SIST ISO 15799:2006
(Main)Soil quality -- Guidance on the ecotoxicological characterization of soils and soil materials
Soil quality -- Guidance on the ecotoxicological characterization of soils and soil materials
ISO 15799:2003 provides guidance on the selection of experimental methods for the assessment of the ecotoxic potential of soils and soil materials (e.g. excavated and remediated soils, refills, embankments) with respect to their intended use and possible adverse effects on aquatic and soil-dwelling organisms, and habitat maintenance and the retention function of the soil.
Qualité du sol -- Lignes directrices relatives à la caractérisation écotoxicologique des sols et des matériaux du sol
L'ISO 15799:2003 fournit les lignes directrices relatives à la sélection des méthodes expérimentales permettant l'évaluation du potentiel écotoxique des sols et des matériaux du sol (par exemple terres excavées ayant fait l'objet d'une remédiation, remblais, talus) par rapport à leur utilisation prévue et aux effets éventuellement défavorables pour les organismes vivant dans l'eau et le sol, et le maintien des fonctions d'habitat et de rétention du sol.
Kakovost tal – Navodilo za ekotoksikološko karakterizacijo tal in talnih materialov
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 15799
First edition
2003-11-15
Soil quality — Guidance on the
ecotoxicological characterization of soils
and soil materials
Qualité du sol — Lignes directrices relatives à la caractérisation
écotoxicologique des sols et des matériaux du sol
Reference number
©
ISO 2003
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2003
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Terms and definitions. 1
2.1 Types of soil and other soil materials. 1
2.2 Terms relating to soil characteristics . 2
2.3 Land and sites . 2
3 Field of application . 3
3.1 Soils and areas of soil use where ecotoxicological tests should be considered:. 3
3.2 Soils and areas of soil use where ecotoxicological tests are not necessary (provided
groundwater contamination can be excluded): . 3
4 Selection of tests according to use/re-use of soils and soil materials and soil functions . 3
4.1 Usefulness of ecotoxicity tests . 3
4.2 General criteria for selection of tests . 4
4.3 Considerations for the examination of soil functions. 4
5 Sampling, transport, storage and sample preparation . 7
6 Limitations of proposed biotests for soils/soil materials . 7
Annex A (informative) Standardized forms of recommended test systems. 8
Bibliography . 31
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 15799 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 7, Soil and site
assessment.
iv © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
Introduction
The majority of existing ecotoxicological test methods (biotests) being internationally harmonized were
developed to describe the ecotoxic potential of a test substance when added to a soil or soil material. These
methods can be used, with some modification, for the ecotoxicological characterization of soils and soil
materials with respect to their function and depending on the intended use. However, in such cases, users of
the methods need to be aware that the validation of the methods is not complete.
For substances with properties resulting in toxic effects, biotests are a complement to conventional chemical
analysis. Results from chemical analysis can be used for ecotoxicological assessments based on information
on the substances identified, including properties of the chemicals, e.g. their bioaccumulation potential. This
information is often scarce (if it exists at all) and does not include possible interactions (synergy/antagonism)
between chemicals and the complex soil matrix. Furthermore, an exhaustive identification and quantification of
substances is impractical. Therefore, ecotoxicological testing of soils can be used for investigating the
potential toxicity of complex chemical mixtures. The extrapolation from laboratory tests to field conditions
requires adequate consideration of important environmental factors within the test conditions and the selection
of suitable ecotoxicological endpoints.
This International Standard is one of a series providing guidance on soils and soil materials in relation to
certain functions and uses, including wildlife conservation, and ought to be read in conjunction with those
other standards.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15799:2003(E)
Soil quality — Guidance on the ecotoxicological
characterization of soils and soil materials
1 Scope
This International Standard provides guidance on the selection of experimental methods for the assessment of
the ecotoxic potential of soils and soil materials (e.g. excavated and remediated soils, refills, embankments)
with respect to their intended use and possible adverse effects on aquatic and soil-dwelling organisms, and
habitat maintenance and the retention function of the soil.
