SIST ISO 19258:2006
(Main)Soil quality -- Guidance on the determination of background values
Soil quality -- Guidance on the determination of background values
ISO 19258:2005 provides guidance on the principles and main methods for the determination of pedo-geochemical background values and background values for inorganic and organic substances in soils. ISO 19258:2005 gives guidance on strategies for sampling and data processing and identifies methods for sampling and analysis. ISO 19258:2005 does not give guidance on the determination of background values for groundwater and sediments.
Qualité du sol -- Guide pour la détermination des valeurs de bruit de fond
L'ISO 19258:2005 fournit des lignes directrices concernant la détermination des valeurs de bruit de fond pédogéochimiques et des valeurs de bruit de fond des substances inorganiques et organiques dans les sols. L'ISO 19258:2005 fournit également des lignes directrices en matière de stratégies d'échantillonnage et de traitement des données et identifie des méthodes d'échantillonnage et d'analyse. En revanche, l'ISO 19258:2005 ne donne pas de lignes directrices concernant la détermination des valeurs de bruit de fond pour les eaux souterraines et les sédiments.
Kakovost tal – Navodilo za določanje vrednosti naravnega ozadja
General Information
Relations
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19258
First edition
2005-12-15
Soil quality — Guidance on the
determination of background values
Qualité du sol — Guide pour la détermination des valeurs de bruit
de fond
Reference number
©
ISO 2005
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 General. 3
5 Procedures. 3
5.1 General. 3
5.2 Objectives and technical approaches . 4
5.2.1 General. 4
5.2.2 Substances and parameters. 4
5.2.3 Study area. 6
5.2.4 Time period. 7
5.2.5 Scale of sampling (Support) . 7
5.3 Evaluation of existing data . 7
5.3.1 General. 7
5.3.2 Completeness of data sets/minimum requirements . 8
5.3.3 Comparability of data (Sampling, nomenclatures, analyses) . 8
5.3.4 Elimination of outliers . 9
5.4 Collection of new data. 9
5.4.1 Sampling. 9
5.4.2 Soil analysis. 12
5.5 Data processing and presentation. 13
5.5.1 Statistical evaluation of data . 13
5.5.2 Data presentation and reporting . 14
6 Data handling/quality control . 15
Annex A (informative) Scale of sampling. 17
Annex B (informative) Outlier tests . 19
Bibliography . 23
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19258 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 7, Soil and site
assessment.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19258:2005(E)
Soil quality — Guidance on the determination of background
values
1 Scope
This International Standard provides guidance on the principles and main methods for the determination of
pedo-geochemical background values and background values for inorganic and organic substances in soils.
This International Standard gives guidance on strategies for sampling and data processing and identifies
methods for sampling and analysis.
This International Standard does not give guidance on the determination of background values for
groundwater and sediments.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10381-1, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
ISO 10381-5, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and
industrial sites with regard to soil contamination
ISO 11074:2005, Soil quality — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 and the following apply.
3.1
background content
content of a substance in a soil resulting from both natural geological and pedological processes and including
diffuse source inputs
3.2
background value
statistical characteristic (3.8) of the background content
3.3
contaminant
substance or agent present in the soil as a result of human activity
NOTE There is no assumption in this definition that harm results from the presence of the contaminant.
3.4
diffuse source input
input of a substance emitted from moving sources, from sources with a large area or from many sources
NOTE 1 The sources can be cars, application of substances through agricultural practices, emissions from town or
region, deposition through flooding of a river.
NOTE 2 Diffuse source input usually leads to sites that are relatively uniformly contaminated. At some sites, the input
conditions may nevertheless cause a higher local input such as near the source or where atmospheric deposition/rain is
increased.
[ISO 11074:2005]
3.5
pedo-geochemical content
content of a substance in a soil resulting from natural geological and pedological processes, excluding any
addition of human origin
NOTE It may be hardly possible to determine the precise pedo-geochemical content of certain substances in a soil
due to anthropogenic diffuse contamination.
3.6
pedo-geochemical background value
statistical characteristic (3.8) of the pedo-geochemical content
NOTE Any estimate of pedo-geochemical background value will be prone to a certain amount of error given the
uncertainty associated with determining the pedo-geochemical content.
3.7
soil
upper layer of the Earth's crust composed of mineral parts, organic substance, water, air and living organisms
[ISO 11074:2005]
3.8
statistical characteristic
numerical value calculated from a variate of a chosen parameter of the population
EXAMPLE Examples of the statistical characteristics are the mean, the median, the standard deviation or the
percentiles of the ordered frequency distribution.
