ENV 14383-2:2003

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-april-2004
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Prevention of crime - Urban planning and design - Part 2: Urban planning
Vorbeugende Kriminalitätsbekämpfung - Stadt- und Gebäudeplanung - Teil 2:
Stadtplannung
Prévention de la malveillance - Urbanisme et conception des bâtiments - Partie 2:
Urbanisme
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: ENV 14383-2:2003
ICS:
13.310
91.020
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EUROPEAN PRESTANDARD
ENV 14383-2
PRÉNORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE VORNORM
December 2003
ICS 13.310; 91.020
English version
Prevention of crime - Urban planning and design - Part 2: Urban
planning
Prévention de la malveillance - Urbanisme et conception Vorbeugende Kriminalitätsbekämpfung - Stadt- und
des bâtiments - Partie 2: Urbanisme Gebäudeplanung - Teil 2: Stadtplannung
This European Prestandard (ENV) was approved by CEN on 21 November 2002 as a prospective standard for provisional application.
The period of validity of this ENV is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the ENV can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this ENV in the same way as for an EN and to make the ENV available promptly
at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the ENV) until the final
decision about the possible conversion of the ENV into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United
Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2003 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. ENV 14383-2:2003 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope.7
2 Normative references.7
3 Terms and definitions .7
4 Preliminary questions: the area, its crime problems and the stakeholders .7
4.1 General.7
4.2 Where: Identification of the area .8
4.2.1 Focus on urban environments .8
4.2.2 Level at which action can be taken.9
4.2.3 Type of area.11
4.3 What: Problem identification .12
4.3.1 Crime .12
4.3.2 Fear of crime.13
4.4 Who: Stakeholders.13
4.5 In sum: identification of 'where', 'what' and 'who' .14
5 Urban Planning and Design Guidelines .14
5.1 Introduction.14
5.2 Three categories, 15 strategies, more than 100 measures .15
5.2.1 General .15
5.2.2 Urban planning strategies.15
5.2.3 Urban design strategies.16
5.2.4 Management strategies .16
5.3 How to choose the strategies.16
6 Process to prevent and reduce crime problems by urban planning and management.17
6.1 General.17
6.2 Responsible body, mission Statement, working group .18
6.2.1 General .18
6.2.2 Mission statement.18
6.2.3 Working group.18
6.2.4 The planning document of the working group .19
6.2.5 Consultation mechanisms.19
6.3 Steps to be taken .19
6.3.1 Step 1: Crime review or crime assessment.19
6.3.2 Step 2: Objectives/requirements.20
6.3.3 Step 3: Plan .20
6.3.4 Step 4: Decision by responsible body.21
6.3.5 Step 5: Action and implementation.21
6.3.6 Step 6: Monitor, audit and corrective action .21
6.4 Flow chart.21
Annex A (informative) Assessment of crime preventive and fear reducing features of a plan
for a new area.23
Annex B (informative) Crime review: problem identification in an existing area .27
Annex C (informative) Fear of crime.29
Annex D (informative) Problem x strategy/measure matrices for 8 types of environment .31
Foreword
This document (ENV 14383-2:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 325 'Prevention of
crime by urban planning and building design'. The secretariat of which is held by DS until October 2002 and
since then held by SNV.
The status of European Prestandard (ENV) was proposed to give all countries the opportunity to compare
experiences and to harmonise procedures.
This European Prestandard is one of a series for the “Prevention of crime by urban planning and building
design”, that consists of the following Parts:
 Part 1: Terminology.
 Part 2: Urban planning.
 Part 3: Dwellings.
 Part 4: Offices and Shops.
In the European Prestandard the Annexes A to D are informative.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this European Prestandard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
Crime and fear of crime as major problems
The European Urban Charter asserts the basic right for citizens of European towns to "a secure and safe town
free, as far as possible, from crime, delinquency and aggression". This basic right to a safe community has
been enshrined into many national and local crime reduction programs all over Europe.
1)
The final declaration of an International Conference organised by the Council of Europe's Congress of Local
and Regional Authorities of Europe (CLRAE; Erfurt 26.-28. February 1997) stated:
"that crime, fear of crime and urban insecurity in Europe are major problems affecting the public (…) and that
finding satisfactory solutions for them is one of the main keys to civic peace and stability."
