Adequate thermoelectric reference requires that thermocouple junctions be well-coupled thermally to the bath, electrically isolated from each other and from the bath, and adequately immersed to avoid perturbing the reference-junction temperatures by radiation and longitudinal conduction of heat along the thermoelements (3 and 4).  
5.5 Use in Liquid-in-Glass Thermometry:  
5.5.1 In liquid-in-glass thermometry, the ice point is ordinarily used as the reference temperature (5).  
5.5.2 The periodic recalibration of a liquid-in-glass thermometer at the ice point provides a reliable indication of the effect of gradual relaxation of residual mechanical strains in the glass that have a...
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1.1 This practice covers a method of preparing, maintaining, and using a temperature reference bath of a mixture of shaved ice and water, saturated with air at a pressure of 101 325 Pa (1 atm).  
1.2 An industrial practice for relating values referenced to the ice point and to the water triple point on the ITS-90 is included.  
1.3 Methods to promote uniformity of bath temperature by mechanical stirring or agitation are not described in detail.  
1.4 Methods of approximating the ice point, as by thermostatically-controlled refrigeration, are not covered by this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of these test methods is to establish consensus test methods by which both manufacturers and end users may perform tests to establish the validity of the readings of their radiation thermometers. The test results can also serve as standard performance criteria for instrument evaluation or selection, or both.  
4.2 The goal is to provide test methods that are reliable and can be performed by a sufficiently skilled end user or manufacturer. It is hoped that it will result in a better understanding of the operation of radiation thermometers and also promote improved communication between the manufacturers and the end users. A user without sufficient knowledge and experience should seek assistance from the equipment makers or other expert sources, such as those found at the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland.  
4.3 These test methods should be used with the awareness that there are other parameters, particularly spectral range limits and temperature resolution, which impact the use and characterization of radiation thermometers and for which test methods have not yet been developed.  
4.3.1 Temperature resolution is the minimum simulated or actual change in target temperature that results in a usable change in output or indication, or both. It is usually expressed as a temperature differential or a percent of full-scale value, or both, and usually applies to value measured. The magnitude of the temperature resolution depends upon a combination of four factors: detector noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD), electronic signal processing, signal-to-noise characteristics (including amplification noise), and analog-to-digital conversion “granularity.”  
4.3.2 Spectral range limits are the upper and lower limits to the wavelength band of radiant energy to which the instrument responds. These limits are generally expressed in micrometers (μm) and include the effects of all elements in the measuring optical pat...
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1.1 The test methods described in these test methods can be utilized to evaluate the following six basic operational parameters of a radiation thermometer (single waveband type):    
Section  
Calibration Accuracy  
8  
Repeatability  
9  
Field-of-View  
10  
Response Time  
11  
Warm-Up Time  
12  
Long-Term Stability  
13  
1.2 The term single waveband refers to radiation thermometers that operate in a single band of spectral radiation. This term is used to differentiate single waveband radiation thermometers from those termed as ratio radiation thermometers, two channel radiation thermometers, two color radiation thermometers, multiwavelength radiation thermometers, multichannel radiation thermometers, or multicolor radiation thermometers. The term single waveband does not preclude wideband radiation thermometers such as those operating in the 8–14 μm band.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers liquid-in-glass ASTM thermometers using low hazard thermometric liquids. The gas filling above the liquid shall be nitrogen or other suitable inert gas. The filling gas shall be chosen to have very low solubility in the thermometric fluid. The stem shall be made of suitable thermometer tubing and shall have a plain front and enamel back. The bulb shall be made of glass and the following distances between graduations and the bulb, and between graduations and enlargements in the capillary, are minimum limits acceptable. All graduation lines, figures, and letters shall be clearly defined, suitably colored, and permanent. The width and the sharpness of the graduation lines shall be designed in accordance with necessary space between the graduations and the desired accuracy of interpolation. The middle of the graduation line shall be accurately determinable. In addition, the graduation lines shall be straight, of uniform width, and perpendicular to the axis of the thermometer. On partial immersion thermometers an immersion line shall be permanently marked on the front of the thermometer at the distance above the bottom of the bulb as specified. The immersion inscription shall be written in capital letters and abbreviated. The terminal number shall be in full when there are one or more numbered graduations between it and the next full number. The special inscription specified shall be marked on the thermometer in capital letters and Arabic numbers without the use of periods.
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1.1 The purpose of this standard is to specify liquid-in-glass ASTM thermometers using low hazard thermometric liquids defined in this standard.  
1.2 This standard specifies liquid-in-glass thermometers graduated in degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit that are frequently identified and used in methods under the jurisdiction of the various technical committees within ASTM. The current approved thermometers are listed in Table 1.  
1.3 The technical requirements for the thermometric liquids used in the thermometers in Table 1 are specified in Annex A1. Tests for conformity to the technical requirements are also found in Annex A1.
Note 1: It has been found by experience that ASTM Thermometers, although developed in general for specific tests, may also be found suitable for other applications, thus precluding the need for new thermometer specifications differing in only minor features. However, it is suggested that technical committees contact E20.05 before choosing a currently designated thermometer for a new method to be sure the thermometer will be suitable for the intended application.  
1.4 For full rationale, see Appendix X1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for magnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powders and crushable insulators used to manufacture metal-sheathed platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs), noble metal thermocouples, base metal thermocouples, and their respective cables. The following test shall be performed to meet the requirements specified: breaking force test; wet chemical analysis; fusion calorimetric analysis; quantitative analysis; and density determination.
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1.1 This specification covers the requirements for magnesium oxide (MgO) and aluminum oxide (Al2O3) powders and crushable insulators used to manufacture base metal thermocouples, metal-sheathed platinum resistance thermometers (PRTs), noble metal thermocouples, and their respective cables.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Thermocouples fabricated from thermocouple cable that has been contaminated by moisture or by other impurities may undergo large changes in thermoelectric properties or may fail catastrophically when exposed to high temperatures. Since such contamination usually lowers the electrical resistance between the thermoelements and the sheath substantially, measurement of the insulation resistance can provide a valuable check of insulation quality and cleanliness, and can serve as a basis for rejection of unsuitable material and unreliable components. For manufacturers in particular, low electrical insulation resistance can also be indicative of displaced thermoelements or conductors or defects in the metal sheath which will require further investigation, but all users should be aware of these potential defects when faced with an unacceptable insulation resistance measurement.  
