SIST ISO 9836:2011

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 9836
Second edition
2011-10-01
Performance standards in building —
Definition and calculation of area and
space indicators
Normes de performance dans le bâtiment — Définition et calcul des
indicateurs de surface et de volume
Reference number
©
ISO 2011
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
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Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Units . 2
5 Intra-muros calculation methods and list of indicators for geometric performance . 3
5.1 Surface areas . 3
5.2 Volumes . 11
5.3 Examples of indicators .15
5.4 Commentary .17
Annex A (informative) Examples of using building loss factors .18
Bibliography .19
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the International
Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 9836 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 59, Buildings and civil engineering works,
Subcommittee SC 3, Functional/user requirements and performance in building construction.
This second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 9836:1992), with added clauses.
iv © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

Introduction
The surface area and volume indicators derived from measuring spaces in buildings can be used to compare
aspects of value, such as the proportion of space or volume which can be utilized functionally. As approximate
values for planning, they can be a basis for further developments.
Reference to surface area and volume indicators when assessing buildings, which either already exist or
which are in the planning stage, indirectly indicates certain economic characteristics of the buildings. Thus the
relationship between the area taken up by the building and the usable area indicates whether the building costs
and materials have been used to their best advantage.
In the same way, the relationship between the area of the building envelope and the usable area shows the
extent to which basic savings have been made on the envelope and the running costs of the heating and air
conditioning systems.
As far as the determination of the economic performance of whole buildings is concerned, surface area and
volume indicators contain basic data for calculation and comparison of capital costs and for running costs and
maintenance. They give a basis for the minimization of running costs by Iimiting the amount of space and the cost of
individual materials. For example, if the area of the external walls is small compared to the usable area, this would
indicate not only relatively low energy costs but also relatively low cleaning and maintenance costs for facades.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 9836:2011(E)
Performance standards in building — Definition and calculation
of area and space indicators
1 Scope
This International Standard deals with the definition and calculation of surface area and volume indicators.
In defining area measurement, this International Standard uses three measurement concepts:
a) the intra-muros and extra-muros concept used in many parts of the world;
b) the wall centre method of measurement used in many parts of the world;
c) variations on these methods to comply with certain national laws, or for particular types of buildings.
The surface area and volume indicators defined in this International Standard are intended for practical use,
as a basis for measuring various aspects of the performance of buildings or as a planning aid. In other words,
they should enable judgement to be made on functional, technical and economic aspects of buildings.
This International Standard is intended to be used when establishing:
— specifications for the geometric performance of a building and its spaces (e.g. in design, purchasing
procedures, etc., or in building regulations where appropriate);
— technical documentation relating to the performance of whole buildings prepared by designers, contractors
and manufacturers;
— the amount of floor area that will not be effectively available for the placement of an individual’s workplace,
furniture, equipment, or for circulation;
— evaluation, comparison or control of the properties of a building which are connected to its geometric
performance.
Although, as stated above, there are a variety of methods of area measurement around the world depending
on the country and/or types of buildings, all measuring methods are not necessarily of practical use because
of inability to identify real area (e.g. the wall centre method of measurement). Thus this International Standard
specializes in the measurement solely for practical use.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document
(including any amendments) applies.
ISO 6707-1, Building and civil engineering — Vocabulary — Part 1: General terms
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 6707-1 and the following apply.
3.1
surface area indicators
amounts of certain types of area (e.g. usable area) and the relationship between different types of area (e.g.
area occupied by structure/usable area)
3.2
volume indicators
amounts of certain types of volume (e.g. net volume) and the relationship between different types of volume
(e.g. gross volume/net volume)
NOTE An example of a relationship indicator of volume is gross volume/net volume.
3.3
mixed surface area and volume indicator
indicator relating a type of volume to a type of area (e.g. gross volume/usable area) and a type of area to a
type of volume
NOTE 1 Clause 5 gives further definitions of the different surface area and volume indicators, together with the
appropriate calculation methods.
NOTE 2 An example of a mixed relationship indicator is area of building envelope/net volume.
3.4
building loss feature
feature or element of a building in which a portion of the floor area is not available for an individual’s activities,
or for furniture, equipment or circulation
NOTE 1 Examples of places in which a portion might not be available because of a building loss feature are workplaces,
corridors, etc.
NOTE 2 A building loss feature may be a physical element such as a column, or the configuration of an element such as the
curve of a wall, or the configuration of a fire escape route which is mandated by regulation but not needed for normal circulation.
3.5
effective building loss area
portion of the floor area that is not physically occupied by building material yet is not fully available for an
individual’s activities, or for furniture, equipment or for circulation, because of a building loss feature
NOTE Examples of places in which a portion might not be available because of a building loss feature are workplaces,
corridors, etc.
3.6
actual building loss area
portion of the floor area that is not available for an individual’s activities, or for furniture, equipment or for
circulation, because it is physically occupied by a building loss feature, or is required to be vacant by law or
regulation, or by a lease
NOTE Examples of places in which a portion might not be available because of a building loss feature are workplaces,
corridors, etc.
3.7
perimeter encroachment
form of building loss feature which prevents effective use of floor area near a wall or other geometrically regular
building form
NOTE Examples of a perimeter encroachment include: pilaster, convector, baseboard heating unit, and radiator.
4 Units
Surface area and volume indicators are obtained by measuring the plan and elevation of the building. Their
2 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 3 2
units of measurement differ according to the type of calculation (m : m : m /m : m /m : m /m : m /m ).
2 © ISO 2011 – All rights reserved