The first recommendation from this conference was that local and regional authorities in Europe develop
integrated crime reduction action plans, with continuing public involvement, in which crime reduction is
included as a policy in all aspects of the responsibilities of local authorities. Such a plan should define the
nature and type of crime to be tackled, objectives, timetable, proposals for action and be based on a wide
ranging up-to-date survey of statistics and diagnosis of crime.
In this respect the CLRAE conference in Erfurt also stressed the importance to promote collaboration between
the police and professional designers and ensure that police officers are specially trained to advise on the
relationship between crime and the built environment".
Crime prevention and fear reduction by urban planning and building design
The Justice and Home Affairs council of the European Union (meeting 15-03-2001) agreed politically on the
conclusion of the EU experts' Conference 'Towards a knowledge-based strategy to prevent crime' (Sundsvall,
Sweden, 21.-23. February 2001). This conference concluded that "Crime Prevention through Environmental
Design, or Designing out Crime (CPTED/DOC), has proven to be a useful, effective, very concrete and
feasible strategy to prevent crime and feelings of insecurity, integrated in a multidisciplinary approach. Best
practices regarding CPTED/DOC should be collected, evaluated and made accessible for stakeholders. This
process should utilise a common framework of concepts and processes, and transferable principles should be
identified".
This conference also underlined "as regards prevention of the fear of crime, that the fear of crime should be
viewed and treated as a social problem in its own right".
Statements and recommendations about the collaboration between environmental design/planning specialists
and crime experts are becoming more and more common nowadays in European countries. These statements
and recommendations are based on assumptions regarding the inter-relationships between the physical
environment and human behaviour. It is obvious that the results of urban planning and architecture do
influence the choice of conduct and choice of routes of all people (young/old, woman/man, potential
offender/potential victim).
Hence urban planning also has an impact on crime and fear of crime by influencing the conduct and attitudes
of e.g.
— offenders;
— formal guardians such as police;
— informal guardians such as residents surveying an environment;

) Crime and Urban insecurity: the role and responsibilities of local and regional authorities.
— potential victims (and/or targets) of crime or victims of fear of crime.
A great number of experiments have shown that particular types of crime can be reduced by modifying the
opportunity for crime in the built environment. Moving the night-time tavern crowd away from vacant
storefronts after closing time will inevitably reduce the number of burglaries and vandalism incidents to the
stores. Controlling the access into, and natural sightlines through, underground parking areas will increase the
opportunity for offenders to be seen and caught. This in turn will reduce the number of assaults and car crimes
in those parking areas. The list of successful opportunity reduction examples goes on. In Canada and the
USA this has come to be known as crime prevention through environmental design – CPTED (pronounced
)
sep-ted) .
In Europe the concept is also known as 'the reduction of crime and fear of crime by urban planning and
3)
architectural design'. In short, "Designing out crime" .
There are numerous examples of housing projects where bad design has contributed to the general decay
and decline of urban areas. Badly designed housing estates have been rebuilt with thought and consideration
to diminish criminal opportunity. In many cases after the refurbishment residents have wished to return to the
estates where before they had left as they feared for their safety. New estates and housing projects are now
incorporating good crime prevention features at the design stage.
Shopping centres are another building category that is benefiting from good planning ideas. The siting of the
centre, car parks and transport infrastructure are all being incorporated at design stage to accommodate good
design features. Supermarkets are also adopting designing out crime measures to reduce both internal theft
as well as crime committed by customers.
Researchers have identified reductions in crime following, for example, the introduction of design changes in
large municipal housing estates. There is also overwhelming evidence concerning fear and the built
environment, e.g. pedestrian subways, lack of surveillance, and particularly the level of lighting and dark
streets. Similar parallels can be drawn with regard to vandalism. When questioned, offenders (and victims) of
burglary, car theft and rape/assault, have all mentioned environmental/design factors. The research findings
show that the feelings of insecurity of victims are clearly related to the very same features of the place that
attract offenders to commit a crime.
No wonder more and more local and regional authorities in Europe are now insisting on planning applications
showing proof that the principles of crime prevention and fear reduction by urban planning and building design
have been adopted.