It does not cover tests for bioaccumulation. Genotoxicity tests using eukaryotic organisms in soils are not yet
available. It is not applicable to the ecological assessment of uncontaminated soils with a view to natural,
agricultural or horticultural use, such soils being of possible interest where they can serve as a reference for
the assessment of soils from contaminated sites. Nor is the interpretation of the results gained by application
of the proposed methods within its scope.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1 Types of soil and other soil materials
2.1.1
soil
upper layer of the Earth’s crust composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water, air and organisms
[ISO 11074-1:1996, definition 5.4]
2.1.2
soil material
excavated soil, dredged materials, manufactured soils, treated soils and fill materials
[ISO 15176:2002, definition 3.1.4]
2.1.3
excavated soil
any natural material excavated from the ground, including top soil, sub soil, altered parent rock and parent
rock itself
NOTE Excavated soil typically arises during construction works.
[ISO 15176:2002, definition 3.1.5]
2.1.4
standard soil
field-collected soil whose main properties (e.g. pH, texture, organic matter content) are within a known range
[34]
EXAMPLE Eurosoils .
2.2 Terms relating to soil characteristics
2.2.1
habitat function
ability of soils/soil materials to serve as a habitat for micro-organisms, plants, soil-living animals and their
interactions (biocenoses)
2.2.2
retention function
ability of soils/soil materials to adsorb pollutants in such that they cannot be mobilized via the water pathway
and translocated into the food chain
NOTE The habitat and retention functions include the following soil functions according to ISO 11074-1:
control of substance and energy cycles as components of ecosystems;
basis for the life of plants, animals and humans;
carrier of genetic reservoir;
basis for the production of agricultural products;
buffer inhibiting movement of water, contaminants or other agents into the ground water.
2.2.3
pollutant
substance or agent present in the soil which due to its properties, amount or concentration causes adverse
impact on soil functions or soil use
cf. contaminant (2.2.4), potentially harmful substance (2.2.5)
[ISO 15176:2002, definition 3.2.7]
NOTE See Introduction to ISO 11074-1:1996.
2.2.4
contaminant
substance or agent present in soil as a result of human activity
cf. pollutant (2.2.3), potentially harmful substance (2.2.5)
NOTE There is no assumption in this definition that harm results from the presence of the contaminant.
[ISO 15176:2002, definition 3.2.6]
2.2.5
potentially harmful substance
substance which, when present in sufficient concentration or amount, may be harmful to humans or the
environment
NOTE It may be present as a result of human activity [contaminant (2.2.4)] or naturally.
[ISO 15176:2002, definition 3.2.8]
2.3 Land and sites
2.3.1
re-use
useful and harmless utilization of soil materials
NOTE In the context of this International Standard the re-use means the transfer of soil materials to another location
for use in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, gardens, recreational areas and construction sites.
[ISO 15176:2002, term 3.4.1]
2 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
3 Field of application
3.1 Soils and areas of soil use where ecotoxicological tests should be considered:
assessment of the ability of a soil to sustain a natural biocenosis or agriculture;
assessment of the combined ecotoxicity of all bioavailable contaminants present in soils or soil materials;
assessment of the ecotoxicity of potentially harmful substances in cases where the soil or soil material
can affect the ground and surface water;
identification of soils or soil materials (refills, embankments) having a low degree of contamination —
usually within a depth of 1 m — and which can remain at the site without further treatment;
detection of potential ecotoxicity which could not be traced by chemical analysis;
monitoring and control of the success of soil treatment (off-site, on-site, in situ);
monitoring and control of soils/soil materials that have been decontaminated and are to be applied at the
surface.
3.2 Soils and areas of soil use where ecotoxicological tests are not necessary (provided
groundwater contamination can be excluded):
contaminated soils classified as hazardous waste or which can be characterized clearly by
chemical/analytical parameters, in which cases ecotoxicological testing could be useful for a final
investigation after remediation and for process control during biological remediation;
commercially/industrially used areas with no prospect of horticultural/agricultural use;
soil materials or backfilled materials in an area to be effectively sealed by covering with buildings or other
forms of low permeability cover such as concrete or tarmacadam or asphalt.