3.9
study area
three-dimensional definition of the area where samples are to be obtained from and thus for which the
background value(s) are to be estimated
3.10
support
size, shape and orientation of a soil sample
NOTE For the purpose of analysing spatial variation in soils geostatistically (by estimation of the variogram of a soil
property), the support should be the same at each sampling site.
3.11
variate
set of observed values of a variable
EXAMPLE A variate could for instance be the series of numbers of the concentration of a substance in soil or
numerous, individual soil samples.
2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
4 General
Soils retain the evidence of their past history including impacts due to natural events or human activities.
Chemical impacts related to human activities can be detected in soils all over the world, even in regions far from
any source of contamination. For this reason, the background contents of inorganic and organic substances in
soils consist of a pedo-geochemical fraction and an anthropogenic fraction. The ratio of these fractions varies
widely depending on the type of substances, the type of soil and land use, and the kind and extent of external
impacts.
For many inorganic substances, the background content of unpolluted soils is dominated by the pedo-
geochemical content and consequently by the mineralogical composition of the soils parent material. Pedogenetic
processes may lead to a redistribution (enrichment/impoverishment) and consequently to a horizon-specific
differentiation of the substances within a soil profile. Persistent organic substances in soils originate more often
from non-natural sources and therefore the background content of soils is governed by the kind and extent of
diffuse contamination from non-soil sources.
In practice, it is often difficult to distinguish clearly between the pedo-geochemical and the anthropogenic fraction
of the background content of soils. Nonetheless, a detailed knowledge of the background content as well as of its
natural fraction for the substances of concern is essential both for any evaluation of the current status of soils for
environmental or land use related aspects or just for scientific purposes within the scope of pedology or
geochemistry. To this end, so-called background values in terms of the statistical characteristics of both, the pedo-
geochemical and the anthropogenic fraction have to be determined.
A variety of different objectives can be identified for the determination of background values of inorganic and/or
organic substances in soils. The objectives themselves provide insufficient information to define the technical
programme that will produce the desired background values. Thus a number of technical approaches have to be
defined which together form the basis of the technical programme.
This guidance provides essential aspects of sampling strategies and procedures, minimum requirements
regarding the necessary steps and ways of sample pre-treatment, analytical methods and statistical
evaluation procedures for determining sound and comparable background values.
Guidance is given for
a) evaluating existing data from different data sources and
b) setting up complete investigation programs aiming to compile background values for a clearly defined
three-dimensional picture of the soil.
These situations are representing the two extreme starting positions for the process of compiling background
values. In practice, a third intermediate situation may be dealt with when additional data need to be collected
because the quantity or quality of the existing data is insufficient.
5 Procedures
5.1 G
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19258
First edition
2005-12-15
Soil quality — Guidance on the
determination of background values
Qualité du sol — Guide pour la détermination des valeurs de bruit
de fond
Reference number
©
ISO 2005
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 General. 3
5 Procedures. 3
5.1 General. 3
5.2 Objectives and technical approaches . 4
5.2.1 General. 4
5.2.2 Substances and parameters. 4
5.2.3 Study area. 6
5.2.4 Time period. 7
5.2.5 Scale of sampling (Support) . 7
5.3 Evaluation of existing data . 7
5.3.1 General. 7
5.3.2 Completeness of data sets/minimum requirements . 8
5.3.3 Comparability of data (Sampling, nomenclatures, analyses) . 8
5.3.4 Elimination of outliers . 9
5.4 Collection of new data. 9
5.4.1 Sampling. 9
5.4.2 Soil analysis. 12
5.5 Data processing and presentation. 13
5.5.1 Statistical evaluation of data . 13
5.5.2 Data presentation and reporting . 14
6 Data handling/quality control . 15
Annex A (informative) Scale of sampling. 17
Annex B (informative) Outlier tests . 19
Bibliography . 23
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19258 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 7, Soil and site
assessment.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19258:2005(E)
Soil quality — Guidance on the determination of background
values
1 Scope
This International Standard provides guidance on the principles and main methods for the determination of
pedo-geochemical background values and background values for inorganic and organic substances in soils.
This International Standard gives guidance on strategies for sampling and data processing and identifies
methods for sampling and analysis.
This International Standard does not give guidance on the determination of background values for
groundwater and sediments.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10381-1, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
ISO 10381-5, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and
industrial sites with regard to soil contamination
ISO 11074:2005, Soil quality — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 and the following apply.
