D01.37 - Ink Vehicles

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has found acceptance in the lithographic ink industry in predicting rheological behavior of a vehicle under press conditions caused by extrusion, shear-thinning rollers and dot gain recovery.  
5.2 This test method is restricted within the torque limitations and strain resolution of the rheometer used.  
5.3 Results may not be reproducible if the vehicle is not homogenous.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the viscoelastic properties of printing ink vehicles by measuring the G', G”, and tan delta using a controlled strain cone and plate oscillatory rheometer.  
1.2 This test method provides the flexibility of using several different types of rheometers to determine viscoelastic properties in ink vehicles.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for systems that are volatile at procedure temperatures as evaporation may occur effectively changing the percent solids before testing is finished and significantly altering the rheology.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 By following this practice it is possible to make reproducible flushes when using the same raw materials. Therefore, if someone wishes to evaluate the effect a different raw material has on a flush, it is possible to evaluate this effect by noting the change that occurs from a control flush to the experimental flush. This change can be, but is not limited to; such things as strength after vacuum, grind, grit, gloss etc. This practice can be used by ink companies, pigment companies or varnish companies. This practice is not meant to give absolute values but is meant to be used as a relative practice in which a control flush is made using a standard formula and the experimental flush is compared to the control flush. This practice is not meant to determine the absolute performance of a formula in production. Again it can be used to give a relative idea of how a formula will perform in production when a correlation has been established between laboratory flushing and production flushing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the evaluations of flushing vehicles for pigment dispersion using a vacuum modified sigma blade mixer, or vacuum flusher.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve communication and avoid misunderstanding among manufacturers of printing ink, printing ink vehicles, resins, solvents, oils and all other components of printing ink vehicles.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard contains the definitions of terms as used in reference to printing ink vehicles and related materials.  
1.2 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods provide a means of determining the compatibility of a resin (or vehicle), at low concentrations, in a high boiling ink solvent.  
5.2 Resin-solvent mixtures that exhibit a high precipitation temperature are less compatible than those exhibiting a low precipitation temperature.  
5.3 Resin-solvent mixtures that exhibit precipitation temperatures at or close to the cloud point of the pure solvent are considered infinitely compatible or the resin is infinitely soluble in that solvent.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the manual and automatic procedures for testing the compatibility of lithographic ink resins in high boiling ink solvents by precipitation temperature (cloud point) in a range from 35 to 210°C.  
1.2 The manual procedure in this test method uses laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory. The automated procedure uses a programmable cloud point tester.  
1.3 This test method is for use with ink resins intended mainly for oil-based offset and letterpress inks. The type of resins are typically, but not limited to C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins, modified dicyclopentadiene resins, rosin pentaerythritol or glycerol esters, phenolic modified rosin esters, maleic anhydride modified-rosin esters, and naturally occurring resins such as gilsonite.  
1.4 A resin solution or ink vehicle could also be used in this test instead of the resin.  
1.5 The typical high boiling solvents to be used are C12 to C16 petroleum distillates.  
1.6 To avoid fire or injury, this test method should not be used with low flash point solvents such as toluene or xylene. The minimum flash point of the solvents used should be 60°C as determined by Test Method D56.  
Note 1: Users of this test method should be aware that the flash point of many solvents used for this test (as defined in Test Methods D56 and D1310) is exceeded in the heating cycle of this test method. Safety precautions should be taken since there is the potential for vapor ignition. The method outlined should be done in a shielded exhaust hood, where there is access to a fire extinguisher if needed.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and their components thereof. Included here are methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and components thereof (see Table 1).2  
1.2 This guide includes methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included.  
1.3 Other ASTM standards not specified here may also be applicable.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice provides a means of preparing gel vehicles in laboratory equipment that most closely resembles production reactors. It can be used to predict the performance of gel vehicle components (resins, gellants, alkyds, etc.) in the user's equipment.  
5.2 An ample amount of gel vehicle can be prepared for use in preparing inks for press testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a laboratory procedure for the gelation of a resin solution, ink varnish, or vehicle using a resin kettle.  
1.2 Guidance in preparing gelled vehicle samples suitable for use in laboratory sample quantity oil-based printing inks is provided.  
1.3 The procedure outlined is not intended as a means of rating or evaluating resin or vehicle gelability, and is applicable only if the solutions, varnishes, or vehicles produced are of a rheology that is measurable by conventional ink and varnish industry viscometers or rheometers.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units of measurement are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a means of preparing resin solutions by the “cold cut” method, modeling high-shear production dispersion techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe laboratory procedures for preparing a solvent or water based ink resin solution in low boiling solvent or alkaline water using two types of lab equipment; (1) an industrial blender (Sections 3 – 7), and (2) a laboratory roller mill (Sections 8 – 12).
Note 1: ASTM Subcommittee D01.37 recommends using the industrial blender where possible.  
1.2 These practices use laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory.  
1.3 These procedures are for use with ink resins intended mainly for liquid (for example, flexographic and rotogravure) inks. The type of resins is typically, but not limited to, acrylic and styrene/acrylic copolymers, polyamides, polyesters, polyvinylbutyral, and maleated/fumarated rosin esters.  
