ASTM E2167-01

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Designation:E2167–01
Standard Guide for
Selection and Use of Stone Consolidants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2167; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C 170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Natural
Building Stone
1.1 This guide covers procedures for the selection and use
C 295 Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Con-
of consolidants for preservation of stone.
crete
1.2 When considering the use of stone consolidants, guid-
C 418 Test Method forAbrasion Resistance of Concrete by
ance from specialists experienced in stone conservation should
Sandblasting
be sought. Where work on features of artistic, architectural,
C 779 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Horizontal
cultural or historical importance is being considered, guidance
Concrete Surfaces
from specialists in these fields should be sought. Historic
C 880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Natural Build-
preservation guidelines should be considered in planning the
ing Stone
work.
C 1352 Test Method for Flexural Modules of Elasticity of
1.3 This guide offers an organized collection of information
Dimension Stone
oraseriesofoptionsanddoesnotrecommendaspecificcourse
C 1353 Test Method Using the Tabor Abrasor for Abrasion
of action. This document cannot replace education or experi-
Resistance of Dimension Stone Subjected to Foot Traffic
ence and should be used in conjunction with professional
D 2244 Test Method for Calculation of Color Differences
judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
circumstances. This ASTM guide is not intended to represent
D 3960 Practice for Determining Volatile Organic Com-
or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a
pound (VOC) Content of Paints and Related Coatings
given professional service must be judged, nor should this
E96 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission of Mate-
document be applied without consideration of a project’s many
rials
unique aspects.
E 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
1.4 Limited description of tests are provided for informa-
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of
tional purposes only. See the referenced standard for complete
Materials
description.
E 284 Definitions of Terms Relating to Appearance of
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Materials
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E 632 Recommended Practice for Developing Short-Term
responsibility of the user to consult appropriate safety and
Accelerated Tests for Prediction of the Service Life of
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
Building Components and Materials
limitation prior to use.
G26 Practice for Operating Light ExposureApparatus (Xe-
2. Referenced Documents
non–Arc Type) With and Without Water for Exposure of
Non-Metallic Materials
2.1 ASTM Standards:
G53 Practice for Operating Light—and Water—Exposure
C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of
Apparatus (Fluorescent UV-Condensation Type) for Expo-
Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
sure of Non-Metallic Materials
C97 Test Method for Water Absorption and Bulk Specific
2.2 Other Documents:
Gravity of Natural Building Stone
The Secretary of the Interior’s Standards for the Treatment
C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Natural
of Historic Properties with Guidelines for Preserving,
Building Stone
Rehabilitating, Restoring and Reconstructing Historic
Buildings
UNESCO, 1978 International Charter for the Conservation
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance
of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.24 on Building
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.
Preservation and Rehabilitation Technology.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.06.
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2001. Published January 2002.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.04.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2167–01
andRestorationofMonumentsandSites(VeniceCharter). only after unsuccessful attempts to remove or modify degra-
1964, 1986 dation sources have been carried out.
AIC. 1979, Code of Ethics and Standards of Practice. 1976,
4.6 Consideration should be given to the fact that consoli-
Revised 1994
dation of porous stone is an irreversible process. Consolidants
RILEM.TestNo.11.4, Waterabsorptionunderlowpressure
that allow future retreatment should be selected if possible. For
(pipe method), RILEM Commission 25-PEM, Tentative
example, treatment of stone, particularly porous stone, with
Recommendations, 1980
hydrophobic materials may not allow future retreatment with
water-based consolidants.
3. Terminology
4.7 No consolidant should be used that prevents or signifi-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
cantly retards water vapor migration through the stone.
3.1.1 consolidant—a consolidant is a material applied to
stone to re-establish the bond between particles that may have
5. Methodology
been lost through weathering or other decay mechanisms. The
5.1 This document is organized into sections covering each
consolidant treatment aims to reduce the rate of decay of stone.
step of the consolidant selection process.
