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ASTM F1129/F1129M-12

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Using Aqueous Foams to Control the Vapor Hazard from Immiscible Volatile Liquids (Withdrawn 2021)

Standard Guide for Using Aqueous Foams to Control the Vapor Hazard from Immiscible Volatile Liquids (Withdrawn 2021)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide is intended as a general guide to the correct use of foams. Specific decisions on when or if foam should be used will depend on the circumstances and conditions of each spill situation.
Polar solvent resistant AFFF can be applied to some water reactive chemicals with a medium expansion foam nozzle to extinguish a fire and to reduce toxic vapor release to the environment.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide restricts itself to addressing the application of foam to water immiscible liquid and some water reactive compounds with boiling points above 15°C for vapor control or fire suppression of land spill or contained spills on water.
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard statements, see Section 10.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This guide restricts itself to addressing the application of foam to water immiscible liquid and some water reactive compounds with boiling points above 15 °C for vapor control or fire suppression of land spill or contained spills on water.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee F20 on Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response, this guide was withdrawn in January 2021 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.

General Information

Status
Withdrawn
Publication Date
31-Mar-2012
Withdrawal Date
21-Jan-2021
ICS
13.040.20 - Ambient atmospheres
Technical Committee
F20 - Hazardous Substances and Oil Spill Response
Drafting Committee
F20.21 - Initial Response Actions
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM F1129/F1129M-12 - Standard Guide for Using Aqueous Foams to Control the Vapor Hazard from Immiscible Volatile Liquids (Withdrawn 2021)ASTM F1129/F1129M-12 - Standard Guide for Using Aqueous Foams to Control the Vapor Hazard from Immiscible Volatile Liquids (Withdrawn 2021)
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ASTM F1129/F1129M-12 - Standard Guide for Using Aqueous Foams to Control the Vapor Hazard from Immiscible Volatile Liquids (Withdrawn 2021)
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: F1129/F1129M − 12
Standard Guide for
Using Aqueous Foams to Control the Vapor Hazard from
1
Immiscible Volatile Liquids
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationF1129/F1129M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Thevaporreleasedbyspillsofvolatilehazardoussubstances(eitherflammableortoxic)canpresent
a significant hazard to life and property in the spill area and for some measurable distance downwind.
Such spills may also cause natural resource damage by penetration into the ground or by movement
into groundwater.
Aqueous foam blankets have been shown to be an effective technique to reduce the hazard arising
from vapor release of volatile chemicals and to reduce the chance of accidental ignition of flammable
liquids. Because they are a common tool of the fire services, they are available early in the spill
response effort. Foams can be used to control spill vapors to extend evacuation time and may offer a
control for the life of the incident.
Effective actions have been demonstrated for a wide variety of chemical classes—volatile organics,
some water reactive inorganics, and certain classes of liquefied gases.
The water reactive compounds and liquefied gases require special considerations peculiar to each
chemical grouping.Although foam solutions are not considered to be dispersants, foam treatment may
enhance the penetration of water soluble materials into the ground, or transport into the groundwater,
or both. Adequate information is not available to generalize on such questions.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 Thisguiderestrictsitselftoaddressingtheapplicationof 2.1 ASTM Standards:
foam to water immiscible liquid and some water reactive F716 Test Methods for Sorbent Performance of Absorbents
compounds with boiling points above 15°C for vapor control F726 Test Method for Sorbent Performance of Adsorbents
or fire suppression of land spill or contained spills on water.
2.2 NFPA Standards:
NFPA11 Standard for Low-, Medium-, and High-Expansion
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
3
Foam
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
3. Terminology
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3.1 alcohol or polar solvent foam—This is one type of foam
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
that is resistant to destruction by water miscible polar com-
with the standard.
pounds. It is usually termed polar solvent resistant, and
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
contains a water soluble polymer. When this polymer contacts
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
a water miscible polar fuel, it gels and forms a membrane
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
which floats on the fuel and serves as a barrier to protect the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
foam from destruction by the fuel. Polar solvent resistant
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For hazard
foams may be either surfactant or AFFF based. They behave
statements, see Section 10.
like a conventional foam on hydrocarbons. They may be
1 2
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F20 on Hazardous For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Substances and Oil Spill Responseand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
F20.21 on Initial Response Actions. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Current edition approved April 1, 2012. Published April 2012. Originally the ASTM website.
3
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as F1129 – 09. DOI: Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
10.1520/F1129_F1129M-12. Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F1129/F1129M − 12
applied by nozzle or by any other low expansion foam-making 4. Significance and Use
equipment on either hydrocarbons or polar fuels. Alcohol or
4.1 This guide is intended as a general guide to the correct
polar solvent resistant foams produce surface tensions in water
use of foams. Specific decisions on when or if foam should be
ranging from 15 to 50 dyne/cm.
used will depend on the circumstances and conditions of each
3.2 aqueous film formi
...

