ISO/TS 24929-3:2026

Technical
Specification
ISO/TS 24929-3
First edition
Child care articles — General
2026-08
safety —
Part 3:
Chemical hazards
Articles de puériculture — Sécurité générale —
Partie 3: Dangers chimiques
Reference number
© ISO 2026
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ii
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 2
3.1 Terms related to product classification on chemical hazards.2
3.2 Terms related to chemical safety risk .3
3.3 Terms related to exposure .3
4 Principles for establishing chemical safety requirements . 4
4.1 Principles .4
4.1.1 General .4
4.1.2 Classification of child care articles based on chemical hazards .4
4.1.3 Toxicological properties of chemical substances .4
4.1.4 Physiological development level and behaviours of children .4
4.1.5 Exposure routes .4
4.2 Assessment of chemical safety of child care articles . .5
5 General and basic requirements and recommendations . 5
5.1 General .5
5.2 Requirements .5
5.2.1 General .5
5.2.2 Sampling .5
5.2.3 Migration of certain elements .6
5.2.4 Phthalates .6
5.2.5 Azo colorants .7
5.2.6 Polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) .8
5.2.7 Formaldehyde .8
6 Test report . 9
Annex A (informative) Exposure and classification of child care articles related to children’s
developmental levels and behavioural habits . 10
Annex B (informative) Infrastructure of hazardous chemicals control on child care articles .23
Annex C (informative) Principles and background of restricting chemical substances .26
Bibliography .33

iii
Foreword
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The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
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This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 310, Child care articles.
A list of all parts in the ISO 24929 series can be found on the ISO website.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.

iv
Technical Specification ISO/TS 24929-3:2026(en)
Child care articles — General safety —
Part 3:
Chemical hazards
1 Scope
This document establishes principles for the classification of child care articles based on chemical hazards,
behavioural habits, physiological characteristics, exposure routes and chemical risk assessment methods
related to classification. It specifies general and fundamental chemical requirements applicable to all child
care articles. It also describes the relationship between this document and specific product standards.
NOTE 1 Chemical hazards that are unique to specific product categories of child care articles are addressed in
corresponding product standards.
NOTE 2 There are many child care articles, and many materials and chemical substances are used. This document
cannot cover all child care articles and all chemical hazardous substances, which is why this document also gives
principles for dealing with unknown products and chemical substances.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content constitutes
requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 8124-3, Safety of toys — Part 3: Migration of certain elements
ISO 8124-6, Safety of toys — Part 6: Certain phthalate esters
ISO 12460-1, Wood-based panels — Determination of formaldehyde release — Part 1: Formaldehyde emission
by the 1-cubic-metre chamber method
ISO 14184-1, Textiles — Determination of formaldehyde — Part 1: Free and hydrolysed formaldehyde (water
extraction method)
ISO 14362-1, Textiles — Methods for determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo colorants —
Part 1: Detection of the use of certain azo colorants accessible with and without extracting the fibres
ISO 14362-3, Textiles — Methods for determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo colorants —
Part 3: Detection of the use of certain azo colorants, which may release 4-aminoazobenzene
ISO 17226-1, Leather — Chemical determination of formaldehyde content — Part 1: Method using high-
performance liquid chromatography
ISO 17234-1, Leather — Chemical tests for the determination of certain azo colourants in dyed leathers — Part
1: Determination of certain aromatic amines derived from azo colourants
ISO 17234-2, Leather — Chemical tests for the determination of certain azo colorants in dyed leathers — Part 2:
Determination of 4-aminoazobenzene
AfPS-GS-2019-01-PAK, Product Safety Commission (AfPS) — GS Specification — Testing and assessment of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the awarding of GS Marks

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Terms related to product classification on chemical hazards
3.1.1
child care article
article which is designed or obviously intended to facilitate seating, bathing, changing, feeding, mouthing,
sleeping, transportation, activity and protection for young children
3.1.1.1
bathroom supplies
products intended for children to use in toilets, bathrooms, etc., for washing, defecating, bathing, changing
diapers, etc.