5.2 This test method is primarily intended for use by manufacturers and users of mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) thermocouples or MIMS cables to verify that measured values of insulation resistance exceed specified minimum values, such as those listed in Specifications E235, E585/E585M, E608/E608M, E2181/E2181M, and E2821. Manufacturers and users should be aware, however, that when the insulation resistance is greater than 1 × 108 Ω, disagreement by an order of magnitude in the results obtained with this test method is not unusual. In addition, users of this test method should appreciate that the room temperature insulation resistance of both MIMS cables and of finished thermocouples will change during shipment, storage, and use if the end seals are damaged or defective. Consequently, values of insulation resistance determined by this test method may not necessarily be repeatable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides the procedures for measuring the room temperature electrical insulation resistance between the thermoelements and between the thermoelements and the sheath, of a mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) thermocouple or mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) thermocouple cable or between the conductors and between the conductors and the sheath, of mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) cable used for industrial resistance thermometers. It may be used to measure the insulation resistance of bulk lengths of mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed MIMS cable previously sealed against moisture intrusion or to test a thermocouple having an ungrounded measuring junction. This method cannot be used to test a thermocouple having a grounded measuring junction unless the measuring junction is removed prior to testing, after which the thermocouple may be dealt with in the same manner as a mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) cable.  
1.2 This test method applies primarily to thermocouple cables and cable used for industrial resistance thermometers conforming to Specifications E585/E585M, E2181/E2181M, and E2821 and to thermocouples conforming to Specifications E608/E608M and E2181/E2181M, but may also be applied to thermocouples or MIMS cables that are suitable for use in air, whose sheath or thermoelements or conductors are comprised of refractory metals, that are tested in a dry and chemically inert environment, and that may employ compacted ceramic insulating materials other than magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3). Users of this test method should note that specifications dealing with compacted ceramic insulating materials other than magnesia or alumina, which are described in Specification E1652, are not currently available. As a result, acceptance criteria must be agreed upon between the customer and supplier at the time of purchase, or alternatively, judgment and experience must be applied in establishing test voltage levels and acceptable insulation resistance values for these types of thermocouples and MIMS cables.  
1.3 This test method may be used for thermocouples or MIMS cables having an outside...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides guidelines and basic test methods for the accuracy verification of infrared thermometers. It includes test set-up and calculation of uncertainties. It is intended to provide the user with a consistent method, while remaining flexible in the choice of calibration equipment. It is understood that the uncertainty obtained depends in large part upon the apparatus and instrumentation used. Therefore, since this guide is not prescriptive in approach, it provides detailed instruction in uncertainty evaluation to accommodate the variety of apparatus and instrumentation that may be employed.  
5.2 This test method is intended primarily for calibrating handheld infrared thermometers. However, the techniques described in this guide may also be appropriate for calibrating other classes of radiation thermometers. It may also be of help to those calibrating thermal imagers.  
5.3 This test method specifies the necessary elements of the report of calibration for an infrared thermometer. The required elements are intended as a communication tool to help the end user of these instruments make accurate measurements. The elements also provide enough information, so that the results of the calibration can be reproduced in a separate laboratory.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers electronic instruments intended for measurement of temperature by detecting the intensity of thermal radiation exchanged between the subject of measurement and the sensor.  
1.2 The devices covered by this test method are referred to as infrared thermometers in this document.  
1.3 The infrared thermometers covered in this test method are instruments that are intended to measure temperatures below 1000°C, measure thermal radiation over a wide bandwidth in the infrared region, and are direct-reading in temperature.  
1.4 This test method covers best practice in calibrating infrared thermometers. It addresses concerns that will help the user perform more accurate calibrations. It also provides a structure for calculation of uncertainties and reporting of calibration results to include uncertainty.  
1.5 Details on the design and construction of infrared thermometers are not covered in this test method.  
1.6 This test method does not cover infrared thermometry above 1000°C. It does not address the use of narrowband infrared thermometers or infrared thermometers that do not indicate temperature directly.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is adequate for use with all ASTM Test Methods which require the reporting of temperature measurements.  
5.2 The Report of Calibration, however named, is the physical output of the calibration laboratory. It shall be prepared so that both the results of the measurement(s) and the non-technical information necessary to support those results are conveyed in a manner that ensures accurate communication and justification of the results.  
5.3 This practice is not meant to supersede requirements of other standards practice such as ISO/IEC 17025 or ANSI/NCSL Z540.3.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice contains reporting requirements for thermometer calibrations included in ASTM Committee E20 Test Methods.  
1.2 This practice covers reports of calibration for radiation thermometers, liquid-in-glass thermometers, resistance thermometers, digital thermometers, and new thermocouples.
Note 1: This practice does not apply to used thermocouples.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The test method described in this standard will ensure that the thermometers listed in Specifications E1 and E2251 will indicate temperatures within the maximum scale errors listed, be compatible with the apparatus, and serve the purpose for which they were designed.  
4.2 Thermometers that do not pass the visual and dimensional inspection tests may give erroneously high or low temperature readings, or may not fit into existing equipment used in ASTM methods. For accurate temperature measurements the scale readings of the thermometer should be verified as described in this test method.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers visual and dimensional inspection and test for scale accuracy to be used in the verification of liquid-in-glass thermometers as specified in Specifications E1 and E2251. However, these procedures may be applied to other liquid-in-glass thermometers.2  
Note 1: The use of NIST SP250-232 is recommended.  
1.2 Warning—Mercury has been designated by many regulatory agencies as a hazardous substance that can cause serious medical issues. Mercury, or its vapor, has been demonstrated to be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Use caution when handling mercury and mercury-containing products. See the applicable product Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for additional information. The potential exists that selling mercury or mercury-containing products, or both, is prohibited by local or national law. Users must determine legality of sales in their location.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to calibrate a thermoelement at one or more test temperatures. The data obtained are sometimes referred to as initial values of emf because the time at the test temperature is limited.  