4 Selection of tests according to use/re-use of soils and soil materials and soil
functions
4.1 Use of ecotoxicity tests
Toxicants can affect different species (and in some cases genotypes) present within ecosystems at different
concentrations. The ideal approach for the precise ecotoxicological characterization of the soil toxicity is to
use a battery of tests with several species belonging to different taxonomic and trophic groups, in order to
avoid false negative results owing to an adaptation of a test system (genotypic shift) to a specific contaminant
as compared to uncontaminated soils. Studies using field or semi-field investigations are rarely carried out and
can be very expensive.
The ideal scheme can be rendered more practicable by the adoption of simpler testing strategies and the
application of safety factors to the results obtained. If, however, testing is performed on one species or
function only, the high diversity in the sensitivity of species to toxicants will result in a high level of uncertainty.
It is therefore recommended to test at least a microbial process, a species from the plant kingdom, and one
from the animal kingdom, usually a saprophagous/detritivor
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-december-2006
Kakovost tal – Navodilo za ekotoksikološko karakterizacijo tal in talnih materialov
Soil quality -- Guidance on the ecotoxicological characterization of soils and soil
materials
Qualité du sol -- Lignes directrices relatives à la caractérisation écotoxicologique des
sols et des matériaux du sol
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ISO 15799:2003
ICS:
13.080.99 Drugi standardi v zvezi s Other standards related to
kakovostjo tal soil quality
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 15799
First edition
2003-11-15
Soil quality — Guidance on the
ecotoxicological characterization of soils
and soil materials
Qualité du sol — Lignes directrices relatives à la caractérisation
écotoxicologique des sols et des matériaux du sol
Reference number
©
ISO 2003
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.
© ISO 2003
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope. 1
2 Terms and definitions. 1
2.1 Types of soil and other soil materials. 1
2.2 Terms relating to soil characteristics . 2
2.3 Land and sites . 2
3 Field of application . 3
3.1 Soils and areas of soil use where ecotoxicological tests should be considered:. 3
3.2 Soils and areas of soil use where ecotoxicological tests are not necessary (provided
groundwater contamination can be excluded): . 3
4 Selection of tests according to use/re-use of soils and soil materials and soil functions . 3
4.1 Usefulness of ecotoxicity tests . 3
4.2 General criteria for selection of tests . 4
4.3 Considerations for the examination of soil functions. 4
5 Sampling, transport, storage and sample preparation . 7
6 Limitations of proposed biotests for soils/soil materials . 7
Annex A (informative) Standardized forms of recommended test systems. 8
Bibliography . 31
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 15799 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 7, Soil and site
assessment.
iv © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
Introduction
The majority of existing ecotoxicological test methods (biotests) being internationally harmonized were
developed to describe the ecotoxic potential of a test substance when added to a soil or soil material. These
methods can be used, with some modification, for the ecotoxicological characterization of soils and soil
materials with respect to their function and depending on the intended use. However, in such cases, users of
the methods need to be aware that the validation of the methods is not complete.
For substances with properties resulting in toxic effects, biotests are a complement to conventional chemical
analysis. Results from chemical analysis can be used for ecotoxicological assessments based on information
on the substances identified, including properties of the chemicals, e.g. their bioaccumulation potential. This
information is often scarce (if it exists at all) and does not include possible interactions (synergy/antagonism)
between chemicals and the complex soil matrix. Furthermore, an exhaustive identification and quantification of
substances is impractical. Therefore, ecotoxicological testing of soils can be used for investigating the
potential toxicity of complex chemical mixtures. The extrapolation from laboratory tests to field conditions
requires adequate consideration of important environmental factors within the test conditions and the selection
of suitable ecotoxicological endpoints.