Conclusion
The conclusion from the literature, research and project – or policy evaluations can be summarised as follows:
1) urban planning has an impact on the different types of crime and fear of crime by influencing the conduct,
attitudes, choices and feelings of e.g. offenders, victims, residents, police;
2) crime can be subdivided in specific types (burglary, vandalism etc.);
3) crime and fear of crime are different phenomena;
4) fear of crime is an important issue but it has to be separated from a much broader set of feelings people
have about the whole of their living space and about the degree to which they feel deprived of a good
social and physical environment to live in;
5) a securer and safer city or neighbourhood is the result of a safety policy aiming at the physical and social
environment;
) The concept of CPTED is also used in the world wide association of researchers, specialists and practitioners in this field:
the International CPTED Association (ICA; see: http://cpted.net/
) See also the European Designing Out Crime Association: http://www.e-doca.net/ and the European Crime Prevention Network
(Brussels): http://europa.eu.int/comm/justice_home/eucpn/home.html
6) policymakers and practitioners should never focus on planning and design only. Every newly built
neighbourhood, public space or building needs good maintenance. Planning / design and maintenance are
thus two sides of the same coin.
This Prestandard combines 'contents' and 'process'
• Contents refers to the question: which strategies and measures may ) be implemented to prevent and
reduce crime problems in a given environment.
• Process refers to the question: how to follow an effective and efficient procedure in which stakeholders
shall choose the strategies and measures most effective and feasible to prevent and reduce the crime
problems as defined by the stakeholders.
The process is described in clause 6 (for a summary see table 4). In step 3 of this process the stakeholders
choose strategies and measures. To help stakeholders make this choice they may use the strategies and
measures as presented in clause 5 (and Annex D).
Hence by adopting this Prestandard the process described in clause 6 is adopted while the definitive choice of
strategies and measures (see clause 5 and Annex D) is left to the stakeholders and in the end to a
responsible body (most often local and regional authorities issuing rules for urban planning, building/planning
codes and permits) involved in a concrete plan for building, reconstruction or the management of an area.
Before the contents (see clause 5) and process (see clause 6) are presented, a preliminary set of questions is
elaborated upon in clause 4: the identification of the area (where), the crime problem (what) and the
stakeholders (who).
) Note the word 'may' (and not shall or should) is used deliberately here because the actual choice for certain strategies and
measures can only be made by the stakeholders, and in the end by a responsible body.
1 Scope
5)
This European Prestandard gives guidelines on methods for assessing the risk of crime and/ or fear of crime
and measures, procedures and processes aimed at reducing these risks.
Design guidelines are given for specific types of environments to prevent or counteract different crime
)
problems . Furthermore, guidelines for a step by step process are presented to involve all stakeholders
7) 8)
engaged in urban planning and environmental crime reduction as well as all other stakeholders - mainly
local and regional authorities and residents - in the multi-agency action needed to minimise the risks of crime
and fear of crime.
This European Prestandard is applicable to the planning process of new, as well as existing, urban areas. An
area can be the neighbourhood or environment ranging from just a few houses or streets to a city centre,
industrial estate or large open space for public use.
2 Normative references
This European Prestandard incorporates, by means of dated or undated references, provisions from other
publications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text. For dated references,
subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply in this European Prestandard only
when incorporated in it by amendment on revision. For undated references, the latest edition of the publication
referred to applies (including amendments).
prEN 14383-1 Prevention of crime. Urban planning and building design - Part 1 - Terminology
prENV 14383-3 Prevention of crime. Urban planning and building design - Part 3 - Dwellings
prENV 14383-4 Prevention of crime. Urban planning and building design - Part 4 – Offices and shops
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this European Prestandard, the terms and definitions given in prEN 14383-1 apply.
4 Preliminary questions: the area, its crime problems and the stakeholders
4.1 General
Cities all over the world are facing problems of insecurity and safety: urban violence and other forms of crime,
feelings of insecurity caused by crime, graffiti and anti-social behaviour in the public sphere. These threats to
the urban quality of life are obvious in most European cities.
Local and regional authorities generally react to these problems by more law enforcement input (police,
private security services). However, now most European specialists agree that the actions needed to
counteract the threats mentioned above have to be of an integrated and multi-disciplinary nature. Authorities
and law enforcement specialists, as well as environmental specialists, city maintenance and management

) Méthodes d' évaluation, Bewertungskriterien
) Crime problems = one or more of six types of crime and/or fear of crime; see 4.3.