EXAMPLE Infant bathers, bath tubs, changing units (for domestic use), bath seats, reducers.
3.1.1.2
early education product
product designed to assist children with developing balance, standing and walking independently
EXAMPLE Baby walking frames.
3.1.1.3
protective equipment
product that is installed on another product to prevent the other product from causing injury to children
(e.g. pinch, bruise) and product that limits the range of activities of children
EXAMPLE Small protective devices, playpens, safety barriers.
3.1.1.4
feeding utensil
product used to assist children in eating and drinking
EXAMPLE Spoon, fork, plate, bowl, food feeder, drinking cup, feeding bottle, training cup and straw.
3.1.1.5
soother
product used to meet children's non-nutritive sucking needs
3.1.1.6
sleeping product
product that has a surface for a child to lie on and that is designed or marketed for a child to sleep on or to
soothe or settle a child
EXAMPLE Bassinets, carry cots, bedside sleepers, footmuff, bed nests, sleep bags, cot bumpers, bed guards, infant
inclined sleep products.
3.1.1.7
transportation product
product intended to hold and transport a child, where the movement of the product can be powered by the
child or others
EXAMPLE Prams, tricycles with a pushchair function, baby walking frames, child seats for cycles, hip carriers,
framed baby carriers.
3.2 Terms related to chemical safety risk
3.2.1
chemical hazard
inherent property of a chemical substance that can cause adverse effects when the human body is exposed
to it
3.2.2
concentration
amount of a material or agent dissolved or contained in unit quantity in a given medium or system
3.2.3
plasticized material
substance with plasticity that is processed by adding plasticizers
Note 1 to entry: Common plasticized materials include plastics (e.g. polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride,
polyvinyl acetate, polyurethanes), rubber, coating, paints, decals (see C.2.2).
Note 2 to entry: Polymer plasticizers, most commonly phthalate esters, give the material improved flexibility and
durability.
3.2.4
risk
probability of adverse health effects occurring in the human body under specified circumstances due to
exposure to an agent
3.2.5
toxicity
inherent property of an agent to cause an adverse biological effect
3.3 Terms related to exposure
3.3.1
accessible
contactable by any portion forward of the collar of the accessibility probe
Note 1 to entry: The accessibility probe is described in ISO 8124-1:2022, 5.7.
[SOURCE: ISO 8124-1:2022, 3.1]
3.3.2
daily exposure time
total daily contact time of a chemical substance with children under a certain exposure route
Note 1 to entry: It can be calculated by statistically calculating the single exposure time and daily exposure times.
3.3.3
dermal exposure
exposure (3.3.4) related to contact with the child’s skin
Note 1 to entry: Some chemical substances can remain on children’s skin and then penetrate children’s bodies.
3.3.4
exposure
contact between chemicals and children for a specified duration
3.3.5
exposure route
manner in which a chemical enters the child’s body after exposure (3.3.4)
Note 1 to entry: For example, through the mouth or by inhalation or skin contact.

3.3.6
inhalation exposure
exposure (3.3.4) related to inhalation into a child’s body through breathing
3.3.7
oral exposure
exposure (3.3.4) related to the ingestion of chemicals into a child’s body through oral contact
Note 1 to entry: Child care articles come into contact with children’s mouths through sucking, chewing, licking, etc.
and some chemical substances can enter children’s bodies through saliva.
Note 2 to entry: Child care articles or parts thereof can contain chemical substances, which after being swallowed, can
enter children’s bodies through gastric juice digestion.
4 Principles for establishing chemical safety requirements
4.1 Principles
4.1.1 General
In order to determine the general chemical safety technical requirements in child care articles, the principles
in this document are based on an assessment of the exposure risk of chemical substances that potentially
exist in child care articles, which screened out high-risk chemical substances and set corresponding limit
requirements based on product characteristics, as well as a comprehensive consideration of the toxicological
properties of chemical substances, children’s development level and behaviour, and possible exposure
routes.