This International Standard is one of a series providing guidance on soils and soil materials in relation to
certain functions and uses, including wildlife conservation, and ought to be read in conjunction with those
other standards.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 15799:2003(E)
Soil quality — Guidance on the ecotoxicological
characterization of soils and soil materials
1 Scope
This International Standard provides guidance on the selection of experimental methods for the assessment of
the ecotoxic potential of soils and soil materials (e.g. excavated and remediated soils, refills, embankments)
with respect to their intended use and possible adverse effects on aquatic and soil-dwelling organisms, and
habitat maintenance and the retention function of the soil.
It does not cover tests for bioaccumulation. Genotoxicity tests using eukaryotic organisms in soils are not yet
available. It is not applicable to the ecological assessment of uncontaminated soils with a view to natural,
agricultural or horticultural use, such soils being of possible interest where they can serve as a reference for
the assessment of soils from contaminated sites. Nor is the interpretation of the results gained by application
of the proposed methods within its scope.
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
2.1 Types of soil and other soil materials
2.1.1
soil
upper layer of the Earth’s crust composed of mineral particles, organic matter, water, air and organisms
[ISO 11074-1:1996, definition 5.4]
2.1.2
soil material
excavated soil, dredged materials, manufactured soils, treated soils and fill materials
[ISO 15176:2002, definition 3.1.4]
2.1.3
excavated soil
any natural material excavated from the ground, including top soil, sub soil, altered parent rock and parent
rock itself
NOTE Excavated soil typically arises during construction works.
[ISO 15176:2002, definition 3.1.5]
2.1.4
standard soil
field-collected soil whose main properties (e.g. pH, texture, organic matter content) are within a known range
[34]
EXAMPLE Eurosoils .
2.2 Terms relating to soil characteristics
2.2.1
habitat function
ability of soils/soil materials to serve as a habitat for micro-organisms, plants, soil-living animals and their
interactions (biocenoses)
2.2.2
retention function
ability of soils/soil materials to adsorb pollutants in such that they cannot be mobilized via the water pathway
and translocated into the food chain
NOTE The habitat and retention functions include the following soil functions according to ISO 11074-1:
control of substance and energy cycles as components of ecosystems;
basis for the life of plants, animals and humans;
carrier of genetic reservoir;
basis for the production of agricultural products;
buffer inhibiting movement of water, contaminants or other agents into the ground water.
2.2.3
pollutant
substance or agent present in the soil which due to its properties, amount or concentration causes adverse
impact on soil functions or soil use
cf. contaminant (2.2.4), potentially harmful substance (2.2.5)
[ISO 15176:2002, definition 3.2.7]
NOTE See Introduction to ISO 11074-1:1996.
2.2.4
contaminant
substance or agent present in soil as a result of human activity
cf. pollutant (2.2.3), potentially harmful substance (2.2.5)
NOTE There is no assumption in this definition that harm results from the presence of the contaminant.
[ISO 15176:2002, definition 3.2.6]
2.2.5
potentially harmful substance
substance which, when present in sufficient concentration or amount, may be harmful to humans or the
environment
NOTE It may be present as a result of human activity [contaminant (2.2.4)] or naturally.
[ISO 15176:2002, definition 3.2.8]
2.3 Land and sites
2.3.1
re-use
useful and harmless utilization of soil materials
NOTE In the context of this International Standard the re-use means the transfer of soil materials to another location
for use in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, gardens, recreational areas and construction sites.
[ISO 15176:2002, term 3.4.1]
2 © ISO 2003 — All rights reserved
3 Field of application
3.1 Soils and areas of soil use where ecotoxicological tests should be considered:
assessment of the ability of a soil to sustain a natural biocenosis or agriculture;
assessment of the combined ecotoxicity of all bioavailable contaminants present in soils or soil materials;
assessment of the ecotoxicity of potentially harmful substances in cases where the soil or soil material
can affect the ground and surface water;
identification of soils or soil materials (refills, embankments) having a low degree of contamination —
usually within a depth of 1 m — and which can remain at the site without further treatment;
detection of potential ecotoxicity which could not be traced by chemical analysis;
monitoring and control of the success of soil treatment (off-site, on-site, in situ);
monitoring and control of soils/soil materials that have been decontaminated and are to be applied at the
surface.