) People engaged in urban planning: e.g. urban planners, town planners/architects, governmental bodies, municipal services,
private developers/builders, housing associations, consultants, landscape specialists, etc. (see 4.4).
) Note 6 plus police, justice, insurance companies, private security industry, social workers (see 4.4).
personnel, retailers and other business people, social workers, teachers and, last but not least, citizens are all
stakeholders in this process.
The orchestration of the stakeholders, as well as the type of actions needed in the different urban
environments (city centre, retail neighbourhoods, residential areas, transportation system), is a very difficult
mix to plan and manage.
There are several models for the delivery of crime prevention by urban planning and design. These range
from partnership schemes where a formal lead party is lacking, to police controlled schemes and others based
in the local authority. Wherever urban planning and building design is involved there shall always be a
democratically elected body governing the planning, building or city/neighbourhood management process
directly or indirectly. In clause 6 this body will be called 'the responsible body'. This may be a local council, a
group of planners mandated by local, regional or even national authorities or an interdisciplinary steering
group.
Although there may be a variety of stakeholders involved, in theory, the approach is simple. It starts with
answering three questions:
— where: the identification of the exact location of the area (by co-ordinates, and/or defining boundaries,
and/or postal codes, etc.) and the type of area; this area is either an area comprising an existing
urban fabric of buildings and streets/roads or a planned (new) area.
— what: the first and general identification of the crime problems occurring in this existing area, or the
future crime problems that may occur in this new area;
— who: the identification of the stakeholders involved in defining the crime problems more precisely,
assessing or reviewing them in more depth and implementing/ executing the measures to prevent
and / or reduce the crime problems.
4.2 Where: Identification of the area
4.2.1 Focus on urban environments
)
The key findings from the International Crime Victims Survey show crime to be a serious urban problem:
For more serious crime, the strongest factor explaining risks across different countries was urbanisation -
with crime increasing with the proportion living in larger cities. Next, lower affluence was significantly
associated with higher risks. Urbanisation and lower affluence alone explained half the variance in
victimisation rates in the 26 countries.
With regard to petty crime, urbanisation was again the strongest factor explaining risks. Levels of affluence
were statistically unrelated to risks however.

) The international Crime Victimization Survey (ICVS) is the most far-reaching programme of fully standardized sample
surveys looking at householders' experience of crime in different countries. The first ICVS took place in 1989, the second
in 1992, the third in 1996 and the fourth in 2000. Surveys have been carried out in over 50 countries since 1989,
including a large number of city surveys in developing countries and countries in transition. The citations presented here
are taken from the ICVS report `Criminal Victimization in Eleven industrialized Countries; Key findings from the 1996
ICVS; Pat Mayhew (Home office, United Kingdom), Jan J.M. van Dijk (Ministery of Justice/ University of Leiden, The
Netherlands); WODC./Ministry of Justice The Hague 1997. The conclusions of the 2000 sweep of the ICVS are generally
speaking the same: "Net of other effect, urbanisation continued to be an influencial risk factor. Risks of property crime, for
instance, were 60% higher in the most urban areas compared to the leas urbanised ones" (Key findings from the 2000
ICVS, John van Kesteren, Pat Mayhew and Paul Nieuwbeerta, WODC/Ministry of Justice, The Hague 2000 page 58).
4.2.2 Level at which action can be taken
Within urbanised areas security and safety can be improved in existing as well as in new and future
environments. As shown in Table 1 seven levels can be distinguished. Levels 1 to 4 are dealt with in
prENV 14383-3 (dwellings) and prENV 14383-4 (offices and shops) while level 5, 6 and 7 are the subject of
this European Prestandard.
Table 1 – Levels at which action can be taken to improve security in the built environment
Level of intervention The key players Typical actions What guidance can help?
1 Improving routine security Occupants, management, security staff. Change routine activity, management Guidance and check
precautions – but no physical procedures, patterns of use/occupancy.
change. Security staffing.
2 Up-grading security equipment. Management security staff, security Security equipment including: locking Information on what the current range of
suppliers/consultants, locksmiths, builders. systems, alarms, cctv, lighting, access equipment and security systems can do,
control, sensors. and how effective they are.