1.4 The typical low boiling solvents to be used include ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and n-propyl acetate. For water based ink resin solutions, water is used in combination with ammonium hydroxide or amines such as dimethylethanolamine, monoethanolamine, and triethylamine.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Incompatibility of the system can lead to loss of gloss, decreased color strength, rheological problems and grind issues in the flush or pigment base.  
5.2 This method is used in the lithographic industry, especially in pigment wetting applications, where the alkyd may or may not be totally compatible with the resin selected for the application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the degree of compatibility of an alkyd with a specific resin or resin solution.  
1.2 The most common use of this method is to test alkyd compatibility with a hydrocarbon resin or a solution of the resin in an aliphatic solvent, for lithographic ink vehicle applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When waterborne inks and ink vehicles are shipped during cold weather, these materials may experience cycles of freezing and thawing. This can damage the material rendering it unusable.  
4.2 Cycles of freezing and thawing can cause more damage to waterborne inks or ink vehicles than when the inks or ink vehicles are subjected to steady freezing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the effect of freeze-thaw cycling on the properties of water-based inks and ink vehicles.  
1.2 This test is based on a similar standard test for coatings; Test Method D2243.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These practices provide means of preparing small quantities of resin solution (in some procedures in an inert gas atmosphere using uniform, controlled heating).  
5.2 This practice provides quick ways to prepare a resin solution for quality control testing during the manufacture of resin solutions and vehicles. Samples can usually be prepared in approximately 30 to 45 minutes or less.  
5.3 These practices can be used to prepare commonly specified ink test solutions such as 33.3 % resin in alkali refined linseed oil, and 50 % resin in heat-set ink solvent (that is, C12 to C16 hydrocarbon petroleum distillate with initial boiling point (IBP) about 470°F).
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe laboratory procedures for preparing an oil-based ink resin solution in a high-boiling solvent using four pieces of lab equipment:
(1) A hot oil bath (Sections 4 to 11),
(2) A stirrer/hot plate (Sections 12 to 16),
(3) An industrial blender (Sections 17 to 22), and
(4) A hot air gun (Sections 23 to 27).
ASTM Subcommittee D01.37 recommends using the hot oil bath procedure (Practice D5597) where possible.  
1.2 These practices use laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory.  
1.3 One or several of these practices allows for rapid resin solution preparation (under 30 min, typical), can regulate the maximum temperature, can be done under an inert atmosphere, and can prevent the random solvent loss during preparation.  
1.4 These procedures are for use with ink resins intended mainly for oil-based offset and letterpress inks. The type of resins are typically, but not limited to C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins, modified dicyclopentadiene resins, rosin pentaerythritol or glycerine esters, phenolic modified rosin esters, maleic anhydride modified rosin esters, and naturally occurring resins such as gilsonite.  
1.5 The typical high boiling solvents to be used include C12 to C16 petroleum distillates, 2,2,4 trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol di-isobutyrate,2 alkali refined linseed oil, tridecyl alcohol, or combinations of the above.  
1.6 To avoid fire or injury, or both, to the operator, these practices should not be used with low flash point solvents such as toluene or xylene. The minimum flash point of the solvents used should be 60°C (140°F) as determined by Test Method D56. (Warning—Users of this practice should be aware that the flash point of many solvents used for this test (as defined in Test Methods D56 and D1310) is exceeded in the heating cycle of this test method. Take safety precautions since there is the potential for vapor ignition. Do the methods outlined in a shielded exhaust hood, where there is access to a fire extinguisher if needed.)  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statement see 25.11.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means for resin producers and users as well as solvent and varnish manufacturers to rate various types of resins for solubility by assigning a numerical dilutability value. This percent dilutability value can be used to differentiate resin types for end users and can be utilized as a quality control tool by resin manufacturers.  
5.2 When running a series of these tests, the same lot or batch of dilution solvent must be used throughout to ensure reproducible results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers both volumetric and gravimetric determination of resin solution dilutability which gives a numerical value for the overall solubility of the resin expressed as percent dilutability.  
1.2 This test method is applicable only if the test solution is of sufficient clarity to allow accurate visual judgement of the end point and of low enough viscosity for efficient mixing to take place.  
1.3 This test method is primarily for, but not limited to, resins used in the printing ink industry.  
1.4 The percent solvent tolerance of a resin can be determined using this test method if the solvent in the resin solution and the dilution solvent are the same.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has found acceptance in the lithographic ink industry in predicting rheological behavior of a vehicle under press conditions caused by extrusion, shear-thinning rollers and dot gain recovery.  
5.2 This test method is restricted within the torque limitations and strain resolution of the rheometer used.  
5.3 Results may not be reproducible if the vehicle is not homogenous.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the viscoelastic properties of printing ink vehicles by measuring the G', G”, and tan delta using a controlled strain cone and plate oscillatory rheometer.  