3.2 Soils and areas of soil use where ecotoxicological tests are not necessary (provided
groundwater contamination can be excluded):
contaminated soils classified as hazardous waste or which can be characterized clearly by
chemical/analytical parameters, in which cases ecotoxicological testing could be useful for a final
investigation after remediation and for process control during biological remediation;
commercially/industrially used areas with no prospect of horticultural/agricultural use;
soil materials or backfilled materials in an area to be effectively sealed by covering with buildings or other
forms of low permeability cover such as concrete or tarmacadam or asphalt.
4 Selection of tests according to use/re-use of soils and soil materials and soil
functions
4.1 Use of ecotoxicity tests
Toxicants can affect different species (and in some
...
NORME ISO
INTERNATIONALE 15799
Première édition
2003-11-15
Qualité du sol — Lignes directrices
relatives à la caractérisation
écotoxicologique des sols et des
matériaux du sol
Soil quality — Guidance on the ecotoxicological characterization of soils
and soil materials
Numéro de référence
©
ISO 2003
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quelque forme que ce soit et par aucun procédé, électronique ou mécanique, y compris la photocopie et les microfilms, sans l'accord écrit
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Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax. + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Publié en Suisse
ii © ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés
Sommaire Page
Avant-propos. iv
Introduction . v
1 Domaine d'application. 1
2 Termes et définitions . 1
2.1 Types des sols et autres matériaux du sol. 1
2.2 Termes relatifs aux caractéristiques du sol. 2
2.3 Terrain et sites. 3
3 Applications des essais écotoxicologiques.3
3.1 Utilisation des sols et zones de sols où il convient d’envisager des essais
écotoxicologiques: . 3
3.2 Utilisation de sols et zones de sols où les essais écotoxicologiques ne sont pas
nécessaires (sous réserve de pouvoir exclure toute contamination des eaux
souterraines): . 3
4 Choix des essais suivant l’utilisation/la réutilisation des sols et des matériaux du sol et
selon les fonctions du sol. 4
4.1 Utilisation d’essais d’écotoxicité . 4
4.2 Critères généraux pour le choix des essais. 4
4.3 Considérations relatives à l’examen des fonctions du sol. 5
5 Échantillonnage, transport, stockage et préparation des échantillons . 8
6 Limites des essais biologiques proposés pour les sols/matériaux du sol. 8
Annexe A (informative) Formes normalisées des systèmes d'essai recommandés. 9
Bibliographie . 32
Avant-propos
L'ISO (Organisation internationale de normalisation) est une fédération mondiale d'organismes nationaux de
normalisation (comités membres de l'ISO). L'élaboration des Normes internationales est en général confiée
aux comités techniques de l'ISO. Chaque comité membre intéressé par une étude a le droit de faire partie du
comité technique créé à cet effet. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non
gouvernementales, en liaison avec l'ISO participent également aux travaux. L'ISO collabore étroitement avec
la Commission électrotechnique internationale (CEI) en ce qui concerne la normalisation électrotechnique.
Les Normes internationales sont rédigées conformément aux règles données dans les Directives ISO/CEI,
Partie 2.
La tâche principale des comités techniques est d'élaborer les Normes internationales. Les projets de Normes
internationales adoptés par les comités techniques sont soumis aux comités membres pour vote. Leur
publication comme Normes internationales requiert l'approbation de 75 % au moins des comités membres
votants.
L'attention est appelée sur le fait que certains des éléments du présent document peuvent faire l'objet de
droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. L'ISO ne saurait être tenue pour responsable de ne
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et averti de leur existence.