3.1
background content
content of a substance in a soil resulting from both natural geological and pedological processes and including
diffuse source inputs
3.2
background value
statistical characteristic (3.8) of the background content
3.3
contaminant
substance or agent present in the soil as a result of human activity
NOTE There is no assumption in this definition that harm results from the presence of the contaminant.
3.4
diffuse source input
input of a substance emitted from moving sources, from sources with a large area or from many sources
NOTE 1 The sources can be cars, application of substances through agricultural practices, emissions from town or
region, deposition through flooding of a river.
NOTE 2 Diffuse source input usually leads to sites that are relatively uniformly contaminated. At some sites, the input
conditions may nevertheless cause a higher local input such as near the source or where atmospheric deposition/rain is
increased.
[ISO 11074:2005]
3.5
pedo-geochemical content
content of a substance in a soil resulting from natural geological and pedological processes, excluding any
addition of human origin
NOTE It may be hardly possible to determine the precise pedo-geochemical content of certain substances in a soil
due to anthropogenic diffuse contamination.
3.6
pedo-geochemical background value
statistical characteristic (3.8) of the pedo-geochemical content
NOTE Any estimate of pedo-geochemical background value will be prone to a certain amount of error given the
uncertainty associated with determining the pedo-geochemical content.
3.7
soil
upper layer of the Earth's crust composed of mineral parts, organic substance, water, air and living organisms
[ISO 11074:2005]
3.8
statistical characteristic
numerical value calculated from a variate of a chosen parameter of the population
EXAMPLE Examples of the statistical characteristics are the mean, the median, the standard deviation or the
percentiles of the ordered frequency distribution.
3.9
study area
three-dimensional definition of the area where samples are to be obtained from and thus for which the
background value(s) are to be estimated
3.10
support
size, shape and orientation of a soil sample
NOTE For the purpose of analysing spatial variation in soils geostatistically (by estimation of the variogram of a soil
property), the support should be the same at each sampling site.
3.11
variate
set of observed values of a variable
EXAMPLE A variate could for instance be the series of numbers of the concentration of a substance in soil or
numerous, individual soil samples.
2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
4 General
Soils retain the evidence of their past history including impacts due to natural events or human activities.
Chemical impacts related to human activities can be detected in soils all over the world, even in regions far from
any source of contamination. For this reason, the background contents of inorganic and organic substances in
soils consist of a pedo-geochemical fraction and an anthropogenic fraction. The ratio of these fractions varies
widely depending on the type of substances, the type of soil and land use, and the kind and extent of external
impacts.
For many inorganic substances, the background content of unpolluted soils is dominated by the pedo-
geochemical content and consequently by the mineralogical composition of the soils parent material. Pedogenetic
processes may lead to a redistribution (enrichment/impoverishment) and consequently to a horizon-specific
differentiation of the substances within a soil profile. Persistent organic substances in soils originate more often
from non-natural sources and therefore the background content of soils is governed by the kind and extent of
diffuse contamination from non-soil sources.
In practice, it is often difficult to distinguish clearly between the pedo-geochemical and the anthropogenic fraction
of the background content of soils. Nonetheless, a detailed knowledge of the background content as well as of its
natural fraction for the substances of concern is essential both for any evaluation of the current status of soils for
environmental or land use related aspects or just for scientific purposes within the scope of pedology or
geochemistry. To this end, so-called background values in terms of the statistical characteristics of both, the pedo-
geochemical and the anthropogenic fraction have to be determined.
A variety of different objectives can be identified for the determination of background values of inorganic and/or
organic substances in soils. The objectives themselves provide insufficient information to define the technical
programme that will produce the desired background values. Thus a number of technical approaches have to be
defined which together form the basis of the technical programme.
This guidance provides essential aspects of sampling strategies and procedures, minimum requirements
regarding the necessary steps and ways of sample pre-treatment, analytical methods and statistical
evaluation procedures for determining sound and comparable background values.
Guidance is given for
a) evaluating existing data from different data sources and
b) setting up complete investigation programs aiming to compile background values for a clearly defined
three-dimensional picture of the soil.
These situations are representing the two extreme starting positions for the process of compiling background
values. In practice, a third intermediate situation may be dealt with when additional data need to be collected
because the quantity or quality of the existing data is insufficient.