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5.1 Guidance is provided on designing model evaluation performance procedures and on the difficulties that arise in statistical evaluation of model performance caused by the stochastic nature of dispersion in the atmosphere. It is recognized there are examples in the literature where, knowingly or unknowingly, models were evaluated on their ability to describe something which they were never intended to characterize. This guide is attempting to heighten awareness, and thereby, to reduce the number of “unknowing” comparisons. A goal of this guide is to stimulate development and testing of evaluation procedures that accommodate the effects of natural variability. A technique is illustrated to provide information from which subsequent evaluation and standardization can be derived.
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1.1 This guide provides techniques that are useful for the comparison of modeled air concentrations with observed field data. Such comparisons provide a means for assessing a model's performance, for example, bias and precision or uncertainty, relative to other candidate models. Methodologies for such comparisons are yet evolving; hence, modifications will occur in the statistical tests and procedures and data analysis as work progresses in this area. Until the interested parties agree upon standard testing protocols, differences in approach will occur. This guide describes a framework, or philosophical context, within which one determines whether a model's performance is significantly different from other candidate models. It is suggested that the first step should be to determine which model's estimates are closest on average to the observations, and the second step would then test whether the differences seen in the performance of the other models are significantly different from the model chosen in the first step. An example procedure is provided in Appendix X1 to illustrate an existing approach for a particular evaluation goal. This example is not intended to inhibit alternative approaches or techniques that will produce equivalent or superior results. As discussed in Section 6, statistical evaluation of model performance is viewed as part of a larger process that collectively is referred to as model evaluation.  
1.2 This guide has been designed with flexibility to allow expansion to address various characterizations of atmospheric dispersion, which might involve dose or concentration fluctuations, to allow development of application-specific evaluation schemes, and to allow use of various statistical comparison metrics. No assumptions are made regarding the manner in which the models characterize the dispersion.  
1.3 The focus of this guide is on end results, that is, the accuracy of model predictions and the discernment of whether differences seen between models are significant, rather than operational details such as the ease of model implementation or the time required for model calculations to be performed.  
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1.5 This standard applies to gaussian plume models; it may not be applicable to non-point sources, heavy gas models from evaporation from pool (for example, liquid spills), as well as near-field receptors.  
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5.1 This practice is recommended for use in measuring the concentration of VOCs in ambient, indoor, and workplace atmospheres. It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers for material emission testing or human exposure assessment.  
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1.1 This practice is intended to assist in the selection of sorbents and procedures for the sampling and analysis of ambient (1),2 indoor (2), and workplace (3, 4) atmospheres for a variety of common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). It may also be used for measuring emissions from materials in small or full scale environmental chambers or for human exposure assessment.  
1.2 This practice is based on the sorption of VOCs from air onto selected sorbents or combinations of sorbents. Sampled air is either drawn through a tube containing one or a series of sorbents (pumped sampling) or allowed to diffuse, under controlled conditions, onto the sorbent surface at the sampling end of the tube (diffusive or passive sampling). The sorbed VOCs are subsequently recovered by thermal desorption and analyzed by capillary gas chromatography.  
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1.1 This guide covers how to conduct, document, and report findings of a lead hazard assessment of dwellings and of other child-occupied facilities.  
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1.4 This guide contains notes, which are explanatory, and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this guide.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.  
1.5.1 Exception—The inch-pound and SI units shown for wipe sampling data are to be individually regarded as standard for wipe sampling data.  
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3.1 ASTM requires the use of SI units in all its publications and their use in reporting atmospheric measurement data. However, there are historic data and even data currently reported that are based on a variety of units of measurement. This practice tabulates factors that are necessary to convert such data to SI and other units of measurement.  
3.2 IEEE/ASTM SI-10 does not list all the conversion factors commonly used in air pollution and meteorological fields. This practice supplements IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
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1.1 This practice provides units and factors useful for members of the air pollution and meteorological communities.  
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1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8406-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Performance Evaluation of Ambient Outdoor Air Quality Sensors and Sensor-based Instruments for Portable and Fixed-point Measurement

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5.1 This practice establishes standardized tests for the performance evaluation of sensor-based continuous instruments for ambient air quality measurements. Public and private air monitoring interests have manifested themselves as a driving force for the deployment of air quality sensors and instruments to quantify air pollutant concentrations in communities, around schools, around industrial facilities, and elsewhere. Users of air quality sensors require information on the performance and limitations of these devices so that informed decisions regarding their suitability for various purposes can be determined. This practice describes both laboratory and field tests that provide information on candidate instrument repeatability, sensitivity, linearity, cross-interferences, drift and comparability with more costly instruments typically used by entities such as government agencies. The air quality sensors are first evaluated in a laboratory chamber by comparing their response to a reference instrument and challenging the gas sensors with interferents. The sensors are then deployed outdoors for field testing at two sites with different climates against reference air quality instruments. This practice is intended to be referenced in standards and codes that establish minimum performance quality for sensor-based ambient outdoor air monitoring.  
5.2 This practice is intended for air quality sensors that measure one or more of the criteria pollutants in ambient air (ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, PM10 and PM2.5) that can be operated in outdoor environments and can log a concentration reading. It is not intended for devices or transducers that require additional enclosures for deployment outdoors or post-processing to convert their output signal into a pollutant concentration reading.  
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1.2 This practice does not apply to sensors or instruments that remotely measure atmospheric pollutants using open path, lidar, or imaging technology.  
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Standard Test Method for Determining Formaldehyde Concentrations in Air from Wood Products Using a Small-Scale Chamber