L'ISO 15799 a été élaborée par le comité technique ISO/TC 190, Qualité du sol, sous-comité SC 7, Évaluation
des sols et des sites.
iv © ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés
Introduction
La plupart des méthodes d’essai écotoxicologique existantes (essais biologiques) en cours d’harmonisation
au plan international ont été mises au point pour décrire le potentiel écotoxique d’une substance lorsqu’on
l’ajoute à un sol/matériau du sol. Ces méthodes peuvent être utilisées sous réserve de quelques modifications
pour la caractérisation écotoxicologique des sols/matériaux du sol pour ce qui concerne leur fonction, suivant
l’utilisation prévue. Néanmoins, dans ce contexte, il convient que les utilisateurs des présentes méthodes
gardent à l’esprit que la validation de celles-ci n’est pas terminée.
Les essais biologiques complètent les analyses chimiques classiques pour les substances ayant des
propriétés toxiques. Les résultats obtenus par une analyse chimique peuvent être utilisés pour effectuer des
évaluations écotoxicologiques à partir de données relatives aux substances identifiées, y compris
les propriétés des produits chimiques telles que leur potentiel de bioaccumulation. Ces données sont
souvent rares (pour autant qu’elles existent) et ne comprennent pas les éventuelles interactions
(synergie/antagonisme) entre les produits chimiques et la matrice complexe du sol. En outre, une
identification et une quantification exhaustives des substances sont irréalisables. Par conséquent, pour
étudier l’éventuelle toxicité de mélanges chimiques complexes dans les sols, il est possible d’utiliser les
essais écotoxicologiques des sols. L’extrapolation des essais de laboratoire aux conditions de terrain
nécessite une prise en compte adéquate des facteurs environnementaux essentiels dans les conditions
d’essai ainsi que le choix de critères d’effet écotoxicologiques appropriés.
La présente Norme internationale fait partie d’une série de normes qui donnent des recommandations
relatives aux sols et aux matériaux du sol eu égard à certaines fonctions et utilisations, y compris la
préservation des organismes vivants. Il convient de la lire conjointement avec ces autres normes.
NORME INTERNATIONALE ISO 15799:2003(F)
Qualité du sol — Lignes directrices relatives à la caractérisation
écotoxicologique des sols et des matériaux du sol
1 Domaine d'application
La présente Norme internationale fournit les lignes directrices relatives à la sélection des méthodes
expérimentales permettant l’évaluation du potentiel écotoxique des sols et des matériaux du sol (par exemple
terres excavées ayant fait l’objet d’une remédiation, remblais, talus) par rapport à leur utilisation prévue et aux
effets éventuellement défavorables pour les organismes vivant dans l’eau et le sol, et le maintien des
fonctions d’habitat et de rétention du sol.
La présente Norme internationale ne traite pas des essais relatifs à la bioaccumulation. Les essais de
génotoxicité utilisant des organismes eucaryotes du sol ne sont pas encore disponibles. La présente Norme
internationale ne s’applique pas à l’évaluation écologique des sols non contaminés en vue d’une utilisation
naturelle, agricole ou horticole, de tels sols pouvant être intéressants s’ils peuvent servir de référence pour
l’évaluation de sols provenant de sites contaminés. De même, elle ne concerne pas l’interprétation des
résultats obtenus d’après les méthodes proposées dans son domaine d’application.
2 Termes et définitions
Pour les besoins du présent document, les termes et définitions suivants s'appliquent.
2.1 Types des sols et autres matériaux du sol
2.1.1
sol
couche supérieure de la croûte terrestre composée de particules minérales, de matière organique, d’eau, d’air
et d’organismes
[ISO 11074-1:1996, définition 5.4]
2.1.2
matériau du sol
ensemble des terres excavées, des matériaux de dragage, des sols artificiels, des sols traités et des
matériaux de remblai
[ISO 15176:2002, définition 3.1.4]
2.1.3
terre excavée
tout type de matériau naturel extrait du sol, y compris le sol superficiel, le sous-sol, la roche mère altérée et la
roche mère elle-même
NOTE La terre excavée est généralement mise à jour lors de travaux de construction.