4.1.2 Classification of child care articles based on chemical hazards
There are many types of child care articles. Based on the accessibility, function, handling, material, volume
or mass of the product, reasonable exposure due to sucking, licking, swallowing, inhalation or prolonged
contact with the skin, and children’s behavioural characteristics, child care articles can be divided into
several categories, such as bathroom supplies, early education products and protective equipment, feeding
products utensils and soother, sleeping products, transportation products and seats, etc. Details related to
child care article classification are included in Annex A.
4.1.3 Toxicological properties of chemical substances
Toxicological data are the basis for establishing chemical safety indicators. The establishment of chemical
safety requirements requires the knowledge of potential exposure risks of the chemical substances and the
necessity of including these chemical substances in the regulated chemical list of child care articles. In order
to obtain said knowledge, the toxicological properties and release characteristics of the chemical substances
should be fully investigated.
4.1.4 Physiological development level and behaviours of children
In the process of establishing chemical safety requirements, full consideration should be given to the
physiological development level of children at different ages, as well as children’s normal and foreseeable
use of child care articles. These behaviours include touching, mouthing, breathing and dermal contact
behaviours. Annex B provides reference data on children’s physiological development levels and behaviours.
4.1.5 Exposure routes
Based on the characteristics of the product and the behavioural characteristics of the child, the route of
exposure to chemicals in different child care articles can be different. Possible exposure routes of chemical
substances in children’s products include ingestion, inhalation and dermal contact, etc. Annex B gives the
possible exposure routes and related exposure parameters of chemical substances in child care articles.

4.2 Assessment of chemical safety of child care articles
Based on the principles given in 4.1, this document evaluates the chemicals in products. Generally,
hazardous chemicals that are commonly found in various child care articles, have already been restricted
in other products, and pose exposure risks to children during use are classified as Level 1. Potential
hazardous chemicals found only in specific products are classified as Level 2. The evaluation process for
generic and specific chemical safety requirements of products is shown in Annex C. The general chemical
safety requirements specified in this document establish fundamental technical criteria. Chemical safety
provisions stipulated in corresponding product standards are technical specifications developed on the
basis of the general chemical safety requirements, adapted to the characteristics of specific products, and
may refine the general requirements as appropriate. All child care articles shall conform to both the general
chemical safety requirements and the specific product safety requirements. In case of any conflict between
them, the specific product safety requirements shall prevail.
5 General and basic requirements and recommendations
5.1 General
Materials such as plastics, rubber, coatings, textiles and leather are commonly used in child care articles.
The potential high-risk chemicals in these materials can have adverse effects on children during use. Based
on the principles outlined in 4.1, this document evaluates the product characteristics of child care articles,
toxicological properties of potential chemical substances, child development levels and behaviours, and
exposure routes. Ultimately, migratable elements, phthalates, azo colorants, formaldehyde and polycyclic-
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) should be controlled for child care articles. The relevant information on each
chemical can be found in Annex C.
5.2 Requirements
5.2.1 General
See Table 1 for common materials and hazardous substances in child care articles. See 5.2.3 to 5.2.7 for the
restriction requirements of hazardous chemical substances.
Table 1 — Chemicals by material
Materials Migration of certain Phthalates Azo colorants PAHs Formaldehyde
elements
(see 5.2.3) (see 5.2.4) (see 5.2.5) (see 5.2.6) (see 5.2.7)
Plastics X X
Coating X X
X (exclude silicon
Rubber X X
rubber)
Fabric X X X
Leather X X X
Resin-bonded wood X  X
Other materials X
NOTE  Other materials (e.g. paper and paperboard, wood, bamboo) are included, but metal, glass and ceramic are excluded.
5.2.2 Sampling
The sample for testing shall be representative of the material used in mass production. Identical materials
may be combined and treated as a single test portion. Test portions may be composed of more than one
material or colour only if physical separation, such as dot printing, patterned textiles or mass limitation
reasons, precludes the formation of discrete specimens.