1.2 This test method provides the flexibility of using several different types of rheometers to determine viscoelastic properties in ink vehicles.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for systems that are volatile at procedure temperatures as evaporation may occur effectively changing the percent solids before testing is finished and significantly altering the rheology.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 By following this practice it is possible to make reproducible flushes when using the same raw materials. Therefore, if someone wishes to evaluate the effect a different raw material has on a flush, it is possible to evaluate this effect by noting the change that occurs from a control flush to the experimental flush. This change can be, but is not limited to; such things as strength after vacuum, grind, grit, gloss etc. This practice can be used by ink companies, pigment companies or varnish companies. This practice is not meant to give absolute values but is meant to be used as a relative practice in which a control flush is made using a standard formula and the experimental flush is compared to the control flush. This practice is not meant to determine the absolute performance of a formula in production. Again it can be used to give a relative idea of how a formula will perform in production when a correlation has been established between laboratory flushing and production flushing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the evaluations of flushing vehicles for pigment dispersion using a vacuum modified sigma blade mixer, or vacuum flusher.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means for resin producers and users as well as solvent and varnish manufacturers to rate various types of resins for solubility by assigning a numerical dilutability value. This percent dilutability value can be used to differentiate resin types for end users and can be utilized as a quality control tool by resin manufacturers.  
5.2 When running a series of these tests, the same lot or batch of dilution solvent must be used throughout to ensure reproducible results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers both volumetric and gravimetric determination of resin solution dilutability which gives a numerical value for the overall solubility of the resin expressed as percent dilutability.  
1.2 This test method is applicable only if the test solution is of sufficient clarity to allow accurate visual judgement of the end point and of low enough viscosity for efficient mixing to take place.  
1.3 This test method is primarily for, but not limited to, resins used in the printing ink industry.  
1.4 The percent solvent tolerance of a resin can be determined using this test method if the solvent in the resin solution and the dilution solvent are the same.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When waterborne inks and ink vehicles are shipped during cold weather, these materials may experience cycles of freezing and thawing. This can damage the material rendering it unusable.  
4.2 Cycles of freezing and thawing can cause more damage to waterborne inks or ink vehicles than when the inks or ink vehicles are subjected to steady freezing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for evaluating the effect of freeze-thaw cycling on the properties of water-based inks and ink vehicles.  
1.2 This test is based on a similar standard test for coatings; Test Method D2243.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods provide a means of determining the compatibility of a resin (or vehicle), at low concentrations, in a high boiling ink solvent.  
5.2 Resin-solvent mixtures that exhibit a high precipitation temperature are less compatible than those exhibiting a low precipitation temperature.  
5.3 Resin-solvent mixtures that exhibit precipitation temperatures at or close to the cloud point of the pure solvent are considered infinitely compatible or the resin is infinitely soluble in that solvent.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the manual and automatic procedures for testing the compatibility of lithographic ink resins in high boiling ink solvents by precipitation temperature (cloud point) in a range from 35 to 210°C.  
1.2 The manual procedure in this test method uses laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory. The automated procedure uses a programmable cloudpoint tester.  
1.3 This test method is for use with ink resins intended mainly for oil-based offset and letterpress inks. The type of resins are typically, but not limited to C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins, modified dicyclopentadiene resins, rosin pentaerythritol or glycerol esters, phenolic modified rosin esters, maleic anhydride modified-rosin esters, and naturally occurring resins such as gilsonite.  
1.4 A resin solution or ink vehicle could also be used in this test instead of the resin.  
1.5 The typical high boiling solvents to be used are C12 to C16 petroleum distillates.  
1.6 To avoid fire or injury, or both, to the operator, this test method should not be used with low flash point solvents such as toluene or xylene. The minimum flash point of the solvents used should be 60°C as determined by Test Method D56. Note 1—Users of this test method should be aware that the flash point of many solvents used for this test (as defined in Test Methods D56 and D1310) is exceeded in the heating cycle of this test method. Safety precautions should be taken since there is the potential for vapor ignition. The method outlined should be done in a shielded exhaust hood, where there is access to a fire extinguisher if needed.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides a means of preparing resin solutions by the “cold cut” method, modeling high-shear production dispersion techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe laboratory procedures for preparing a solvent or water based ink resin solution in low boiling solvent or alkaline water using two types of lab equipment; (1) an industrial blender (Sections 3-7), and (2) a laboratory roller mill (Sections 8-12).Note 1—ASTM Subcommittee D01.37 recommends using the industrial blender where possible.  
1.2 These practices use laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory.  
1.3 These procedures are for use with ink resins intended mainly for liquid (for example, flexographic and rotogravure) inks. The type of resins is typically, but not limited to, acrylic and styrene/acrylic copolymers, polyamides, polyesters, polyvinylbutyral, and maleated/fumarated rosin esters.  
1.4 The typical low boiling solvents to be used include ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and n-propyl acetate. For water based ink resin solutions, water is used in combination with ammonium hydroxide or amines such as dimethylethanolamine, monoethanolamine, and triethylamine.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and their components thereof. Included here are methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and components thereof  
1.2 This guide includes methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included.  
1.3 Other ASTM standards not specified here may also be applicable.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Incompatibility of the system can lead to loss of gloss, decreased color strength, rheological problems and grind issues in the flush or pigment base.  
5.2 This method is used in the lithographic industry, especially in pigment wetting applications, where the alkyd may or may not be totally compatible with the resin selected for the application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the degree of compatibility of an alkyd with a specific resin or resin solution.  
