ASTM E2167-01(2008)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2167 − 01 (Reapproved 2008)
Standard Guide for
Selection and Use of Stone Consolidants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the selection and use 2.1 ASTM Standards:
of consolidants for preservation of stone. C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of
Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
1.2 When considering the use of stone consolidants, guid-
C97 Test Methods forAbsorption and Bulk Specific Gravity
ance from specialists experienced in stone conservation should
of Dimension Stone
be sought. Where work on features of artistic, architectural,
C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension
cultural or historical importance is being considered, guidance
Stone
from specialists in these fields should be sought. Historic
C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension
preservation guidelines should be considered in planning the
Stone
work.
C295 Guide for Petrographic Examination ofAggregates for
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information
Concrete
oraseriesofoptionsanddoesnotrecommendaspecificcourse
C418 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Concrete by
of action. This document cannot replace education or experi-
Sandblasting
ence and should be used in conjunction with professional
C779/C779M Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Hori-
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
zontal Concrete Surfaces
circumstances. This guide is not intended to represent or
C880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimension Stone
replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given
C1352 Test Method for Flexural Modulus of Elasticity of
professional service must be judged, nor should this document
Dimension Stone
be applied without consideration of a project’s many unique
C1353 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Dimension
aspects.
Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic Using a Rotary Platform,
1.4 Limited description of tests are provided for informa- Double-Head Abraser
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
tional purposes only. See the referenced standard for complete
description. Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
Coordinates
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound unites are to be re-
D3960 PracticeforDeterminingVolatileOrganicCompound
garded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
(VOC) Content of Paints and Related Coatings
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
E96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Materials
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
responsibility of the user to consult appropriate safety and
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
of Materials
limitation prior to use.
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E632 Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance
of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.24 on Building
Preservation and Rehabilitation Technology. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2008. Published October 2008. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E2167 – 01. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E2167-01R08. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2167 − 01 (2008)
Prediction of the Service Life of Building Components possible to identify the decay mechanisms and to develop a
and Materials conservation plan for the stone. However, careful preliminary
G26 Practice for Operating Light-Exposure Apparatus investigation may indicate that consolidation is an inappropri-
(Xenon-Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure ate treatment.
of Nonmetallic Materials (Discontinued 2001) (With-
4.3 DecayMechanisms—Adiscussionofdecaymechanisms
drawn 2000)
is beyond the scope of this document; however, an understand-
G53 Practice for Operating Light-and Water-Exposure Ap-
ing of decay mechanisms is critical to the evaluation and
paratus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Expo-
selection of appropriate treatment methods for stone including
sure of Nonmetallic Materials (Withdrawn 2000)
chemical consolidation. (See Bibliography for references.)
2.2 Other Documents:
4.4 Stone consolidation should only be done as part of an
The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment
overall conservation plan. Consolidating stone without resolv-
of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving,
ing underlying problems contributing to its deterioration (such
Rehabilitating, Restoring and Reconstructing Historic
4 as rising damp or improper drainage) can cause the consolida-
Buildings
tion treatment to fail completely or to accelerate the rate of
UNESCO, 1978 International Charter for the Conservation
deterioration of the stone. The condition of the stone should be
andRestorationofMonumentsandSites(VeniceCharter),
documented before and after treatment.
1964, 1986
4.5 Past experience has shown that application of some
AIC. 1979 Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice, 1976,
consolidants may contribute to deterioration or create unantici-
revised 1994
patedproblems.Insomecases,itmaynotbeappropriatetouse
RILEM Test No. 11.4 Water absorption under low pressure
a stone consolidant at all. Consolidation should be considered
(pipe method), RILEM Commission 25-PEM, Tentative
Recommendations, 1980 only after unsuccessful attempts to remove or modify degra-
dation sources have been carried out.
3. Terminology
4.6 Consideration should be given to the fact that consoli-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
dation of porous stone is an irreversible process. Consolidants
3.1.1 consolidant—a consolidant is a material applied to
that allow future retreatment should be selected if possible. For
stone to re-establish the bond between particles that may have
example, treatment of stone, particularly porous stone, with
been lost through weathering or other decay mechanisms. The
hydrophobic materials may not allow future retreatment with
consolidant treatment aims to reduce the rate of decay of stone.
water-based consolidants.
3.1.2 specialist—architect, conservator, engineer or other
4.7 No consolidant should be used that prevents or signifi-
professional with experience in the selection and use of stone
cantly retards water vapor migration through the stone.
consolidants, hereinafter referred to as the stone conservation
specialist. 5. Methodology
5.1 This document is organized into sections covering each
4. Significance and Use
step of the consolidant selection process.
4.1 This guide provides information on methods that can
5.1.1 Identification of Stone Consolidants Performance
assist the design and conservation professional in the selection
Goals.
and use of consolidants for stone.
5.1.2 Identification of Consolidant Selection Consider-
ations.