5 Intra-muros calculation methods and list of indicators for geometric performance
5.1 Surface areas
NOTE See Figure 1.
5.1.1 Calculation principles
5.1.1.1 Surfaces which are horizontal or vertical are measured by their actual dimensions. For calculations of
area and space, inclined planes are measured by their vertical projection onto an (imaginary) horizontal plane
or vertical plane as appropriate. For calculations of heat gain or loss, the actual exposed surface area shall be
used instead of the projected area.
5.1.1.2 The surface areas are expressed in square metres, to two decimal places.
5.1.2 Covered area
5.1.2.1 The covered area is the area of ground covered by buildings in their finished state.
5.1.2.2 The covered area is determined by the vertical projection of the external dimensions of the building
onto the ground.
The following are not included in covered area:
— construction or parts of construction not projecting above the surface of the ground;
— secondary components, e.g. external staircases, external ramps, canopies, horizontal sun-shields, roof
overhangs, street lighting;
— the areas of outdoor facilities, e.g. greenhouses and outhouses.
5.1.3 Total floor area
5.1.3.1 The total floor area of a building is the total area of all floor levels. Floor levels may be storeys which
are either completely or partially under the ground, storeys above ground, attics, terraces, roof terraces, service
floors or storage floors (see Figure 1).
It is necessary to distinguish between:
a) floor areas which are enclosed and covered on all sides;
b) floor areas which are not enclosed on all sides up to their full height, but which are covered, such as
recessed balconies;
c) floor areas which are contained within components (e.g. parapets, fascias, hand-rails), but which are not
covered, such as open balconies.
Figure 1 — Presentation of principal areas
5.1.3.2 The total floor area of each level is obtained from the external dimensions of the enclosing elements,
at floor height, above and below ground. These elements include finishes, claddings and parapets.
Recesses and projections for structural or aesthetic purposes and profiling are not included if they do not alter
the net floor area (5.1.5). Covered floor areas which are not enclosed or are partially enclosed and have no
enclosing elements [e.g. areas in accordance with 5.1.3.1 b)] are calculated according to the vertical projection
of the outer limit of the covering components.
Net floor area is not determined for the following spaces (see 5.1.5.4):
— voids between the ground and the underside of the building, e.g. crawlways;
— space inside ventilated roofs;
— roofs not subjected to foot traffic other than for maintenance purposes.
5.1.3.3 The total floor area is calculated separately for each floor level. Areas with varying storey height within
one floor level (e.g. large halls, auditoria) are also calculated separately.
5.1.3.4 If th
...