3 Refurbishment and alterations to a Owners/occupants, facilities managers, Remodelling of interiors and minor Guidance on secure windows and doors
building. developers, architects, engineers, builders. extensions, replacing windows and and how design modifications can improve
doors, fencing and gates, etc. the security of buildings.
4 Designing a new building Owners/future occupants, developers, architects, The design of the building and its Guidance on how building design can
builders. relationship to its surroundings. influence crime.
5 Large scale developments – Architects, developers, builders, major The layout and planning of groups of Guidance on how layout planning can
shopping centre, housing or tenants/occupiers. buildings, parking, vehicular and influence crime.
industrial development. pedestrian movement, etc.
6 Improving safety in public places. City planners, public services managers Locating public facilities, landscaping Guidance about how the design and
(transport, parks, etc.) local action/pressure open spaces, street lighting. management of public spaces can reduce
groups. crime risk.
7 Neighbourhood planning – a Planners, developers, local action/pressure The gradual/incremental redevelopment Guidance on how urban and
strategy for continuous groups, local politicians, regional government and improvement of urban neighbourhood planning can influence
improvement of safety and agencies, business community. neighbourhoods/districts. crime.
security.
URBAN PLANNING BUILDING DESIGN (prENV 14383-3
(this ENV 14383-2) dwellings and -4 offices and shops)
LARGE SCALE SMALL SCALE
4.2.3 Type of area
This European Prestandard is focussed on:
— urban areas;
— urban planning scale, see level 5, 6 and 7 in Table 1; this will include small developments but in most cases will
refer to larger areas, for example parks, estates and whole neighbourhoods.
Within this focus eight types of areas can be distinguished:
1) residential;
2) schools/youth facilities;
3) commercial/industrial/offices;
4) shopping/retail;
5) parks and public gardens;
6) leisure centres;
7) public transport and parking facilities, stations, bus stops, parking garages etc.; but excluding the transport
system itself;
8) city/town centres and public space.
Several combinations of these types are also possible, e.g. a mainly residential area with some schools, a youth
facility, some shops and a small park.
It is important to classify the area under consideration as either a new or existing area. In the case of a new area
only a plan exists. The consequences of these differences are far reaching:
— new environment ( = new project): characteristics of crime and fear of crime can only be assessed by using
theories or by using experiences and lessons from other neighbourhoods/projects closely resembling the plan
10)
for this new environment; such a crime analysis ex ante shall be called: a crime assessment ;
— existing environments: characteristics of crime and fear of crime can be analysed in real situations by way of
e.g. registered crime figures, surveys, safety audits, recording experiences and opinions of residents, people
visiting/using the area, professionals (police officers, shopkeepers etc.), observations, interviews with victims
11)
and/or offenders, etc.: such a crime analysis (ex post) in an existing area shall be called a crime review .

) Crime assessment: an estimate in advance (ex ante) of the problems which are likely to appear in future in a well defined area after a
plan has been built.
) Crime review: an estimate (ex post) of the crime problems present in a well defined existing (urban) area/-neighbourhood.
Table 2 – New/ Existing environments
New environment Existing environment
Only plan exists People, buildings, streets, etc, all there
Plan for new environment Plan for changes, infill, etc
Instrument: Instrument:
Crime Assessment (see Annex A) Crime Review (see Annex B)
4.3 What: Problem identification
Having identified the area the next question is: what are the crime problems in this area (crime review) or what
crime problems may in future arise in this proposed new area (crime assessment). The broad distinction here is
between two categories of crime problems:
— six specific types of crimes;
— fear of crime.
This European Prestandard will only focus on crimes and fear of crime taking place in public or semi-public
)
space . There are 6 types of crime to be distinguished, while fear of crime is sub-divided into three categories.
4.3.1 Crime
This European Prestandard focuses on the following six types of crime:
— burglary (residential/commercial);
— vandalism (including graffiti);
— street violence --> assault/robbery;
--> fighting/assaults;
--> sexual or indecent assaults;
— car crime --> theft of car;
--> theft from car;
--> vandalism/arson of car;
— theft --> shop lifting;
--> pick pocketing;
--> theft of bikes, mopeds, etc;
— arson.