5.2 This test method is employed mainly by providers of spools or coils of wire or strips of thermoelectric material. Generally more than one specimen at a time is tested, and the resultant emfs of individual thermoelements are used to match to companion thermoelements for use as thermocouples or in extension wiring.  
5.3 The emf of a thermocouple comprised of two different thermoelements as tested with this test method may be determined by algebraically subtracting the emf of the negative thermoelement from the emf of the positive thermoelement at a particular temperature. The emf of a thermocouple may also be determined by the test described in Test Method E220, but Test Method E220 does not take into account the values of the emf of the individual thermoelements relative to Pt-67.  
5.4 This test method is normally used for the calibration of thermocouple materials during their production or distribution, not for the accurate determination of the properties of a used thermocouple. If the test samples were subjected to previous use, the test results may not reflect the same emf as the thermocouple did while in service. For example, inhomogeneities may have been induced in the wires because of a chemical or metallurgical reaction while in service. Since emf is developed in the thermal gradient, and it is unlikely that the temperature profile along the wire under testing conditions will be the same as it was while in service, the test results may be misleading.  
5.5 The test results are suitable for specification acceptance, manufacturing control, design, or research and development purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a test for determining the thermoelectric electromotive force (emf) of a thermoelement versus National Instruments of Standards and Technology (NIST) platinum 67 (Pt-67) by means of measuring the difference between the emf of the test thermoelement and the emf of a reference thermoelement (previously referred to as a secondary standard), which has a known relationship to NIST Pt-67.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to new thermocouple materials over the temperature ranges normally associated with thermocouples and their extension wires. The table on Suggested Upper Temperature Limits for Protected Thermocouples in Specification E230/E230M lists the ranges associated with the letter-designated types of thermocouples. ASTM MNL122 lists the temperature range of extension circuit materials.  
1.3 This test method is not applicable to stability testing or inhomogeneity testing.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test is important because the accuracy of a temperature measurement by a thermocouple is directly related to the emf stability of the thermoelements.  
5.2 This test is used to verify that the tested thermoelements meet the intended requirements.  
5.3 This test is useful in comparing the emf stability of two base metal thermoelements under the same conditions. The test and reference emf may be measured either simultaneously or alternately.  
5.4 The relative stabilities of base metal thermoelements determined by this test are valid only under the specified test conditions. Results will be affected by changes in any of the following conditions: (1) temperature profile or gradient along the length of the thermoelements, (2) abundance, velocity and composition of the air surrounding the test pieces, (3) thermoelectric inhomogeneity of the test thermoelements, and (4) stability of the platinum thermoelement.  
5.5 The test does not address the determination of base metal thermoelement stabilities over a series of temperature changes.  
5.6 The reliability of this test depends on the emf stability of the reference platinum thermoelement. For testing the relative emf stability of base-metal thermoelements, a reference element of platinum that has sufficient thermoelectric stability to determine any significant change in emf of base-metal thermoelements shall be used. To ascertain that the experimental method protects the platinum sufficiently from degradation, the method shall be validated by performing the procedure described in Appendix X1 prior to the actual test.  
5.7 The test result does not apply to applications in which the temperature distribution, for a given measuring junction temperature, changes with time.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides a method for measuring the emf stability of base-metal thermoelement materials in air referenced to platinum at specified constant elevated temperatures using dual, simultaneous, emf indicators, or using a single emf indicator, with the test and reference emf measured alternately. This test is conducted over a period of weeks.  
1.2 A calibrated platinum-rhodium/platinum thermocouple is used as a reference standard to establish the test temperature.  
1.3 The useful life of a thermocouple depends on the stability of the emf generated at given temperatures for a required time interval. This method provides a quantitative measure of the stability of individual thermoelements. By combining the results of the positive (P) and negative (N) thermoelements, the stability of a thermocouple comprised of both P and N thermoelements may be obtained. The emf of an individual thermoelement is measured against platinum, which may be the platinum leg of the platinum-rhodium/platinum reference thermocouple, or an additional platinum reference.
Note 1: Some thermoelements may show insignificant emf drift while undergoing relatively rapid oxidation. In these cases, failure of the thermoelement may be indicated only by a large rise in the electrical resistance between joined thermoelements, as measured at the reference junctions.
Note 2: See ASTM MNL12 for recommended upper temperature limits in air.2
Note 3: This guide is only applicable for initially new unused thermoelements. Base-metal thermoelements exposed to temperatures above 200 °C become thermoelectrically inhomogeneous, and stability testing of inhomogeneous thermoelements will give ambiguous results.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of ...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers non-insulated platinum rhodium alloys (weight percent composition), and platinum thermo elements. The purity of platinum for use in the negative thermo element of Type R and Type S thermocouples shall be of a specific Grade, as specified. The purity of platinum before alloying for use in the positive thermo element of Type R, S, and both thermo elements of Type B shall also be of a certain grade, as specified. All material to be supplied shall consist of continuous lengths which shall be free of kinks and shall be round and smooth. Any pits or dents that exceed a certain percentage of the diameter shall be cause for rejection of the material. After material has been processed to its final diameter and prior to subsequent anneal, it shall be cleaned to remove all dirt, lubricant, fingerprints, or other foreign residue. The thermoelements shall be such that, when matched as a thermocouple, the EMF output shall meet the tolerance on the initial value of EMF versus temperature as specified.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers non-insulated platinum-rhodium alloys (weight percent composition), and platinum thermoelements that meet the requirement of Specification E230/E230M and NIST Monograph 175.2  
1.2 This specification does not cover platinum and platinum-rhodium materials, that require a higher purity than specified in 5.1, such as used for temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) measurements or standards type calibration. For requirements of this superior quality, it is suggested that suppliers of precious metals be contacted.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the construction requirements for various liquid-in-glass thermometers graduated in degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit that are frequently identified and used in methods under the jurisdiction of the various technical committees within ASTM. This specification also covers adjustable-range enclosed-scale thermometers (commonly called Beckmann thermometers), graduated in degrees Celsius, which are used in ASTM methods. The ASTM thermometers covered here are listed in a manner that helps facilitate selection according to temperature range, immersion, and scale-error requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers liquid-in-glass thermometers graduated in degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit that are frequently identified and used in methods under the jurisdiction of the various technical committees within ASTM. The various thermometers specified are listed in Table 1. The inclusion of an IP number in Table 1 indicates, where appearing, that the thermometer specification has been jointly agreed upon by the British Institute of Petroleum (IP) and ASTM.  