1.2 The most common use of this method is to test alkyd compatibility with a hydrocarbon resin or a solution of the resin in an aliphatic solvent, for lithographic ink vehicle applications.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 A common set of definitions is essential to improve communication and avoid misunderstanding among manufacturers of printing ink, printing ink vehicles, resins, solvents, oils and all other components of printing ink vehicles.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard contains the definitions of terms as used in reference to printing ink vehicles and related materials.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a means of preparing gel vehicles in laboratory equipment that most closely resembles production reactors. It can be used to predict the performance of gel vehicle components (resins, gellants, alkyds, etc.) in the user's equipment.
An ample amount of gel vehicle can be prepared for use in preparing inks for press testing.
FIG. 1 Gel Vehicle Preparation Apparatus
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a laboratory procedure for the gelation of a resin solution, ink varnish, or vehicle using a resin kettle.
1.2 Guidance in preparing gelled vehicle samples suitable for use in laboratory sample quantity oil-based printing inks is provided.
1.3 The procedure outlined is not intended as a means of rating or evaluating resin or vehicle gelability, and is applicable only if the solutions, varnishes, or vehicles produced are of a rheology that is measurable by conventional ink and varnish industry viscometers or rheometers.
1.4 The values stated in SI units of measurement are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These practices provide means of preparing small quantities of resin solution (in some procedures in an inert gas atmosphere using uniform, controlled heating).  
5.2 This practice provides quick ways to prepare a resin solution for quality control testing during the manufacture of resin solutions and vehicles. Samples can usually be prepared in approximately 30 to 45 minutes or less.  
5.3 These practices can be used to prepare commonly specified ink test solutions such as 33.3 % resin in alkali refined linseed oil, and 50 % resin in heat-set ink solvent (that is, C12 to C16 hydrocarbon petroleum distillate with initial boiling point (IBP) about 470°F).
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe laboratory procedures for preparing an oil-based ink resin solution in a high-boiling solvent using four pieces of lab equipment; (1) a hot oil bath (Sections 4 to 11),
(2) a stirrer/hot plate (Sections 12 to 16),
(3) an industrial blender (Sections 17 to 22), and
(4) a hot air gun (Sections 23 to 27). ASTM Subcommittee D01.37 recommends using the hot oil bath procedure (Practice D5597) where possible.  
1.2 These practices use laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory.  
1.3 One or several of these practices allows for rapid resin solution preparation (under 30 min, typical), can regulate the maximum temperature, can be done under an inert atmosphere, and can prevent the random solvent loss during preparation.  
1.4 These procedures are for use with ink resins intended mainly for oil-based offset and letterpress inks. The type of resins are typically, but not limited to C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins, modified dicyclopentadiene resins, rosin pentaerythritol or glycerine esters, phenolic modified rosin esters, maleic anhydride modified rosin esters, and naturally occurring resins such as gilsonite.  
1.5 The typical high boiling solvents to be used include C12 to C16 petroleum distillates, 2,2,4 trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol di-isobutyrate,2 alkali refined linseed oil, tridecyl alcohol, or combinations of the above.  
1.6 To avoid fire or injury, or both, to the operator, these practices should not be used with low flash point solvents such as toluene or xylene. The minimum flash point of the solvents used should be 60°C (140°F) as determined by Test Method D56. (Warning—Users of this practice should be aware that the flash point of many solvents used for this test (as defined in Test Methods D56 and D1310) is exceeded in the heating cycle of this test method. Take safety precautions since there is the potential for vapor ignition. Do the methods outlined in a shielded exhaust hood, where there is access to a fire extinguisher if needed.)  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statement see 25.11.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method has found acceptance in the lithographic ink industry in predicting rheological behavior of a vehicle under press conditions caused by extrusion, shear-thinning rollers and dot gain recovery.  
5.2 This test method is restricted within the torque limitations and strain resolution of the rheometer used.  
5.3 Results may not be reproducible if the vehicle is not homogenous.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the viscoelastic properties of printing ink vehicles by measuring the G', G”, and tan delta using a controlled strain cone and plate oscillatory rheometer.  
1.2 This test method provides the flexibility of using several different types of rheometers to determine viscoelastic properties in ink vehicles.  
1.3 This test method is not intended for systems that are volatile at procedure temperatures as evaporation may occur effectively changing the percent solids before testing is finished and significantly altering the rheology.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
By following this practice it is possible to make reproducible flushes when using the same raw materials. Therefore, if someone wishes to evaluate the effect a different raw material has on a flush, it is possible to evaluate this effect by noting the change that occurs from a control flush to the experimental flush. This change can be, but is not limited to; such things as strength after vacuum, grind, grit, gloss etc. This practice can be used by ink companies, pigment companies or varnish companies. This practice is not meant to give absolute values but is meant to be used as a relative practice in which a control flush is made using a standard formula and the experimental flush is compared to the control flush. This practice is not meant to determine the absolute performance of a formula in production. Again it can be used to give a relative idea of how a formula will perform in production when a correlation has been established between laboratory flushing and production flushing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the evaluations of flushing vehicles for pigment dispersion using a vacuum modified sigma blade mixer, or vacuum flusher.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These practices provide means of preparing small quantities of resin solution (in some procedures in an inert gas atmosphere using uniform, controlled heating).
This practice provides quick ways to prepare a resin solution for quality control testing during the manufacture of resin solutions and vehicles. Samples can usually be prepared in approximately 30 to 45 minutes or less.