SLOVENSKI SIST ISO 9836
STANDARD
november 2011
Standardi za lastnosti stavb – Definicija in računanje indikatorjev površine

in prostornine
Performance standards in building – Definition and calculation of area and space

indicators
Normes de performance dans le bâtiment – Définition et calcul des indicateurs de

surface et de volume
Referenčna oznaka
ICS 91.040.01 SIST ISO 9836:2011 (sl)

Nadaljevanje na straneh od 2 do 25

© 2012-06. Standard je založil in izdal Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
NACIONALNI UVOD
Standard SIST ISO 9836 (sl), Standardi za lastnosti stavb – Definicija in računanje indikatorjev
površine in prostornine, 2011, ima status slovenskega standarda in je enakovreden mednarodnemu
standardu ISO 9836, Performance standards in building – Definition and calculation of area and space
indicators, 2011.
Ta standard nadomešča SIST ISO 9836:2000
NACIONALNI PREDGOVOR
Mednarodni standard ISO 9836:2011 je pripravil tehnični odbor ISO/TC 59 Stavbe in gradbeni
inženirski objekti, pododbor SC 3 Funkcionalne zahteve/zahteve uporabnikov in kakovost v gradnji
stavb. Slovenski standard SIST ISO 9836:2011 je prevod angleškega besedila mednarodnega
standarda ISO 9836:2011. V primeru spora glede besedila slovenskega prevoda v tem standardu je
odločilen izvirni mednarodni standard v angleškem jeziku.

Odločitev za izdajo tega dokumenta je dne 13. oktobra 2011 sprejel Strokovni svet SIST za splošno
področje.
ZVEZE S STANDARDI
S privzemom tega mednarodnega standarda veljajo za omejeni namen referenčnih standardov vsi
standardi, navedeni v izvirniku, razen standarda, ki smo ga že sprejeli v nacionalno standardizacijo:
SIST ISO 6707-1:2010 (en) Stavbe in gradbeni inženirski objekti – Slovar – 1. del: Splošni izrazi
OSNOVA ZA IZDAJO STANDARDA
– Privzem standarda ISO 9836:2011
PREDHODNA IZDAJA
– SIST ISO 9836:2011, Standardi za lastnosti stavb - Definicija in računanje indikatorjev površine in
prostornine
OPOMBI
– Povsod, kjer se v besedilu standarda uporablja izraz “mednarodni standard”, v SIST ISO
9836:2011 to pomeni “slovenski standard”.
– Nacionalni uvod in nacionalni predgovor nista sestavni del standarda.

SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
VSEBINA Stran
Predgovor .4
Uvod .5
1 Področje uporabe.6
2 Zveze s standardi.6
3 Izrazi in definicije.6
4 Merske enote.7
5 Načini računanja med obodnimi zidovi (intra muros) in seznam indikatorjev
geometrijskih lastnosti.8
5.1 Površine.8
5.1.1 Načela računanja.8
5.1.2 Zazidana površina .8
5.1.3 Bruto tlorisna površina.8
5.1.4 Površina med obodnimi zidovi (intra muros) .10
5.1.5 Neto tlorisna površina.10
5.1.6 Površina konstrukcijskih elementov .11
5.1.7 Uporabna površina .11
5.1.8 Tehnična površina .12
5.1.9 Komunikacijska površina.12
5.1.10 Površina ovoja stavbe .12
5.1.11 Posledična nefunkcionalna in dejanska nefunkcionalna površina stavbe.13
5.2 Prostornine .18
5.2.1 Načela računanja.18
5.2.2 Bruto prostornina stavb ali delov stavb, ki so omejeni na vseh straneh in v celoti pokriti.19
5.2.3 Bruto prostornina stavb ali delov stavb, ki niso omejeni z vseh strani do polne višine,
so pa pokriti.19
5.2.4 Bruto prostornina stavb ali delov stavb, ki so omejeni z elementi, niso pa pokriti .20
5.2.5 Neto prostornina.20
5.2.6 Neto prostornina nad površino med obodnimi zidovi (intra muros).20
5.2.7 Neto prostornina nad uporabno površino.20
5.2.8 Neto prostornina nad tehnično površino.20
5.2.9 Neto prostornina nad komunikacijsko površino.21
5.3 Primeri indikatorjev.21
5.3.1 Indikatorji površine.21
5.3.2 Indikatorji prostornine .22
5.3.3 Indikatorji površine in prostornine.22
5.4 Komentar .23
Dodatek A (informativni): Primeri uporabe faktorjev nefunkcionalnih delov stavbe.24
Literatura.25

SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
Predgovor
ISO (Mednarodna organizacija za standardizacijo) je svetovna zveza nacionalnih organov za
standarde (članov ISO). Mednarodne standarde ponavadi pripravljajo tehnični odbori ISO. Vsak član,
ki želi delovati na določenem področju, za katero je bil ustanovljen tehnični odbor, ima pravico biti
zastopan v tem odboru. Pri delu sodelujejo mednarodne vladne in nevladne organizacije, povezane z
ISO. V vseh zadevah, ki so povezane s standardizacijo na področju elektrotehnike, ISO tesno
sodeluje z Mednarodno elektrotehniško komisijo (IEC).

Mednarodni standardi so pripravljeni v skladu s pravili, podanimi v 2. delu Direktiv ISO/IEC.

Glavna naloga tehničnih odborov je priprava mednarodnih standardov. Osnutki mednarodnih
standardov, ki jih sprejmejo tehnični odbori, se pošljejo vsem članom v glasovanje. Za objavo
mednarodnega standarda je treba pridobiti soglasje najmanj 75 odstotkov članov, ki se udeležijo
glasovanja.
Opozoriti je treba na možnost, da je lahko nekaj elementov tega mednarodnega standarda predmet
patentnih pravic. ISO ne prevzema odgovornosti za ugotavljanje katerih koli ali vseh takih patentnih
pravic.
ISO 9836 je pripravil tehnični odbor ISO/TC 59 Stavbe in gradbeni inženirski objekti, pododbor SC 3
Funkcionalne zahteve/zahteve uporabnikov in kakovost v gradnji stavb.

Ta druga izdaja preklicuje in zamenjuje prvo izdajo (ISO 9836:1992) z dodanimi točkami.

SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
Uvod
Indikatorji površine in prostornine, določeni z merjenjem prostora v stavbah, so lahko uporabljeni za
primerjavo značilnosti vrednosti, kot je razmerje površine ali prostornine, ki je lahko koristno
uporabljena. Kot približne vrednosti za načrtovanje so lahko podlaga za nadaljnji razvoj.

Sklic na indikatorje površine in prostornine pri ocenjevanju stavb, že zgrajenih ali v fazi projektiranja,
posredno kaže na nekatere ekonomske značilnosti stavb. Razmerje med površino, ki jo zavzema
stavba, in uporabno površino zato kaže, ali so bili stroški gradnje in materiali porabljeni najbolje.

Na enak način razmerje med površino ovoja stavbe in uporabno površino kaže na obseg osnovnih
prihrankov pri stroških ovoja in obseg tekočih stroškov sistemov za ogrevanje in hlajenje.

Za ugotavljanje ekonomičnosti celotnih stavb indikatorji površine in prostornine vsebujejo osnovne
podatke za računanje in primerjavo glavnih stroškov ter tekočih stroškov in stroškov vzdrževanja. Z
omejevanjem količine prostora in stroškov posameznih materialov dajejo podlago za minimiziranje
tekočih stroškov. Na primer, če je površina zunanjih zidov v primerjavi z uporabno površino majhna, to
kaže ne samo na relativno nizke stroške energije, ampak tudi na relativno nizke stroške čiščenja in
vzdrževanja fasad.
SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
Standardi za lastnosti stavb – Definicija in računanje indikatorjev površine in
prostornine
1 Področje uporabe
Ta mednarodni standard podaja definicijo in način računanja indikatorjev površine in prostornine.