[ISO 15176:2002, définition 3.1.5]
2.1.4
sol étalon
sol prélevé sur le terrain dont les propriétés principales (par exemple pH, texture, teneur en matières
organiques) se situent dans une plage connue
[34]
EXEMPLE Euro-sols .
2.2 Termes relatifs aux caractéristiques du sol
2.2.1
fonction d’habitat
aptitude des sols/matériaux du sol à assurer l’habitat des micro-organismes, des plantes, des animaux vivant
dans le sol, et leurs interactions (biocénoses)
2.2.2
fonction de rétention
aptitude des sols/matériaux du sol à adsorber les polluants de manière à ce qu’ils ne soient pas mobilisés via
l’eau et transférés vers la chaîne alimentaire
NOTE Les fonctions d’habitat et de rétention comprennent les fonctions du sol suivantes conformément à
l’ISO 11074-1:
contrôle des cycles des substances et de l’énergie en tant que compartiments d’écosystèmes;
base de la vie pour les plantes, les animaux et l’homme;
vecteur de réserve génétique;
base de production de produits agricoles;
tampon empêchant le transfert via l’eau, de contaminants ou d’autres agents vers les nappes phréatiques.
2.2.3
polluant
substance ou agent présent dans le sol et qui, de par ses propriétés, quantités ou concentration, a des effets
négatifs (nocifs) sur les fonctions du sol ou l’utilisation du sol
cf. contaminant (2.2.4), substance potentiellement dangereuse (2.2.5)
[ISO 15176:2002, définition 3.2.7]
NOTE Voir l’Introduction de l’ISO 11074-1:1996.
2.2.4
contaminant
substance ou agent présent dans le sol résultant de l’activité humaine
cf. polluant (2.2.3), substance potentiellement dangereuse (2.2.5)
NOTE Cette définition n’implique nullement que la présence de contaminant a un effet négatif.
[ISO 15176:2002, définition 3.2.6]
2 © ISO 2003 — Tous droits réservés
2.2.5
substance potentiellement dangereuse
substance pouvant être dangereuse pour les êtres humains ou l’environnement lorsqu’elle est présente en
quantité ou concentration suffisante
NOTE Sa présence peut être due à l’activité humaine [contaminant (2.2.4)] ou à une cause naturelle.
[ISO 15176:2002, définition 3.2.8]
2.3 Terrain et sites
2.3.1
réutilisation
utilisation sans risque et avec profit des matériaux du sol
NOTE Dans le cadre de la présente Norme internationale, le terme «réutilisation» signifie le transfert des matériaux
du sol vers d’autres lieux pour une utilisation dans l’agriculture, l’horticulture, l’exploitation forestière, les jardins, les zones
de loisirs et les chantiers.
[ISO 15176:2002, définition 3.4.1]
3 Applications des essais écotoxicologiques
3.1 Utilisation des sols et zones de sols où il convient d’envisager des essais
écotoxicologiques:
évaluation de l’aptitude d’un sol à supporter la biocénose naturelle ou l’agriculture;
évaluation de l’écotoxicité cumulée de tous les contaminants biodisponibles présents dans les sols ou les
matériaux du sol;
évaluation de l’écotoxicité des substances potentiellement dangereuses dans les cas où le sol/les
matériaux du sol peuvent affecter les eaux souterraines et superficielles;
identification des sols ou des matériaux du sol (remblais, talus) faiblement contaminés (généralement
jusqu’à une profondeur de 1 m) qui peuvent demeurer sur le site sans traitement supplémentaire;
détection de l’écotoxicité potentielle n’ayant pu être mise en évidence par une analyse chimique;
surveillance et contrôle du succès du traitement d’un sol (hors site, sur site, in situ);
surveillance et contrôle des sols/matériaux du sol décontaminés et devant être mis en place sous forme
de remblais.
3.2 Utilisation de sols et zones de sols où les essais écotoxicologiques ne sont pas
nécessaires (sous r
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