The above sample requirement does not preclude the testing of materials before they are used to manufacture
(raw materials from the manufacturing process).
The manufacturing process should ensure that no additional prohibited risks are added to the materials.
Where a surface is coated with a multi-layer of paint or similar coating, the test sample shall not include
any of the base material. Paint and other similar surface-coating material means a fluid, semi-fluid or other
material, with or without a suspension of finely divided colouring matter, which changes to a solid film when
a thin layer is applied to a metal, wood, leather, cloth, plastic or another surface.
NOTE If the composite materials (e.g. coated fabric) can be mechanically separated, the coating and fabric are
tested separately.
For migration of certain elements and phthalates tests, a test portion of less than 10 mg from a single
laboratory sample shall not be tested.
If the mass of the test portion from a single sample is greater than 10 mg but less than the normal mass for
testing, the test materials should be supplemented as follows:
a) supplement the identical material from other locations of the same sample;
b) sampling from raw materials: if raw materials are used instead of finished product, this should be noted
in the test report.
5.2.3 Migration of certain elements
All accessible materials within the accessible area (see Table 1) shall not exceed the maximum acceptable
element migration in Table 2, considering the correction factor.
The test procedure given in ISO 8124-3 shall be used.
Table 2 — Maximum acceptable element migration from child care article materials
Element Sb As Ba Cd Cr Pb Hg Se
Limit (mg/kg) 60 25 1 000 75 60 90 60 500
5.2.4 Phthalates
All accessible plasticized materials within the protected volume (see Table 1) shall not contain phthalates
exceeding the limits in Table 3.
The test procedure given in ISO 8124-6 shall be used.

Table 3 — Maximum acceptable phthalates in child care articles
1) ®
Substance CAS Registry Number Limit
Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) 117-81-7
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) 84-74-2
Sum of the four substances less than
0,1 % by mass
Benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP) 85-68-7
Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) 84-69-5
Di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) 117-84-0
Di-isononyl phthalate (DINP) 28553-12-0
Sum of the three substances less than
68515-48-0
0,1 % by mass
Di-isodecyl phthalate (DIDP) 26761-40-0
68515-49-1
5.2.5 Azo colorants
Coloured fabrics, leather within the protected volume that can come into direct and prolonged contact with
the human skin or oral cavity shall not contain aromatic amines as given in Table 4.
Table 4 — Limits of aromatic amines in child care articles ®
Substance CAS Registry Number Limit
(mg/kg)
4-aminobiphenyl 92-67-1 30
benzidine 92-87-5 30
4-chloro-o-toluidine 95-69-2 30
2-naphthylamine 91-59-8 30
o-aminoazotoluene 97-56-3 30
5-nitro-o-toluidine 99-55-8 30
4-chloroaniline 106-47-8 30
4-methoxy-m-phenylenediamine 615-05-4 30
4,4’-diaminodiphenylmethane 101-77-9 30
3,3’-dichlorobenzidine 91-94-1 30
3,3’-dimethoxybenzidine 119-90-4 30
3,3’-dimethoxybenzidine 119-93-7 30
4,4’-methylenedi-o-toluidine 838-88-0 30
P-cresidine 120-71-8 30
4,4’-methylene-bis-(2-chloro-aniline) 101-14-4 30
4,4’-oxydianiline 101-80-4 30
4,4’-thiodianiline 139-65-1 30
o-toluidine 93-53-4 30
4-methyl-m-phenylenediamine 95-80-7 30
2,4,5-trimethylaniline 137-17-7 30
2-methoxyaniline 90-04-0 30
4-aminoazobenzene 60-09-03 30
2,4-xylidine 95-68-1 30
2,6-xylidine 87-62-7 30 ®
1) CAS Registry Number is a trademark of the American Chemical Society (ACS). This information is given for the
convenience of users of this document and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO of the product named. Equivalent
products may be used if they can be shown to lead to the same results.