1.2 This specification also covers adjustable-range enclosed-scale thermometers, graduated in degrees Celsius, which are used in ASTM methods.  
1.3 The enclosed-scale thermometers are commonly called Beckmann thermometers. They are suitable for measuring small temperature differences not exceeding 6 °C within a larger range of temperature. The thermometers are unsuitable for measuring Celsius- or kelvin-scale temperatures unless they have been compared with standard instruments immediately before use.  
1.4 An alphabetic list of the ASTM Thermometers included in this standard is given in Table 2.  
1.5 A list of ASTM Thermometers is given in Table 3 to facilitate selection according to temperature range, immersion, and scale-error requirements.  
Note 1: For a listing of thermometers recommended for general laboratory use, the Scientific Apparatus Makers Association Specifications for General Purpose Glass Laboratory Thermometers may be consulted.2
Note 2: It has been found by experience that these ASTM Thermometers, although developed in general for specific tests, may also be found suitable for other applications, thus precluding the need for new thermometer specifications differing in only minor features. However, it is suggested that technical committees contact Subcommittee E20.05 before choosing a currently specified thermometer for a new method to be sure the thermometer will be suitable for the intended application.  
1.6 The thermometers found in Table 1 contain mercury, mercury thallium eutectic alloy, or toluene or other suitable liquid colored with a permanent red dye. For low-hazard precision non-mercury alternatives to E1 thermometers, see Specification E2251.  
1.7 WARNING—Mercury has been designated by EPA and many state agencies as a hazardous material that can cause central nervous system, kidney and liver damage. Mercury, or its vapor, may be hazardous to health and corrosive to materials. Caution should be taken when handling mercury and mercury containing products. See the applicable product Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for details and EPA’s website- http://www.epa.gov/mercury/faq.htm - for additional information. Users should be aware that selling mercury and/or mercury containing products into your state may be prohibited by state law.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organiz...

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the physical, performance, and testing requirements, as well as resistance-temperature relationship and tolerances for metal-sheathed industrial platinum resistance thermometers (PRT) suitable for direct immersion temperature measurement. All materials including the sheath materials, sensing elements, insulation, connecting wire end closure materials, epoxy materials, and connecting wires shall be in accordance with specified requirements. The PRT shall be subjected to corresponding qualification tests to demonstrate conformance to the acceptance criteria of the following properties: insulation resistance; resistance versus temperature; minimum immersion length; pressure; thermal response time; vibration; self-heating; stability; thermoelectric effect; mechanical shock; and dimensions.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification is written to provide common terminology, resistance versus temperature characteristics, accuracy classification, and inspection requirements for a specified configuration of a typical industrial platinum resistance thermometer (PRT).  
4.2 This specification may be used as part of the documentation to support negotiations for the purchase and discussion of such thermometers.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for metal-sheathed industrial platinum resistance thermometers (PRT's) suitable for direct immersion temperature measurement. It applies to PRT's with an average temperature coefficient of resistance between 0 and 100 °C of 0.385 %/°C and nominal resistance at 0 °C of 100 Ω or other specified value. This specification covers PRT's suitable for all or part of the temperature range −200 to 650 °C. The resistance-temperature relationship and tolerances are specified as well as physical, performance, and testing requirements.  
1.2 The values of temperature in this specification are based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90).2  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units or SI (metric) units may be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents, and each system shall be independent of the other.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) cables used to manufacture metal-sheathed, industrial resistance thermometers known as Resistance Temperature Detectors (RTDs). It covers the material requirements, significance and use, ordering information and basis for purchase, processing requirements, quality verification and test requirements, certification and reports, packaging, marking, and shipping.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS) cables used to manufacture metal-sheathed, industrial resistance thermometers referred to in this document as Resistance Temperature Detectors or RTDs.  
1.2 The materials of construction include copper, nickel-clad copper, copper-45 % nickel (constantan), or nickel conductors, an austenitic stainless steel or nickel-chromium alloy sheath, and either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation.  
1.3 The cable diameter is between 0.093 and 0.500 in. (2.33 and 12.70 mm) and contains between two and eight conductors, set in various design configurations and wire spacings.  
1.4 The values of temperature in this specification are based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS-90).  
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification is applicable to glass thermohydrometers of various scale graduation systems, intended for use in a variety of ASTM Test Methods. The thermohydrometers covered by this specification have larger maximum permissible scale errors than do their Hg-filled counterparts. It is up to the user to decide if these thermohydrometers are appropriate for use in his or her application. This specification establishes requirements for thermohydrometers with respect to type, body, ballast, stem, scale, markings, calibration and verification, packaging, and inspection procedures.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers glass thermohydrometers of various scale graduation systems, intended for use in a variety of ASTM Test Methods.  
1.2 The thermohydrometers presented in this standard are not exact replacements for the thermohydrometers in Specification E100; the thermometers have larger maximum permissible scale errors than do their Hg-filled counterparts. The user should decide if these thermohydrometers are appropriate for use in his or her application.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the classification, testing, and corresponding requirements for negative-temperature-coefficient thermistor-type sensors intended to be used for clinical laboratory temperature measurements or control, or both, within a specified range. This specification also covers the detailed requirements for ASTM designated sensors.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the general requirements for Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistor-type sensors intended to be used for laboratory temperature measurements or control, or both, within the range from −10 °C to 105 °C.  
1.2 This specification also covers the detailed requirements for ASTM designated sensors.  
1.3 This specification also covers the requirements for general purpose, Negative Temperature Coefficient (NTC) thermistor-type sensors intended for use with Digital Contact Thermometers (also known as Digital Thermometers) within the range from –50 °C to +150 °C.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These verification tests may be performed by users or calibrators of thermocouples. The methods are useful for both new and used thermocouples. They provide a means to assess the accuracy with which a thermocouple is capable of measuring temperature.  
