ISO/IEC TR 18001:2004

TECHNICAL ISO/IEC
REPORT TR
First edition
2004-10-15
Information technology — Radio
frequency identification for item
management — Application requirements
profiles
Technologies de l'information — Identification par radiofréquence
(RFID) pour la gestion d'objets — Profils de conditions d'application

Reference number
©
ISO/IEC 2004
PDF disclaimer
This PDF file may contain embedded typefaces. In accordance with Adobe's licensing policy, this file may be printed or viewed but
shall not be edited unless the typefaces which are embedded are licensed to and installed on the computer performing the editing. In
downloading this file, parties accept therein the responsibility of not infringing Adobe's licensing policy. The ISO Central Secretariat
accepts no liability in this area.
Adobe is a trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
Details of the software products used to create this PDF file can be found in the General Info relative to the file; the PDF-creation
parameters were optimized for printing. Every care has been taken to ensure that the file is suitable for use by ISO member bodies. In
the unlikely event that a problem relating to it is found, please inform the Central Secretariat at the address given below.

©  ISO/IEC 2004
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means,
electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from either ISO at the address below or
ISO's member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 • CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO/IEC 2004 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword. v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope. 1
2 Normative references. 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms. 1
5 ARP survey and questionnaire. 2
5.1 AIM Survey. 2
5.1.1 Application selection. 2
5.1.2 Tag characteristics. 2
5.1.3 Application characteristics. 2
5.2 ANSI MH 10/SC 8 . 3
5.3 Dortmund University. 3
6 ARP survey results and its analysis . 3
6.1 Classification of application . 3
6.2 Operating range. 4
6.3 Memory size. 5
6.4 Initial work for the first target application . 5
6.4.1 Memory size < 128 byte . 6
6.4.2 128 byte < memory size < 1 kbyte . 6
7 Technical subjects for standardization (Common items for applications). 6
7.1 The variation of operating range . 6
7.1.1 Influence of tag orientation. 7
7.1.2 Influence of overlap of inductive tags . 7
7.1.3 Influence of metallic materials. 8
7.2 Determining the access time of RFID tags. 9
7.3 Detecting and reading numerous tags from significant distances . 10
8 2,45 GHz RFID tags . 11
8.1 Variation of operating range . 11
8.1.1 Influence of tag orientation. 11
8.1.2 Influence of overlap of tags . 12
8.1.3 Influence of metallic materials. 12
8.1.4 Influence of R/W vs. R/O. 12
8.2 Determining the access time of RFID tags. 12
8.2.1 General. 12
8.2.2 Influence of multiple interrogator operation . 12
8.2.3 Influence of substitution errors. 13
8.3 Indirect parameters. 13
8.3.1 Security. 13
8.3.2 Emission. 13
8.3.3 Lithium cells. 14
9 400 MHz to 1000 MHz UHF RFID-systems . 14
9.1 Introduction. 14
9.2 Operating principle. 15
9.3 Typical tags. 17
9.3.1 Regulations. 17
9.3.2 Performance. 19
© ISO/IEC 2004 – All rights reserved iii

10 RFID system and bar code system.24
10.1 Sorting systems using bar code labels .24
10.2 Sorting system using RFID tags.25
11 Proposals for individual application .25
11.1 Application: returnable plastic containers .25
11.2 Typical parameter for application.26
12 Conclusions.26
Annex A (informative) AIM / SC 31 Survey .27
Annex B (informative) ANSI MH 10/SC 8 Survey .32
Annex C (informative) ARP Questionnaire Responses.36
Annex D (informative) ANSI MH 10/SC 8 Questionnaire Responses.38
Annex E (informative) Example of plastic returnable container in Japan.44
Annex F (informative) Dortmund Study.45
F.1 Retailer’s Responses to Questionnaire .45
F.2 Retailers’ Requirements to Transponder Systems.47
F.3 Manufacturer’s Responses to Questionnaires.49
F.4 Logistics Service Provider’s Responses to Questionnaires .52
F.5 Logistic Service Providers’ Requirements to Transponder Systems.53
Annex G (informative) JEIDA Study Report .56
Bibliography.89

iv © ISO/IEC 2004 – All rights reserved

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees
established by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC
technical committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental
and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work. In the field of information
technology, ISO and IEC have established a joint technical committee, ISO/IEC JTC 1.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of the joint technical committee is to prepare International Standards. Draft International
Standards adopted by the joint technical committee are circulated to national bodies for voting. Publication as
an International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the national bodies casting a vote.
In exceptional circumstances, the joint technical committee may propose the publication of a Technical Report
of one of the following types:
— type 1, when the required support cannot be obtained for the publication of an International Standard,
despite repeated efforts;
— type 2, when the subject is still under technical development or where for any other reason there is the
future but not immediate possibility of an agreement on an International Standard;
— type 3, when the joint technical committee has collected data of a different kind from that which is
normally published as an International Standard (“state of the art”, for example).
Technical Reports of types 1 and 2 are subject to review within three years of publication, to decide whether
they can be transformed into International Standards. Technical Reports of type 3 do not necessarily have to
be reviewed until the data they provide are considered to be no longer valid or useful.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO and IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO/IEC TR 18001, which is a Technical Report of type 3, was prepared by Joint Technical Committee
ISO/IEC JTC 1, Information technology, Subcommittee SC 31, Automatic identification and data capture
techniques.
© ISO/IEC 2004 – All rights reserved v

Introduction
The Air Interface Standards of ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 31 are contained in the various Parts of ISO/IEC 18000,
under the general title Information technology — Radio frequency identification fo
...