4.2 Use of a consolidant should be considered only after
5.1.3 Analysis and comparison of the properties of treated
developingathoroughunderstandingofallfactorscontributing
and untreated stone samples.
to the deterioration of the stone. Such an understanding is best
5.1.4 Preparation and evaluation of in-situ test panels.
reached through a comprehensive survey of existing
5.1.5 Final evaluation of consolidant performance.
conditions, environment, and a definition of stone performance
requirements, followed by laboratory analysis of the stone and
6. Performance Goals for Stone Consolidants
its deterioration products. With this information it should be
6.1 Prior to selection of a consolidant, it is necessary to
define the required physical properties (performance criteria)
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
oftheconsolidatedstoneundertheenvironmentalconditionsin
www.astm.org.
which it will be exposed. The following is a list of properties
Available from the U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service,
that have been found to be important under a variety of
PreservationAssistanceDivision,Washington,DC,revised1995,availableonlineat
http://www.nps.gov/history/hps/tps/standguide.
exposureconditions,however,notallpropertiesaregermaneto
Available from the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural
each specific application. It will be necessary for the stone
Organization (UNESCO), 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France,
conservation specialist to select those properties that are
http://www.unesco.org.
applicable and need to be considered for the specific applica-
Available from theAmerican Institute for Conservation of Historic andArtistic
Works, 1717 K Street, NW, Suite 301, Washington, DC 20006, http://
tion at hand.
aic.stanford.edu.
6.1.1 Depth of Penetration—The consolidant should pen-
Available from the International Union of Laboratories and Experts in
etrate at least through the weathered layers of stone and into
Construction Materials, Systems, and Structures (RILEM),157 rue des Blains,
F-92220 Bagneux, France, http://www.rilem.net. sound stone. Experience indicates the greater the depth of
E2167 − 01 (2008)
penetration, the more likely is the success of the treatment. considered. The effectiveness of the treatment may be strongly
Bonding of the consolidated damaged layers to the sound, influenced by the method of application and conditions during
interior stone will minimize delamination or flaking of the cure.
treated layer.
7.5 Consolidant Application Method—In selecting a
6.1.2 Consolidating Ability—The treatment should improve
consolidant, the feasibility of the recommended application
the mechanical properties of the stone, such as compressive or
method for the particular stone or structure, the skill of the
flexural strength, abrasion resistance and erosion resistance.
applicators and the size of the area to be consolidated, should
6.1.3 Water Vapor Permeability—The treatment should not
be considered. Application methods include brush, misting, or
appreciably affect the water vapor transmission rate of the
spray; liquid flooding of surface; capillary rise impregnation;
stone.
and pressurized infiltration.
6.1.4 Resistance to Internal Expansive Forces—The treat-
7.6 Environmental Protection Considerations—Efforts
mentshouldincreasetheresistanceofthestonetodeterioration
should be made to use consolidants and solvents that do not
by salt crystallization or freeze/thaw effects.
release hazardous pollutants. Volatile Organic Compounds
6.1.5 Thermal Expansion Characteristics—The treated
(VOC)contentoftheconsolidantshouldhavebeendetermined
stone should have a coefficient of thermal expansion not
by the manufacturer in accordance with Practice D3960.
significantly different from that of the untreated stone.
Application of consolidants must comply with all current
6.1.6 Appearance—Ideally, the consolidant should produce
applicable environmental regulations. Such regulations are
only minor changes in the appearance of the stone, specifically,
subjecttochange;itistheresponsibilityoftheusertobeaware
changes in texture, hue, value, chroma, lightness, gloss, or
of any changes to applicable standards.
reflectivity.
8. Analysis of Untreated Stone
6.1.7 The treated stone should not be more susceptible to
attracting and absorbing airborne particles, gases, and soil than 8.1 Untreated deteriorated stone samples should be ana-
the untreated stone. lyzed to determine the degradation mode and causes of
deterioration, and necessity for a consolidation treatment.
6.1.8 Durability—The consolidated stone should retain its
8.1.1 No consolidant should be used that prevents or sig-
improved properties for an extended time period.
nificantly retards vapor migration from the building interior to
6.1.9 Water Resistance—Treatment of the stone should
the exterior since this could cause major disintegration of the
improve its resistance to water dissolution and water erosion.
stone.
Thetreatedweatheredstoneshouldbemoreresistanttoerosion
than the untreated stone.
8.2 The applicable tests should be selected and the results
6.1.10 Biodegradation—Theconsolidantshouldnotprovide
interpreted by the stone conservation specialist. Testing should
nutrients that support the growth of degradative types of be performed on representative samples of deteriorated and
microflora, bacteria, and higher plants.
sound stone. ASTM test procedures may be modified by the
stone conservation specialist as appropriate for historic mate-
7. Consolidant Selection Considerations
rials.
8.2.1 Petrographic Examination—The mineralogical
7.1 Objective of Consolidation Treatment:
composition, morphology, and geologic history, and their
7.1.1 The objective of the consolidation treatment must be
significance with respect to the stone’s service history can be
defined. Typically, the purpose of consolidation treatment is to
determined by petrographic and X-ray diffraction examina-
reestablish bonds between particles that have been lost or
tions.The examination should be conducted and interpreted by
weakened through weathering, microcracking or other decay
a scientist specializing in these areas in coordination with the
mechanisms. The treatment should increase the service life of
stone conservation specialist. Refer to Guide C295 modified
the stone without causing adverse effects.
for use on stone.
7.2 Historic Preservation Guidelines:
8.2.2 Water Absorption—In accordance with Test Methods
7.2.1 The treatment must be in accordance with applicable C97. These methods cover the tests for determining the water
building and safety codes and historic preservation guidelines absorption and bulk specific gravity of all types of natural
building stone, except slate. Test Methods C97 is a simple
as accepted by the preservation community. (See 2.2 for
references.) gravimetric determination of the mass increase of a stone
sample following immersion in water for a twenty-four hour
7.2.2 For structures that may possess artistic, architectural,
perio
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