5.2 Results from these tests may be used to determine whether to use or discard a thermocouple. If the thermocouple is subsequently used, the test results may be included in the measurement uncertainty budget. In many circumstances, the results of in-situ verifications may be used to recalibrate a used thermocouple. Laboratory measurements, on the other hand, may be used only to verify the original thermocouple calibration or to determine the uncertainty of temperature measurements with the tested thermocouple. Laboratory measurements generally do not suffice to determine the emf-versus-temperature response of a thermocouple found to be inhomogeneous.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes tests that may be applied to new or previously used thermocouples for the purpose of verification. Some of the tests perform a suitable verification by themselves, but many tests merely alert the user to serious problems if the thermocouple fails the test. Some of the tests examine inhomogeneity and others detect wire or measuring-junction breakage. For Style U mineral-insulated metal-sheathed (MIMS) thermocouples with ungrounded measuring junctions, this guide includes tests that examine the electrical isolation of the sheath as well as sheath deterioration.  
1.2 The first set of tests involves measurement verifications designed to be performed while the thermocouple is in its usage environment. The second set is composed of electrical tests and visual inspections designed to evaluate the functionality of the thermocouple; these tests may be performed either in house or in a calibration laboratory. The third set is made up of homogeneity tests designed to be performed in a calibration laboratory. Some of the tests provide simple methods to identify some, but not all, defective thermocouples, and alone do not suffice to verify a used thermocouple. They may need to be complemented by other tests for a complete verification.  
1.3 The reader of this guide should decide which of the described tests need to be performed. This decision is dependent on whether the reader uses thermocouples for temperature measurement or performs thermocouple calibrations in a laboratory. For users of thermocouples, it is recommended that appropriate tests from the first and second sets be performed initially, as they provide immediate on-site verification of the thermocouples. The appropriateness of a test is dependent upon the user’s temperature measurement uncertainty requirements. Some tests may have lower uncertainties in their verification measurements than others. If these tests do not clearly determine the suitability of the thermocouples, they should be sent to a calibration laboratory for performing appropriate tests from the third set, which give the most complete information on the thermocouple homogeneity. For those who perform thermocouple calibrations in a laboratory, it is recommended that appropriate tests from the second and third sets be performed prior to calibration. The appropriateness of a test is dependent on the calibration laboratory’s capability and convenience for performing the test, as well as the characteristics of the unit under test (UUT).  
1.4 This guide may be used for base metal and noble metal thermocouples. Some of the methods covered may apply to refractory metal thermocouples but caution is advised as suitable reference devices at high temperatures may not be readily available.  
1.5 This guide may involve hazardous materials, operations and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety ...

ABSTRACT
This specification covers separable single-circuit thermocouple connectors with two round pins. The widespread use of thermocouple connectors requires standardization of mating dimensions and performance characteristics. Connectors shall be constructed as either plugs or jacks, and these two forms shall be designed to connect with each other. Contact resistance test, thermal gradient test, and insulation resistance test shall be performed to meet the requirements prescribed.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The widespread use of thermocouple connectors requires standardization of mating dimensions and performance characteristics.  
4.2 This specification describes standardized thermocouple connector dimensions and capabilities and includes test procedures suitable for evaluating the performance of a particular specimen or design. The tests described are not intended for routine inspection or rapid testing of large groups of connectors or for quality control purposes.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers separable single-circuit thermocouple connectors with two round pins. Connectors covered by this specification must be rated for continuous use to at least 300 °F (150 °C), but they may optionally be rated to a higher temperature.  
1.2 This specification does not cover multiple-circuit connectors, multi-pin connectors, miniature connectors, or connectors intended primarily for panel mounting. High temperature connectors (for example, those designed for continuous use at temperatures above approximately 500 °F (260 °C)) are not intended to be covered by this specification.  
1.3 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in brackets are not conversions to the values they succeed and therefore shall be used independently of the preceding values. The values given in parentheses are conversions of the values they succeed. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the test methods portion, Section 9, of this specification. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This guide applies to temperature sources with controlled temperature solid blocks. They are known under various names such as dry-well calibrators, dry-block calibrators, and temperature block calibrators. They are typically comprised of solid block materials such as metal or ceramic, a temperature-regulating device, a control sensor, and some built-in indicator of temperature in a portable package. Dry-block calibrators are commonly used for calibration of industrial thermometers. These calibrators are commonly used in either two modes: (1) the direct mode in which the calibrator is used as the calibrated reference, or (2) comparison mode in which the calibrator is an isothermal temperature source for comparing thermometers under test to a separate calibrated reference thermometer. The uncertainty of these calibrations is dependent on which of these two modes is used and a variety of thermal properties of the specific dry-block designs.  
5.2 A thermally uniform, stable, and accurate temperature zone for calibration may be achieved with given measurement uncertainty. Various thermal properties of dry-block calibrator blocks have been identified that shall be characterized and/or quantified to determine uncertainty of measurements and care taken during the calibration process to optimize results appropriately. Temperature stability has been long recognized as a variable to be characterized. Others include axial temperature uniformity, radial temperature uniformity, stem conduction, block loading, hysteresis, and controller accuracy. External factors that influence results include ambient temperature, drafts, and power fluctuations. Recognizing and testing these properties will greatly improve calibration results.
SCOPE
1.1 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This guide is intended for use with dry-block temperature calibrators without the use of fluids or thermal contact-enhancing media over a range of -100 °C to 1700 °C.  
1.4 In this guide, the essential features of dry-block calibrators used for the purpose of thermometer calibration in either the direct or comparison mode are described. The direct mode is defined as using the dry-block calibrator as a standalone instrument with the control sensor and the calibrator display serving as the reference while the comparison mode uses an external sensor and ancillary measurement system as the reference.  
1.5 Measurement practices to optimize the accuracy of a dry-block calibrator to obtain optimum results are proposed in this guide.  
1.6 Tests that can be performed to define uncertainty limits and how they may be used in creating uncertainty budgets are proposed in this guide.  
1.7 Dry-block calibrator accessories such as built-in reference thermometers, switch testing circuitry, computer communications, or current loops will not be discussed.  