3.1.2 specialist—architect, conservator, engineer or other
5.1.1 Identification of Stone Consolidants Performance
professional with experience in the selection and use of stone
Goals.
consolidants, hereinafter referred to as the stone conservation
5.1.2 Identification of Consolidant Selection Consider-
specialist.
ations.
5.1.3 Analysis and comparison of the properties of treated
4. Significance and Use
and untreated stone samples.
4.1 This guide provides information on methods that can
5.1.4 Preparation and evaluation of in-situ test panels.
assist the design and conservation professional in the selection
5.1.5 Final evaluation of consolidant performance.
and use of consolidants for stone.
4.2 Use of a consolidant should be considered only after
6. Performance Goals for Stone Consolidants
developingathoroughunderstandingofallfactorscontributing
to the deterioration of the stone. Such an understanding is best
6.1 Prior to selection of a consolidant, it is necessary to
reached through a comprehensive survey of existing condi-
define the required physical properties (performance criteria)
tions, environment, and a definition of stone performance
oftheconsolidatedstoneundertheenvironmentalconditionsin
requirements, followed by laboratory analysis of the stone and
which it will be exposed. The following is a list of properties
its deterioration products. With this information it should be
that have been found to be important under a variety of
possible to identify the decay mechanisms and to develop a
exposureconditions,however,notallpropertiesaregermaneto
conservation plan for the stone. However, careful preliminary
each specific application. It will be necessary for the stone
investigation may indicate that consolidation is an inappropri-
conservation specialist to select those properties that are
ate treatment.
applicable and need to be considered for the specific applica-
4.3 Decay Mechanisms—A discussion of decay mecha-
tion at hand.
nisms is beyond the scope of this document; however, an
6.1.1 Depth of Penetration—The consolidant should pen-
understandingofdecaymechanismsiscriticaltotheevaluation
etrate at least through the weathered layers of stone and into
and selection of appropriate treatment methods for stone
sound stone. Experience indicates the greater the depth of
including chemical consolidation. See Bibliography, for refer-
penetration, the more likely is the success of the treatment.
ences.
Bonding of the consolidated damaged layers to the sound,
4.4 Stone consolidation should only be done as part of an
interior stone will minimize delamination or flaking of the
overall conservation plan. Consolidating stone without resolv-
treated layer.
ing underlying problems contributing to its deterioration (such
6.1.2 Consolidating Ability—The treatment should improve
as rising damp or improper drainage) can cause the consolida-
the mechanical properties of the stone, such as compressive or
tion treatment to fail completely or to accelerate the rate of
flexural strength, abrasion resistance and erosion resistance.
deterioration of the stone. The condition of the stone should be
6.1.3 Water Vapor Permeability—The treatment should not
documented before and after treatment.
appreciably affect the water vapor transmission rate of the
4.5 Past experience has shown that application of some
stone.
consolidants may contribute to deterioration or create unantici-
6.1.4 Resistance to Internal Expansive Forces—The treat-
pated problems. In some cases, it may not be appropriate to use
mentshouldincreasetheresistanceofthestonetodeterioration
a stone consolidant at all. Consolidation should be considered
by salt crystallization or freeze/thaw effects.
6.1.5 Thermal Expansion Characteristics—The treated
stone should have a coefficient of thermal expansion not
U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, PreservationAssistance
significantly different from that of the untreated stone.
Division, revised 1995, Washington, D.C.
UNESCO, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France.
6.1.6 Appearance—Ideally, the consolidant should produce
American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, 1717 K
only minor changes in the appearance of the stone, specifically,
Street, NW, Suite 301, Washington, D.C. 20006.
changes in texture, hue, value, chroma, lightness, gloss, or
RILEM, Bâtiment Cournot, 61 avenue du President Wilson, F-94235 Cachan
Cedex, France. reflectivity.