These practices can be used to prepare commonly specified ink test solutions such as 33.3 % resin in alkali refined linseed oil, and 50 % resin in heat-set ink solvent (that is, C 12 to C16 hydrocarbon petroleum distillate with initial boiling point (IBP) about 470°F).
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe laboratory procedures for preparing an oil-based ink resin solution in a high-boiling solvent using four pieces of lab equipment; (1) a hot oil bath (Sections 4 to 11),
(2) a stirrer/hot plate (Sections 12 to 16),
(3) an industrial blender (Sections 17 to 22), and
(4) a hot air gun (Sections 23 to 27).
ASTM Subcommittee D01.37 recommends using the hot oil bath procedure (Practice ) where possible.
1.2 These practices use laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory.
1.3 One or several of these practices allows for rapid resin solution preparation (under 30 min, typical), can regulate the maximum temperature, can be done under an inert atmosphere, and can prevent the random solvent loss during preparation.
1.4 These procedures are for use with ink resins intended mainly for oil-based offset and letterpress inks. The type of resins are typically, but not limited to C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins, modified dicyclopentadiene resins, rosin pentaerythritol or glycerine esters, phenolic modified rosin esters, maleic anhydride modified rosin esters, and naturally occurring resins such as gilsonite.
1.5 The typical high boiling solvents to be used include C12 to C16 petroleum distillates, 2,2,4 trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol di-isobutyrate, alkali refined linseed oil, tridecyl alcohol, or combinations of the above.
1.6 To avoid fire or injury, or both, to the operator, these practices should not be used with low flash point solvents such as toluene or xylene. The minimum flash point of the solvents used should be 60°C (140°F) as determined by Test Method D56. (WarningUsers of this practice should be aware that the flash point of many solvents used for this test (as defined in Test Methods D56 and D1310) is exceeded in the heating cycle of this test method. Take safety precautions since there is the potential for vapor ignition. Do the methods outlined in a shielded exhaust hood, where there is access to a fire extinguisher if needed.)
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statement see 25.11.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Actual direct measurements of apparent viscosity and stress at shear rates of interest can be useful in the practical control of ink viscosity during production and the specification acceptance between supplier and purchaser.
Use of the Duke automated viscometer provides direct measurements for viscosity and yield value versus extrapolating data points that may be far from the desired shear rates.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the viscosity of varnishes, ink vehicles, and similar liquids that are essentially nonvolatile and unreactive under ordinary room conditions using the Duke Automated high-shear rod and collar viscometer.  
1.2 The instrument in this test method is similar in principle to the falling-rod viscometer described in Test Method D4040 except that the collar is motor driven and the range of available shear stresses is considerably greater. This instrument is capable of measured and extrapolated viscosity and yield values provided the proper model is chosen for the given application. See Section 6 for the ranges of specified models.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, that may be associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish any appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a means of preparing gel vehicles in laboratory equipment that most closely resembles production reactors. It can be used to predict the performance of gel vehicle components (resins, gellants, alkyds, etc.) in the user’equipment.
An ample amount of gel vehicle can be prepared for use in preparing inks for press testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a laboratory procedure for the gelation of a resin solution, ink varnish, or vehicle using a resin kettle.
1.2 Guidance in preparing gelled vehicle samples suitable for use in laboratory sample quantity oil-based printing inks is provided.
1.3 The procedure outlined is not intended as a means of rating or evaluating resin or vehicle gelability, and is applicable only if the solutions, varnishes, or vehicles produced are of a rheology that is measurable by conventional ink and varnish industry viscometers.
1.4 The values stated in SI units of measurement are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covers a laboratory procedure for the gelation of a resin solution, ink varnish, or vehicle using a resin kettle.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications this practice was withdrawn in June 2010. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
By following this practice it is possible to make reproducible flushes when using the same raw materials. Therefore, if someone wishes to evaluate the effect a different raw material has on a flush, it is possible to evaluate this effect by noting the change that occurs from a control flush to the experimental flush. This change can be, but is not limited to; such things as strength after vacuum, grind, grit, gloss etc. This practice can be used by ink companies, pigment companies or varnish companies. This practice is not meant to give absolute values but is meant to be used as a relative practice in which a control flush is made using a standard formula and the experimental flush is compared to the control flush. This practice is not meant to determine the absolute performance of a formula in production. Again it can be used to give a relative idea of how a formula will perform in production when a correlation has been established between laboratory flushing and production flushing.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for the evaluations of vehicles for pigment dispersion using a vacuum modified sigma blade mixer, or vacuum flusher.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This practice covers guidelines for the evaluations of vehicles for pigment dispersion using a vacuum modified sigma blade mixer, or vacuum flusher.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications this practice was withdrawn in June 2010. This standard is being withdrawn without replacement due to its limited use by industry.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a means for resin producers and users as well as solvent and varnish manufacturers to rate various types of resins for solubility by assigning a numerical dilutability value. This percent dilutability value can be used to differentiate resin types for end users and can be utilized as a quality control tool by resin manufacturers.
When running a series of these tests, the same lot or batch of dilution solvent must be used throughout to ensure reproducible results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers both volumetric and gravimetric determination of resin solution dilutability which gives a numerical value for the overall solubility of the resin expressed as percent dilutability.