1.8 It is advised that liquid-in-glass thermometers not be used in dry-block calibrators, as using liquid-in-glass thermometers with a metal block may cause damage to the readout of the thermometer.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods provide uniform methods for testing industrial resistance thermometers so that a given tester may expect to obtain the same value of a test result from making successive measurements on the same test article within the limits of repeatability given in Appendix X4. Independent testers may also expect to obtain the same result from the testing of the same article within the limits of reproducibility given in Appendix X4.  
4.2 These tests may be used to qualify platinum resistance thermometers for use in specific applications to meet a particular specification such as Specification E1137/E1137M, or to evaluate relative merits of equivalent test articles supplied by one or more manufacturers, or to determine the limits of the application of a particular design of thermometer.  
4.3 The expected repeatability and reproducibility of selected test methods are included in Appendix X4.  
4.4 Some non-destructive tests described in these test methods may be applied to thermometers that can be subsequently sold or used; other destructive tests may preclude the sale or use of the test article because of damage that the test may produce.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the principles, apparatus, and procedures for calibration and testing of industrial resistance thermometers.  
1.2 These test methods cover the tests for insulation resistance, calibration, immersion error, pressure effects, thermal response time, vibration effect, mechanical shock, self-heating effect, stability, thermoelectric effect, humidity, thermal hysteresis, thermal shock, and end seal integrity.  
1.3 These test methods are not necessarily intended for, recommended to be performed on, or appropriate for every type of thermometer. The expected repeatability and reproducibility of the results are tabulated in Appendix X4.  
1.4 These test methods, when specified in a procurement document, shall govern the method of testing the resistance thermometer.  
1.5 Thermometer performance specifications, acceptance limits, and sampling methods are not covered in these test methods; they should be specified separately in the procurement document.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  Specific precautionary statements are given in 5, 6, 8, 16, and 17  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers separable single-circuit miniature thermocouple connectors with two flat pins. Connectors covered by this specification must be rated for continuous use to at least 300 °F (150 °C), but they may optionally be rated higher. This specification does not cover multiple-circuit connectors, multi-pin connectors, standard size connectors, connectors intended primarily for panel mounting, or high-temperature connectors (for example, those designed for continuous use at temperatures significantly above approximately 500 °F (260 °C)). The connectors shall be rated based on their performance during contact resistance, thermal gradient, and insulation resistance tests.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers separable single-circuit miniature thermocouple connectors with two flat pins. Connectors covered by this specification must be rated for continuous use to at least 300 °F (150 °C), but they may optionally be rated to a higher temperature.  
1.2 This specification does not cover multiple-circuit connectors, multi-pin connectors, standard size connectors, or connectors intended primarily for panel mounting. High-temperature connectors (for example, those designed for continuous use at temperatures significantly above approximately 500 °F [260 °C]) are not intended to be covered by this specification.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in brackets are not conversions to the values they succeed and therefore shall be used independently of the preceding values. The values given in parentheses are conversions of the values they succeed. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 The plug and jack may be ordered separately but many of the connector characteristics (see Table 1) are qualified as a mated pair. The requirements in this standard are applicable for the connector pair supplied by the same manufacturer.  
1.5 The following precautionary statement pertains only to the Test Methods portion, Section 9, of this specification: This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification establishes the requirements for materials and manufacturing, dimensions, inspection and testing, and processing of compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed Type S (platinum-10 % rhodium versus platinum), Type R (platinum-13 % rhodium versus platinum), and Type B (platinum-30 % rhodium versus platinum-6 % rhodium) noble metal thermocouples, and thermocouple cables with at least one noble metal thermoelement pair. This specification describes both the required processing and testing requirements, and also the optional supplementary testing and quality assurance requirements. Additionally, provisions are made herein for selecting the type of noble metal thermocouple or thermoelements, either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation, and a noble metal alloy or other alternate heat-resistant sheath material. Provisions are also made for selecting a thermocouple measuring junction style and for a transition or termination.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes dimensional and material requirements for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS), Type S (platinum-10 % rhodium versus platinum), Type R (platinum-13 % rhodium versus platinum), and Type B (platinum-30 % rhodium versus platinum-6 % rhodium) noble metal thermocouples. This specification also establishes dimensional recommendations and material requirements for compacted MIMS cable with at least one noble metal thermoelement pair.  
1.2 This specification describes both the required processing and testing requirements and also the optional supplementary testing and quality assurance requirements.  
1.3 Provisions are made for selecting the type of noble metal thermocouple or thermoelements, either magnesia (MgO) or alumina (Al2O3) insulation, and a noble metal alloy or another heat-resistant sheath material. Provisions are also made for selecting a thermocouple-measuring junction style and for a transition or termination.  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units or SI (metric) units may be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not the exact equivalents, and each system shall be used independently of the other.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 For users or manufacturers of thermocouples, this test method provides a means of verifying the emf-temperature characteristics of the material prior to use.  
5.2 This test method can be used to calibrate a thermocouple for use as a reference, or it can be used to calibrate thermocouples representing a batch of purchased, assembled thermocouples.  
5.3 This test method can be used for the verification of the conformance of thermocouple materials to temperature tolerances for specifications such as the tables in Specification E230 or other special specifications as required for commercial, military, or research applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the principles, apparatus, and procedure for calibrating thermocouples by comparison with a reference thermometer. Calibrations are covered over temperature ranges appropriate to the individual types of thermocouples within an overall range from approximately −195 °C to 1700 °C (−320 °F to 3100 °F).  
1.2 In general, this test method is applicable to unused thermocouples. This test method does not apply to used thermocouples due to their potential material inhomogeneity—the effects of which cannot be identified or quantified by standard calibration techniques. Thermocouples with large-diameter thermoelements and sheathed thermocouples may require special care to control thermal conduction losses.  
1.3 In this test method, all values of temperature are based on the International Temperature Scale of 1990. See Guide E1594.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed base metal thermocouples for industrial or high-reliability applications. Provisions are made herein for selecting thermoelements, and insulation and sheath materials, and measuring junction configuration, thermocouple assembly length, and the type of transition or termination. This specification also includes provisions for quality assurance or verification program requirements, or both, as the purchaser's option.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification describes the physical requirements of mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed base metal thermocouples and establishes suitable test criteria for their evaluation.  