) With the exception of burglary which mostly takes place in (semi) private space (dwelling, shop, office, etc.) in which case the burglar
approaches – and often chooses – his target from public space.
) Cars including motor cycles
4.3.2 Fear of crime
`Fear of crime’ (see Annex C for more information) refers to the fear of personally becoming a victim of particular
types of crime, e.g. a victim survey question which asks respondents how likely they think it is that they will be
burgled in the coming year. Another type of victim survey question is often used to measure vulnerability to street
14)
crime and feelings of insecurity in relation to the urban environment :
— How safe do you feel walking alone in your area after dark?
— Do you feel very safe, fairly safe, a bit unsafe or very unsafe?
This question has typically been shown to paint a different picture of 'fear of crime' to that from questions which, for
instance, ask about perceptions of risk. Typically, women and elderly emerge as the most fearful on this 'street
safety' question. This may be because for some people the prospect of being out after dark evokes anxiety about a
greater range of mishaps (e.g. accidents as well as crime).
Frightening or fearful places are not necessarily places where actual crimes occur.
There are three main factors which may characterise an "unsafe location“ (see Annex C for more information):
— locations characterised by fear generating features (zones of prostitution, drug abuse, certain types of
entertainment);
— neglected or badly maintained locations;
— locations suffering from problematic urban design features (lack of surveillance, visibility, orientation).
4.4 Who: Stakeholders
The prevention and reduction of crime and fear of crime in new and existing areas by urban planning and building
)
design, inevitably involve stakeholders . The following categories present an overview.
A Politics/legislature (Local, municipal, regional politicians):
1) neighbourhood, local, regional, council;
2) building and planning committees;
3) committees for public safety/ security.
B Designers and planners:
In public office and/or in private firms; their working area may differ: neighbourhood, local,
regional, national or even international:
1) urban planners;
2) town planners;
3) architects;
4) landscape architect;
5) civil engineer;
6) transport/traffic engineer.
C (Semi) private or public developers/builders:
- housing association, company, co-operative;
- property investor (pension fund, bank, etc.);
- (big) contractors (building for own risk): project developers;
- small contractors.
DPolice:
- crime prevention officers,
- victim support officers;
- data analysis and processing units;

) See also ICVS 2000 question 300.United Nations Interregional Crime & Justice Research Institute (Italy). Internet:
http://www.unicri.it/icvs/. See also ICVS 2000 report page 80.
) People and organisations having a stake or vested interest in the problem and/or solution.
- management.
E Security/risk professionals:
- private security firms and consultants;
- insurance companies.
F Services:
- municipal/regional/national companies or services for the delivery of goods like lighting,
transport, waste management and cleaning, maintenance of different types of public space
(parks, streets, parking).
G Social workers:
- community workers;
- social workers.
H Education:
- educational facilities for education of all stakeholder-groups mentioned above.
I Population (individual and/or organisation):
- residents;
- building owners (shops, offices);
-users;
- shopkeepers and shop-employees;
- school managers, teachers.
4.5 In sum: identification of 'where', 'what' and 'who'
Crime and fear of crime can be reduced by urban planning and building design in new and existing areas. For this
approach to be effective, a targeted approach is necessary in which three preliminary questions are dealt with
before it is decided which measures are taken and by which stakeholder(s). These questions are:
— where: identification of the area;
— what: identification of the crime problem in general;
— who: identification of the stakeholders.
After these three questions are answered one may start to reach a decision on:
— what action might be possible, necessary and feasible;
— how this action will be implemented and executed.
Information regarding the first question is presented in clause 5 (design guidelines). In clause 6 (process) a step by
step method is presented to help and support an effective and efficient process of implementation, execution and
evaluation.
5 Urban Planning and Design Guidelines
5.1 Introduction
In clause 4 eight types of new or existing urban areas are identified (see 4.2.3) and seven types of crime problems
are presented (see 4.3). By combining the problems and areas, several guidelines emerge which can be used to
prevent and or reduce an identified crime problem in the type of area identified.
Guidelines can be presented as specific measures, such as improving street lighting or the application of a
surveillance plan. The first important step, however, is to be clear about the aims of the prevention activity.
