ISO/TS 17951-2:2016

TECHNICAL ISO/TS
SPECIFICATION 17951-2
First edition
2016-07-01
Water quality — Determination of
fluoride using flow analysis (FIA and
CFA) —
Part 2:
Method using continuous flow
analysis (CFA) with automated in-line
distillation
Qualité de l’eau — Dosage des fluorures par analyse en flux (FIA et
CFA) —
Partie 2: Méthode par analyse en flux continu (CFA) avec distillation
in situ automatique
Reference number
©
ISO 2016
© ISO 2016, Published in Switzerland
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ii © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Principle . 2
4 Interferences . 2
5 Reagents . 2
6 Apparatus . 5
7 Sampling and sample preparation . 5
8 Procedure. 5
8.1 Setting up the system . 5
8.2 Reagent blank measurement . 5
8.3 Adjustment of sensitivity . 6
8.4 Confirmation of repeatability . 6
8.5 Calibration . 6
8.6 Measurement of samples . 6
9 Calculation . 7
10 Expression of results . 7
11 Test report . 7
Annex A (informative) Example of continuous flow analysis (CFA) with an in-line
distillation unit and spectrometric detection . 8
Annex B (informative) Determination of fluoride by automatic distillation continuous flow
analysis (CFA) and ion selective detection . 9
Annex C (informative) Examples of flow systems .12
Annex D (informative) Results of interlaboratory trial .13
Annex E (informative) Recovery test for fluoride .14
Annex F (informative) Analytical precision of fluoride .15
Bibliography .16
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
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different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
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The committee responsible for this document is ISO/TC 147, Water quality, Subcommittee SC 2, Physical,
chemical and biochemical methods.
ISO 17951 consists of the following parts, under the general title Water quality — Determination of
fluoride using flow analysis (FIA and CFA):
— Part 1: Method using flow injection analysis (FIA) and spectrometric detection after off-line distillation
[Technical Specification]
— Part 2: Method using continuous flow analysis (CFA) with automated in-line distillation [Technical
Specification]
iv © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

Introduction
Fluorine compounds in waters and effluents exist in various chemical forms, such as fluoride ion,
complexes of iron, aluminium, boron and etc., as well as insoluble forms, such as calcium and magnesium
fluorides. Excess fluoride can cause bone damage and fluorosis. In order to ensure conversion of any
insoluble fluorides into soluble fluoride for measurement, steam distillation is necessary.
This part of ISO 17951 describes a CFA method for flow analysis of fluoride with integrated in-line
distillation and spectrometric detection.
A CFA method with ion-selective detection is described in Annex B.
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION ISO/TS 17951-2:2016(E)
Water quality — Determination of fluoride using flow
analysis (FIA and CFA) —
Part 2:
Method using continuous flow analysis (CFA) with
automated in-line distillation
WARNING — Persons using this part of ISO 17951 should be familiar with normal laboratory
practice. This part of ISO 17951 does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any,
associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user to establish appropriate safety and
health practices and to ensure compliance with any national regulatory conditions.
IMPORTANT — It is absolutely essential that tests conducted in accordance with this part of
ISO 17951 be carried out by suitably qualified staff.
1 Scope
This part of ISO 17951 specifies a method for the determination of fluoride in waters, waste waters
and effluents by continuous flow analysis (CFA). Any insoluble or complexed fluoride is converted to
fluoride ion by an automated continuous flow distillation procedure from sulfuric/phosphoric acid.
Fluoride ion in the distillate is measured using flow analysis with lanthanum alizarin complexone and
spectrometric detection. This method is applicable to industrial waste waters, effluents, surface waters,
ground waters, leachates. When this method is applied to the analysis of drinking water, a heater and
a distillation unit is unnecessary. Some drinking water contains high concentration of aluminium and
iron. In the case of drinking water, this part of ISO 17951 is appropriate to drinking water with low
interferences. It is not applicable to samples which contain large amount of suspended matter.
In this part of ISO 17951, two working ranges are described:
— working range I: 0,1 mg/l to 1,0 mg/l;
— working range II: 1,0 mg/l to 10 mg/l.
The specification of the calibration solutions are to be adapted accordingly.
2 Normative references
The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are
indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated
references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3696, Water for analytical laboratory use — Specification and test methods
ISO 6353-2, Reagents for chemical analysis — Part 2: Specifications — First series
ISO 8466-1, Water quality — Calibration and evaluation of analytical methods and estimation of
performance characteristics — Part 1: Statistical evaluation of the linear calibration function
ISO 8466-2, Water quality — Calibration and evaluation of analytical methods and estimation of
performance characteristics — Part 2: Calibration strategy for non-linear second-order calibration
functions
3 Principle
Sample, water and mixture of sulfuric acid and phosphoric acid are gas-segmented and mixed in
a reaction coil. The mixture is transported through a heating device and a distillation unit. The
distillate is mixed with collection solution and lanthanum alizarin complexone solution. The mixture
is transported to a reaction coil and the formed blue colour is measured by spectrometric detection
around 620 nm.
4 Interferences
Without distillation, lanthanum alizarin complexone spectrophotometric method suffers from
the interferences by aluminium, cadmium, cobalt, iron, nickel, beryllium, lead, etc. However, these
interferences are removed by the distillation.
In the case of sample containing high chloride, the recovery of fluoride decreases. For example, in a sea
water sample, the response decreases to about 70 %. Thus, recovery test is necessary for the analysis
of such samples.
5 Reagents
Use only reagents of recognized analytical grade. The prepared solution is degassed, if necessary.
5.1 Water, grade 1, as specified in ISO 3696.
5.2 1,2-Dihydroxyanthraquinonyl-3-methylamine-N,N-diacetic acid dihydrate (alizarin
complexone), C H NO ·2H O.
19 15 8 2
5.3 Ammonia solution I, c(NH ) = 15 mol/l, as specified in ISO 6353-2.
5.4 Hydrochloric acid I, c(HCl) = 12 mol/l, as specified in ISO 6353-2.
5.5 Ammonium acetate, CH COONH , as specified in ISO 6353-2.
3 4
5.6 Sodium acetate trihydrate, CH COONa·3H O, as specified in ISO 6353-2.
3 2
5.7 Acetic acid, CH COOH, as specified in ISO 6353-2.
5.8 Lanthanum(III) oxide, La O .
2 3
5.9 Acetone, CH COCH , as specified in ISO 6353-2.
3 3
5.10 Sodium fluoride, NaF.
5.11 Ethanol (95), C H OH(95).
2 5
(95) = volume fraction.
5.12 Sulfuric acid, c(H SO ) = 18 mol/l.
2 4
5.13 Imidazole, C H N .
3 4 2
5.14 Poly(oxyethylene)octylphenylether, C H O(C H O) .
14 22 2 4 n
2 © ISO 2016 – All rights reserved

5.15
...