Pri opredeljevanju merjenja površin ta mednarodni standard uporablja tri načine merjenja:
a) način merjenja dimenzij med zidovi (intra muros) in zunaj zidov (extra muros), ki ga uporabljajo v
številnih delih sveta,
b) način merjenja po oseh zidov (sredini zidov), ki ga uporabljajo v številnih delih sveta,
c) kombinacije teh dveh navedenih načinov, kot to določajo nacionalne zakonodaje ali so primerne
za posebne vrste stavb.
Indikatorji površine in prostornine, opredeljeni v tem mednarodnem standardu, so namenjeni praktični
uporabi kot podlaga za ocenjevanje različnih vidikov kakovosti stavb ali kot pomoč pri načrtovanju. Z
drugimi besedami, ti indikatorji naj bi omogočili presojo glede funkcionalnih, tehničnih in ekonomskih
značilnosti stavb.
Ta mednarodni standard naj bi se uporabljal:
– pri določanju geometrijskih lastnosti stavbe in njenih prostorov (npr. pri projektiranju, prodajnih
postopkih itd. ali v gradbenih predpisih, če je to potrebno),
– v projektni dokumentaciji, ki se nanaša na lastnosti stavbe v celoti in ki jo pripravljajo projektanti,
izvajalci in proizvajalci,
– pri določanju tlorisne površine, ki dejansko ne bo na voljo za umestitev delovnega prostora
posameznika, pohištva, opreme ali za komunikacijo,
– pri vrednotenju, primerjavi ali kontroli lastnosti stavbe, povezanih z njenimi geometrijskimi lastnostmi.

Čeprav, kot je navedeno zgoraj, je po svetu več različnih metod za merjenje površine, odvisno od
države in/ali vrste stavb, pa vse merske metode niso nujno praktično uporabne, ker z njimi ni mogoče
prepoznati realne površine (npr. način merjenja po osi zidu). Ta mednarodni standard je torej
specializiran samo za meritve za praktično uporabo.

2 Zveze s standardi
Za uporabo tega standarda je nujno potreben naslednji navedeni dokument. Pri datiranih sklicevanjih
se uporablja zgolj navedena izdaja. Pri nedatiranih sklicevanjih se uporablja zadnja izdaja
navedenega dokumenta (vključno z dopolnili).

ISO 6707-1 Stavbe in gradbeni inženirski objekti – Slovar – 1. del: Splošni izrazi

3 Izrazi in definicije
V tem standardu se uporabljajo izrazi in definicije iz standarda ISO 6707-1 in naslednji:

3.1
indikatorji površine
količina posameznih vrst površine (npr. uporabna površina) in razmerje med različnimi vrstami
površine (npr. zazidana površina/uporabna površina)

3.2
Indikatorji prostornine
količina posameznih vrst prostornine (npr. neto prostornino) in razmerje med različnimi vrstami
prostornine (npr. bruto prostornina/neto prostornina)
SIST ISO 9836 : 2011
OPOMBA: Primer razmerja indikatorja prostornine je bruto prostornina/neto prostornina.

3.3
kombinirani indikatorji površine in prostornine
indikator razmerja med vrsto prostornine in vrsto površine (npr. bruto prostornina/uporabna površina)
in razmerja med vrsto površine in vrsto prostornine

OPOMBA 1: Nadaljnje definicije različnih indikatorjev površine in prostornine ter primerne metode računanja so v točki 5.

OPOMBA 2: Primer kombiniranega indikatorja razmerja je površina ovoja stavbe/neto prostornina.

3.4
nefunkcionalni deli stavbe
deli ali elementi stavbe, v katerih del tlorisne površine ni razpoložljiv za aktivnosti posameznika ali za
pohištvo, opremo ali za komunikacijo

OPOMBA 1: Primeri prostorov, v katerih del mogoče ni razpoložljiv zaradi nefunkcionalnih delov stavbe, so delovni prostori,
hodniki itd.
OPOMBA 2: Nefunkcionalni deli stavbe so lahko fizični elementi, kot je steber, ali oblike elementov, kot je ločni zid, ali oblike
poti požarnih stopnic, ki je predpisana s predpisom, vendar ni potrebna za normalno komunikacijo.

3.5
posledična nefunkcionalna površina stavbe
del tlorisne površine, ki še ni fizično zaseden z gradbenim materialom in ni v
...