1.2 This test method is applicable only if the test solution is of sufficient clarity to allow accurate visual judgement of the end point and of low enough viscosity for efficient mixing to take place.
1.3 This test method is primarily for, but not limited to, resins used in the printing ink industry.
1.4 The percent solvent tolerance of a resin can be determined using this test method if the solvent in the resin solution and the dilution solvent are the same.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a means of preparing resin solutions by the “cold cut” method, modeling high-shear production dispersion techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe laboratory procedures for preparing a solvent or water based ink resin solution in low boiling solvent or alkaline water using two types of lab equipment; (1) an industrial blender (Sections 3-7), and (2) a laboratory roller mill (Sections 8-12).  
Note 1—ASTM Subcommittee D01.37 recommends using the industrial blender where possible.
1.2 These practices use laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory.
1.3 These procedures are for use with ink resins intended mainly for liquid (for example, flexographic and rotogravure) inks. The type of resins is typically, but not limited to, acrylic and styrene/acrylic copolymers, polyamides, polyesters, polyvinylbutyral, and maleated/fumarated rosin esters.
1.4 The typical low boiling solvents to be used include ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and n-propyl acetate. For water based ink resin solutions, water is used in combination with ammonium hydroxide or amines such as dimethylethanolamine, monoethanolamine, and triethylamine.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a means of preparing a number of gel vehicle samples with minimum use of materials and time. It provides a means of quickly characterizing and comparing the gelability or reactivity of resins, vehicles, and gelling agents.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines a procedure for preparing gelled vehicle samples using a microwave oven.
1.2 The test samples can be used for characterizing the gelability or reactivity of resins, gelling agents, and vehicles used in the manufacture of oil based printing inks, or both.
1.3 Evaluation of the gelled vehicles may, depending upon preference, be either visual or instrumental.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a means of preparing a number of gel vehicle samples with minimum use of materials and time. It provides a means of quickly characterizing and comparing the gelability or reactivity of resins, vehicles, and gelling agents.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines a procedure for preparing gelled vehicle samples using a microwave oven.
1.2 The test samples can be used for characterizing the gelability or reactivity of resins, gelling agents, and vehicles used in the manufacture of oil based printing inks, or both.
1.3 Evaluation of the gelled vehicles may, depending upon preference, be either visual or instrumental.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
p>Incompatibility of the system can lead to loss of gloss, decreased color strength, rheological problems and grind issues in the flush or pigment base.
This method is used in the lithographic industry, especially in pigment wetting applications, where the alkyd may or may not be totally compatible with the resin selected for the application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the degree of compatibility of an alkyd with a specific resin or resin solution.
1.2 The most common use of this method is to test alkyd compatibility with a hydrocarbon resin or a solution of the resin in an aliphatic solvent, for lithographic ink vehicle applications.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

ABSTRACT
This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and their components thereof. Included here are methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included as well.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and components thereof (see Table 1).
1.2 This guide includes methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included.
1.3 Other ASTM standards not specified here may also be applicable.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method has found acceptance in the lithographic ink industry in predicting rheological behavior of a vehicle under press conditions caused by extrusion, shear-thinning rollers and dot gain recovery.
This test method is restricted within the torque limitations and strain resolution of the rheometer used.
Results may not be reproducible if the vehicle is not homogenous.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the viscoelastic properties of printing ink vehicles by measuring the G', G", and tan delta using a controlled strain cone and plate oscillatory rheometer.
1.2 This test method provides the flexibility of using several different types of rheometers to determine viscoelastic properties in ink vehicles.
1.3 This test method is not intended for systems that are volatile at procedure temperatures as evaporation may occur effectively changing the percent solids before testing is finished and significantly altering the rheology.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These practices provide means of preparing small quantities of resin solution (in some procedures in an inert gas atmosphere using uniform, controlled heating).
This practice provides quick ways to prepare a resin solution for quality control testing during the manufacture of resin solutions and vehicles. Samples can usually be prepared in approximately 30 to 45 minutes or less.
These practices can be used to prepare commonly specified ink test solutions such as 33.3 % resin in alkali refined linseed oil, and 50 % resin in heat-set ink solvent (that is, C 12 to C16 hydrocarbon petroleum distillate with initial boiling point (IBP) about 470°F).
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe laboratory procedures for preparing an oil-based ink resin solution in a high-boiling solvent using four pieces of lab equipment; (1) a hot oil bath (Sections 4 to 11),
(2)a stirrer/hot plate (Sections 12 to 16),
(3)an industrial blender (Sections 17 to 22), and
(4)a hot air gun (Sections 23 to 27 ). ASTM Subcommittee D01.37 recommends using the hot oil bath procedure (Practice D 5597) where possible.
1.2 These practices use laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory.
1.3 One or several of these practices allows for rapid resin solution preparation (under 30 min, typical), can regulate the maximum temperature, can be done under an inert atmosphere, and can prevent the random solvent loss during preparation.
1.4 These procedures are for use with ink resins intended mainly for oil-based offset and letterpress inks. The type of resins are typically, but not limited to C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins, modified dicyclopentadiene resins, rosin pentaerythritol or glycerine esters, phenolic modified rosin esters, maleic anhydride modified rosin esters, and naturally occurring resins such as gilsonite.