5 Procedures
5.1 General
The
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2006
.DNRYRVWWDO±1DYRGLOR]DGRORþDQMHYUHGQRVWLQDUDYQHJDR]DGMD
Soil quality -- Guidance on the determination of background values
Qualité du sol -- Guide pour la détermination des valeurs de bruit de fond
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 19258:2005
ICS:
13.080.99 Drugi standardi v zvezi s Other standards related to
kakovostjo tal soil quality
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 19258
First edition
2005-12-15
Soil quality — Guidance on the
determination of background values
Qualité du sol — Guide pour la détermination des valeurs de bruit
de fond
Reference number
©
ISO 2005
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2005
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 General. 3
5 Procedures. 3
5.1 General. 3
5.2 Objectives and technical approaches . 4
5.2.1 General. 4
5.2.2 Substances and parameters. 4
5.2.3 Study area. 6
5.2.4 Time period. 7
5.2.5 Scale of sampling (Support) . 7
5.3 Evaluation of existing data . 7
5.3.1 General. 7
5.3.2 Completeness of data sets/minimum requirements . 8
5.3.3 Comparability of data (Sampling, nomenclatures, analyses) . 8
5.3.4 Elimination of outliers . 9
5.4 Collection of new data. 9
5.4.1 Sampling. 9
5.4.2 Soil analysis. 12
5.5 Data processing and presentation. 13
5.5.1 Statistical evaluation of data . 13
5.5.2 Data presentation and reporting . 14
6 Data handling/quality control . 15
Annex A (informative) Scale of sampling. 17
Annex B (informative) Outlier tests . 19
Bibliography . 23
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 19258 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 7, Soil and site
assessment.
iv © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 19258:2005(E)
Soil quality — Guidance on the determination of background
values
1 Scope
This International Standard provides guidance on the principles and main methods for the determination of
pedo-geochemical background values and background values for inorganic and organic substances in soils.
This International Standard gives guidance on strategies for sampling and data processing and identifies
methods for sampling and analysis.
This International Standard does not give guidance on the determination of background values for
groundwater and sediments.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 10381-1, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 1: Guidance on the design of sampling programmes
ISO 10381-5, Soil quality — Sampling — Part 5: Guidance on the procedure for the investigation of urban and
industrial sites with regard to soil contamination
ISO 11074:2005, Soil quality — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 11074 and the following apply.
3.1
background content
content of a substance in a soil resulting from both natural geological and pedological processes and including
diffuse source inputs
3.2
background value
statistical characteristic (3.8) of the background content
3.3
contaminant
substance or agent present in the soil as a result of human activity
NOTE There is no assumption in this definition that harm results from the presence of the contaminant.
3.4
diffuse source input
input of a substance emitted from moving sources, from sources with a large area or from many sources
NOTE 1 The sources can be cars, application of substances through agricultural practices, emissions from town or
region, deposition through flooding of a river.
NOTE 2 Diffuse source input usually leads to sites that are relatively uniformly contaminated. At some sites, the input
conditions may nevertheless cause a higher local input such as near the source or where atmospheric deposition/rain is
increased.
[ISO 11074:2005]
3.5
pedo-geochemical content
content of a substance in a soil resulting from natural geological and pedological processes, excluding any
addition of human origin
NOTE It may be hardly possible to determine the precise pedo-geochemical content of certain substances in a soil
due to anthropogenic diffuse contamination.
3.6
pedo-geochemical background value
statistical characteristic (3.8) of the pedo-geochemical content
NOTE Any estimate of pedo-geochemical background value will be prone to a certain amount of error given the
uncertainty associated with determining the pedo-geochemical content.
3.7
soil
upper layer of the Earth's crust composed of mineral parts, organic substance, water, air and living organisms
[ISO 11074:2005]
3.8
statistical characteristic
numerical value calculated from a variate of a chosen parameter of the population
EXAMPLE Examples of the statistical characteristics are the mean, the median, the standard deviation or the
percentiles of the ordered frequency distribution.
3.9
study area
three-dimensional definition of the area where samples are to be obtained from and thus for which the
background value(s) are to be estimated
3.10
support
size, shape and orientation of a soil sample
NOTE For the purpose of analysing spatial variation in soils geostatistically (by estimation of the variogram of a soil
property), the support should be the same at each sampling site.
3.11
variate
set of observed values of a variable
EXAMPLE A variate could for instance be the series of numbers of the concentration of a substance in soil or
numerous, individual soil samples.
2 © ISO 2005 – All rights reserved
4 General
Soils retain the evidence of their past history including impacts due to natural events or human activities.