4.2 Standardized dimensional requirements and acceptable allowances for manufacturing variations, are given.  
4.3 A set of standard tests to be applied to all thermocouples covered by this specification are described, in addition to optional tests from which applicable additional requirements may be selected.  
4.4 Warning—Users should be aware that certain characteristics of thermocouples might change with time and use.  
4.4.1 If a thermocouple's designed shipping, storage, installation, or operating temperature has been exceeded, the thermocouple’s moisture seal may have been compromised and may no longer prevent the deleterious intrusion of water vapor. Consequently, the thermocouple's condition established by test at the time of manufacture may not apply later after an extended period of use, and retesting may become necessary.  
4.4.2 In addition, inhomogeneities can develop in thermoelements because of exposure to temperature, even in cases where the maximum exposure temperatures have been lower than the suggested upper temperature limits of Table 1. For this reason, calibration of thermocouples destined for delivery to a customer is not recommended (see S6.1).    
4.4.3 Furthermore, because the EMF indication of any thermocouple depends upon the condition of the thermoelements along their entire length, as well as the temperature profile pattern in the region of any inhomogeneity, the EMF output of a used thermocouple will be unique to its installation. Because temperature profiles in calibration equipment are unlikely to duplicate those of the installation, removal of a used thermocouple to a separate apparatus for calibration is not recommended. Instead, in-situ calibration by comparison to a similar thermocouple of known accuracy is recommended.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed base metal thermocouples for industrial or high-reliability applications. It applies specifically to thermocouples fabricated from sheathed thermocouple material in accordance with Specification E585/E585M. The specification provides for the selection of thermoelements, insulation, sheath material, measuring junction configuration, thermocouple assembly length, and the type of transition or termination.  
1.2 This specification also includes provisions for either quality assurance or verification program requirements, or both, as a purchaser’s option.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of Inter...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A thermocouple connector, exposed to a temperature difference, contributes to the output of a thermocouple circuit. The output uncertainty allocated to the connector depends on the connector design and temperature gradient.  
5.2 Connector performance can be classified based on the results of this method and used as part of a component specification.  
5.3 The method can be used as an engineering tool for evaluating different connector designs tested under similar thermal conditions.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard describes a thermal emf test method for base-metal thermocouple connectors including Types E, J, K, N, and T. Standard connectors such as found in Specifications E1129/E1129M and E1684/E1684M as well as non-standard connector configurations and connector components can be evaluated using this method.  
1.2 The measured emf is reported as an equivalent temperature deviation or error relative to a reference thermocouple of the same type. This method can be used to verify deviations introduced by the connector greater than or equal to 1°C.  
1.3 The connector is tested with thermocouple contacts axially aligned with a temperature gradient using a specified thermal boundary condition. The actual temperature difference developed across the connector and corresponding error will depend on the connector design.  
1.4 Connector contacts are often fabricated from raw materials having temperature-emf relationships in accordance with Specification E230/E230M. However, verifying Specification E230/E230M tolerances is not within the scope of this method.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification covers glass hydrometers of various scale graduation systems, as required by the ASTM test methods in which they are used. Hydrometers shall be of the constant-mass, variable-displacement type. Hydrometers shall be made of glass, except for the scale, ballasting material, and the thermometric liquid of thermohydrometers. Material used for ballast shall be secured to the lower part of the body, and no loose material of any sort may be inside a hydrometer. The stem shall be uniform in cross section, with no perceptible irregularities. The preferred shapes for the bodies of hydrometers are presented. Graduation lines and inscriptions shall be in a permanent black marking material, such as India ink. All hydrometers shall be graduated to read correctly where the plane of the level liquid surface intersects the stem. The thermometer shall be of the mercury-in-glass type, unless otherwise specified. Hydrometers shall be inspected, tested, and standardized in accordance with the requirements prescribed.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers glass hydrometers of various scale graduation systems, as required by the ASTM Test Methods in which they are used.  
1.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Digital thermometers are used for measuring temperature in many laboratories and industrial applications.  
4.2 For many applications, digital thermometers using external probes are considered environmentally-safe alternatives to mercury-in-glass thermometers. (1)3  
4.3 Some digital thermometers are also used as reference or working temperature standards in verification and calibration of thermometers and also in determining the conditions necessary for evaluating the performance of other measuring instruments used in legal metrology and industry.
SCOPE
1.1 This Guide describes general-purpose, digital contact thermometers (hereafter simply called “digital thermometers”) that provide temperature readings in units of degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit, or both. The different types of temperature sensors for these thermometers are described, and their relative merits are discussed. Nine accuracy classes are introduced for digital thermometers; these classes consider the accuracy of the sensor/measuring-instrument unit.  
1.2 The proposed accuracy classes for digital thermometers pertain to the temperature interval of –200 °C to 500 °C, an interval of special interest for many applications in thermometry. All of the temperature sensor types for the digital thermometers discussed are able to measure temperature over at least some range within this interval. Some types are also able to measure beyond this interval. To qualify for an accuracy class, the thermometer must measure correctly to within a specified value (in units of °C) over this interval or over the subinterval in which it is capable of making measurements. Those thermometers that can measure temperature in ranges beyond this interval generally have larger measurement uncertainty in these ranges.  
1.3 The digital thermometer sensors discussed are platinum resistance sensors, thermistors, and thermocouples. The range of use for these types of sensors is provided. The measurement uncertainty of a sensor is determined by its tolerance class or grade and whether the sensor has been calibrated.  
1.4 This Guide provides a number of recommendations for the manufacture and selection of a digital thermometer. First, it recommends that the thermometer’s sensor conform to applicable ASTM specifications. Also, it recommends minimum standards for documentation on the thermometer and informational markings on the probe and measuring instrument.  
1.5 The derived SI units (degrees Celsius) found in this Guide are to be considered standard. However, thermometers displaying degrees Fahrenheit are compliant with this guide as long as all other guidance is followed.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The purpose of this test method is to establish a common method by which manufacturers, calibration laboratories, and users of hydrometers may inspect, verify, or calibrate them.  