1.5 The typical high boiling solvents to be used include C12 to C16 petroleum distillates, 2,2,4 trimethyl 1,3-pentanediol di-isobutyrate, alkali refined linseed oil, tridecyl alcohol, or combinations of the above.
1.6 To avoid fire or injury, or both, to the operator, these practices should not be used with low flash point solvents such as toluene or xylene. The minimum flash point of the solvents used should be 60°C (140°F) as determined by Test Method D 56. (Warning-Users of this practice should be aware that the flash point of many solvents used for this test (as defined in Test Methods D 56 and D 1310) is exceeded in the heating cycle of this test method. Take safety precautions since there is the potential for vapor ignition. Do the methods outlined in a shielded exhaust hood, where there is access to a fire extinguisher if needed.)
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific hazard statement see .

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Actual direct measurements of apparent viscosity and stress at shear rates of interest can be useful in the practical control of ink viscosity during production and the specification acceptance between supplier and purchaser.
Use of the Duke automated viscometer provides direct measurements for viscosity and yield value versus extrapolating data points that may be far from the desired shear rates.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the viscosity of varnishes, ink vehicles, and similar liquids that are essentially nonvolatile and unreactive under ordinary room conditions using the Duke Automated high-shear rod and collar viscometer.
1.2 The instrument in this test method is similar in principle to the falling-rod viscometer described in Test Method D 4040 except that the collar is motor driven and the range of available shear stresses is considerably greater. This instrument is capable of measured and extrapolated viscosity and yield values provided the proper model is chosen for the given application. See Section 6 for the ranges of specified models.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, that may be associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish any appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods provide a means of determining the compatibility of a resin (or vehicle), at low concentrations, in a high boiling ink solvent.
Resin-solvent mixtures that exhibit a high precipitation temperature are less compatible than those exhibiting a low precipitation temperature.
Resin-solvent mixtures that exhibit precipitation temperatures at or close to the cloud point of the pure solvent are considered infinitely compatible or the resin is infinitely soluble in that solvent.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the manual and automatic procedures for testing the compatibility of lithographic ink resins in high boiling ink solvents by precipitation temperature (cloud point) in a range from 35 to 210°C.
1.2 The manual procedure in this test method uses laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory. The automated procedure uses the Chemotronic Cloudpoint Tester.  
1.3 This test method is for use with ink resins intended mainly for oil-based offset and letterpress inks. The type of resins are typically, but not limited to C9 aromatic hydrocarbon resins, modified dicyclopentadiene resins, rosin pentaerythritol or glycerol esters, phenolic modified rosin esters, maleic anhydride modified-rosin esters, and naturally occurring resins such as gilsonite.
1.4 A resin solution or ink vehicle could also be used in this test instead of the resin.
1.5 The typical high boiling solvents to be used are C12  to C16  petroleum distillates.
1.6 To avoid fire or injury, or both, to the operator, this test method should not be used with low flash point solvents such as toluene or xylene. The minimum flash point of the solvents used should be 60°C (140°F) as determined by Test Method D 56.
Note 1—Users of this test method should be aware that the flash point of many solvents used for this test (as defined in Test Methods D 56 and D 1310) is exceeded in the heating cycle of this test method. Safety precautions should be taken since there is the potential for vapor ignition. The method outlined should be done in a shielded exhaust hood, where there is access to a fire extinguisher if needed.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
These test methods provide a means of determining the compatibility of a resin (or vehicle), at low concentrations, in a high boiling ink solvent.
Resin-solvent mixtures that exhibit a high precipitation temperature are less compatible than those exhibiting a low precipitation temperature.
Resin-solvent mixtures that exhibit precipitation temperatures at or close to the cloud point of the pure solvent are considered infinitely compatible or the resin is infinitely soluble in that solvent.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the manual and automatic procedures for testing the compatibility of lithographic ink resins in high boiling ink solvents by precipitation temperature (cloud point) in a range from 35 to 210C.
1.2 The manual procedure in this test method uses laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory. The automated procedure uses the Chemotronic Cloudpoint Tester.
1.3 This test method is for use with ink resins intended mainly for oil-based offset and letterpress inks. The type of resins are typically, but not limited to C9  aromatic hydrocarbon resins, modified dicyclopentadiene resins, rosin pentaerythritol or glycerol esters, phenolic modified rosin esters, maleic anhydride modified-rosin esters, and naturally occurring resins such as gilsonite.
1.4 A resin solution or ink vehicle could also be used in this test instead of the resin.
1.5 The typical high boiling solvents to be used are C12  to C16  petroleum distillates.
1.6 To avoid fire or injury, or both, to the operator, this test method should not be used with low flash point solvents such as toluene or xylene. The minimum flash point of the solvents used should be 60° (140°F) as determined by Test Method D 56. Users of this test method should be aware that the flash point of many solvents used for this test (as defined in Test Methods D 56 and D 1310) is exceeded in the heating cycle of this test method. Safety precautions should be taken since there is the potential for vapor ignition. The method outlined should be done in a shielded exhaust hood, where there is access to a fire extinguisher if needed.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and components thereof (see Table 1).
1.2 This guide includes methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included.
1.3 Other ASTM standards not specified here may also be applicable.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a means of preparing resin solutions by the “cold cut” method, modeling high-shear production dispersion techniques.