Chemical impacts related to human activities can be detected in soils all over the world, even in regions far from
any source of contamination. For this reason, the background contents of inorganic and organic substances in
soils consist of a pedo-geochemical fraction and an anthropogenic fraction. The ratio of these fractions varies
widely depending on the type of substances, the type of soil and land use, and the kind and extent of external
impacts.
For many inorganic substances, the background content of unpolluted soils is dominated by the pedo-
geochemical content and consequently by the mineralogical composition of the soils parent material. Pedogenetic
processes may lead to a redistribution (enrichment/impoverishment) and consequently to a horizon-specific
differentiation of the substances within a soil profile. Persistent organic substances in soils originate more often
from non-natural sources and therefore the background content of soils is governed by the kind and extent of
diffuse contamination from non-soil sources.
In practice, it is often difficult to distinguish clearly between the pedo-geochemical and the anthropogenic fraction
of the background content of soils. Nonetheless, a detailed knowledge of the background content as well as of its
natural fraction for the substances of concern is essential both for any evaluation of the current status of soils for
environmental or land use related aspects or just for scientific purposes within the scope of pedology or
geochemistry. To this end, so-called background values in terms of the statistical characteristics of both, the pedo-
geochemical and the anthropogenic fraction have to be determined.
A variety of different objectives can be identified for the determination of background values of inorganic and/or
organic substances in soils. The objectives themselves provide insufficient information to define the technical
programme that will produce the desired background values. Thus a number of technical approaches have to be
defined which together form the basis of the technical programme.
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 19258
Première édition
2005-12-15
Qualité du sol — Guide pour la
détermination des valeurs de bruit de
fond
Soil quality — Guidance on the determination of background values
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2005
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© ISO 2005
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Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. iv
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Références normatives. 1
3 Termes et définitions. 1
4 Généralités. 3
5 Modes opératoires. 3
5.1 Généralités. 3
5.2 Objectifs et approches techniques. 4
5.2.1 Généralités. 4
5.2.2 Substances et paramètres . 4
5.2.3 Zone d'étude. 6
5.2.4 Période. 7
5.2.5 Échelle d'échantillonnage (support). 7
5.3 Évaluation de données existantes . 8
5.3.1 Généralités. 8
5.3.2 Exhaustivité des ensembles de données/exigences minimales . 8
5.3.3 Comparabilité des données (échantillonnage, nomenclatures, analyses). 9
5.3.4 Élimination des valeurs aberrantes . 9
5.4 Collecte de nouvelles données . 9
5.4.1 Échantillonnage . 9
5.4.2 Analyse du sol. 13
5.5 Traitement et présentation des données . 14
5.5.1 Évaluation statistique des données. 14
5.5.2 Présentation des données et rapport . 15
6 Exploitation des données/contrôle qualité . 16
Annexe A (informative) Échelle d'échantillonnage . 17
Annexe B (informative) Test de détection des valeurs aberrantes . 19
Bibliographie . 23
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 19258 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 7, Évaluation
des sols et des sites.
iv © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 19258:2005(F)
Qualité du sol — Guide pour la détermination des valeurs de
bruit de fond
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Norme internationale fournit des lignes directrices concernant la détermination des valeurs de
bruit de fond pédogéochimiques et des valeurs de bruit de fond des substances inorganiques et organiques
dans les sols.
La présente Norme internationale fournit également des lignes directrices en matière de stratégies
d'échantillonnage et de traitement des données et identifie des méthodes d'échantillonnage et d'analyse.
En revanche, la présente Norme internationale ne donne pas de lignes directrices concernant la détermination
des valeurs de bruit de fond pour les eaux souterraines et les sédiments.
2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent document. Pour les
références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non datées, la dernière édition du
document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels amendements).
ISO 10381-1, Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 1: Lignes directrices pour l'établissement des
programmes d'échantillonnage
ISO 10381-5, Qualité du sol — Échantillonnage — Partie 5: Lignes directrices pour la procédure
d'investigation des sols pollués en sites urbains et industriels
ISO 11074:2005, Qualité du sol — Vocabulaire
3 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions donnés dans l'ISO 11074:2005 et les suivants
s'appliquent.
3.1
teneur de fond
teneur d'une substance présente dans un sol du fait de processus géologiques et pédologiques naturels, y
compris des apports dus à une source diffuse
3.2
valeurs de bruit de fond
caractéristiques statistiques (3.8) de la teneur de fond
3.3
contaminant
substance ou agent présent dans le sol du fait de l'activité humaine
NOTE Cette définition n'implique aucunement que la présence du contaminant se traduit par un dommage.