4.2 The goal is to provide a standard method that is simple, easily understood, and will produce reliable results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes the principles, apparatus, and procedures for the inspection, calibration, and verification of ASTM glass hydrometers. This test method is applicable to ASTM hydrometers and may be used for other general hydrometers of the constant-mass, variable-displacement type.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This specification contains reference tables that give temperature-electromotive force (emf) relationships for types B, E, J, K, N, R, S, T, and C thermocouples. These are the thermocouple types most commonly used in industry. Thermocouples and matched thermocouple wire pairs are normally supplied to the tolerances on initial values of emf versus temperature. Color codes for insulation on thermocouple grade materials, along with corresponding thermocouple and thermoelement letter designations are given. Four types of tables are presented: general tables, EMF versus temperature tables for thermocouples, EMF versus temperature tables for thermoelements, and supplementary tables.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification contains reference tables (Tables 8 to 25) that give temperature-electromotive force (emf) relationships for Types B, C, E, J, K, N, R, S, and T thermocouples.2 These are the thermocouple types most commonly used in industry. The tables contain all of the temperature-emf data currently available for the thermocouple types covered by this standard and may include data outside of the recommended upper temperature limit of an included thermocouple type.  
1.2 In addition, the specification includes standard and special tolerances on initial values of emf versus temperature for thermocouples (Table 1), thermocouple extension wires (Table 2), and compensating extension wires for thermocouples (Table 3). Users should note that the stated tolerances apply only to the temperature ranges specified for the thermocouple types as given in Tables 1, 2, and 3, and do not apply to the temperature ranges covered in Tables 8 to 25.  
1.3 Tables 4 and 5 provide insulation color coding for thermocouple and thermocouple extension wires as customarily used in the United States.  
1.4 Recommendations regarding upper temperature limits for the thermocouple types referred to in 1.1 are provided in Table 6.  
1.5 Tables 26 to 45 give temperature-emf data for single-leg thermoelements referenced to platinum (NIST Pt-67). The tables include values for Types BP, BN, JP, JN, KP (same as EP), KN, NP, NN, TP, and TN (same as EN).  
1.6 Tables for Types RP, RN, SP, and SN thermoelements are not included since, nominally, Tables 18 to 21 represent the thermoelectric properties of Type RP and SP thermoelements referenced to pure platinum. Tables for the individual thermoelements of Type C are not included because materials for Type C thermocouples are normally supplied as matched pairs only.  
1.7 Polynomial coefficients which may be used for computation of thermocouple emf as a function of temperature are given in Table 7. Coefficients for the emf of each thermocouple pair as well as for the emf of most individual thermoelements versus platinum are included. Coefficients for type RP and SP thermoelements are not included since they are nominally the same as for types R and S thermocouples, and coefficients for type RN or SN relative to the nominally similar Pt-67 would be insignificant. Coefficients for the individual thermoelements of Type C thermocouples have not been established.  
1.8 Coefficients for sets of inverse polynomials are given in Table 46. These may be used for computing a close approximation of temperature (°C) as a function of thermocouple emf. Inverse functions are provided only for thermocouple pairs and are valid only over the emf ranges specified.  
1.9 This specification is intended to define the thermoelectric properties of materials that conform to the relationships presented in the tables of this standard and bear the letter designations contained herein. Topics such as ordering information, physical and mechanical properties, workmanship, testing, and marking are not addressed in this specification. The user is referred to specific standards such as Specifications E235, E574, E585/E585M, E608/E608M, E1159, or E2181/E2181M for guidance in these areas.  
1.10 The temperature-emf data in this specifica...

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides guidelines and basic test methods for the use of infrared thermometers. The purpose of this guide is to provide a basis for users of IR thermometers to make more accurate measurements, to understand the error in measurements, and reduce the error in measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers electronic instruments intended for measurement of temperature by detecting intensity of thermal radiation exchanged between the subject of measurement and the sensor.  
1.2 The devices covered by this guide are referred to as IR thermometers.  
1.3 The IR thermometers covered in this guide are instruments that are intended to measure temperatures below 1000 °C and measure a wide band of thermal radiation in the infrared region.  
1.4 This guide covers best practice in using IR thermometers. It addresses concerns that will help the user make better measurements. It also provides graphical tables to help determine the accuracy of measurements.  
1.5 Details on the design and construction of IR thermometers are not covered in this guide.  
1.6 This guide does not cover medium- and high-temperature IR thermometry (above 1000 °C). It does not address the use of narrowband IR thermometers.  
1.7 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many electronic instruments that are designed to be used with thermocouples use some method of reference junction compensation. In many industrial applications it may be impractical to use a physical ice bath as a temperature reference in a thermocouple circuit. The instrument must therefore be able to measure the temperature at the point of electrical connection of the thermocouple and either add or subtract voltage to give a corrected equivalent of what that thermocouple would indicate had there physically been 0 °C reference junctions present in the circuit. There are two types of instruments that generally apply these techniques: electronic thermometer readouts that use a thermocouple as the sensor, and calibrators designed to calibrate these digital thermometer readouts. Additionally, the probe and circuit described in this guide can be used with a voltmeter to emulate a thermometer or a voltage source to calibrate temperature-indicating instrumentation. In all cases the probe must be calibrated if traceability or an uncertainty analysis, or both, is required.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods of calibration and use of thermocouple reference junction probes (cold junction compensation probes) in the evaluation of electronic reference junction compensation circuits. Their use with instruments that measure only voltage is also covered.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used by ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement.  
1.2 Terms with definitions generally applicable to the fields of thermometry and hydrometry are listed in 3.1.  
1.3 Terms with definitions applicable only to the indicated standards in which they appear are listed in 3.2.  
1.4 Information about the International Temperature Scale of 1990 is given in Appendix X1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology is a compilation of definitions of terms used by ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement.  
1.2 Terms with definitions generally applicable to the fields of thermometry and hydrometry are listed in 3.1.  
1.3 Terms with definitions applicable only to the indicated standards in which they appear are listed in 3.2.  
1.4 Information about the International Temperature Scale of 1990 is given in Appendix X1.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.