E2167–01
6.1.7 The treated stone should not be more susceptible to 8. Analysis of Untreated Stone
attracting and absorbing airborne particles, gases, and soil than
8.1 Untreated deteriorated stone samples should be ana-
the untreated stone.
lyzed to determine the degradation mode and causes of
6.1.8 Durability—The consolidated stone should retain its
deterioration, and necessity for a consolidation treatment.
improved properties for an extended time period.
8.1.1 No consolidant should be used that prevents or sig-
nificantly retards vapor migration from the building interior to
6.1.9 Water Resistance—Treatment of the stone should
the exterior since this could cause major disintegration of the
improve its resistance to water dissolution and water erosion.
stone.
Thetreatedweatheredstoneshouldbemoreresistanttoerosion
8.2 The applicable tests should be selected and the results
than the untreated stone.
interpreted by the stone conservation specialist. Testing should
6.1.10 Biodegradation—The consolidant should not pro-
be performed on representative samples of deteriorated and
vide nutrients that support the growth of degradative types of
sound stone. ASTM test procedures may be modified by the
microflora, bacteria and higher plants.
stone conservation specialist as appropriate for historic mate-
rials.
7. Consolidant Selection Considerations
8.2.1 Petrographic Examination—The mineralogical com-
7.1 Objective of Consolidation Treatment:
position, morphology, and geologic history, and their signifi-
7.1.1 The objective of the consolidation treatment must be cance with respect to the stone’s service history can be
determinedbypetrographicandx-raydiffractionexaminations.
defined. Typically, the purpose of consolidation treatment is to
The examination should be conducted and interpreted by a
reestablish bonds between particles that have been lost or
scientist specializing in these areas in coordination with the
weakened through weathering, microcracking or other decay
stone conservation specialist. Refer to C 295 modified for use
mechanisms. The treatment should increase the service life of
on stone.
the stone without causing adverse effects.
8.2.2 Water Absorption—In accordance with Test Method
7.2 Historic Preservation Guidelines:
C97. These methods cover the tests for determining the water
7.2.1 The treatment must be in accordance with applicable
absorption and bulk specific gravity of all types of natural
building and safety codes and historic preservation guidelines
building stone, except slate. Test Method C97 is a simple
as accepted by the preservation community. See 2.2 for
gravimetric determination of the mass increase of a stone
references.
sample following immersion in water for a twenty-four hour
7.2.2 For structures that may possess artistic, architectural,
period. The method is widely accepted and can be used to
cultural or historical significance, consideration should be
determine the change in water absorption of stone after
given to writing a Historic Structure Report prior to finalizing
consolidation and, as a function of time, after accelerated
a consolidation treatment.
aging.Treatmentofstonewithanhydrophobicconsolidantwill
reduce the water absorption appreciably and the rate of loss of
7.3 Stone Characteristics—The following characteristics of
the stone should be evaluated: Type, chemical composition, hydrophobicity can be followed as a function of aging by
means of this procedure. Precision of this method has not been
mineralogical composition, structure and texture, pore struc-
determined.
ture, pore size distribution and condition.
8.2.3 KarstenTubeCapillaryAbsorptionTest—See2.2.The
7.4 Past Performance History—The past performance of
Karsten tube is a pipe-like apparatus that has a flat, circular
the consolidant(s) on the particular type of stone should be
brimatrightanglestothebottomofagraduatedtube.Thebrim
considered. The effectiveness of the treatment may be strongly
is attached to the vertical masonry surface with an adhesive
influenced by the method of application and conditions during
putty. After the tube is attached to the wall, water is added
cure.
through the upper open end of the pipe until the column of
7.5 ConsolidantApplicationMethod—Inselectingaconsol-
water reaches the 0 gradation mark. The quantity of water
idant, the feasibility of the recommended application method
absorbed into the masonry surface is determined as a function
for the particular stone or structure, the skill of the applicators
of time.
and the size of the area to be consolidated, shoul
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