The test procedure given in ISO 14362-1 and ISO 14362-3 for fabric, and ISO 17234-1 and ISO 17234-2 for
leather, shall be used.
A test portion below 0,2 g in a single laboratory sample shall be exempted from the test. All colours shall be
tested. Up to three colours may be combined as one specimen. ®
Azo colorants that can form 4-aminoazobenzene generate amines aniline (CAS Registry Number 62-53- ®
3) and 1,4-phenylenediamine (CAS Registry Number 106-50-3) under the conditions of ISO 14362-1 and
ISO 17234-1. Due to detection limits, it can occur that only aniline is detected. If aniline of above 5 mg/kg is
detected, then the presence of these colorants shall be tested as per ISO 14362-3 for fabric or ISO 17234-2 for
leather, which can release 4-aminoazobenzene.
“White” and uncoloured fibres, threads or fabrics are not considered to contain azo colorants and, therefore,
these parts should not be tested. However, attention should be paid to “pale printed” materials as they can
contain azo colorants.
5.2.6 Polycyclic-aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
All accessible natural and synthetic rubber (exclude silicon rubber) components within the protected
volume that come into direct as well as prolonged or short-term repetitive contact shall not contain more
than 0,5 mg/kg of any of the listed PAHs in Table 5.
The test procedure given in AfPS-GS-2019-01-PAK shall be used.
Table 5 — Limits of PAHs in child care articles ®
Substance CAS Registry Number Limit
Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) 50-32-8 0,5 mg/kg
Benzo[e]pyrene (BeP) 192-97-2 0,5 mg/kg
Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) 56-55-3 0,5 mg/kg
Chrysen (CHR) 218-01-9 0,5 mg/kg
Benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbFA) 205-99-2 0,5 mg/kg
Benzo[j]fluoranthene (BjFA) 205-82-3 0,5 mg/kg
Benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkFA) 207-08-9 0,5 mg/kg
Dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBAhA) 53-70-3 0,5 mg/kg
5.2.7 Formaldehyde
All accessible fabric and leather materials within the protected volume shall not release formaldehyde in
excess of 20 mg/kg (see Table 6).
All resin-bonded wood shall not release formaldehyde in excess of 0,124 mg/m (see Table 6).
Table 6 — Maximum acceptable formaldehyde in child care articles ®
Material Substance CAS Registry Number Limit
Fabric and leather 20 mg/kg
Formaldehyde 50-00-0
Resin-bonded wood 0,124 mg/m
For formaldehyde released from fabric and leather, the test procedure given in ISO 14184-1 for fabric and
ISO 17226-1 for leather shall be used.
Different types of fabrics shall be tested separately but the colour difference can be ignored. A test portion
below 1,0 g in a single laboratory sample shall be exempted from the test.
For formaldehyde released from fibreboard, the test procedure given in ISO 12460-1 shall be used.

6 Test report
The test report shall contain at least the following information:
a) a reference to this document, i.e. ISO/TS 24929-3;
b) type and identity of the product and/or material tested;
c) hazardous chemical substances tested in the product;
d) a complete identification of the sample;
e) a reference to the test procedure used;
f) the test results of the hazardous chemical substances in the product;
g) any deviations from the procedure specified;
h) any unusual features observed during the test;
i) the date of the test.
Annex A
(informative)
Exposure and classification of child care articles related to children’s
developmental levels and behavioural habits
A.1 General
As parenting ideas and methods change, various child care articles are introduced and widely used in the
growth process of children. Children’s self-protection ability is weak, and the chemical hazards present in
child care articles can seriously threaten children’s health and even lives. Since different child care articles
have different functions, usage methods, duration of use, constituent materials, exposure methods, etc.,
different child care articles have different risks based on chemical hazards.
To ensure that child care products are appropriate and safe for children at different stages of physical
and intellectual development, it is essential to first understand the growth and development levels and
behavioural habits of children in specific age groups, and then identify potential risks associated with the
products. Children’s developmental stages and behavioural patterns serve as the foundation for conducting
exposure assessments of specific child care products. Only through a thorough exposure assessment of the
materials and components of these products can more comprehensive, reasonable, and applicable chemical
safety requirements be established.