Therefore, sets of measures can be summarised as strategies. The list of measures and strategies presented in
Annex D is built up from contributions of different experts on crime prevention, each specialised in crime prevention
in different type of environments. All contributions have been discussed by a mixed team of experts in workshops.
The working method guarantees to the highest possible degree the applicability and desired effect of the measures
and strategies represented in 5.2 and Annex D. All strategies and measures mentioned use urban planning and
management as a starting point. Of course urban planners and designers can seldom influence the causes of
crime: unemployment, poverty, rights versus duties, family breakdowns, drugs, violent role models in television and
films, the car, increased opportunities, shortage of police and civic guardians, etc.
The fact that even design itself has been accused of causing crime does indicate however that designers shall
ensure their schemes minimise opportunities and situations for crime and fear of crime to occur.
5.2 Three categories, 15 strategies, more than 100 measures
5.2.1 General
Urban planning and design is a general concept, which includes not only the actual design work as it is done by
architects and urban designers, but also the planning work before the design and the management work after the
design is realised.
In this European Prestandard, three types of strategies are discerned
— urban planning strategies;
— urban design strategies;
— management strategies.
Urban planning and design strategies are relevant for proposed new areas and neighbourhoods. Management
strategies are relevant in existing areas. Planning and design adaptations are relevant in existing areas to a certain
degree, but the feasible adaptations are modest and small in existing areas compared to the designs for new
areas.
5.2.2 Urban planning strategies
Planning strategies include
— respecting existing social and physical structures;
— creating liveliness (blending functions and attractive street layout);
— mixed status (blending socio-economic groups, avoiding isolation and segregation);
— urban density (creating sense of neighbourliness, avoiding waste land and desolate areas).
These strategies aim at choosing the scale, function and blending of functions in such a way, that they are an
incentive for liveliness, social control, involvement and sense of ownership.
Implementation of these strategies prevents the existing `urban fabric’ (i.e. the vulnerable structure of streets,
functions and social networks) from being harmed. In the case of new developments, these strategies create the
conditions for the formation of social networks and the new development becoming part of the surrounding urban
fabric as soon as possible. Planning strategies can prevent large building complexes, which may be safe and
secure inside, functioning as isolated urban fabrics. This can be achieved by avoiding the physical isolation of
these complexes from their surroundings by not allowing the presence of large car parks or no-mans-land around
them.
The development of shopping areas can be taken as an example here. The planning strategies encourage the
concept of well integrated, open air shopping areas rather than creating a shopping mall as an isolated
development.
5.2.3 Urban design strategies
Design strategies include
— visibility (overview, lines of sight between e.g. dwellings and public space, lighting, etc.);
— accessibility (orientation, space to move, alternatives routes, limiting access for non-authorised people);
— territoriality (human scale, clear public/private zoning, compartmentalisation);
— attractiveness (colour, material, lighting, noise, smell, street furniture);
— robustness (doors, windows, street furniture).
These strategies aim at creating the conditions for social control, sense of ownership, as well as regulating the
accessibility of areas and buildings in such a way that the individual can keep control over the situation, and that
trespassers are discouraged to enter the area or building.
The design strategies are complementary to the planning strategy.
5.2.4 Management strategies
Management strategies include:
— target hardening/removal;
— maintenance;
— surveillance (patrolling, camera monitoring);
— rules (for conduct of the public in public spaces);
— providing infrastructure for particular groups (e.g. youth, homeless, drug addicts);
— communication (of preventive messages and rules of conduct for the public).
Practically no urban area is completely self-regulating; most urban areas need a certain level of professional
surveillance and maintenance.
These professionals can implement the management strategies. These strategies aim at supporting and
encouraging the natural surveillance and sense of ownership by residents and visitors. They do not aim to take this
task away from residents. The management strategies assume a certain level of self-regulation, which can be lifted
to a higher level with help from professionals. The management strategies are especially important when the task is
to solve crime problems in existing areas. In such cases, the possibilities to implement planning and design
strategies are limited. Management strategies are needed to create a complete and effective set of measures.
All strategies can be elaborated in several measures and guidelines. The strategy 'accessibility', for example, can
be elaborated in guidelines for the street layout, the pedestrian route network, the transport network, the location of
entrances to buildings, etc.
However, the first question to answer is which strategies shall be chosen in any specific situation. The strategies
shall th
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