3.4
apports dus à une source diffuse
apport d'une substance émise par des sources mobiles, des sources de grande étendue ou plusieurs sources
NOTE 1 Les sources peuvent être des automobiles, l'utilisation de substances dans le cadre de pratiques agricoles, les
émissions d'une ville ou d'une rivière, les dépôts dus aux crues d'une rivière.
NOTE 2 Les apports dus à une source diffuse conduisent habituellement à des sites à contamination relativement
uniforme. Pour certains sites, les conditions peuvent néanmoins être des facteurs d'augmentation de l'apport local,
comme à proximité de la source ou à l'endroit où les dépôts atmosphériques/pluviaux s'intensifient.
[ISO 11074:2005]
3.5
teneur pédogéochimique
teneur d'une substance présente dans un sol du fait de processus géologiques et pédologiques naturels, à
l'exception des substances introduites dans les sols du fait de l'activité humaine
NOTE Il peut être difficilement possible de déterminer la teneur pédogéochimique précise en certaines substances
d'un sol, du fait d'une contamination anthropogène diffuse.
3.6
valeur de bruit de fond pédogéochimique
caractéristiques statistiques (3.8) de la teneur pédogéochimique
NOTE Les estimations d'une valeur de bruit de fond pédogéochimique seront enclines à certaines erreurs, étant
donné l'incertitude associée à la détermination de la teneur pédogéochimique.
3.7
sol
couche supérieure de la couche terrestre, composée de parties minérales, de substance organique, d'eau,
d'air et d'organismes vivants
[ISO 11074:2005]
3.8
caractéristique statistique
valeur numérique calculée à partir de la variable aléatoire d'un paramètre choisi de la population
NOTE Exemples de caractéristiques statistiques: la moyenne, la valeur médiane, l'écart-type ou les percentiles de la
distribution de fréquence.
3.9
zone d'étude
définition tridimensionnelle de la zone où les échantillons doivent être prélevés et, par conséquent, pour
laquelle la ou les valeurs de bruit de fond doivent être estimées
3.10
support
taille, forme et orientation d'un échantillon de sol
NOTE Pour l'analyse géostatistique de la variation spatiale des sols (par estimation du variogramme d'une propriété
du sol), il convient que le support soit identique pour tous les sites d'échantillonnage.
3.11
variable aléatoire
ensemble des valeurs observées d'une variable
NOTE Une variable aléatoire peut, par exemple, correspondre à la série de valeurs de concentration d'une
substance dans le sol, pour de nombreux échantillons de sol distincts.
2 © ISO 2005 – Tous droits réservés
4 Généralités
Les sols conservent les traces de leur passé, y compris les impacts liés à des événements naturels ou aux
activités humaines. Il est possible de détecter les impacts chimiques relatifs aux activités humaines dans les
sols du monde entier, même dans les endroits éloignés de toute source de contamination. C'est pourquoi les
teneurs de bruit de fond des substances inorganiques et organiques dans les sols se composent d'une
fraction pédogéochimique et d'une fraction anthropogène. Le rapport de ces fractions varie largement en
fonction du type de substances, du type de sol et de son utilisation, ainsi que du type et de l'ampleur des
impacts externes.
Pour de nombreuses substances inorganiques, la teneur de bruit de fond des sols non pollués est dominée
par la teneur pédogéochimique et, par conséquent, par la composition minéralogique de la roche mère des
sols. Les processus pédogénétiques peuvent conduire à une redistribution (enrichissement/appauvrissement)
et, par conséquent, à une différenciation spécifique aux horizons des substances au sein d'un profil de sol.
Les substances organiques persistantes dans les sols proviennent le plus souvent de sources non naturelles
et la teneur de fond des sols est donc régie par le type et l'ampleur de la contamination diffuse par des
sources non pédologiques.
Dans la pratique, il est souvent difficile de distinguer clairement les fractions pédogéochimique et
anthropogène de la teneur de fond des sols. Néanmoins, une connaissance approfondie de la teneur de fond
ainsi que de la fraction naturelle des substances à inventorier est essentielle, que ce soit pour l'évaluation de
l'état actuel des sols du point de vue des aspects environnementaux ou de l'usage du sol, ou pour des études
scientifiques touchant à la pédologie ou à la géochimie. Pour ce faire, les valeurs de bruit de fond, en termes
de caractéristiques statistiques de la fraction pédogéochimique et de la fraction anthropogène, doivent toutes
deux être déterminées.
Il est possible d'identifier différents objectifs pour la détermination des valeurs de bruit de fond de substa
...
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