The information provided in this annex (including children’s growth and development milestones,
behavioural habits, chemical exposure pathways and assessment methodologies, and multi-factor product
classification frameworks) aims to provide necessary references and guidelines for the development of
specific product standards.
A.2 Exposure to chemical hazards of child care articles
A.2.1 Relationship between children’s developmental level, behaviour and chemical
hazards
A.2.1.1 Children’s mouthing behaviour
Mouthing behaviour is an important part of a child’s growth and development. Various studies have shown
that children’s mouthing behaviour is mainly concentrated under the age of three. Children in this age group
will gain a sense of security and happiness by sucking their fingers and various objects. They will explore
the world through mouthing behaviours such as sucking, biting and chewing, and mouthing behaviours can
alleviate pain and discomfort associated with teething. The frequency and daily contact time of children
under the age of three to six decreased slightly with age (see Tables A.1 and A.2). Children aged six and
above basically do not show obvious oral behaviours.
Table A.1 — Videotaped mouthing activity (object to mouth) as median hourly frequency and
median percent of tape time (mean + SD)
Age Frequency Time (%)
Infant 18,1 (24,4+11,6) 3,1 (4,0+2,4)
1 year old 8,4 (9,8+6,3) 1,3 (1,6+1,2)
2 years old 5,5 (7,8+5,8) 0,9 (1,3+1,1)
Preschool 8,4 (10,1+12,4) 1,9 (3,0+3,9)
NOTE  See Reference [49].
Table A.2 — Estimated mean daily mouthing time for soother and other objects
Age group Soother Other objects Fingers
1 to 3 months 0:47:13 0:05:14 0:18:22
3 to 6 months 0:27:45 0:12:29 0:49:03
6 to 9 months 0:14:36 0:24:30 0:16:54
9 to 12 months 0:41:39 0:16:25 0:14:07
12 to 15 months 1:00:15 0:12:02 0:08:24
15 to 18 months 0:25:22 0:23:01 0:10:07
18 to 21 months 1:09:02 0:19:49 0:18:40
21 to 24 months 0:25:12 0:12:53 0:35:34
2 years 0:32:55 0:21:46 0:29:43
3 years 0:48:42 0:15:16 0:34:42
4 years 0:16:40 0:10:44 0:19:26
5 years 0:00:20 0:10:00 0:44:06
NOTE  Reference [52].
The saliva secretion during children’s mouthing behaviour will have an impact on the limits of chemical
substances in child care articles and the formulation of detection methods (e.g. choose water, saliva test
solution or other solutions as test solution). PD CEN/TR 16918:2015 grades the amount of saliva according
to the observed saliva secretion when children’s mouths are in contact with toys (see Table A.3), as follows:
— No salivation observed.
— Salivation observed:
— Low: Slight amount of saliva observed on the toy, but not on the child’s lips.
— Medium: Saliva present and observed directly on the child’s lips.
— High: Saliva present on the lips and dribbling.
Table A.3 — Degree of salivation
Age group No salivation Low Medium High
(months) (%) (%) (%) (%)
< 3 61 18 12 9
≥ 3, < 6 18 31 38 13
≥ 6, < 10 45 29 19 7
≥ 10, < 13 42 29 23 6
≥ 13, < 19 71 18 8 3
≥ 19, < 25 78 17 3 2
≥ 25, < 31 73 22 6 0
≥ 31, < 37 82 12 5 1
Total sample 60 22 13 4
According to children’s mouthing behaviour, the potential chemical hazards exposure through oral contact
can be set as follows:
— Approximately 0 to 36 months: high risk.
— Approximately 36 to 72 months: moderate risk.
— 72 months and older: low risk.