SCOPE
1.1 These practices describe laboratory procedures for preparing a solvent or water based ink resin solution in low boiling solvent or alkaline water using two types of lab equipment; (1) an industrial blender (Sections 3-7), and (2) a laboratory roller mill (Sections 8-12).
Note 1—ASTM Subcommittee D01.37 recommends using the industrial blender where possible.
1.2 These practices use laboratory equipment generally available in a normal, well-equipped laboratory.
1.3 These procedures are for use with ink resins intended mainly for liquid (for example, flexographic and rotogravure) inks. The type of resins is typically, but not limited to, acrylic and styrene/acrylic copolymers, polyamides, polyesters, polyvinylbutyral, and maleated/fumarated rosin esters.
1.4 The typical low boiling solvents to be used include ethanol, isopropanol, n-propanol, ethyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and n-propyl acetate. For water based ink resin solutions, water is used in combination with ammonium hydroxide or amines such as dimethylethanolamine, monoethanolamine, and triethylamine.
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice provides a means of preparing a number of gel vehicle samples with minimum use of materials and time. It provides a means of quickly characterizing and comparing the gelability or reactivity of resins, vehicles, and gelling agents.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines a procedure for preparing gelled vehicle samples using a microwave oven.
1.2 The test samples can be used for characterizing the gelability or reactivity of resins, gelling agents, and vehicles used in the manufacture of oil based printing inks, or both.
1.3 Evaluation of the gelled vehicles may, depending upon preference, be either visual or instrumental.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Incompatibility of the system can lead to loss of gloss, decreased color strength, rheological problems and grind issues in the flush or pigment base.
This method is used in the lithographic industry, especially in pigment wetting applications, where the alkyd may or may not be totally compatible with the resin selected for the application.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the degree of compatibility of an alkyd with a specific resin or resin solution.
1.2 The most common use of this method is to test alkyd compatibility with a hydrocarbon resin or a solution of the resin in an aliphatic solvent, for lithographic ink vehicle applications.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the degree of compatibility of an alkyd with a specific resin or resin solution.
1.2 The most common use of this method is to test alkyd compatibility with a hydrocarbon resin or a solution of the resin in an aliphatic solvent, for lithographic ink vehicle applications.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and components thereof (see Table 1).
1.2 This guide includes methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included.
1.3 Other ASTM standards not specified here may also be applicable.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a list of test methods, practices, guides, and specifications that can be used for the testing and evaluation of printing ink vehicles and components thereof (see Table 1).
1.2 This guide includes methods that were developed to test impact and non-impact inks and vehicles associated with letterpress, lithography, flexography and gravure. Tests on raw materials and analytical tests in general have been included.
1.3 Other ASTM standards not specified here may also be applicable.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining the relative solvency of petroleum oils used in ink formulations by a pentaerythritol ester of resin acids (PKP) titration.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to petroleum oils that have an initial boiling point over 90oC and a dry point under 500oC as determined by Method D86.
1.3 This test method, along with viscosity measurements as determined by Test Method D445, is used to ensure the compositional consistency of petroleum oils. It can also differentiate between hydrotreated and non-hydrotreated oils that have the same viscosity.  
1.4 This test method includes the use of a U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)-designated flammable chemical, pentane. Consult the suppliers' material safety data sheet for specific hazard information and guidance relative to use.  
1.5  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 1.3.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers both volumetric and gravimetric determination of resin solution dilutability which gives a numerical value for the overall solubility of the resin expressed as percent dilutability.
1.2 This test method is applicable only if the test solution is of sufficient clarity to allow accurate visual judgement of the end point and of low enough viscosity for efficient mixing to take place.
1.3 This test method is primarily for, but not limited to, resins used in the printing ink industry.
1.4 The percent solvent tolerance of a resin can be determined using this test method if the solvent in the resin solution and the dilution solvent are the same.
1.5  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method provides a means for resin producers and users as well as solvent and varnish manufacturers to rate various types of resins for solubility by assigning a numerical dilutability value. This percent dilutability value can be used to differentiate resin types for end users and can be utilized as a quality control tool by resin manufacturers.
When running a series of these tests the same lot or batch of dilution solvent must be used throughout to ensure reproducible results.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers both volumetric and gravimetric determination of resin solution dilutability which gives a numerical value for the overall solubility of the resin expressed as percent dilutability.
1.2 This test method is applicable only if the test solution is of sufficient clarity to allow accurate visual judgement of the end point and of low enough viscosity for efficient mixing to take place.
1.3 This test method is primarily for, but not limited to, resins used in the printing ink industry.
1.4 The percent solvent tolerance of a resin can be determined using this test method if the solvent in the resin solution and the dilution solvent are the same.
1.5  This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for determining the viscosity of varnishes, ink vehicles, and similar liquids that are essentially nonvolatile and unreactive under ordinary room conditions using the Duke Automated high shear rod and collar viscometer.
1.2 The instrument in this test method is similar in principle to the falling-rod viscometer described in Test Method D 4040 except that the collar is motor driven and the range of available shear stresses is considerably greater. This instrument is capable of measured and extrapolated viscosity and yield values provided the proper model is chosen for the given application. See Section 6 for the ranges of specified models.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, that may be associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish any appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.