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4.1 Upper limits for the formaldehyde emission rates have been established for wood panel building products made with urea-formaldehyde adhesives and permanently installed in homes or used as components in kitchen cabinets and similar industrial products. This test method is intended for use in conjunction with the test method referenced by HUD 24 for manufactured housing and by Minnesota Statutes for housing units and building materials. This method may also be used for monitoring products for compliance to the California Air Resources Board (CARB) regulation for composite wood products and the Environmental Protection Agency Formaldehyde Emission Standards for Composite Wood Products, EPA TSCA Title VI 40 CFR Section 770. This test method provides a means of testing smaller samples and reduces the time required for testing.  
4.2 Formaldehyde concentration levels obtained by this small-scale method may differ from expected in full-scale indoor environments. Variations in product loading, temperature, relative humidity, and air exchange will affect formaldehyde emission rates and thus likely indoor air formaldehyde concentrations.  
4.3 This test method requires the use of a chamber of 0.02 to 1 m3  in volume to evaluate the formaldehyde concentration in air using the following controlled conditions:  
4.3.1 Conditioning of specimens prior to testing,  
4.3.2 Exposed surface area of the specimens in the test chamber,  
4.3.3 Test chamber temperature and relative humidity,  
4.3.4 The Q/A ratio, and  
4.3.5 Air circulation within the chamber.
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1.3 Ideal candidates for small-scale chamber testing are products relatively homogeneous in their formaldehyde release characteristics. Still, product inhomogeneities must be considered when selecting and preparing samples for small-scale chamber testing.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the...

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ASTM
ASTM D8460-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Quantification of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Vapor intrusion testing has been performed traditionally using multiple canister samples or thermal desorption tube samples. These discontinuous measurements have been shown to be snapshots and provide averages of exposure. In many cases a higher temporal resolution is desirable to identify peaks of emissions due to specific occupancy or environmental changes. For these cases, a continuous real-time monitoring solution is desirable. These continuous monitoring setups can be either short-term or be part of a long-term monitoring plan as described in ASTM guide “Standard Guide for the development of LongTerm Monitoring Plans for Vapor Mitigation Systems” (E2600).  
5.2 The PTR-MS provides real-time measurement of multiple VOCs at ultra-trace levels, that is, in the µL/L (ppm) to less than pL/L (ppt) range. Its strengths lie with the ability to measure VOCs in real-time and continuously (that is, ~1 Hz or faster, using time-of-flight analyzers), and with limited sample pre-treatment, compared to a gas chromatograph (GC) system, which is commonly the method of choice to measure VOCs using a variety of detectors. In case of PTR-MS with quadrupole analyzers, the terms would be nearreal-time and semi-continuous. The high temporal resolution of the PTR-MS measurement in the range of second(s) is often desired when studying the atmospheric chemistry or source emissions that result in unpredictable, sudden, and short-term fluctuations. For a detailed description on the design and theory and practical aspects of operation for the different types of PTR-MS, please refer to Yuan et al. (2017)(1).  
5.3 For ambient air measurements, such as vapor intrusion (VI) related emission testing, the PTR-MS can be used in three different modes of operation: (1) in scanning mode to identify sources and VI entry points within buildings; (2) in variation identification mode, as a continuous monitoring instrument with seconds to minutes of temporal resolution covering a large number of V...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a technique of quantifying the results from measuring various volatile organic compound contents using a chemical ionization mass spectrometer resulting in the production of positively charged target compound ions. Depending on the nature of production of so-called primary ions, the associated instruments having the capability to perform such analyses are either named Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometers (PTR-MS), Selected Ion Flow Tube Mass Spectrometers (SIFT-MS) or, in the most generic term, Mid-pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometers (MPCI-MS). Within this standard, the term PTR-MS is used to represent any of these instrumentations.  
1.2 Either of the instrument types can be used with the two main mass analyzers on the market, that is, with either quadrupole (QMS) or time-of-flight (TOFMS) mass analyzer. This method relates only to the quantification portion of the analysis. Due to large differences in user interfaces and operating procedures for the instruments of the main instrument providers, the specifics on instrument operation are not described in this method.  
1.3 Details on the theoretical aspects concerning ion production and chemical reactions are included in this standard as far as required to understand the quantification aspects and practical operation of the instrument in the field of vapor intrusion analyses. Specifics on the operation and/or calibration of the instrument need to be identified by using the user’s manual of the individual instrument vendor. A comprehensive discussion on the technique including individual mass-line interferences and in-depth comparison with alternate methods are given in multiple publications, such as Yuan et al. (2017) (1) and Dunne et al. (2018) (2)2.  
1.4 Units—Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. Reporting of test results in units othe...

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