A.2.1.2 Area of product accessible to children
“Accessibility” is a necessary condition for non-volatile chemical substances to cause harm to the human
body. What kind of child care articles children use in their daily lives and how they use or come into contact
with them is closely related to the child’s developmental level and their basic abilities gradually mastered
during the growth process. When determining the accessible area (or protected volume) of different types of
child care articles and formulating corresponding chemical limit requirements, the following factors should
be considered:
— Motor skills mastered by children, including gross motor skills such as sitting, walking and running, and
fine motor skills such as grasping, pinching and writing. These skills relate to the types of care products
a child can use and how they are used.
— Anthropometric measurement data of children of a specific age, including height, upper limb length,
head circumference, finger circumference, etc. These anthropometric data will determine which parts
of a child care article can be touched by the child, i.e. the accessible area of the child care article. The
anthropometric data can reference CEN/TR 13387-3:2025, Table 1, and Table A.4.
Table A.4 — Other anthropometric data for reference
Dimensions (mm)
Parameter
Age group 0 to 3 3 to 6 6 to 9 9 to 12 12 to 18 18 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 48
(months)
Mean 588 639 705 744 796 850 933 1 013
sd 35 36 30 32 40 40 46 45
Body length or
statue
P5 520 584 647 687 740 799 865 946
P95 631 701 750 794 862 930 1 016 1 098
Mean 391 423 457 476 494 515 549 574
sd 28 24 23 22 21 24 25 24
Sitting height
P5 347 375 423 433 456 469 513 536
P95 430 458 500 507 527 549 589 619
Mean 395 435 448 461 478 485 500 510
sd 14 16 13 14 15 15 16 15
Head circumfer-
ence
P5 370 403 428 440 454 460 474 484
P95 420 457 466 485 503 510 524 535
Mean 36 38 40 41 44 46 46 47
sd 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Hand diameter
P5 32 35 35 38 38 42 42 42
P95 42 42 45 45 48 52 52 52
Mean 68 74 80 89 93 95 102 109
sd 6 6 5 6 6 6 7 7
Hand length
P5 54 61 70 76 80 86 92 98
P95 76 83 86 97 100 105 114 121
Mean 9 9 10 11 11 11 13 13
sd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Thumb breadth
P5 7 7 9 10 10 10 11 11
P95 10 10 11 12 12 13 14 15
NOTE  See ISO/TS 24929-1:—, Annex A. (Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/CD TS 24929-1:2024.)

TTabablele A A.44 ((ccoonnttiinnueuedd))
Dimensions (mm)
Parameter
Age group 0 to 3 3 to 6 6 to 9 9 to 12 12 to 18 18 to 24 24 to 36 36 to 48
(months)
Mean 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9
sd 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
Little finger
breadth
P5 6 6 6 6 6 7 8 8
P95 8 8 9 9 9 10 10 11
NOTE  See ISO/TS 24929-1:—, Annex A. (Under preparation. Stage at the time of publication: ISO/CD TS 24929-1:2024.)
For example, when a child can sit up independently, hands or other body parts can be used to touch the
parts of the pushchairs other than the parts that are in contact with the body. When the child’s height and
arm length further develop, they can even come into contact with the bottom of the sit unit or bracket of the
product; in this case, the applicable age range of the product and the anthropological data corresponding to
the upper limit of the age should be considered, so as to delineate the maximum accessible area (or protected
volume) of the product that meets the corresponding chemical limit.
A.2.1.3 Developmental level of children’s respiratory system
The impact of volatile chemicals on children’s health is related to the developmental level of children’s
respiratory system. Excluding other factors, children breathe in more volatile chemicals when their
[54]
respiratory systems are more developed. Child-Specific Exposure Factors Handbook (EPA) . gives the
data of inhalation rates (see Table A.5) and the inhalation rate increases with the age of children.
Table A.5 — Inhalation rate of children
3 th 3
Age group Mean (m /day) 95 percentile (m /day)
0 to < 1 month 3,6 7,1
1 to < 3 months — —
3 to < 6 months 4,1 6,1
6 to < 12 months 5,4 8,1
1 to < 2 years 8,0 12,8
2 to < 3 years 9,5 15,9
3 to < 6 years 10,9 16,2
6 to < 11 years 12,4 18,7
11 to < 16 years 15,1 23,5
A.2.1.4 Children’s foreseeable and reasonable use of child care articles
When formulating the chemical hazard limit requirements for child care articles, first the reasonable and
foreseeable use of products should be considered, as well as the exposure routes and possible contact with
product components and materials in such use cases, so as to limit the chemical requirements to the extent
that is reasonable and necessary, avoid setting too low a limit requirement that does not cover all parts of
the product or only considers the most severe exposure route.
Children’s mouth-to-finger contact behaviour is a typical foreseeable use behaviour, and children’s mouthing
behaviour should be the main consideration when formulating chemical substance limits for child care
articles for children under six years old.
NOTE 1 Under normal or foreseeable use, for products that can be reached by children but obviously cannot be
sucked, licked or swallowed by children due to the accessibility, function, mass, size or other characteristics of the
product, the oral exposure can be exempt when formulating chemical substance limit requirements.

NOTE 2 Children usually do not impose behaviours on child care articles including, but not limited to, that it is
almost impossible for children to touch the wheel parts of transportation products used outdoors with their mouths,
and children’s strength is not enough to lift the bathtub in use to touch its bottom surface or bracket bottom, etc.
A.2.2 Main exposure routes of chemicals in child care articles
A.2.2.1 General
The main exposure routes of harmful chemicals in child care articles are oral exposure (see A.2.2.2), skin
exposure (see A.2.2.3) and inhalation exposure (see A.2.2.4).
A.2.2.2 Oral exposure
Oral exposure is the most important route of exposure to harmful chemicals in child care articles, and has
the most significant impact on children’s health. The following factors should be considered when evaluating
the chemical hazards of child care articles exposed through the oral cavity:
— Whether the product or product part is intended for mouth contact (e.g. products such as soother, food
feeder, etc. are intended for mouth contact).
— Whether the product or product parts can be placed in the mouth.
NOTE It is considered that a child care article or accessible part of a product can be placed in the mouth by
children if it is smaller than 5 cm in one dimension or has a detachable or protruding part of that size.
— The mouthing behaviour of children of different ages, especially children under 6 years old.
— Whether the product contains or will produce debris or powder that can easily adhere to children’s
hands, which can lead to hand-to-mouth exposure. Child care articles or parts can produce small parts,
debris and powder swallowed by children through chewing, biting, and other mouthing behaviours, i.e.
there is the possibility of ingestion exposures. In this case the influence of saliva and/or gastric fluid on
the amount of chemical transport should be considered.
A.2.2.3 Dermal exposure
Some child care articles or parts thereof can come into direct skin contact with children during use. Since
children have a higher body surface to body mass ratio, they are considered more sensitive to hazardous
chemicals exposed via dermal contact. The following factors should be considered when evaluating the
chemical hazards of child care articles exposed through the skin:
— The accessible area of the product (if the product or product parts can contact the mouth by hand, oral
exposure should also be considered);
— The size of the area of the child’s skin that the product will come into contact with during foreseeable and
reasonable use.
A.2.2.4 Inhalation exposure
The degree of harm to children’s health caused by inhalation exposure mainly depends on the concentration
of harmful chemical substances in the child’s breathing area. The following factors should be considered
when assessing the chemical hazards of child care articles exposed by inhalation:
— Whether the product emits volatile organic compounds (VOCs).
— Inspiratory volume and respiratory rate when children of different ages breathe.
A.2.3 Daily exposure time
Assuming the content of harmful chemicals in child care articles is a fixed amount, the longer the daily
exposure time, the more serious the harm to children’s health. For the three exposure routes of oral

exposure, skin exposure and inhalation exposure, combined with existing research results, the following
daily exposure time divisions are given:
— Oral exposure:
— Short: daily exposure time ≤ 10 min.
— Medium: 10 min < daily exposure time ≤ 30 min.
—
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